Journal articles: 'Structural adjustment (Economic policy) – Zimbabwe'

1

Nyazema, Norman Z. "The Zimbabwe Crisis and the Provision of Social Services." Journal of Developing Societies 26, no. 2 (June 2010): 233–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x1002600204.

Full text

Abstract:

Historically, health care in Zimbabwe was provided primarily to cater to colonial administrators and the expatriate, with separate care or second-provision made for Africans. There was no need for legislation to guarantee its provision to the settler community. To address the inequities in health that had existed prior to 1980, at independence, Zimbabwe adopted the concept of Equity in Health and Primary Health Care. Initially, this resulted in the narrowing of the gap between health provision in rural areas and urban areas. Over the years, however, there have been clear indications of growing inequities in health provision and health care as a result of mainly Economic Structural Adjustment Policies (ESAP), 1991–1995, and health policy changes. Infant and child mortality have been worsened by the impact of HIV/AIDS and reduced access to affordable essential health care. For example, life expectancy at birth was 56 in the 1980s, increased to 60 in 1990 and is now about 43. Morbidity (diseases) and mortality (death rates) trends in Zimbabwe show that the population is still affected by the traditional preventable diseases and conditions that include nutritional deficiencies, communicable diseases, pregnancy and childbirth conditions and the conditions of the new born. The deterioration of the Zimbabwean health services sector has also partially been due to increasing shortages of qualified personnel. The public sector has been operating with only 19 per cent staff since 2000. Many qualified and competent health workers left the country because of the unfavourable political environment. The health system in Zimbabwe has been operating under a legal and policy framework that in essence does not recognize the right to health. Neither the pre-independence constitution nor the Lancaster House constitution, which is the current Constitution of Zimbabwe, made specific provisions for the right to health. Progress made in the 1980s characterized by adequate financing of the health system and decentralized health management and equity of health services between urban and rural areas, which saw dramatic increases in child survival rates and life expectancy, was, unfortunately, not consolidated. As of 2000 per capita health financing stood at USD 8.55 as compared to USD 23.6, which had been recommended by the Commission of Review into the Health Sector in 1997. At the beginning of 2008 it had been dramatically further eroded and stood at only USD 0.19 leading to the collapse of the health system. Similarly, education in Zimbabwe, in addition to the changes it has undergone during the different periods since attainment of independence, also went through many phases during the colonial period. From 1962 up until 1980, the Rhodesia Front government catered more for the European child. Luckily, some mission schools that had been established earlier kept on expanding taking in African children who could proceed with secondary education (high school education). Inequity in education existed when the ZANU-PF government came into power in 1980. It took aggressive and positive steps to redress the inequalities that existed in the past. Unfortunately, the government did not come up with an education policy or philosophy in spite of massive expansion and investment. The government had cut its expenditure on education because of economic and political instability. This has happened particularly in rural areas, where teachers have left the teaching profession.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

SANDERS, DAVID, and ROB DAVIES. "Economic adjustment and current trends in child survival: the case of Zimbabwe." Health Policy and Planning 3, no. 3 (1988): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/3.3.195.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Nnadozie, Emmanuel, David E. Sahn, Paul A. Dorosh, and Stephen D. Younger. "Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic Policy and Poverty in Africa." African Studies Review 42, no. 3 (December 1999): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525288.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Riggs, Gavin. "Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic Policy and Poverty in Africa:." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 78, no. 3 (May 2000): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(99)00158-9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Wood, Geoffrey T. "Structural adjustment reconsidered: Economic policy and poverty in Africa." Journal of Socio-Economics 28, no. 1 (1999): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-5357(99)80119-x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

MACKINNON, J. "Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic policy and poverty in Africa." African Affairs 98, no. 391 (April 1, 1999): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008020.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Loewenson, Rene. "Structural Adjustment and Health Policy in Africa." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 4 (October 1993): 717–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/wbql-b4jp-k1pp-j7y3.

Full text

Abstract:

World Bank/International Monetary Fund Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) have been introduced in over 40 countries of Africa. This article outlines their economic policy measures and the experience of the countries that have introduced them, in terms of nutrition, health status, and health services. The evidence indicates that SAPs have been associated with increasing food insecurity and undernutrition, rising ill-health, and decreasing access to health care in the two-thirds or more of the population of African countries that already lives below poverty levels. SAPs have also affected health policy, with loss of a proactive health policy framework, a widening gap between the affected communities and policy makers, and the replacement of the underlying principle of equity in and social responsibility for health care by a policy in which health is a marketed commodity and access to health care becomes an individual responsibility. The author argues that there is a deep contradiction between SAPs and policies aimed at building the health of the population. Those in the health sector need to contribute to the development and advocacy of economic policies in which growth is based on human resource development, and to the development of a civic environment in Africa that can ensure the implementation of such policies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

McGillivray, Mark. "Policy-based lending, structural adjustment and economic growth in Pakistan." Journal of Policy Modeling 25, no. 2 (February 2003): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-8938(02)00207-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Peabody, John W. "Economic reform and health sector policy: Lessons from structural adjustment programs." Social Science & Medicine 43, no. 5 (September 1996): 823–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(96)00127-x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

