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Books on the topic 'Strongly minimal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Florida. Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability. Justification review: Medicaid Program integrity efforts recover minimal dollars, sanctons rarely imposed, stronger accountability needed. The Office, 2001.

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2

Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. Strongly stably dominated points. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0008.

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This chapter focuses on the properties of strongly stably dominated types over valued fields bases. In this setting, strong stability corresponds to a strong form of the Abhyankar property for valuations: the transcendence degrees of the extension coincide with those of the residue field extension. The chapter proves a Bertini type result and shows that the strongly stable points form a strict ind-definable subset Vsuperscript Number Sign of unit vector V. It then proves a rigidity statement for iso-definable Γ‎-internal subsets of maximal o-minimal dimension of unit vector V, namely that they

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Glanzberg, Michael. About Convention and Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791492.003.0013.

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In this essay, I explore the nature of convention in language. The common notion of convention focuses on social aspects of coordination, but I identify two others that make minimal use of social coordination. I then explore in depth one example of a feature of language that has appeared to some not to be conventional: the information-structural notion of topic. I argue that the evidence strongly supports a conventional view of topic; but I also argue that it suggests a sort of convention that relies only minimally on social aspects of coordination. From this example, I conclude that we can of

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Lievens, Matthias. Carl Schmitt’s Concept of History. Edited by Jens Meierhenrich and Oliver Simons. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199916931.013.013.

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In many of his political writings, Carl Schmitt seeks to render conflict and struggle visible and recognizable. He wages a metapolitical struggle against depoliticizing types of spirit and for the political. The meaning of history, as this chapter shows, is a crucial terrain for this metapolitical struggle: friends and enemies are symbolized and rendered (in)visible through historical discourses. The analysis demonstrates that Schmitt strongly rejects representations of history that tend to obfuscate its political nature, such as ideologies of progress or the idea of repetition in history. Ins

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Armstrong, Neil, and Alison M. McManus. Development of the young athlete. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0030.

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Success in youth sport is underpinned by a range of chronological age- and biological maturity status-related factors which affect performance in a sex- and sport-specific manner. Pubertal changes in body size, shape, composition, muscle metabolism, muscle strength, aerobic fitness, and anaerobic fitness strongly influence sport performance but biological clocks run at different rates. As selection and retention in youth sport is based on chronological age, competition is not always on a level playing field. Young athletes benefit from exercise training but there is no convincing evidence of t

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Kahn, Leonard. Liability to Deadly Force in War. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495657.003.0002.

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Both traditional just war theorists (or conventionalists) and revisionists (or anticonventionalists) rely heavily on theories of rights in their arguments about the permissibility of killing in war. However, invoking absolute or very strong rights can lead to claims that are coarse-grained and can yield conclusions that are implausible. This chapter suggests a theory of the permissibility of killing in war inspired by W. D. Ross’s prima facie duties, including strong but defeasible presumptions against killing. This theory, which is called minimal Rossianism, avoids some implausibly strict imp

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Leake, Simon, and Elke Haege. Soils for Landscape Development. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643109650.

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Soils for Landscape Development provides a clear, practical and systematic template for specifying landscape soils based on scientific criteria. The soil specifications provide essential information and a universally applicable method for landscape architects and designers, specification writers, landscape contractors and soil supply companies to ensure quality and fit-for-purpose soils. A strong emphasis is placed on reducing environmental impacts by reuse of on-site soil, promoting appropriate minimal soil intervention, and using recycled products.

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Tesler, Michael, and John Zaller. The Power of Political Communication. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.003.

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Most scholars agree that the effects of mass communication are more than minimal. We find, however, that most communication effects are short-lived, involve mainly weakly held attitudes, and produce no political consequences. Party cues conveyed in mass communication can change attitudes, but usually weakly held ones; when individuals hold strong views, they often change parties rather than change attitudes. Non-partisan communication may not durably change any attitudes, even weakly held ones. These conclusions, derived from field studies rather than laboratory experiments, raise the old mini

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Rhomari, Noureddine. On Bernstein Type and Maximal Inequalities for Dependent Banach-Valued Random Vectors and Applications. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.14.

