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Journal articles on the topic 'Stroop Color and Word Test'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Van der Elst, Wim, Martin P. J. Van Boxtel, Gerard J. P. Van Breukelen, and Jelle Jolles. "The Stroop Color-Word Test." Assessment 13, no. 1 (2006): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283427.

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2

Ingraham, Loring J., Frances Chard, Marcia Wood, and Allan F. Mirsky. "An Hebrew Language Version of the Stroop Test." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 1 (1988): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.1.187.

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We present normative data from a Hebrew language version of the Stroop color-word test. In this sample of college-educated Israeli young adults, 18 women and 28 men with a mean age of 28.4 yr. completed a Hebrew language Stroop test. When compared with 1978 English language norms of Golden, Hebrew speakers were slower on color-word reading and color naming, similar on naming the color of incongruently colored names of colors, and showed less interference. Slowed color-word reading and color-naming may reflect the two-syllable length of the Hebrew names for one-syllable length English language colors; reduced interference may reflect the exclusion of vowels in much Hebrew printing and subjects' ability to provide competing, nonconflicting words while naming the color of words in which the hue and the lexical content do not match.

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Baroun, Khader, and Bader Alansari. "GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PERFORMANCE ON THE STROOP TEST." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 34, no. 3 (2006): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.3.309.

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This study assessed differences in gender performance among Kuwaiti male and women on the Stroop Test (Stroop, 1935). Participants were 504 university students, 122 men and 382 women (age M= 21:0, SD= 2.7 yrs). Prior studies have shown that females by and large display differential performance (shorter latencies) from males on the word card, color card, and color word card of the Stroop Test. Results indicate that the Kuwaiti women read faster on the color card than did the males, and especially were faster with intercepting three cards of tests (interaction effect). Gender differences were observed in the color card and color-word card tests but not significantly for the word card test. The results do substantiate the gender difference in Stroop color and interference.

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Cannon, Brooke J. "Interference as Measured by the Stroop Color-Word Test and the Direction-Word Test with Varied Comparison Stimuli." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3 (1998): 1019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.1019.

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The current investigation explored the influence of irrelevant stimuli on the standard Stroop color-word effect. Also investigated is the effectiveness of a new direction-related test which, unlike previous direction-related Stroop-like measures, exactly parallels format of the original Stroop in administration. This Direction-Word Test uses arrowheads at the ends of each target word to depict direction, e.g., left, right, and middle. 92 undergraduate students volunteered to participate. Analysis indicated that interference is found on the Color-Word Test, even with noncolor words as stimuli. Interference also occurred on the new Direction-Word Test. The correlation between the two forms of the Stroop effect was low, although significant, perhaps indicating there are different systems involved in response interference.

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Houx, Peter J., Jellemer Jolles, and Fred W. Vreeling. "Stroop interference: Aging effects assessed with the stroop color-word test." Experimental Aging Research 19, no. 3 (1993): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610739308253934.

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6

Morrow, Sarah A. "Normative Data for the Stroop Color Word Test for a North American Population." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 40, no. 6 (2013): 842–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100015997.

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Background:Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) often involves attentional deficits. The Stroop colour word test, a measure of attention, lacks current normative data for an english-speaking North american MS population. Further some authors suggest the Stroop actually measures processing speed.Objective:To generate normative data for the Stroop colour word test that can be used for a Canadian or North american MS population and to examine the relationship between processing speed tests - the Paced auditory Serial addition Test (PASAT) and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) - and the Stroop.Results:Data from 146 healthy subjects aged 18-56 was collected. age was significantly although weakly correlated with general intelligence (r=0.168, p=0.043) assessed with the North american adult Reading Test (NAART), and education (r=-0.313, p<0.001). No demographic variables were associated with SDMT or PASAT. age had a low-moderate negative correlation (r=-0.403, p<0.001) with Stroop scores. The mean (±standard deviation, SD) Stroop score was 45.4(10.4). The z-score can thus be calculated as [(X-45.4)/10.4]. if adjusted for age, Xadj = [X-(-0.47)(age-37.5)] and is substituted for X. in a comparison MS population consisting of 75 randomly selected patients from the MS Cognitive clinic, Stroop and PASAT performance were not related. a relationship existed between Stroop and SDMT scores but only 12.2% of the Stroop score variance was explained by the SDMT. Therefore, the Stroop measures selective attention independently of processing speed.Conclusion:This data can be used to determine impaired attention in MS patients.

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Holt, A., A. Hauson, P. Ujj, et al. "A-27 Stroop Color-Word Interference Test in Alcohol Use Disorder." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (2019): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.27.