MacLean, Sandra J. "The Effects of Structural Adjustment on Civil Society in Zimbabwe: Implications for Canadian Aid Policy." Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement 18, no. 3 (January 1997): 463–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02255189.1997.10721206.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

SANDERS, DAVID, and ABDULRAHMAN SAMBO. "AIDS in Africa: the implications of economic recession and structural adjustment." Health Policy and Planning 6, no. 2 (1991): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/6.2.157.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

GLOMSRØD, SOLVEIG, MARIA DOLORES MONGE, and HAAKON VENNEMO. "Structural adjustment and deforestation in Nicaragua." Environment and Development Economics 4, no. 1 (February 1999): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x99000030.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper investigates the impact of structural adjustment policies on deforestation taking place when the agricultural frontier advances into forest reserves in Nicaragua. A computable general equilibrium model incorporating deforestation by squatters is used for policy simulations. The opportunity cost of migrating to the frontier does not simply depend on wage income opportunity, but also on market prices of basic grain which determine the capacity to consume beyond subsistence food-level given a certain real wage. Reducing public expenditures both conserves forests and enhances economic growth, while showing positive distributional effects. On the other hand, a strong conservation trend following a sales tax increase is driven by increasing poverty in rural areas. Noticeably, there are policies which initially intensify deforestation, but turn out to ease the pressure on forests over time. Rapid economic growth does not ensure less pressure on forest reserves.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Schatz, Sayre P. "Structural Adjustment in Africa: a Failing Grade So Far." Journal of Modern African Studies 32, no. 4 (December 1994): 679–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00015901.

Full text

Abstract:

The success of World Bank policy has recently been proclaimed in Adjustment in Africa: reforms, results, and the road ahead (New York, published for the World Bank by Oxford University Press, 1994), which maintains that the Bank's macro-economic policies have improved economic performance, and that, in general, the greater the degree of implementation, the better the results. My review of this policy research report is intended to show that the presented data fail to support this claim and even bolster the contrary thesis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Chudy, John Paul. "Political management and economic policy reform: an exploration of structural adjustment experience." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 6, no. 4 (March 1994): 542–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-06-04-1994-b003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Martin, John. "Supporting Dynamic Economic Adjustment." National Institute Economic Review 250 (November 2019): R15—R21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011925000112.

Full text

Abstract:

Executive SummaryEconomic policymaking in the UK has historically focussed more on the demand side than on the supply side of the economy. Yet it is on the supply side – the way in which an economy adapts to change while growing productive capacity on a sustainable basis – that medium- to long-term economic performance largely depends. There is an urgent need now to rebalance policy by focussing, in particular, on measures to enhance labour-force productivity, including radically enhanced support for training and skills development.This does not involve wholesale structural reform of the economic framework. The UK benefits from having one of the most flexible economies in the OECD, with competitive product markets, relatively low labour costs and historically high employment levels, accompanied by a so-far-successful adoption of an escalating minimum wage. We suggest that in the post-Brexit era politicians would do well to avoid changes in the regulatory regime that would create undue misalignments with EU standards. Nevertheless, the concomitants of the UK's form of flexibility are a dismal performance on productivity and stagnating living standards. Productivity is now actually falling quarter on quarter ten years after the last economic downturn – a position unprecedented in the past 250 years. This problem must be addressed if the UK is to progress towards fulfilling its economic potential.Central to this are both so-called Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) to provide people who have become unemployed with new skills that help them remain in the workforce, and investments in effective upskilling of mid-career and older workers. ALMPs can help raise average per capita income over time, yet UK spending on this area is well under half the OECD average and a fraction of the sums spent in the more successful Nordic economies, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Australia. The UK's many attempts to develop new training and apprenticeship schemes in recent decades have been dogged by poor quality and a lack of support from employers and labour unions. This needs to change: we propose a concerted effort to raise UK spending on ALMPs to the OECD average, especially for 16–24 year-olds. Improving labour-force mobility – for example by radically improving availability of affordable housing – is also critical. Structural reforms of this kind will require sustained political effort and support.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Boratav, Korkut. "Distributional Dimensions and Macro-Economic Policy Implications of External Liberalisation under Structural Adjustment." Social Scientist 20, no. 1/2 (January 1992): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517537.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Campbell, Bonnie, and Jennifer Clapp. "Guinea's Economic Performance Under Structural Adjustment: Importance of Mining and Agriculture." Journal of Modern African Studies 33, no. 3 (September 1995): 425–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00021194.

Full text

Abstract:

Domestic policy inadequacies have been targeted by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as the main reason for poor economic performance in sub-Saharan Africa generally.1 The structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) sponsored by these international financial institutions (IFIs) over the past decade have sought to rectify such policies. But many countries following their advice have continued to experience economic decline, albeit according to the World Bank, as a result primarily of their failure to properly implement the recommended reforms. It was argued in the late 1980s and early 1990S that governments pursuing strong adjustment programmes, even in the face of inhospitable world economic conditions, still outperformed weak reformers.2 This analysis does not hold with the same weight for all African countries. In the case of Guinea, external factors have been equally important in explaining its economic record under adjustment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Koenig, Dolores, and Tiéman Diarra. "The Environmental Effects of Policy Change in the West African Savanna: Resettlement, Structural Adjustment and Conservation in Western Mali." Journal of Political Ecology 5, no. 1 (December 1, 1998): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v5i1.21396.