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This article discusses some results on Bernstein type and maximal inequalities for partial sums of dependent random vectors taking their values in separable Hilbert or Banach spaces of finite or infinite dimension. Two types of measure of dependence are considered: strong mixing coefficients (α-mixing) and absolutely regular mixing coefficients (β-mixing). These inequalities, which are similar to those in the dependent real case, are used to derive the strong law of large numbers (SLLN) and the bounded law of the iterated logarithm (LIL) for absolutely regular Hilbert- or Banach-valued process

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Roizen, Michael F., and Jeffrey D. Roizen. The Role of Exercise in Integrative Preventive Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190241254.003.0011.

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Eighty observational association studies and several controlled trials provide strong evidence that exercise, done in appropriate amounts and with appropriate techniques, can dramatically enhance well-being and decrease morbidity and mortality. This chapter summarizes the available evidence so that healthcare providers can write rational prescriptions for physical activity for patients that allow minimal activity for maximum health benefit. In brief, doing four physical activities weekly—(1) any kind, (2) strength building, (3) bone strengthening (jumping), and (4) stamina building—and avoidin

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Hashibe, Mia, Erich M. Sturgis, Jacques Ferlay, and Deborah M. Winn. Oral Cavity, Oropharynx, Lip, and Salivary Glands. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0029.

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Cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, lip, and salivary glands are malignancies of the head and neck. Some of these cancer sites share risk factors, although each has distinctive anatomic, epidemiologic, and clinical features. Oral cavity cancers arise on the inner lip and buccal mucosa, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, gum, hard palate, and floor of mouth. These cancers are strongly associated with the use of smoked and smokeless tobacco products, heavy alcohol consumption, and chewing of betel quid or pan, but only minimally associated with prior infection with human papillomavirus (HPV)

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Hrushovski, Ehud, and François Loeser. An equivalence of categories. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161686.003.0013.

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This chapter deduces from Theorem 11.1.1 an equivalence of categories between a certain homotopy category of definable subsets of quasi-projective varieties over a given valued field and a suitable homotopy category of definable spaces over the o-minimal Γ‎. The chapter introduces three categories that can be viewed as ind-pro definable and admit natural functors to the category TOP of topological spaces with continuous maps. The discussion is often limited to the subcategory consisting of A-definable objects and morphisms. The morphisms are factored out by (strong) homotopy equivalence. The c

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Murphy, Dominic. The Medical Model and the Philosophy of Science. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, et al. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0057.

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This chapter sketches an account of psychiatric explanation with roots in contemporary philosophy of science and suggests that it is a natural fit with what it will call the strong interpretation of the medical model in psychiatry. The chapter starts by distinguishing between strong and minimal ways to understand the medical model before it moves on to talk about explanation. The basic idea of the chapter is that the logic of the medical model, together with recent developments in the sciences of the brain, suggests that psychiatry should be seen as a kind of cognitive neuroscience. The second

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Brogaard, Berit. The Representational View of Experience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495251.003.0004.

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In chapter 3, the author presents two arguments for the view that visual experience is representational. The first shows that phenomenal ‘look’ and ‘seem’ reflect phenomenal, representational properties of visual perception. It follows that experience is representational. This conclusion is consistent with some versions of naive realism, but considerably stronger than the minimal content view that takes content to be a description of what it is like for the subject to have the experience. The second argument establishes that the perceptual relation that obtains between experience and its objec

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Levy, Jack S. Counterfactuals and Case Studies. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0027.

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This article shows that counterfactuals can be used along with case studies to make inferences, although strong theories are needed for this. The article also argues that game theory is one approach that provides this kind of theory because a game explicitly models all of the actors' options including those possibilities that are not chosen. The article then indicates that any counterfactual argument requires a detailed and explicit description of the alternative antecedent which is plausible and involves a minimal rewrite of history, and suggests that one of the strengths of game theory is it

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Parfit, Derek. Quasi-Realist Expressivism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778608.003.0010.