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Abstract Objective Poor inhibitory control is a characteristic of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) that might be associated with worse treatment outcomes because of its contribution to the likelihood of relapse. One valid and efficient tool to examine inhibitory control is the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test (Stroop inhibition). The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the consistency of findings on the Stroop inhibition subtest and its relationship to length of use and duration of abstinence in AUD. Data Selection Three researchers independently searched nine databases (e.g., PsycINFO, Pubmed, ProceedingsFirst), extracted required data, and calculated effect sizes. Inclusion criteria identified studies that had (a) compared participants with AUD to healthy controls and (b) matched groups on either age, education, or IQ. Studies were excluded if participants were reported to have Axis I diagnoses (other than AUD) or comorbidities known to impact neuropsychological functioning. Twelve articles were coded and analyzed for the current study. Data Synthesis Studies comparing AUD to controls showed a medium statistically significant effect size (g = 0.355, p < 0.001) with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0). Length of use and duration of abstinence did not predict effect sizes. Conclusions The Stroop inhibition measure distinguishes between AUD participants and controls. Given the robustness of this finding, the lack of heterogeneity among studies, and the extensive past use of the Stroop to measure inhibitory control; this test should be considered when examining AUD patients. This is especially important when patients exhibit poor inhibition in daily functioning.

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Leverett, J. Patrick, Kerry S. Lassiter, and Gray M. Buchanan. "Correlations for the Stroop Color and Word Test with Measures of Reading and Language Achievement." Perceptual and Motor Skills 94, no. 2 (2002): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.2.459.

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The present investigation examined the relationships for scores on the Stroop Color and Word Test with measures of reading and language achievement within an adult population. The Stroop Color and Word Test, Nelson-Denny Reading Test, Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery–Revised, and Wide Range Achievement Test-3 were administered to 99 men ranging in age From 18 to 27 years. Pearson product-moment correlations indicated that the Stroop Word task was positively associated with scores on the WRAT–3 Spelling task, the Woodcock-Johnson Basic and Broad Reading tasks, and the Nelson-Denny Reading Rate and Comprehension tasks. These and other significant relationships were discussed in terms of possible implications regarding the assessment of reading achievement.

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Koch, Christopher. "Self-Monitoring, Need for Cognition, and the Stroop Effect: A Preliminary Study." Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 1 (2003): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.1.212.

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The color-word Stroop task requires an individual to ignore one piece of information (word) while responding to another (color). Since self-monitors are good at adapting their responses to fir a situation and those high in need for cognition carefully think through information before responding, this study explored the relationship between self-monitoring and need for cognition using Stroop interference. It was anticipated that self-monitoring would reduce Stroop interference, while need for cognition would increase Stroop interference. 23 General Psychology students (10 men, 13 women, Mage = 18.8 yr.) participated. Participants were given the Self-monitoring Scale, the Need for Cognition Scale, and the Stroop Color-Word Test. Analysis indicated that Need for Cognition was not correlated with Stroop interference ( r = .31) but higher scores on Self-monitoring were correlated with lower Stroop interference ( r = .43), Implications for research are suggested.

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Kulaif, Thelma, and Luiz E. R. Valle. "Alternative to the Stroop Color-Word Test for Illiterate Individuals." Clinical Neuropsychologist 22, no. 1 (2008): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854040601186964.

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Fisher, Laurel M., David M. Freed, and Suzanne Corkin. "Stroop Color-Word Test performance in patients with Alzheimer's disease." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 12, no. 5 (1990): 745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01688639008401016.

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12

Uttl, B., and P. Graf. "Color-Word Stroop test performance across the adult life span." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 19, no. 3 (1997): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01688639708403869.

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13

Zec, R. F. "The stroop color-word test: A paradigm for procedural learning." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 1, no. 3 (1986): 274–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/1.3.274b.

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Tulen, J. H. M., P. Moleman, H. G. van Steenis, and F. Boomsma. "Characterization of stress reactions to the Stroop Color Word Test." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 32, no. 1 (1989): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(89)90204-9.

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Zimmermann, Nicolle, Caroline de Oliveira Cardoso, Clarissa Marceli Trentini, Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira, and Rochele Paz Fonseca. "Brazilian preliminary norms and investigation of age and education effects on the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Color and Word test and Digit Span test in adults." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 9, no. 2 (2015): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642015dn92000006.