Full text

Abstract:

This article broadens analytic perspectives on the effects of government interventionsby looking at the interaction of two distinct but simultaneous policy initiatives: involuntary resettlement and structural adjustment. Case study data from the Bafing valley in Mali show that simultaneous implementation of these two initiatives reinforced the economic growth of the zone but increased negative environmental effects.Key Words: Mali, resettlement, structural adjustment, sahel, environmental degradation, economic development, river basin development, privatization, liberalization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

VAVRUS, FRANCES. "Adjusting Inequality: Education and Structural Adjustment Policies in Tanzania." Harvard Educational Review 75, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 174–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.75.2.565v0213145413t5.

Full text

Abstract:

International economic forces increasingly affect policy at multiple levels and in multiple domains. The interplay of three levels — international, national, and local — are underresearched in the social and educational policy fields, which includes educational policy studies. In this article, Frances Vavrus employs ethnography to investigate how these interactions play out in a Chagga community in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania. She examines how the lives of secondary students in Tanzanian schools are affected by structural adjustment policies, adopted by Tanzania at the advice of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, in three domains: access to schooling, opportunities for employment, and the risk of HIV/AIDS infection. She makes a convincing case for the importance of understanding the local setting in the development of international and national policy, and for investigating the impact policy change in noneducational sectors has on educational realities. Vavrus's research also provides a glimpse into the multiple local consequences of the policy of user fees for school access that were implemented over the last fifteen years in Tanzania and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa. She concludes with a call for the research community to consider the benefits of ethnography in the development and evaluation of policy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Rondinelli, Dennis A., and John D. Montgomery. "Managing economic reform: An alternative perspective on structural adjustment policies." Policy Sciences 23, no. 1 (February 1990): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00136993.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Pinckney, T. "Book review. Structural adjustment reconsidered: economic policy and poverty in Africa. Sahn, Dorosh, Younger." Journal of African Economics 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/9.4.547.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Boratav, Korkut, Oktar Türel, and Erinç Yeldan. "Distributional Dynamics in Turkey under “Structural Adjustment” of the 1980s." New Perspectives on Turkey 11 (1994): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600000984.

Full text

Abstract:

The economic and political crisis which Turkey faced during 1977-1980 was resolved by an orthodox stabilization program adopted early in 1980, immediately followed by conventional structural adjustment measures and the military coup realized on September of the same year. The Turkish experience with orthodox stabilization and structural adjustment incorporates a number of specificities and it will be useful to recall them briefly.First of all, the striking element of continuity in basic economic policy orientation which lasted from 1980 up till 1089 without any significant reversals should be emphasized. The personal role of Turgut Özal as Vice Premier in charge of the economy during 1980-1982 under the military governments and Prime Minister during 1984-1991, was a determining factor in this respect. Reversals and hesitations as observed in Latin American experiences due to differences between rival monetarist schools or between populist and right wing political groupings played practically no role for almost ten years in Turkey. The political pressures which resulted in a switch back to populism in 1989 —a theme to be investigated in this paper— marked, in our view, a drastic shift away from the policy model adopted in 1980.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Yongding, Yu. "China’s Economic Growth, Global Economic Crisis and China’s Policy Responses (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 4I (December 1, 2008): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i4ipp.337-355.

Full text

Abstract:

As a result of opening and reform, China has maintained an annual average growth rate of 9.8 percent for nearly three decades. China’s growth is based on high savings and high investment. Its export promotion policy has also played a very important role in promoting economic growth. However, as a result of China’s growth pattern characterised by investmentdriven and export promotion, the Chinese economy also has been suffering from serious structural imbalances. Its high and ever-rising investment rate has created overheat and overcapacity in tandem. Its high dependency on external market makes its economy vulnerable to external shocks. The global financial crisis has hit the economy seriously and exposed the structural weakness of the economy. The dramatic fall of external demand led to dramatic slowdown of the economy. The Chinese government responded to the slowdown of the economy swiftly and forcefully. A four trillion Renmibi stimulus package and expansionary monetary policy have successfully stabilised the economy. However, the stimulate policy has worsened structural problems. China’s structure problems include high external dependency, high investment rate, deterioration of environment, widening income gap between different social group and between rural and urban areas, insufficiency in the provision of social goods and so on. Due to its strong fiscal position, there should be no problem with China to achieve a growth rate of 8 percent. At the same time, the Chinese government should be able to tackle its structural problems successfully so as to ensure the sustainability of China’s economic growth. JEL classification: G01, E44, E65 Keywords: Growth, Global Financial Crisis, Stimulus Package, Structural Adjustment

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Woodward, Susan L. "Orthodoxy and solidarity: competing claims and international adjustment in Yugoslavia." International Organization 40, no. 2 (1986): 505–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027223.