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This chapter explains how, for quasi-realism to be a distinctive meta-ethical view, quasi-realists must use the word ‘true’ in some stronger, more-than-minimal sense. It demonstrates this sense through an assumption that, when we make some claims which seem to be meta-ethical, we are really making first-order, normative claims. In addition, the chapter argues that, when we believe that some act is wrong, most of us assume that our belief is, or at least might be, true. If expressivists deny that such beliefs might be true, they should become error theorists. Quasi-realist expressivists could i

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What lies behind the gender pay gap in Pakistan. ILO, 2025. https://doi.org/10.54394/pefk5050.

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Despite global efforts, women in Pakistan still earn 25% less per hour than men, with disparities widening for older and lower-income workers. This policy brief highlights key barriers, including discrimination, weak compliance with labour laws, and wage inequalities in the informal economy. It also outlines potential solutions, such as gender-neutral job evaluations, minimum wage adjustments, and stronger labour law enforcement. By prioritizing these reforms, Pakistan can foster a fairer, more inclusive labour market and empower women to reach their full economic potential.

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Franko, William W., and Christopher Witko. Building on Success. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190671013.003.0007.

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In chapter 7 the authors examine how state adoptions of the earned income tax credit (EITC), an alternative means of boosting the incomes of the working poor by adjusting their incomes with the tax code, were influenced by the growing awareness of inequality and other state-specific factors. Unlike the minimum wage, the EITC was originally enacted by the federal government in the 1970s and has historically been accepted by conservatives. As Republicans have more recently begun to question this policy at the federal level, we see that it has been expanded substantially at the state level. The a

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Ferreira, Fernanda, and James Nye. The Modularity of Sentence Processing Reconsidered. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0004.

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Today, the modular view of sentence processing is unpopular, but the arguments against modularity are not as strong as this apparent consensus would suggest. Almost all experimental investigations of modularity have focused on properties pertaining to information encapsulation, and most of those studies have evaluated just one specific modular architecture. A review of these studies of sentence comprehension suggests that the evidence against information encapsulation is really evidence against that one architecture only, and a whole range of other possible modular architectures remain unteste

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20

Budolfson, Mark. Market Failure, the Tragedy of the Commons, and Default Libertarianism in Contemporary Economics and Policy. Edited by David Schmidtz and Carmen E. Pavel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199989423.013.22.

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Many political theorists take the phenomenon of market failure to show that arguments for libertarianism fail in a straightforward way. This chapter explains why the most common form of this objection depends on invalid reasoning, and why a more sophisticated examination of the relevant economics has led most contemporary economists and policy experts to a view that might be called Default Libertarianism, according to which the strong default for public policy—even in response to market failures—should be toward decentralized, pro-individual freedom policies that involve minimal government int

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Brown, Derek H. Projectivism and Phenomenal Presence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199666416.003.0010.

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Projectivism asserts that we project subjective aspects of perception into what we experience as the world outside ourselves. It is minimally familiar from various phantom pains, afterimages, and hallucinations. Views like sense-datum theory arguably assert a more global, Strong Projectivism: all perceptual experiences involve and only involve direct awareness of projected elements. Strong Projectivism is an underappreciated variety of intentionalism. It straightforwardly explains the transparency of experience, and phenomena qualia theorists offer to avoid intentionalism, including blurry vis

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Wellwood, Alexis, Susan J. Hespos, and Lance J. Rips. The Object : Substance :: Event : Process Analogy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815259.003.0009.

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Beginning at least with Bach (1986), semanticists have suggested that objects are formally parallel to events in the way substances are formally parallel to processes. This chapter investigates whether these parallels can be understood to reflect a shared representational format in cognition, which underlies aspects of the intuitive metaphysics of these categories. The authors of this chapter hypothesized that a way of counting (atomicity) is necessary for object and event representations, unlike for substance or process representations. Atomicity is strongly implied by plural but not mass lan

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Karnad, Bharat. India's Nuclear Policy. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400669606.

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This book examines the Indian nuclear policy, doctrine, strategy and posture, clarifying the elastic concept of credible minimum deterrence at the center of the country's approach to nuclear security. This concept, Karnad demonstrates, permits the Indian nuclear forces to be beefed up, size and quality-wise, and to acquire strategic reach and clout, even as the qualifier minimum suggests an overarching concern for moderation and economical use of resources, and strengthens India's claims to be a responsible nuclear weapon state. Based on interviews with Indian political leaders, nuclear scient

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Gillon, Carrie, and Nicole Rosen. Gender. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795339.003.0004.