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Executive functions are involved in a series of human neurological and psychiatric disorders. For this reason, appropriate assessment tools with age and education adjusted norms for symptom diagnosis are necessary. OBJECTIVE: To present normative data for adults (19-75 year-olds; with five years of education or more) on the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (MWCST), Stroop color and word test and Digit Span test. Age and education effects were investigated. METHODS: Three samples were formed after inclusion criteria and data analysis: MWCST (n=124); Digit Span (n=123), and Stroop test (n=158). Groups were divided into young (19-39), middle-aged (40-59) and older (60-75) participants with five to eight years of education and nine years of education or more. Two-way ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses were used. RESULTS: Education effects were found in most variables of the three tasks. An age effect was only found on color naming and color-word naming speed from the Stroop test. No interactions were detected. CONCLUSION: In countries with heterogeneous educational backgrounds, the use of stratified norms by education to assess at least some components of executive functions is essential for an ethical and accurate cognitive diagnosis.

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Ikeda, Yoshifumi, Hideyuki Okuzumi, Mitsuru Kokubun, and Koichi Haishi. "Age-Related Trends of Interference Control in School-Age Children and Young Adults in the Stroop Color–Word Test." Psychological Reports 108, no. 2 (2011): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/04.10.22.pr0.108.2.577-584.

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In this cross-sectional study, differences in interference control, one component of executive function, were investigated among three age groups, 15 early childhood (7- to 8-yr.-olds), 25 middle childhood (9- to 12-yr.-olds), and 20 young adults (21- to 30-yr.-olds). Participants were administered a computer version of the Stroop color–word test with an oral response; correct responses, response time (RT), and the interference ratio were examined. The data indicated that (1) most of the participants showed no errors in word reading, color-naming, and incongruent color-naming tasks; (2) in word-reading and color-naming tasks, RT for 7- to 8-yr.-olds was longer than that for 9- to 12-yr.-olds, while RT of 9- to 12-yr.-olds and young adults were comparable; (3) in an incongruent color-naming task, RT for 7- to 8-yr.-olds was longer than RT for 9- to 12-yr.-olds, which was longer than RT for young adults; and (4) the interference ratio was higher in 7- to 8-yr.-olds than in 9- to 12-yr.-olds, which was higher than in young adults. These results suggested the difference in interference control between early and middle childhood reported on the go/no-go task and the stop-signal procedure would be observed in the Stroop color–word paradigm as well. The utility of this modified Stroop color–word test for those with intellectual and developmental disabilities was discussed.

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Fullen, C., J. Marceaux, M. Dozier, and J. Phillips. "A-28 Stroop Performance in Bilingual Veterans." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (2019): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.28.

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Abstract Objective The Stroop Color and Word Test is a well-known measure of executive functioning. The aim of this study is to determine if Stroop performance is impacted by bilingualism. Method A clinic-referred sample of veterans (n = 245; Mage = 55.84; Medu = 13.87) in whom a cognitive disorder diagnosis was ruled out were selected for inclusion. Participants self-identified as monolingual English (n = 192) or bilingual English/Spanish (n = 53) and were deemed appropriate for completing neuropsychological evaluation in English. All participants were administered the Stroop as part of a larger battery of tests. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine Stroop scores across monolingual/bilingual groups, controlling for age. Results Stroop Word (raw) was significantly lower among bilingual participants (M = 79.13, SD = 18.24) compared to monolingual participants (M = 85.22, SD = 16.7), F = 4.48, p = .035. Although Color (F = 3.01, p = .084) and Color-Word Interference trials (F = 2.36, p = .125) were not significantly different across groups, there was a trend. When scores on the Color-Word Interference subtest were corrected using the Golden Equation, there were no significant group differences (F = .002, p = .966). Conclusions Bilingualism was related to reduced performance on speeded word-reading. Although there were no statistical differences on color-naming or inhibition, the sample size may have impacted statistical power. Despite this, there was no evidence of even a trend towards significance when applying the Golden Equation to correct for speed of word-reading and color-naming. Findings indicate Stroop is a valid measure of inhibitory control among bilingual individuals who are appropriate for completing testing in English, so long as adjustments are made to account for speed on the Word, Color, and Color-Word trials.

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Rubino, I. Alex, Barbara Fedeli, Valeria Zanna, and Enzo Fortuna. "A Multivariate Study of the Serial Color-Word Test." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 1 (1997): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.1.275.

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Patterns of adaptation to a conflict situation (the Stroop task) were assessed with the Serial Color-Word Test. A cluster analysis was performed on 859 protocols, adopting a six-cluster solution. A subsequent discriminant function analysis cross-validated the usefulness of the test's variables in predicting the cluster assignments. The distribution of 3 different diagnostic groups (psychotic, neurotic-psychosomatic, and general population) showed significant differences across the 6 clusters, thereby contributing to the external validation of the test. The 6 new complex patterns of adaptation described may now be employed in clinical research, alongside the traditional ones.

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Starodubtsev, Alexey, and Mikhail Allakhverdov. "Semantic Conflict and Response Conflict in the Stroop Task." Russian Journal of Cognitive Science 6, no. 4 (2019): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47010/19.4.3.

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The most common ways researchers explain the Stroop effect are either through semantic or through response conflict. According to the literature, there are several methods capable of disentangling these conflicts: to use words outside of the response set, to use associatively related colors and words, or to use a “2:1” paradigm (requiring the same response for two types of stimuli). However, we believe that these methods cannot entirely differentiate semantic and response conflicts. We propose the following alternative method: when naming the color of a printed word (e.g., red, yellow, etc.) in the Stroop test, participants were asked to use different color names for some colors. For example, the red-colored stimuli had to be named by the word “yellow”. This approach allowed us to create semantically congruent stimuli, but with the conflict at the response level (the word red appears in red, but the participants have to say “yellow” because of the rule). Some stimuli remain congruent at the response level, but with the conflict at the semantic level (the word yellow appears in red, and the participants have to say “yellow” because of the rule). The results showed that semantically congruent stimuli do not produce the Stroop effect even if the meaning of the word corresponds to an incorrect response. In turn, congruence at the response level reduces the interference effect, but interference remains significant. Thus, the response conflict affects the magnitude of the Stroop effect only when there is a semantic conflict. Our data do not correspond to models that assume direct activation of responses corresponding to word meaning

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Schwartz, K., and P. Verhaeghen. "ADHD and Stroop interference from age 9 to age 41 years: a meta-analysis of developmental effects." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 11 (2008): 1607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170700267x.

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BackgroundIn this meta-analysis, we investigated whether response inhibition is sensitive to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) status and, if so, what influence maturation has on this attentional symptom of ADHD.MethodWe examined 25 studies that reported data on the Stroop color word test in children and adults with ADHD and in age-matched controls; average ages ranged from 9 to 41 years. We utilized a hierarchical approach to analyze the strength of the Stroop effect and whether the effect varies as a function of age. Additionally, we assessed potential differences in maturation rates based on reaction time (RT) of color and color-word conditions.ResultsFirst, we found that the relationship between color-word and color RT was multiplicative, and the slope of this function (the ratio of color-word RT over color RT) was identical across age groups and ADHD status. Second, we found that although ADHD individuals were on average 1.14 times slower than age-matched controls in both the color and the color-word condition, the maturation rate was identical for both groups.ConclusionsThe results from this analysis indicate that the Stroop interference effect is not larger in ADHD individuals than in age-matched controls. Further, we did not find evidence for differential maturation rates for persons with ADHD and the control groups. The Stroop interference effect appears to be immune to age, regardless of ADHD status.

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Sato, Daisuke, Yudai Yamazaki, Akari Takahashi, et al. "Water immersion decreases sympathetic skin response during color–word Stroop test." PLOS ONE 12, no. 7 (2017): e0180765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180765.

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Chafetz, M. D., and L. H. Matthews. "A new ipsative score for the stroop color and word test." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 12, no. 4 (1997): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/12.4.298.

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Hamid, Fatimah Abdul, M. Naufal M. Saad, and Aamir Saeed Malik. "Characterization stress reactions to stroop color-word test using spectral analysis." Materials Today: Proceedings 16 (2019): 1949–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.073.

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Marceaux, J., C. Fullen, and W. Stubbs. "B - 57Validating Stroop Color Word Test Interference in Vascular Cognitive Impairment." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 33, no. 6 (2018): 703–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acy061.133.

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Nagahara, Naoko, Emi Ito, Akihiko Iwahara, Chie Hotta, and Takeshi Hatta. "A study of the Stroop Color-Word Test as the cognitive screening test." Journal of Human Environmental Studies 10, no. 1 (2012): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4189/shes.10.29.

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Wilke, Jan, Vanessa Stricker, and Susanne Usedly. "Free-Weight Resistance Exercise Is More Effective in Enhancing Inhibitory Control than Machine-Based Training: A Randomized, Controlled Trial." Brain Sciences 10, no. 10 (2020): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100702.

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Resistance exercise has been demonstrated to improve brain function. However, the optimal workout characteristics are a matter of debate. This randomized, controlled trial aimed to elucidate differences between free-weight (REfree) and machine-based (REmach) training with regard to their ability to acutely enhance cognitive performance (CP). A total of n = 46 healthy individuals (27 ± 4 years, 26 men) performed a 45-min bout of REfree (military press, barbell squat, bench press) or REmach (shoulder press, leg press, chest press). Pre- and post-intervention, CP was examined using the Stroop test, Trail Making Test and Digit Span test. Mann–Whitney U tests did not reveal between-group differences for performance in the Digit Span test, Trail Making test and the color and word conditions of the Stroop test (p > 0.05). However, REfree was superior to REmach in the Stroop color-word condition (+6.3%, p = 0.02, R = 0.35). Additionally, REfree elicited pre-post changes in all parameters except for the Digit Span test and the word condition of the Stroop test while REmach only improved cognitive performance in part A of the Trail Making test. Using free weights seems to be the more effective RE method to acutely improve cognitive function (i.e., inhibitory control). The mechanisms of this finding merit further investigation.

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Hama, Haruyo, and Eiko Hashimoto. "Change in conflict strength measured by Color-Word Test in childhood, adulthood, and the aged." Japanese journal of psychology 56, no. 3 (1985): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.56.175.

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Küper, Kristina, and Martin Heil. "Attentional Focus Manipulations Affect Naming Latencies of Neutral But Not of Incongruent Stroop Trials." Swiss Journal of Psychology 71, no. 2 (2012): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000075.

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People are slower and more error-prone when indicating the color of incongruent color words compared to that of neutral stimuli. This Stroop effect results from the concurrent semantic analysis of the word stimulus. It has long been considered a prime example of the automaticity of semantic activation. However, coloring as well as cuing only a single letter both reduce the Stroop effect to the point of being absent. Proposed underlying mechanisms include the blocking of semantic activation, an improved selectivity between the interfering stimulus dimensions, and slowed color processing. In order to test the validity of these differing accounts of the single-letter Stroop effect, we compared vocal responses to standard and single-letter Stroop stimuli in two experiments. Irrespective of whether participants maintained a wide (Experiment 1) or a narrow (Experiment 2) attentional focus, both single-letter coloring and single-letter cuing increased reaction times to neutral Stroop stimuli but left those to incongruent stimuli unaffected. Both curtailed semantic activation and improved selection for action should, however, speed up reactions to incongruent stimuli. Our data thus support an explanation of the single-letter Stroop phenomenon in terms of impeded color processing, possibly as a result of color-color interference.

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Lovera, J., B. Bagert, K. Smoot, et al. "Ginkgo biloba for the improvement of cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 13, no. 3 (2007): 376–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458506071213.

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Objectives To determine if Ginkgo biloba (GB) improves the cognitive performance of subjects with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of GB, 120 mg twice a day or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary outcomes were: the long delay free recall from the California Verbal Learning Test-II; the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; the Controlled Oral Word Association Test; the Symbol Digit Modalities Test; Useful Field of View Test; and the color-word interference condition from the Stroop Color and Word Test. Results On completion, the GB group (n=20) was 4.5 seconds (95% confidence interval (CI) (7.6, 0.9), P=0.015) faster than the placebo group (n=18) on the color-word interference condition of the Stroop test. Subjects who were more impaired at baseline experienced more improvement with GB (treatment*baseline interaction, F=8.10, P=0.008). We found no differences on the other neuropsychological tests. Subjects on GB reported fewer cognitive difficulties in the Retrospective Memory Scale of the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire than subjects on placebo (1.5 points, 95% CI (2.6, 0.3), P=0.016). No serious drug related side-effects occurred and GB did not alter platelet function assays. Conclusion Overall, GB did not show a statistically significant improvement in cognitive function. A treatment effect trend, limited to the Stroop test, suggests that GB may have an effect on cognitive domains assessed by this test, such as susceptibility to interference and mental flexibility. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 376-385. http://msj.sagepub.com

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Rivera, D., A. Morlett-Paredes, A. I. Peñalver Guia, et al. "Stroop Color-Word Interference Test: Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population." NeuroRehabilitation 41, no. 3 (2017): 605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nre-172246.

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Aloia, Mark S., Nathan C. Weed, and Brian Marx. "Some construct network effects of modifying the stroop color and word test." Clinical Neuropsychologist 11, no. 1 (1997): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854049708407029.

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Nimatoudis, I., S. Spyridi, S. Kaprinis, et al. "Stroop color word test performance in first episode and chronic psychotic patients." European Psychiatry 22 (March 2007): S128—S129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.412.

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AKAMINE, Aki, and Mitsuro KIDA. "Difference in performance of Stroop color word test by frequently used characters." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 75 (September 15, 2011): 3AM063. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.75.0_3am063.

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Brugnolo, A., F. De Carli, J. Accardo, et al. "An updated Italian normative dataset for the Stroop color word test (SCWT)." Neurological Sciences 37, no. 3 (2015): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-015-2428-2.

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Chen, Jenn-Yeu, and Marcia K. Johnson. "The Stroop Congruency Effect is More Observable under a Speed Strategy Than an Accuracy Strategy." Perceptual and Motor Skills 73, no. 1 (1991): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1991.73.1.67.

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Naming the ink color of an incongruent color word (e.g., RED printed in green) usually takes longer than naming the ink color of a color bar. However, when the ink matches the word (e.g., red printed in red), naming tends to be faster. These phenomena are known as the Stroop interference effect and the Stroop congruency effect, respectively. Although the interference effect has been robust and reliable across studies, the congruency effect tends to be elusive. It was hypothesized that this variation in outcomes might be related to subjects' response strategy. The experiment conducted to test this hypothesis induced either a speed or an accuracy strategy in two separate groups of subjects. Significant interference effects were found for both groups and the magnitudes did not differ. At the same time, the congruency effect was observed in the speed group but not in the accuracy group. These results suggest that researchers who wish to observe and study the Stroop congruency and interference effects should place special emphasis on speed. Implications of the study for a model of the Stroop effect are also discussed.

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Svetlak, Miroslav, Petr Bob, Michal Cernik, and Miloslav Kukleta. "Electrodermal complexity during the Stroop Colour Word Test." Autonomic Neuroscience 152, no. 1-2 (2010): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2009.10.003.

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Ben-David, Boaz M., Linh L. T. Nguyen, and Pascal H. H. M. van Lieshout. "Stroop Effects in Persons with Traumatic Brain Injury: Selective Attention, Speed of Processing, or Color-Naming? A Meta-analysis." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 17, no. 2 (2011): 354–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561771000175x.

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AbstractThe color word Stroop test is the most common tool used to assess selective attention in persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). A larger Stroop effect for TBI patients, as compared to controls, is generally interpreted as reflecting a decrease in selective attention. Alternatively, it has been suggested that this increase in Stroop effects is influenced by group differences in generalized speed of processing (SOP). The current study describes an overview and meta-analysis of 10 studies, where persons with TBI (N = 324) were compared to matched controls (N= 501) on the Stroop task. The findings confirmed that Stroop interference was significantly larger for TBI groups (p= .008). However, these differences may be strongly biased by TBI-related slowdown in generalized SOP (r2= .81 in a Brinley analysis). We also found that TBI-related changes in sensory processing may affect group differences. Mainly, a TBI-related increase in the latency difference between reading and naming the font color of a color-neutral word (r2= .96) was linked to Stroop effects. Our results suggest that, in using Stroop, it seems prudent to control for both sensory factors and SOP to differentiate potential changes in selective attention from other changes following TBI. (JINS, 2011,17, 354–363)

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Smith, A. P. "Effects of Influenza and the Common Cold on the Stroop Color-Word Test." Perceptual and Motor Skills 74, no. 2 (1992): 668–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.74.2.668.

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Two experiments examined the effects of experimentally induced upper respiratory viral infections on selective attention. In Exp. 1, 61 adults were challenged with a cold-producing virus; analysis showed no effect of infection or illness on performance of the Stroop task. In contrast to this the results of Exp. 2, involving 27 adults, showed that influenza increased distractibility from irrelevant stimuli.

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Alansari, Bader. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANXIETY AND COGNITIVE STYLE MEASURED ON THE STROOP TEST." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 32, no. 3 (2004): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.3.283.

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This study examines the relationship between anxiety and cognitive style, as measured on the Stroop Color-Word Test. A sample of 253 respondents, selected on the basis of their anxiety scores, were administered the Stroop Test and Kuwait University Anxiety Scale (KUAS). The subjects were divided into two groups, the most and the least anxious, depending upon their anxiety scores on the KUAS. The results showed no significant difference between the most and least anxious groups in cognitive style, indicating increased interference in both groups. These findings suggest the susceptibility of both groups to constricted cognitive style, and their propensity to interference effects on the Stroop test.

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Taylor, Jeanette. "Heritability of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Stroop Color-Word Test Performance in Normal Individuals: Implications for the Search for Endophenotypes." Twin Research and Human Genetics 10, no. 6 (2007): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.10.6.829.

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AbstractAsurge in the search for endophenotypes for psychiatric disorders has occurred in the past several years. An important criterion of an endophenotype is that it is heritable. Two of the most widely used executive cognitive functioning measures are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Stroop Color-Word Test. Each has been considered as a possible endophenotype. However, research on the heritability of each of these measures is sparse, and in the case of the WCST, mixed. As part of a pilot twin study examining cognitive functioning and personality in adults, the WCST and the Stroop were administered to 80 monozygotic and 29 dizygotic twin pairs screened for absence of neurological disease and head injury. Results replicated and extended previous findings for moderate heritability of Stroop performance. However, the WCST showed little evidence of genetic influence, suggesting that it might not meet one of the criteria for an endophenotype.

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Parris, Ben A., Dinkar Sharma, and Brendan Weekes. "An Optimal Viewing Position Effect in the Stroop Task When Only One Letter Is the Color Carrier." Experimental Psychology 54, no. 4 (2007): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.54.4.273.

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Abstract. Coloring only a single letter in the Stroop task can result in a reduction or elimination of Stroop interference. The present experiments were designed to test whether this modulation of Stroop interference occurs at all letter positions. Specifically, we investigated whether Stroop interference was reduced when the colored letter occupied the optimal viewing position (OVP). The experiments show that Stroop interference is not reduced at the OVP (Experiment 1) and that Stroop interference at the OVP is significantly greater than at other letter positions (Experiments 1 and 2). This finding has important theoretical and methodological consequences for studies of automatic processing in visual word recognition.

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Scurtu, María Claudia, Vicente Manzano-Arrondo, and Juan Francisco Rodríguez Testal. "Stroop test software. The Tastiva proposal." Escritos de Psicología - Psychological Writings 9, no. 2 (2016): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.v9i2.13209.

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There has been a great deal of research on emotional information processing within the field of clinical psychology. Many tests have been developed and the emotional Stroop test is one of the most used. However, some versions of the Stroop test have methodological issues when used to study word-colour interferences, especially when the words are emotionally charged. We present a computer-assisted version of the emotional Stroop test called Tastiva, which is highly versatile, useful, and accessible, in addition to being easy to use and widely applicable. The Tastiva software and User Manual is available on the University of Seville website: http://grupo.us.es/recursos/Tastiva/index.htm. We also present a case study using neutral and sexual content words, in which the program calculates the word exposure time by analysing the behaviour of the respondent. One of its novel contributions is the graphic presentation of meas-ures: response time, errors, and non-response to stimuli.

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Alves, Christiano Robles Rodrigues, Bruno Gualano, Pollyana Pereira Takao, et al. "Effects of Acute Physical Exercise on Executive Functions: A Comparison Between Aerobic and Strength Exercise." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 34, no. 4 (2012): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.4.539.

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The aim of this study was to compare the effects of acute aerobic and strength exercises on selected executive functions. A counterbalanced, crossover, randomized trial was performed. Forty-two healthy women were randomly submitted to three different conditions: (1) aerobic exercise, (2) strength exercise, and (3) control condition. Before and after each condition, executive functions were measured by the Stroop Test and the Trail Making Test. Following the aerobic and strength sessions, the time to complete the Stroop “non-color word” and “color word” condition was lower when compared with that of the control session. The performance in the Trail Making Test was unchanged. In conclusion, both acute aerobic and strength exercises improve the executive functions. Nevertheless, this positive effect seems to be task and executive function dependent.

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Pan, Chien-Yu, Chia-Liang Tsai, Chia-Hua Chu, Ming-Chih Sung, Chu-Yang Huang, and Wei-Ya Ma. "Effects of Physical Exercise Intervention on Motor Skills and Executive Functions in Children With ADHD: A Pilot Study." Journal of Attention Disorders 23, no. 4 (2015): 384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054715569282.

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Objective: This study examined the effect of a 12-week table tennis exercise on motor skills and executive functions in children with ADHD. Method: Fifteen children with ADHD received the intervention, whereas 15 children with ADHD and 30 typically developing children did not. The Test of Gross Motor Development–2, Stroop, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were conducted before and after the intervention. Results: After the intervention, the ADHD training group scored significantly higher in the locomotor as well as object-control skills, Stroop Color–Word condition, and WCST total correct performance compared with the ADHD non-training group, and we noted improvements in the locomotor as well as object-control skills, Stroop Color–Word condition, and three aspects of the WCST performances of the ADHD training group over time. Conclusion: A 12-week table tennis exercise may have clinical relevance in motor skills and executive functions of children with ADHD.

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Llinàs-Reglà, Jordi, Joan Vilalta-Franch, Secundino López-Pousa, Laia Calvó-Perxas, David Torrents Rodas, and Josep Garre-Olmo. "The Trail Making Test." Assessment 24, no. 2 (2016): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191115602552.

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The Trail Making Test (TMT) is used as an indicator of visual scanning, graphomotor speed, and executive function. The aim of this study was to examine the TMT relationships with several neuropsychological measures and to provide normative data in community-dwelling participants of 55 years and older. A population-based Spanish-speaking sample of 2,564 participants was used. The TMT, Symbol Digit Test, Stroop Color–Word Test, Digit Span Test, Verbal Fluency tests, and the MacQuarrie Test for Mechanical Ability tapping subtest were administered. Exploratory factor analyses and regression lineal models were used. Normative data for the TMT scores were obtained. A total of 1,923 participants (76.3%) participated, 52.4% were women, and the mean age was 66.5 years (Digit Span = 8.0). The Symbol Digit Test, MacQuarrie Test for Mechanical Ability tapping subtest, Stroop Color–Word Test, and Digit Span Test scores were associated in the performance of most TMT scores, but the contribution of each measure was different depending on the TMT score. Normative tables according to significant factors such as age, education level, and sex were created. Measures of visual scanning, graphomotor speed, and visuomotor processing speed were more related to the performance of the TMT-A score, while working memory and inhibition control were mainly associated with the TMT-B and derived TMT scores.

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Bondi, Mark W., Adam B. Serody, Agnes S. Chan, et al. "Cognitive and neuropathologic correlates of Stroop Color-Word Test performance in Alzheimer's disease." Neuropsychology 16, no. 3 (2002): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.16.3.335.

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Hoshikawa, Y., and Y. Yamamoto. "Effects of Stroop color-word conflict test on the autonomic nervous system responses." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 272, no. 3 (1997): H1113—H1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.3.h1113.

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The Stroop color-word test (CWT) is a mental stress test involving sensory rejection and has been used as a model of the defense reaction in humans. The present study was designed to investigate effects of CWT on resting cardiac autonomic nervous system activity evaluated by analyses of heart rate (HR) variability (HRV). Eight healthy subjects performed 21 min of CWT after 14 min of resting control followed by 14 min of recovery (RCV). Beat-to-beat R-R intervals (RRI, i.e., HRV), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and instantaneous lung volume were continuously monitored throughout these periods. Steady-state HRV data (10-12 min) for resting control and recovery (12 min) and for 1-11 min (CWT1) and 11-21 min (CWT2) of CWT were analyzed by coarse-graining spectral analysis to break down their total power into harmonic and nonharmonic (fractal) components. The harmonic component was further divided into low (0.0-0.15 Hz, LF)- and high (>0.15 Hz, HF)-frequency components. Cardiac sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) nervous system activity indicators were evaluated as LF/HF and HF/TP, respectively [LF, HF, and total spectral power (TP) of HRV]. The fractal component had the spectrum of 1/f(beta), and the spectral exponent beta was calculated. RRI decreased and SBP, plasma norepinephrine, and epinephrine concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05) in response to CWT (CWT1 and CWT2). PNS and SNS indicators did not show any significant (P > 0.05) difference between resting controls and CWT. Whereas the percentage of fractal components in total HRV remained unchanged, beta decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in response to CWT. Transfer magnitudes from SBP to RRI, calculated by cross-spectral analysis, decreased at CWT2. The transfer magnitudes from instantaneous lung volume to RRI were also decreased significantly (P < 0.05) by CWT. It was concluded that although CWT did not affect the SNS indicator of HRV, despite altered HR and vasomotor responses, tonic sympathetic nervous system influence was observed for norepinephrine and epinephrine. In addition, reflex blood pressure (CWT2) and respiratory modulation of HR (CWT1 and CWT2) decreased during CWT. Mental stress altered the fractal nature of HRV (as judged by decreased beta), but mechanism(s) responsible for this change remained unknown.

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Sisco, Shannon M., Elizabeth Slonena, Michael S. Okun, Dawn Bowers, and Catherine C. Price. "Parkinson’s disease and the Stroop color word test: processing speed and interference algorithms." Clinical Neuropsychologist 30, no. 7 (2016): 1104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2016.1188989.

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Wolff, Anthony B., Denise D. Radecke, Betsy L. Kammerer, and Judith K. Gardner. "Adaptation of the stroop color and word test for use with deaf adults." Clinical Neuropsychologist 3, no. 4 (1989): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854048908401485.

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Moering, R. "Normative data for elderly African Americans for the Stroop Color and Word Test." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 19, no. 1 (2004): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6177(02)00219-6.

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