Full text

Abstract:

Yugoslav policies of domestic adjustment to world economic changes during 1973–85 are the result of two sets of constraints imposed by the strategy of the ruling communist party for retaining its power:(1) an open international strategy for economic growth and national autonomy, chosen in the 1940s, that includes extensive use of foreign capital resources, and (2) the coalition of competing political and economic interests gathered within the party, which has been maintained by granting autonomy to producers, limits on the economic role of the state, and successive devolution of financial and administrative authority. The first imposes external budget constraints, the terms of which are defined by foreign creditors and supported by domestic economic liberals; the second imposes domestic political constraints that narrow the policy alternatives, limit their effective implementation, and require compromises that encourage further borrowing and political reform. The policy result is central party determination of policy orientation; macroeconomic stabilization policies that have continually given priority to maintaining the external balance and that combine orthodox deflation with administrative controls; periodic alternation in structural adjustment policies between a developmental, redistributive emphasis and an exportoriented, liberal, market emphasis, depending on the external constraints; and political and institutional flexibility in response to each policy shift and in order to maintain political order.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Bose, Pablo S. "Book Review: Structural adjustment: the SAPRI report: the policy roots of economic crisis, poverty and inequality." Progress in Development Studies 6, no. 2 (April 2006): 182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146499340600600212.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Bell, Stephen. "The Politics of Economic Adjustment: Explaining the Transformation of Industry-State Relationships in Australia." Political Studies 43, no. 1 (March 1995): 22–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1995.tb01698.x.

Full text

Abstract:

Recent theories of the state (pluralism, statism, Marxism and corporatism) are evaluated in terms of their capacity to explain an historic transformation in industry-state relationships in Australia over the last two decades. The explanatory tasks focus on explaining the shift from high protectionism to free trade for manufacturing industry, coupled with an increase in positive industry assistance measures. The paper argues that a suitably tailored Marxist account avoids most of the limitations of the other theories examined. Yet it is stressed that Marxism's strength lies not in explaining policy details but in providing a broad macro-structural theory of the state in capitalist societies. Marxism's explanatory ‘superstructure’, needs to be filled in at the meso-level by other explanatory elements so that the contours and dynamics of policy making below the macro-structural level can be more fully explained. Concepts such as accumulation strategy, political coalitions and policy networks are suggested for this purpose.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Bengali, Kaiser, and Qazi Masood Ahmed. "Stabilisation Policy vs. Growth-oriented Policy: Implication for the Pakistan Economy." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.453-466.

Full text

Abstract:

Pakistan has initiated a comprehensive reforms efforts aiming at tracking the economy on a higher and sustainable economic growth, reduce level of poverty, reducing unemployment, raising their level of standard of living. These objective were to be achieved through a programme that would build on the macro-economic stability which encompasses structural reforms, trade liberalisation, privatisation, fiscal reforms and financial sector. This paper makes one of the early attempt to analyse the Pakistan stabilisation experiences. In Pakistan the stabilisation programme was started in 1988-89. In this paper we mainly examine the fiscal and monetary policy package since 1988 when the Pakistan committed to a set of conditionalities under the Structural Adjustment Programme of the IMF. The fundamental question that has risen was the relative efficacy of stabilisation oriented versus growth oriented policies on development and welfare. Admittedly, stabilisation and growth are not mutually exclusive and any policy package has to incorporate both the elements. However, the manner in which the policy has been implemented in Pakistan has tended to pursue stabilisation at the expense of growth.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Griffin, Keith. "The management of structural adjustment and macroeconomic reform in Vietnam." Human Systems Management 17, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1998-17105.

Full text

Abstract:

Vietnam has been remarkably successful in managing structural adjustment and macroeconomic reform. As a result, it has achieved very rapid economic growth during the present decade without, apparently, a substantial increase in inequality. All sectors of the economy have grown rapidly and yet there has been dramatic structural change. This growth and structural change, according to official data, have occurred despite a relatively low rate of investment. Our analysis suggests, however, that savings and investment have been understated, that actual output is higher than the national accounts data indicate and that growth is even faster than the official figures suggest. These results are a consequence of the nature and sequencing of the policy reforms that were introduced from the 1980s onwards.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

WONGLIMPIYARAT, JARUNEE, and RACHANEE TRIPIPATKUL. "THE SCHUMPETERIAN STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT OF THE BANKING INDUSTRY: A POST FINANCIAL CRISIS ANALYSIS." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 02, no. 01 (March 2005): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877005000368.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper discusses the economic growth and technological change of the Thai banking industry in relation to a post financial crisis, based on Schumpeter's economic development theory. It is argued that the structural changes of the Thai banking industry reflect Schumpeter's gales of creative destruction. The circumstance in which Thailand has to let the ailing banks and financial institutions go bankrupt and renew the process of growth through mergers and acquisitions represents an adjustment phase of an economy undergoing technological change. Using Porter's Competitive Forces Model, this paper aims to understand banks' pursuit of strategies to survive and increase competitiveness under the financial liberalization policies. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for the Thai banking industry to manage innovations under a competitive pressure after the financial crisis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Brett, E. A. "Rebuilding Organisation Capacity in Uganda Under the National Resistance Movement." Journal of Modern African Studies 32, no. 1 (March 1994): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00012544.