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On the surface, and according to the literature, Michif makes use of two different gender systems: the French sex-based system contrasting masculine and feminine gender, and the Algonquian animacy-based system contrasting animate with inanimate gender (see Bakker 1997; Papen 2002; Strader 2015). This chapter explores the morphosyntax and semantics of the two gender systems, focusing on their productivity. This chapter shows that while the Algonquian-type animacy-based distinctions remain productive and active throughout the Michif grammar, the Romance sex-based distinctions are now relevant mo

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Benhabib, Seyla. The Slippery Slope of Statist Cosmopolitanism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0030.

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Statist cosmopolitanism is the view that obligations to non-members of a polity extend beyond the humanitarian minimum to general duties of assistance and to duties of reciprocity, including those of non-exploitation, non-domination, and avoidance of “free ridership.” Though this view has much to recommend it, the differentiation between strong duties towards “compatriots” and these other forms of obligation rests on anthropological, ontological, and policy premises that are not clarified. Furthermore, statist cosmopolitanism vacillates between a contractarian and identitarian account of the b

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Blockley, David. 2. Does form follow function? Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199671939.003.0002.

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In c.15 bc, the Roman Vitruvius stated that a good building should satisfy three requirements: durability, utility, and beauty. ‘Does form follow function?’ examines utility and beauty. It explains that structures are naturally lazy because they contain minimum potential energy. Each piece of structure, however small or large, will move, but not freely as the neighbouring pieces will get in the way. When this happens internal forces are created as the pieces bump up against each other. Force pathways are degrees of freedom and the structure has to be strong enough to resist these internal forc

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Alden, Edward, and Laurie Trautman. When the World Closed Its Doors. Oxford University PressNew York, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197697818.001.0001.

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Abstract When the World Closed Its Doors tells the story of how nearly every country in the world shut its borders to respond to an external threat and explains how this global shock to the system ended up transforming state border policies around the world. It details the consequences of the Covid border restrictions—couples separated for years, children blocked from reuniting with their parents, container ship workers moving essential goods trapped at sea, pregnant citizens barred from returning home—and explains why governments used their harshest containment measures on those coming from o

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Kelemen, R. Daniel. European States in Comparative Perspective. Edited by Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.23.

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The character of European states—their approaches to governance, the extent to which they penetrate and shape their societies—has changed radically over centuries. Today, European states continue to vary from one another across many fundamental dimensions. Some are nation states, other states are openly multinational. Some are unitary, others federal. Some command strong bureaucratic capacities, others struggle to collect taxes and keep roads paved. Some states operate impartial and effective systems of justice, while in others judicial systems are riven with corruption or hobbled by inefficie

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Hemerijck, Anton. Social Investment and Its Critics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0001.

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The introduction to the volume surveys the emergence, diffusion, limits, merits, and politics of social investment as an ‘emerging’ welfare policy paradigm for the knowledge-based economy. After revisiting its intellectual roots, the chapter surveys the criticisms that are levelled against the social investment perspective in the academic literature. Provoked by critics, and also the growing evidence of social investment headway and theoretical progress, the chapter subsequently develops a multidimensional life-course taxonomy of three complementary social investment functions: (1) easing the

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Baer, Madeline. Water for Life. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190693152.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 provides a case study of the human rights-based approach to water policy through an analysis of the Bolivian government’s attempts to implement the human right to water and sanitation. It explores these efforts at the local and national level, through changes to investments, institutions, and policies. The analysis reveals that while Bolivia meets the minimum standard for the human right to water and sanitation in some urban areas, access to quality water is low in poor and marginalized communities. While the Bolivian government expresses a strong political will for a human rights ap

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Johnson, Niki. Marginalization of Women and Male Privilege in Political Representation in Uruguay. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851224.003.0010.

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Niki Johnson shows that despite Uruguay being an institutionalized democracy, women have struggled to make numerical progress in politics. Formal and informal institutions that are inherently ridden with political biases limit women’s representation. Small district and party magnitudes along with male-biased candidate selection rules hindered women’s entry into office until the adoption of a gender quota, which was applied minimally by the main parties. Even with a quota, they still do not prioritize gender as a criterion for political office. Johnson points out that substantive representation

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Reese, Ellen, Stephanie D'Auria, and Sandra Loughrin. Gender. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.019.