Full text

Abstract:

Eight years of reconciliation, policy reform, and economic recovery have now followed 20 years of dictatorship, corruption, civil war, and economic decline in Uganda. This stems from the interaction between a government which has created a benign environment for development, and donors who have provided generous support conditional on compliance with a standard package of structural adjustment policies involving changes in macro-economic management. These include the removal of price distortions on foreign exchange, capital, and essential commodities, improved fiscal and financial discipline, the reduction of marketing monopolies and state controls, and civil service reform. Government has set up participatory political structures at national and local levels, restored law and order, and taken many of the unpopular decisions required to enforce the changes demanded by adjustment policy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Akhtar, Naeem. "C. H. Hanumantha Rao and Hans Linnemann (eds). Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996. 271 pages. Hardbound, Indian Rs 350.00; paperback, Indian Rs 195.00." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i3pp.300-303.

Full text

Abstract:

The book under review is an edited collection of eight papers presented at a seminar on “Structural Adjustment and Poverty in India: Policy and Research Issues”, and is Volume 17 in the Indo-Dutch studies on Development Alternatives. The book evaluates the impact of economic reforms on poverty alleviation in India. In the “Introduction”, the editors describe the main theme of the book and propose some policy measures for poverty alleviation in the light of the findings of the papers included in the book. The paper, “Structural Adjustment in India—What about Poverty Alleviation?”, by Pieter A. van Stuijvenberg, evaluates the impact of India’s Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on the poor and suggests some policy corrections to mitigate the adverse effects of this adjustment on the poor. He observes an improvement in the balance-of-payments position and foreign exchange reserves without a simultaneous fall in gross domestic product under the SAP. His major concerns are the large size and composition of fiscal deficits (dominated by revenue deficits). The large size of fiscal deficits, according to van Stuijvenberg, drive up real interest rates and endanger investment-led growth. He observes that social indicators of the social safety net, employment, and rural development programmes have not improved much due to expenditure cuts on rural infrastructural investments. He suggests a reduction in the size and composition of the public sector, elimination of all explicit and implicit subsidies, and discouraging rent-seeking behaviour for a successful implementation of economic reforms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Elkjær, Mads Andreas. "What Drives Unequal Policy Responsiveness? Assessing the Role of Informational Asymmetries in Economic Policy-Making." Comparative Political Studies 53, no. 14 (May 4, 2020): 2213–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414020912282.

Full text

Abstract:

Recent scholarship on inequality and political representation argues that economic elites are dominating democratic policy-making, yet it struggles to explain the underlying mechanisms. This article proposes that unequal responsiveness reflects asymmetries in information about fiscal policy across income classes, as opposed to being a structural bias inherent in capitalist democracy. I test the argument in a pathway case study of economic policy-making in Denmark, using a new data set that combines preference and spending data spanning 18 spending domains between 1985 and 2017. I find that governments that pursue standard macroeconomic policies coincidentally respond more strongly to the preferences of the affluent, owing to a closer adjustment of preferences to the state of the economy among citizens in upper income groups. These findings have important democratic and theoretical implications, as they suggest that unequal responsiveness may not reflect substantive misrepresentation of majority interests, but rather differences in information levels across groups.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Gómez-Valenzuela, Víctor. "STI policies in the Dominican Republic: the influence of economic rationales from a context-development perspective." Science and Public Policy 47, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scaa019.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This article examines the influence of different economic rationales in the Dominican Republic’s science, technology, and innovation (STI) policies from a context-development perspective. For this purpose, four STI policy frameworks are reviewed: the National Competitiveness Plan; the Strategic Plan of Science, Technology, and Innovation; the Ten-year Plan of Higher Education; and the National Development Strategy 2030. Three cycles of STI policies are covered: the industrialization and import substitution cycle; the structural adjustment cycle; and the post-structural adjustment cycle. Five economic rationales are considered: neoclassical, Schumpeterian growth, neo-Marshallian, systemic–institutional, and evolutionary thought. Based on the results, three rationales prevail a systemic–institutional approach; a neo-Marshallian perspective; and a Schumpeterian growth approach. These rationales may refer to the country’s challenges to spur its potential for economic growth and development.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Ali, Khadija. "Gender Exploitation: from Structural Adjustment Policies to Poverty Reduction Strategies." Pakistan Development Review 42, no. 4II (December 1, 2003): 669–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v42i4iipp.669-694.

Full text

Abstract:

The aim of this paper is to review the existing empirical research concerning women’s exploitation as a result of policy measures imposed by the World Bank and the IMF, particularly under Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs). The central argument here is that SAPs have not been successful in achieving their basic objectives of ‘adjusting’ the economies instead, these policies have created severe social problems for the human beings, particularly for the poor and middle-income groups, in the countries where they (SAPs) have been implemented [Beneria and Feldman (1992); Cornia, Jolly and Stewart (1987); Floro (1995); Messkoub (1996) Moser (1989)]. Among these groups, although all members have to mobilise their efforts to support households so as to cope with the economic crisis, women have to bear an unequal share of this burden [Agrawal (1992); Ali (2000); Beneria (1992, 1995); Cagatay (1995); Chant (1991); Elson (1991, 1992a); Feldman (1992); Floro (1995); Reilly and Gorden (1995); McFarren (1992); Moser (1992); Perez-Aleman (1992); Sahn and Haddad (1991); Safa and Antrobus (1992); Stewart (1992); Trip (1992)].

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Natraj, V. K. "India’s Development Policy: Highlighting Landmarks." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 21, no. 1 (May 2009): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x09002100102.

Full text

Abstract:

India’s development policy shows at one and the same time many important continuities and some significant changes. Perhaps the most noticed break from the past is the adoption of the Structural Adjustment Programme in 1991 which opened up the economy to global influence and also made economic policy much more market-friendly than at any earlier point of time. However, as we shall attempt to show even this epochal event has roots in the past. It would not be altogether correct to assert that the adoption of SAP referred to generally as the commencement of economic reforms was a sudden event which was almost wholly caused by a crisis in the economy, in particular on the foreign exchange front. The aim of the discussion here is to situate India’s development strategy in a historical perspective with a view to identifying the principal landmarks and also that it has followed an evolutionary trajectory.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Pociovalisteanu, Diana-Mihaela. "The Labor Market in Romania – Between Structural Reform and Current Adjustment." Equilibrium 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil2011.023.

Full text

Abstract:

The economic and political changes generated by the reforms after 1990 have had consequences on the labour resources. In such context, there have been several structural and functional changes on various segments of the labor market. However, the instability at the level of this market can be also seen as a result of the impact of the global crisis on Romania’s economy. The negative demographic tendencies had direct consequences on the labor market, such as the lowering of the percentage of employed population following the small birth rate, high general and infant mortality rate, the deterioration of the population’s biological potential of, the decreased life expectancy rate, ageing population, especially in the rural environment, a high rural-urban migration as a result of the necessity for survival, as well as the intensification of the qualified workforce migration from our country. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some policy measure to counter the disfunctions existing on the labor market in our country.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Rollo, Jim. "In or Out: The Choice for Britain." Journal of Public Policy 22, no. 2 (September 2002): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x02005081.

Full text

Abstract:

The choice facing British government about maintaining the status quo for sterling or joining the euro is a choice between long-term policy regimes. Short-term considerations such as the relative position of business cycles or the current level of the sterling-euro exchange rate have a bearing on the adjustment costs and the timing of entry. The article therefore examines the EMU framework versus the British framework for monetary policy; the performance of economic policy in Britain and in Euroland, and especially Germany as Euroland's main precursor; the relevance to the adjustment costs of membership to the Maastricht criteria and the Chancellor of the Exchequer's five economic tests for joining the euro; and whether or not Britain can qualify for joining EMU. The analysis is broadened to include supporting policies for monetary policy, especially fiscal, labour market and other structural policies where relevant.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Postuła, Marta, and Jacek Tomkiewicz. "Consequences of Fiscal Adjustment and Public Finance Management. The Costs of Limiting the Fiscal Imbalance in Eurozone Countries." Central European Journal of Public Policy 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cejpp-2019-0001.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This article focuses on the effects of corrections to the budgetary policy in eurozone economies. The goal of the text is to check if advancement in implementing modern tools of public management is helpful in the time of fiscal adjustment. We assume that the most important role of a performance approach in conducting fiscal policy is the ability of government to implement active policy meant as structural changes in the composition of public expenditures. In the case of the need to cut general levels of public spending, public sector managers who have knowledge of performance effects of public policies should be able to conduct fiscal adjustment in such a way as to minimise negative outcomes of spending correction on society. The structure of the text is as follows. First, we present some insights on the economic effects of fiscal adjustment. Then, we discuss the concept of performance management presented in the theory and policy agendas of international institutions such as the European Union or the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). Finally, we present the result of an empirical exercise that is designed to combine the level of advancement in implementing performance budgeting (PB) and the social cost of fiscal adjustment in eurozone economies. The most important finding of the research is that PB tools seem to have very limited usefulness in a time of fiscal adjustment. There is no statistical evidence that countries advanced in utilisation of PB tools conduct more active fiscal policy – approach of cutting all expenditures across the border by given percentage rather than looking at priorities and social outcomes of fiscal adjustment dominates in all cases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Graybeal, N. Lynn, and Louis A. Picard. "Internal Capacity and Overload in Guinea and Niger." Journal of Modern African Studies 29, no. 2 (June 1991): 275–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00002755.

Full text

Abstract:

Many African states have been operating under tight structural-adjustment restrictions for close to ten years. The policies of the International Monetary Fund make heavy demands on public-sector capability and political leadership, particularly as regards pricing and trade practices, banking and finance, economic monitoring and data analysis, macro and sectoral planning, as well as policy formulation, initiation, and implementation. The aim is to create a very strong private sector operating under market conditions, and an effective, though not necessarily large, public sector committed to rational, strategic economic growth. For many African régimes there also will be increasing motivation towards both decentralisation and pluralism. In short, the post-structural adjustment state, rather than withering away, needs to be selectively strengthened and to have an increasingly sophisticated capacity to manage development activities at both the national and local levels.1

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Sadovaya, E., and I. Tsapenko. "Imperatives of Social Policy in Times of Crisis." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 2 (2016): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-2-98-112.