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Reconceptualizing welfare-state regimes in terms of the interactions between markets, states, and gender and family relations, cross-national feminist scholarship reveals that the United States is relatively more "market-based" in its approach to both employment and care work than other wealthy democracies. Consequently female poverty, especially of lone mothers, is far higher in the United States compared to other wealthy democracies. Feminist scholarship also highlights the ways in which U.S. welfare programs are deeply gendered in terms of their underlying philosophies, recipient population

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Backhouse, Roger E., Bradley W. Bateman, Tamotsu Nishizawa, and Dieter Plehwe, eds. Liberalism and the Welfare State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190676681.001.0001.

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The welfare state has, over the past 40 years, come under increasing attack from liberals who consider comprehensive welfare provision inimical to liberalism. Yet many of the architects of the post–World War II welfare states were liberals. Taking as examples three cases not often considered together—Britain, Germany, and Japan—this volume investigates the thinking of liberal economists about welfare. The first part explores the early history of welfare thinking, from the British New Liberals of the early twentieth century, to German ordoliberals and postwar Japanese liberal economists. This i

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Cowhey, Peter F., and Jonathan D. Aronson. Creating an International Governance Regime for the Digital Economy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657932.003.0009.

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The concluding chapter lays out a strategy for creating an international governance regime for the digital economy. It identifies a core “club” of nations that could champion new digital trade agreements linked to stronger international agreements to advance a trusted digital environment—the Digital Economy Agreement. This agreement would revamp trade policy to adjust to the impact of the information and production disruption by improving rules for digital market integration and would create a foundation that simplifies and strengthens the ability to forge significant pacts advancing the goals

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Mehta, Jal. The Allure of Order. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199942060.001.0001.

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Ted Kennedy and George W. Bush agreed on little, but united behind the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Passed in late 2001, it was hailed as a dramatic new departure in school reform. It would make the states set high standards, measure student progress, and hold failing schools accountable. A decade later, NCLB has been repudiated on both sides of the aisle. According to Jal Mehta, we should have seen it coming. Far from new, it was the same approach to school reform that Americans have tried before. In The Allure of Order, Mehta recounts a century of attempts at revitalizing public educatio

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Baer, Madeline. Stemming the Tide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190693152.001.0001.

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The human right to water and sanitation emerged as a rallying cry for protestors and a legal tool to challenge privatization of water services. This book explores how the right to water and sanitation is fulfilled in different contexts, whether neoliberal policies like privatization pose a threat to the right to water, and whether rights fulfillment leads to meaningful social change. It analyzes the global dynamics of water governance as well as two in-depth country case studies: Chile, the most extreme case of water privatization in the developing world, and Bolivia, the site of the “water wa

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Nattrass, Nicoli, and Jeremy Seekings. Inclusive Dualism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841463.001.0001.

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W. Arthur Lewis, the founding father of development economics, saw developing economies as dualist, that is, characterised by differences in earnings and productivity between and within economic sectors. His famous model of development, in which ‘surplus’ (unemployed and underemployed) labour was drawn out of subsistence activities and into manufacturing, was reflected in the subsequent East Asian development trajectory in which labour was drawn into low-wage, labour-intensive manufacturing, including in clothing production, before shifting into higher-wage work once the supply of surplus labo

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Grzywacz, Joseph G., Abdallah M. Badahdah, and d. Azza O. Abdelmoneium. Work Family Balance: Challenges, Experiences, and Implications for Families. 2nd ed. Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/difi_9789927137952.

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A key objective of the study of work-family balance detailed in this report was to build an evidence base to inform policy creation or refinement targeting work-family balance and related implementation standards to ensure the protection and preservation of Qatari families. Two complementary projects were designed and implemented to achieve this key objective. The first project was a qualitative study involving in-depth interviews with 20 Qatari working adults (10 males and 10 females). The interviews were designed to learn the meaning of work-family balance among Qataris, identify the factors

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