Full text

Abstract:

The crisis affecting Russia provokes risks of rising unemployment, reducing real incomes, growing poverty, worsening demographic situation and other negative social trends. It accentuates acute structural problems challenging future human development, threatening with social and economic degradation of Russia. Workforce employment structure by economic activity and occupation lacks economic efficiency and social reasonability. Poor state of labor protection results in high incidence of work accidents. Obsolete labor regulations prevent the employment adjustment to reindustrialization shocks. Huge and unfair gaps in workers remuneration by economic activity, region and occupation cause high income inequality. Low level of remuneration in many economic activities, including those contributing to modernization of economy, leads to high working poverty and low attractiveness of innovative sectors to workers. Persistent low fertility, high mortality and low life-spam engender unsupportable demographic development and risks of restarting depopulation. Uncontrolled immigration of unqualified workforce from developing Asian countries is a source of growing social, ethno-cultural and political tensions. There are risks of growing emigration and turning flows of adaptive migrants away from Russia to EU. Structural and institutional reforms are to be realized to counteract these problems and risks and overcome crisis. Such measures are to get over the unjustified unbalances in employment and remuneration distribution, to form new competences and professional attitudes and raise stability of demographic development, supply of labor resources and boost their productivity. These changes may create social premises for transition to economic growth of new quality based on frontier technologies, wide innovations and high human development. At the same time high-tech economy development poses challenges of high unemployment, and labor market policies are to maintain balance between the needs of conserving stable employment and realizing economic transformations. Solution of many acute national problems should be based of complex approach, supposing package type of measures and simultaneity of social and economic reforms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Masvaure, Steven. "Coping with food poverty in cities: The case of urban agriculture in Glen Norah Township in Harare." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 3 (May 20, 2015): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000101.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe focus of this study is on urban agriculture which is a common informal sector activity across most sub-Saharan African cities. Urban agriculture is more common among poor urban households, and acts as a poverty coping mechanism. Poor households often spend more than 60% of their income on food alone. The major thrust of this study was to understand the underlying mechanisms driving farming in cities. A mixed method research approach was adopted and data was collected from 103 households in Glen Norah Township in Harare, Zimbabwe through semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and observations. Arising from analysis of the data, the Urban Livelihoods Coping Model (ULCM) is proposed in order to explain the phenomenon of urban agriculture in African cities. This model acknowledges the fact that the socio-economic conditions and the socio-historical context of Zimbabwe and other African countries today is as a result of the influence of ‘Western leaning’ development policies influenced by modernization and associated theories. These theories combined with cultural factors and the impact of Structural Adjustment Policies resulted in the present situation where urban agriculture plays a critical role in the survival of the urban poor as a coping mechanism against food poverty. The ULCM ascribes the emergence of urban agriculture to necessity, ability and opportunity. The significance of this study is that it will contribute to understanding the socio-economic role of urban agriculture and how it can be factored into the urban planning systems of developing countries.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Ravenhill, John. "Adjustment with Growth: a Fragile Consensus." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 2 (June 1988): 179–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010430.

Full text

Abstract:

Six years of intense debate have produced a measure of agreement on a solution for Africa's malaise. This is captured by the latest catchphrase of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, ‘Adjustment with Growth’, which implicitly acknowledge past errors by African governments – or, minimally, that a continuation of previous policies is no longer tenable in a changed external environment. An emphasis on ‘growth’ recognises that ‘adjustment’ must encompass more than ‘stabilisation’, that the continent needs additional externally-provided financial resources on concessional terms if import strangulation is not to exacerbate the downward economic spiral in which many countries are currently trapped. This fragile consensus is facing its first serious practical test as the World Bank attempts to extend its Structural Adjustment Lending programme in Africa. Clearly, significant differences remain between the attitudes of African governments and external donors, and within the academic community, on the sources of the continent's problems and on the policy measures that are needed to counteract them.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Spanou, Calliope. "External influence on structural reform: Did policy conditionality strengthen reform capacity in Greece?" Public Policy and Administration 35, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 135–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952076718772008.

Full text

Abstract:

The experience of Greece under the macro-economic adjustment programmes represents an intriguing case of the impact of external conditionality on the process of implementing domestic structural reform. After discussing the concept of reform capacity, the article looks into the specifics of its interaction with policy conditionality, in order to elaborate to what extent external constraint unleashes or hinders reform potential. In doing so, the article shows that it is necessary to take into account the nature of the reform agenda and the impact of strong external leverage on the capacity of the domestic political system to translate requirements into reforms. It concludes that external pressure through policy conditionality has moved things forward. However, its in-built side-effects hardly allowed to change the pattern of political operation, while they inversely affected political and therefore reform sustainability. The wider implications of this case study point to the need for going beyond assumptions regarding reform incentives to look into the reality of domestic reform dynamics.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Kaiser, Paul J. "Structural Adjustment and the Fragile Nation: the Demise of Social Unity in Tanzania." Journal of Modern African Studies 34, no. 2 (June 1996): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00055300.

Full text

Abstract:

Tanzania is one of the few African countries that has remained relatively calm since independence. However, its long history of ethnic, racial, and religious cohesion has begun to fray as the Government attempts to reform its ailing economy in accordance with World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditionalities. This process offers an opportunity to explore the degree to which there is a causal link between liberal economic reform and social unity. This is especially relevant as many African régimes are implementing similar policy prescriptions in the form of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs), the terms of which often depend on the minimal financial leverage that African negotiators have vis-à-vis the advanced industrial countries of the North.1 York Bradshaw and Zwelakhe Tshandu have argued that ‘the burgeoning debt crisis may represent the “new dependency” for many African countries which cannot acquire capital from other sources besides the IMF and the World Bank.’

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Odmann, Emine Asli. "Informalisierung und Staat:." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 30, no. 120 (September 1, 2000): 449–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v30i120.771.

Full text

Abstract:

Informal economy covers all activities which are not regulated by the state. Nevertheless, Turkey’s experience with structural adjustment since 1980 shows that the state played an active role in the expansion of the informal economy. Alterations in the legal framework as well as changes in the policy parameters of the economic activity enforced informalization in the labour and housing markets.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Poirier, Robert A., and Stephen Wright. "The Political Economy of Tourism in Tunisia." Journal of Modern African Studies 31, no. 1 (March 1993): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0001185x.

Full text

Abstract:

The African continent currently faces severe political and economic crises. Massive debts, unpopular structural adjustment programmes (S.A.P.s), spiralling population growth, democratisation, and régime transformation are all testing national cohesion. Externally, the rapidly changing global environment, marked by the demise of the cold war and the continuing difficulties being experienced in Europe and the Middle East, also provides immense challenges to African policy-makers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

SUNDERLIN, W. D., O. NDOYE, H. BIKIÉ, N. LAPORTE, B. MERTENS, and J. POKAM. "Economic crisis, small-scale agriculture, and forest cover change in southern Cameroon." Environmental Conservation 27, no. 3 (September 2000): 284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900000321.

Full text

Abstract:

The rate of forest cover loss in the humid tropics of Cameroon is one of the highest in Central Africa. The aim of the large-scale, two-year research project described here was to understand the effect of the country's economic crisis and policy change on small-scale agricultural systems and land-clearing practices. Hypotheses were tested through surveys of more than 5000 households in 125 villages, and through time-series remote sensing analysis at two sites. The principal findings are that: (1) the rate of deforestation increased significantly in the decade after the 1986 onset of the crisis, as compared to the decade prior to the crisis; (2) the main proximate causes of this change were sudden rural population growth and a shift from production of cocoa and coffee to plantain and other food crops; and (3) the main underlying causes were macroeconomic shocks and structural adjustment policies that led to rural population growth and farming system changes. The implication of this study is that it is necessary to understand and anticipate the undesirable consequences of macroeconomic shocks and adjustment policies for forest cover. Such policies, even though they are often not formulated with natural resource consequences in mind, are often of greater relevance to the fate of forests than forest policy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Pasquale, Foresti. "Is Latin America an Optimum Currency Area? Evidence from a Structural Vector Autoregression Analysis." STUDI ECONOMICI, no. 104 (January 2012): 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ste2011-104003.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper evaluates the advisability of a monetary union in Latin America applying the theory of optimum currency areas (OCA). The analysis is based on the traditional OCA criteria and it suggests that there is no evidence for any monetary integration in Latin America even at a sub-regional level. Latin American countries have evidenced a low degree of trade integration and asymmetric co-movements among their shocks. Moreover, substantial differences in the speed of adjustment and in the size of shocks are found. Hence, higher policy coordination seems to be necessary before starting any economic integration process in Latin America.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Anyinam, Charles A. "The Social Costs of the International Monetary Fund's Adjustment Programs for Poverty: The Case of Health Care Development in Ghana." International Journal of Health Services 19, no. 3 (July 1989): 531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/6ytw-vx7w-hddq-q927.

Full text

Abstract:

A primary health care (PHC) strategy was adopted in Ghana in 1978, but the civilian government at the time failed to implement the program designed to achieve health for all Ghanaians. In 1982, the revolutionary military government under Rawlings indicated its commitment to the full implementation of the PHC program. In this article, the author seeks to examine the extent to which the Economic Recovery Program initiated by the Rawlings' regime, its policy of decentralization and mobilization of the masses, and its promise to institute some fundamental organizational and structural changes in the health care delivery system, are contributing to the process of achieving “health for all” Ghanaians.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Nylen, William R. "Selling Neoliberalism: Brazil's Instituto Liberal." Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 2 (May 1993): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00004661.

Full text

Abstract:

In the 1980s more and more Latin American countries attempted to address daunting economic problems with variations on the so-called neoliberal theme. While one should have expected governments to implement some form of short-term fiscal and monetary adjustments to address the region's generalised fiscal crisis, it was less inevitable that this neoclassical formula should coincide with a more long-term structural adjustment formula, including such neoliberal (or neo-orthodox) policies as privatisation of State-owned companies, liberalization of tariffs, and reduction of the public sector workforce. As a result of this policy mix, the normal recessionary impact of adjustment intensified. The clamour for protection from that impact, and/or for putting an end to the policies themselves, has also intensified not only from the popular sector (that perennial target of all adjustments), but from the ranks of economic elites as well.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Structural adjustment (Economic policy) – Zimbabwe'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles