Journal articles: 'Structural adjustment (Economic policy)'

1

Nnadozie, Emmanuel, David E. Sahn, Paul A. Dorosh, and Stephen D. Younger. "Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic Policy and Poverty in Africa." African Studies Review 42, no. 3 (December 1999): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525288.

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MACKINNON, J. "Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic policy and poverty in Africa." African Affairs 98, no. 391 (April 1, 1999): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008020.

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Wood, Geoffrey T. "Structural adjustment reconsidered: Economic policy and poverty in Africa." Journal of Socio-Economics 28, no. 1 (1999): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-5357(99)80119-x.

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Riggs, Gavin. "Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic Policy and Poverty in Africa:." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 78, no. 3 (May 2000): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(99)00158-9.

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Loewenson, Rene. "Structural Adjustment and Health Policy in Africa." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 4 (October 1993): 717–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/wbql-b4jp-k1pp-j7y3.

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World Bank/International Monetary Fund Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) have been introduced in over 40 countries of Africa. This article outlines their economic policy measures and the experience of the countries that have introduced them, in terms of nutrition, health status, and health services. The evidence indicates that SAPs have been associated with increasing food insecurity and undernutrition, rising ill-health, and decreasing access to health care in the two-thirds or more of the population of African countries that already lives below poverty levels. SAPs have also affected health policy, with loss of a proactive health policy framework, a widening gap between the affected communities and policy makers, and the replacement of the underlying principle of equity in and social responsibility for health care by a policy in which health is a marketed commodity and access to health care becomes an individual responsibility. The author argues that there is a deep contradiction between SAPs and policies aimed at building the health of the population. Those in the health sector need to contribute to the development and advocacy of economic policies in which growth is based on human resource development, and to the development of a civic environment in Africa that can ensure the implementation of such policies.

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McGillivray, Mark. "Policy-based lending, structural adjustment and economic growth in Pakistan." Journal of Policy Modeling 25, no. 2 (February 2003): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-8938(02)00207-7.

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Schatz, Sayre P. "Structural Adjustment in Africa: a Failing Grade So Far." Journal of Modern African Studies 32, no. 4 (December 1994): 679–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00015901.

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The success of World Bank policy has recently been proclaimed in Adjustment in Africa: reforms, results, and the road ahead (New York, published for the World Bank by Oxford University Press, 1994), which maintains that the Bank's macro-economic policies have improved economic performance, and that, in general, the greater the degree of implementation, the better the results. My review of this policy research report is intended to show that the presented data fail to support this claim and even bolster the contrary thesis.

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Peabody, John W. "Economic reform and health sector policy: Lessons from structural adjustment programs." Social Science & Medicine 43, no. 5 (September 1996): 823–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(96)00127-x.

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GLOMSRØD, SOLVEIG, MARIA DOLORES MONGE, and HAAKON VENNEMO. "Structural adjustment and deforestation in Nicaragua." Environment and Development Economics 4, no. 1 (February 1999): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x99000030.

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This paper investigates the impact of structural adjustment policies on deforestation taking place when the agricultural frontier advances into forest reserves in Nicaragua. A computable general equilibrium model incorporating deforestation by squatters is used for policy simulations. The opportunity cost of migrating to the frontier does not simply depend on wage income opportunity, but also on market prices of basic grain which determine the capacity to consume beyond subsistence food-level given a certain real wage. Reducing public expenditures both conserves forests and enhances economic growth, while showing positive distributional effects. On the other hand, a strong conservation trend following a sales tax increase is driven by increasing poverty in rural areas. Noticeably, there are policies which initially intensify deforestation, but turn out to ease the pressure on forests over time. Rapid economic growth does not ensure less pressure on forest reserves.

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Maennig, Wolfgang, and Helmut Wagner. "Unified structural adjustment policy in Europe?" Intereconomics 30, no. 1 (January 1995): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02926358.

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SANDERS, DAVID, and ABDULRAHMAN SAMBO. "AIDS in Africa: the implications of economic recession and structural adjustment." Health Policy and Planning 6, no. 2 (1991): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/6.2.157.

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Chudy, John Paul. "Political management and economic policy reform: an exploration of structural adjustment experience." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 6, no. 4 (March 1994): 542–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-06-04-1994-b003.

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Martin, John. "Supporting Dynamic Economic Adjustment." National Institute Economic Review 250 (November 2019): R15—R21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011925000112.

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Executive SummaryEconomic policymaking in the UK has historically focussed more on the demand side than on the supply side of the economy. Yet it is on the supply side – the way in which an economy adapts to change while growing productive capacity on a sustainable basis – that medium- to long-term economic performance largely depends. There is an urgent need now to rebalance policy by focussing, in particular, on measures to enhance labour-force productivity, including radically enhanced support for training and skills development.This does not involve wholesale structural reform of the economic framework. The UK benefits from having one of the most flexible economies in the OECD, with competitive product markets, relatively low labour costs and historically high employment levels, accompanied by a so-far-successful adoption of an escalating minimum wage. We suggest that in the post-Brexit era politicians would do well to avoid changes in the regulatory regime that would create undue misalignments with EU standards. Nevertheless, the concomitants of the UK's form of flexibility are a dismal performance on productivity and stagnating living standards. Productivity is now actually falling quarter on quarter ten years after the last economic downturn – a position unprecedented in the past 250 years. This problem must be addressed if the UK is to progress towards fulfilling its economic potential.Central to this are both so-called Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) to provide people who have become unemployed with new skills that help them remain in the workforce, and investments in effective upskilling of mid-career and older workers. ALMPs can help raise average per capita income over time, yet UK spending on this area is well under half the OECD average and a fraction of the sums spent in the more successful Nordic economies, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Australia. The UK's many attempts to develop new training and apprenticeship schemes in recent decades have been dogged by poor quality and a lack of support from employers and labour unions. This needs to change: we propose a concerted effort to raise UK spending on ALMPs to the OECD average, especially for 16–24 year-olds. Improving labour-force mobility – for example by radically improving availability of affordable housing – is also critical. Structural reforms of this kind will require sustained political effort and support.

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VAVRUS, FRANCES. "Adjusting Inequality: Education and Structural Adjustment Policies in Tanzania." Harvard Educational Review 75, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 174–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.75.2.565v0213145413t5.

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International economic forces increasingly affect policy at multiple levels and in multiple domains. The interplay of three levels — international, national, and local — are underresearched in the social and educational policy fields, which includes educational policy studies. In this article, Frances Vavrus employs ethnography to investigate how these interactions play out in a Chagga community in the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania. She examines how the lives of secondary students in Tanzanian schools are affected by structural adjustment policies, adopted by Tanzania at the advice of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, in three domains: access to schooling, opportunities for employment, and the risk of HIV/AIDS infection. She makes a convincing case for the importance of understanding the local setting in the development of international and national policy, and for investigating the impact policy change in noneducational sectors has on educational realities. Vavrus's research also provides a glimpse into the multiple local consequences of the policy of user fees for school access that were implemented over the last fifteen years in Tanzania and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa. She concludes with a call for the research community to consider the benefits of ethnography in the development and evaluation of policy.

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Koenig, Dolores, and Tiéman Diarra. "The Environmental Effects of Policy Change in the West African Savanna: Resettlement, Structural Adjustment and Conservation in Western Mali." Journal of Political Ecology 5, no. 1 (December 1, 1998): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v5i1.21396.

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This article broadens analytic perspectives on the effects of government interventionsby looking at the interaction of two distinct but simultaneous policy initiatives: involuntary resettlement and structural adjustment. Case study data from the Bafing valley in Mali show that simultaneous implementation of these two initiatives reinforced the economic growth of the zone but increased negative environmental effects.Key Words: Mali, resettlement, structural adjustment, sahel, environmental degradation, economic development, river basin development, privatization, liberalization.

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Intal, Ponciano S. "Real Exchange Rates, Price Competitiveness and Structural Adjustment in Asian and Pacific Economies." Asian Development Review 10, no. 02 (January 1992): 86–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110592000113.

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Economic outwardness is a critical pillar of the new development policy consensus; it is also the emerging policy bias in a number of developing countries. Economic outwardness entails: (i) a relatively neutral policy stance between exports and import substitutes, and (ii) a relatively open domestic economy towards foreign market competition, technology and investments. Economic outwardness—together with the fostering of competition domestically, a simple, transparent and flexible government regulatory framework, and investments in human capital formation—strengthens the linkages of a country with the rest of the world and facilitates the flow of products, resources and technology that are essential in the drive to improve labor and total productivity domestically, which ultimately determines the robustness of the country’s trade, growth and welfare performances…

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Chagunda, Chance. "Interrogating the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in Malawi." RBEST Revista Brasileira de Economia Social e do Trabalho 4 (December 22, 2022): e022016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rbest.v4i00.16569.

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This paper interrogates the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in Malawi, with a focus on its impacts on the livelihoods of the working class and poor people. The SAP was superimposed by the World Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund (IMF), since 1981, to recover an ailing economy through economic austerity measures and to promote sustainable development. This paper critically discusses the key effects of the SAP in the long run, looking in particular at the effects on the unemployment rate, falling real wages, Malawians’ poor living standards and food insecurity. The analysis is based on data from the National Statistical Office for the period 1981 to 2022 and a review of the literature on SAPs in Malawi. The paper argues that the implementation of the SAPs in Malawi has not protected wage labourers and poor people’s livelihoods, but rather it has exacerbated the downward spiral of Malawi’s economy and citizens’ living standards. And it posits that development policy guidelines should not conceal power relations that compound social and economic ills, but should be transparent and targeted to solve economic problems of developing countries, protect the working class, and improve the livelihoods of poor people.

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Boratav, Korkut. "Distributional Dimensions and Macro-Economic Policy Implications of External Liberalisation under Structural Adjustment." Social Scientist 20, no. 1/2 (January 1992): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517537.

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Campbell, Bonnie, and Jennifer Clapp. "Guinea's Economic Performance Under Structural Adjustment: Importance of Mining and Agriculture." Journal of Modern African Studies 33, no. 3 (September 1995): 425–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00021194.

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Domestic policy inadequacies have been targeted by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as the main reason for poor economic performance in sub-Saharan Africa generally.1 The structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) sponsored by these international financial institutions (IFIs) over the past decade have sought to rectify such policies. But many countries following their advice have continued to experience economic decline, albeit according to the World Bank, as a result primarily of their failure to properly implement the recommended reforms. It was argued in the late 1980s and early 1990S that governments pursuing strong adjustment programmes, even in the face of inhospitable world economic conditions, still outperformed weak reformers.2 This analysis does not hold with the same weight for all African countries. In the case of Guinea, external factors have been equally important in explaining its economic record under adjustment.

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Pastor, Manuel, and Carol Wise. "Peruvian Economic Policy in the 1980s: From Orthodoxy to Heterodoxy and Back." Latin American Research Review 27, no. 2 (1992): 83–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100016794.

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Looking back over patterns of economic adjustment and structural reform in Latin America since the debt crisis began in 1982, two broad trends stand out. The first is the dramatic fluctuation in macroeconomic policy between the orthodox programs traditionally advocated by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the more interventionist or “heterodox” strategies that marked the policy environment after 1985 (Sheahan 1989). Although the orthodox-heterodox policy cycle is hardly new to the region and in fact has characterized the policy-making experience over the entire postwar era (Kaufman 1990), the 1980s represented the intensification of this cycle, especially in the extremity to which each set of policies was applied. The second trend follows from the first: the inability of states to follow through coherently on any given policy course (Fishlow 1989). While some exceptions to this trend can be cited (Chile, for example), the Latin American pattern has generally been one of failed adjustments and changed courses.

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Nylen, William R. "Selling Neoliberalism: Brazil's Instituto Liberal." Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 2 (May 1993): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00004661.

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In the 1980s more and more Latin American countries attempted to address daunting economic problems with variations on the so-called neoliberal theme. While one should have expected governments to implement some form of short-term fiscal and monetary adjustments to address the region's generalised fiscal crisis, it was less inevitable that this neoclassical formula should coincide with a more long-term structural adjustment formula, including such neoliberal (or neo-orthodox) policies as privatisation of State-owned companies, liberalization of tariffs, and reduction of the public sector workforce. As a result of this policy mix, the normal recessionary impact of adjustment intensified. The clamour for protection from that impact, and/or for putting an end to the policies themselves, has also intensified not only from the popular sector (that perennial target of all adjustments), but from the ranks of economic elites as well.

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Boratav, Korkut, Oktar Türel, and Erinç Yeldan. "Distributional Dynamics in Turkey under “Structural Adjustment” of the 1980s." New Perspectives on Turkey 11 (1994): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600000984.

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The economic and political crisis which Turkey faced during 1977-1980 was resolved by an orthodox stabilization program adopted early in 1980, immediately followed by conventional structural adjustment measures and the military coup realized on September of the same year. The Turkish experience with orthodox stabilization and structural adjustment incorporates a number of specificities and it will be useful to recall them briefly.First of all, the striking element of continuity in basic economic policy orientation which lasted from 1980 up till 1089 without any significant reversals should be emphasized. The personal role of Turgut Özal as Vice Premier in charge of the economy during 1980-1982 under the military governments and Prime Minister during 1984-1991, was a determining factor in this respect. Reversals and hesitations as observed in Latin American experiences due to differences between rival monetarist schools or between populist and right wing political groupings played practically no role for almost ten years in Turkey. The political pressures which resulted in a switch back to populism in 1989 —a theme to be investigated in this paper— marked, in our view, a drastic shift away from the policy model adopted in 1980.

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Panukhnyk, Olena. "New Regional Structural Policy of Ukraine in Terms of EU Integration." Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 14, no. 1 (April 22, 2016): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.668.

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The EU regional policy mechanisms and one of its components — regional structural policy implementation in Ukraine, based on the theory of modernization — are the subject of different scientific discussions. Using comparative analysis, conditions and factors which determine structural policies of the EU and Ukraine, were outlined. Certain risks (geo-economic, economic, energy, demographic) which are related to the structural deformation and can negatively affect Ukraine integration in the EU were identified. Mechanisms for regional structural policy were estimated and problems of their modernization in Ukraine were determined. The conclusion about the necessity of radical institutional solutions in Ukraine, including the development of selective programs of structural adjustment for regional economies was made in the article.

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Bonnecase, Vincent. "Democracy and Adjustment in Niger: A Conflict of Rationales." International Review of Social History 66, S29 (March 12, 2021): 181–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859021000183.

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AbstractIn the early 1990s, Niger saw growing anger towards the military regime in power, not only because of police violence, but also due to its economic and social policies, particularly its first structural adjustment programme. After several months of revolts, the regime fell, giving way to a democratic government in 1991. Under pressure from international financial institutions, the new government quickly embarked on the same economic and social path as the previous one and adopted an adjustment policy, resistance to which had played a fundamental role in its accession to power. The government faced increasing street protests, and was overthrown by the army in January 1996, with most of the population not mobilizing to protect the democratic institutions. This article examines the conflicts of rationales that marked these few years, and shows how, by whom, and to what extent these rationales were opposed in practical terms. It also offers a social history of the adjustments by looking at how they were received by the people. By so doing, it looks back at a moment that has profoundly marked Niger's recent history: in this country, as in others, the adjustments have reconfigured rivalries, produced violence, and left an indelible mark on the political imaginary up to the present day.

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Diokno, Benjamin E. "Structural Adjustment Policies and the Role of Tax Reform." Asian Development Review 11, no. 02 (January 1993): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110593000119.

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Tax reform is hardly a new area in the economic agenda of developing countries. Gillis points out that there has been over 100 attempts at tax reform in developing countries since 1945. However, during the last 25 years the motivation for tax reform may have changed for a great number of these countries. It has shifted from being a desired or preferred policy reform to being a necessary one. For some countries, tax reform became necessary in order to close their fiscal gaps, but for others, it became necessary to maintain—in some cases, to enhance—their international competitiveness…

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Pinckney, T. "Book review. Structural adjustment reconsidered: economic policy and poverty in Africa. Sahn, Dorosh, Younger." Journal of African Economics 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/9.4.547.

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27

Bell, Stephen. "The Politics of Economic Adjustment: Explaining the Transformation of Industry-State Relationships in Australia." Political Studies 43, no. 1 (March 1995): 22–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1995.tb01698.x.

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Recent theories of the state (pluralism, statism, Marxism and corporatism) are evaluated in terms of their capacity to explain an historic transformation in industry-state relationships in Australia over the last two decades. The explanatory tasks focus on explaining the shift from high protectionism to free trade for manufacturing industry, coupled with an increase in positive industry assistance measures. The paper argues that a suitably tailored Marxist account avoids most of the limitations of the other theories examined. Yet it is stressed that Marxism's strength lies not in explaining policy details but in providing a broad macro-structural theory of the state in capitalist societies. Marxism's explanatory ‘superstructure’, needs to be filled in at the meso-level by other explanatory elements so that the contours and dynamics of policy making below the macro-structural level can be more fully explained. Concepts such as accumulation strategy, political coalitions and policy networks are suggested for this purpose.

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Woodward, Susan L. "Orthodoxy and solidarity: competing claims and international adjustment in Yugoslavia." International Organization 40, no. 2 (1986): 505–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027223.

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Yugoslav policies of domestic adjustment to world economic changes during 1973–85 are the result of two sets of constraints imposed by the strategy of the ruling communist party for retaining its power:(1) an open international strategy for economic growth and national autonomy, chosen in the 1940s, that includes extensive use of foreign capital resources, and (2) the coalition of competing political and economic interests gathered within the party, which has been maintained by granting autonomy to producers, limits on the economic role of the state, and successive devolution of financial and administrative authority. The first imposes external budget constraints, the terms of which are defined by foreign creditors and supported by domestic economic liberals; the second imposes domestic political constraints that narrow the policy alternatives, limit their effective implementation, and require compromises that encourage further borrowing and political reform. The policy result is central party determination of policy orientation; macroeconomic stabilization policies that have continually given priority to maintaining the external balance and that combine orthodox deflation with administrative controls; periodic alternation in structural adjustment policies between a developmental, redistributive emphasis and an exportoriented, liberal, market emphasis, depending on the external constraints; and political and institutional flexibility in response to each policy shift and in order to maintain political order.

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Liu, Hua, and Ruida Li. "The Impact of Spatial Layout of Emerging Industry Clusters Development on Economic Structural Adjustment." Journal of World Economy 3, no. 1 (March 2024): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/jwe.2024.03.07.

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This paper examines the impact of the spatial layout of emerging industry clusters on economic structural adjustment in China. By analyzing the geographical distribution, proximity to research institutions, and infrastructure development of these clusters, the study aims to understand their role in transforming China’s economic structure towards innovation-driven growth. The findings reveal that the spatial organization of industry clusters significantly influences regional economic development, industrial upgrading, and innovation capacity. Geographical concentration, connectivity, and proximity to knowledge sources are identified as key factors shaping the effectiveness of clusters. The paper concludes with policy implications, emphasizing the need for balanced regional development, enhanced connectivity, and strengthened innovation ecosystems to maximize the benefits of emerging industry clusters for China’s economic structural adjustment.

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Saeed, Ahlam Nassar Omar. "Role and Impact of World Bank Structural Adjustment Programs in Developing Countries." Humán Innovációs Szemle 15, no. 1 (June 28, 2024): 162–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.61177/hisz.2024.15.1.10.

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This paper aims to analyze the World Bank's Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) and their impact on Jordan's development trajectory. Jordan serves as a representative case study in the Middle East. The main aim is to examine the dual nature of SAPs as possible catalysts or obstacles to development, closely examining their economic, social, and political impacts. The paper utilizes a combination of qualitative methods to assess the impact of SAP-related changes on economic indicators and analyze the social consequences on Jordanian society. This study is based on a theoretical framework that incorporates multiple disciplines. It explores economic theories that address market imbalances, the consequences of poor governance, and the controversial components of neoliberalism. The study focuses on market liberalization, privatization, and fiscal austerity in Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) by critically examining the principles of the Washington Consensus and its neoliberal origins. The results suggest that although SAPs have aimed to boost productivity and integrate Jordan into the global economy, the outcomes have been inconsistent. The analysis reveals that policies implemented by SAPs have resulted in a temporary economic improvement, as well as causing deeper social inequalities, weakening local industries, and generating widespread discontent among the population. It concludes by offering several policy recommendations aimed at maximizing the advantages of SAPs while minimizing their negative consequences. The study emphasizes the importance of policy reforms that take into account Jordan's specific circumstances. It highlights the need to reconsider SAP strategies to better match the socioeconomic conditions of developing countries.

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Rondinelli, Dennis A., and John D. Montgomery. "Managing economic reform: An alternative perspective on structural adjustment policies." Policy Sciences 23, no. 1 (February 1990): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00136993.

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Noyoo, Ndangwa. "Structural adjustment programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1980s and 1990s." RBEST Revista Brasileira de Economia Social e do Trabalho 4 (November 20, 2022): e022012. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rbest.v4i00.16536.

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The paper discusses the World Bank’s and International Monetary Fund’s Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1980s and 1990s. Most countries in this region did not demonstrate autonomy in regard to national economic management and public policy processes, but acquiesced to the economic austerity prescriptions of the international financial institution, which were supposed to have resuscitated their economies. The paper seeks to provide some insights pertaining to how multilateral financial agencies engaged national governments, not as partners in a contractual relationship, but as servile actors. This situation was not mutually beneficial to both parties as interventions in local economies through financial injections had not resulted in easier repayment of loans by Sub-Saharan African governments. However, conditionalities tied to loans resulted in the erosion of social policies and social rights in Sub-Saharan Africa in the said period. Instead of shoring up economies of the countries in the region, SAPs had helped to weaken or even implode them. SAPs also eroded the social policy gains which were attained in the decade of independence in this region. The paper’s main contention is that Sub-Saharan African countries should bolster their institutions, policy-making mechanisms, and not make the same mistakes they did during that period, if they want to develop and be prosperous this century.

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Yang, Yifu, Sheng Zhang, Nannan Zhang, Zuhui Wen, Qihao Zhang, Meng Xu, Yingfan Zhang, and Muchuan Niu. "The Dynamic Relationship between China’s Economic Cycle, Government Debt, and Economic Policy." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14021029.

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Economic growth is an integral part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 8. We combine 10 economic constraints and build a five-variable (structural vector autoregressive) SVAR model based on China’s time series data of 1978–2017. The empirical results show: (1) The Chinese government adopted different economic policies at different stages of reform and opening up; (2) From the impulse response results, China’s excessively high government debt ratio has begun to inhibit economic growth; (3) In terms of policy selection and coordination, the Chinese government mostly adopts a “discretion” adjustment strategy. In most cases, the fiscal and monetary policies were in the same direction, and the “double expansionary” and “double contractionary” policy coordination may become mainstream; (4) The results of variance decomposition showed that both fiscal and monetary policies can effectively regulate economic growth at the present stage, and the contribution rates of exogenous shocks to the prediction variance of economic growth rate were about 25%.

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Yongding, Yu. "China’s Economic Growth, Global Economic Crisis and China’s Policy Responses (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 4I (December 1, 2008): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i4ipp.337-355.

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As a result of opening and reform, China has maintained an annual average growth rate of 9.8 percent for nearly three decades. China’s growth is based on high savings and high investment. Its export promotion policy has also played a very important role in promoting economic growth. However, as a result of China’s growth pattern characterised by investmentdriven and export promotion, the Chinese economy also has been suffering from serious structural imbalances. Its high and ever-rising investment rate has created overheat and overcapacity in tandem. Its high dependency on external market makes its economy vulnerable to external shocks. The global financial crisis has hit the economy seriously and exposed the structural weakness of the economy. The dramatic fall of external demand led to dramatic slowdown of the economy. The Chinese government responded to the slowdown of the economy swiftly and forcefully. A four trillion Renmibi stimulus package and expansionary monetary policy have successfully stabilised the economy. However, the stimulate policy has worsened structural problems. China’s structure problems include high external dependency, high investment rate, deterioration of environment, widening income gap between different social group and between rural and urban areas, insufficiency in the provision of social goods and so on. Due to its strong fiscal position, there should be no problem with China to achieve a growth rate of 8 percent. At the same time, the Chinese government should be able to tackle its structural problems successfully so as to ensure the sustainability of China’s economic growth. JEL classification: G01, E44, E65 Keywords: Growth, Global Financial Crisis, Stimulus Package, Structural Adjustment

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Bengali, Kaiser, and Qazi Masood Ahmed. "Stabilisation Policy vs. Growth-oriented Policy: Implication for the Pakistan Economy." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.453-466.

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Pakistan has initiated a comprehensive reforms efforts aiming at tracking the economy on a higher and sustainable economic growth, reduce level of poverty, reducing unemployment, raising their level of standard of living. These objective were to be achieved through a programme that would build on the macro-economic stability which encompasses structural reforms, trade liberalisation, privatisation, fiscal reforms and financial sector. This paper makes one of the early attempt to analyse the Pakistan stabilisation experiences. In Pakistan the stabilisation programme was started in 1988-89. In this paper we mainly examine the fiscal and monetary policy package since 1988 when the Pakistan committed to a set of conditionalities under the Structural Adjustment Programme of the IMF. The fundamental question that has risen was the relative efficacy of stabilisation oriented versus growth oriented policies on development and welfare. Admittedly, stabilisation and growth are not mutually exclusive and any policy package has to incorporate both the elements. However, the manner in which the policy has been implemented in Pakistan has tended to pursue stabilisation at the expense of growth.

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Ani, Kelechi Johnmary, and Chigozie Onu. "Effect of monetary policy on economic growth in nigeria in the post structural adjustment programme." Independent Journal of Management & Production 12, no. 8 (December 1, 2021): 2364–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v12i8.1483.

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The study investigated the effect of monetary policy on economic growth during post structural adjustment programmer in Nigeria. It used the expo-facto design. Secondary data for the period of 1985-2015 were utilized. The data were extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin and the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The linear regression with the application of Ordinary least Squares (OLS) technique was employed to estimate the parameters of the model numerically. Finding revealed that broad money supply had a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Nigeria during post structural adjustment programmer from 1986-2015. Interest rate had a negative and significant effect on economic growth in Nigeria during the same period and inflation rate had a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth in Nigeria at the same time. The study recommended that Central Bank of Nigeria should facilitate the emergence of market based interest rate that would attract both domestic and foreign investments, as well as create jobs, and promote non-oil export, while reviving industries that are currently operational, far below installed capacity. In order to strengthen the financial sector, the Central Bank has to encourage the introduction of more financial instruments that are flexible enough to meet the risk preferences and sophistication of operators in the financial sector.

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Gabilondo, José. "Transition-Denial and Structural Adjustment: Causation and Culpability in the Cuban Economy." FIU Law Review 17, no. 3 (March 20, 2023): 547–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/lawrev.17.3.8.

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In 2020, Cuba implemented the Tarea Ordenamiento (Tarea), the most significant economic reform since the construction of the socialist economy after the Revolution. Signaling an eclectic brand of Cuban socialism, the Tarea clears away three decades of tried and failed economic doctrines, drawing a new fiscal border around state enterprises, nodding to market realities, and preparing the island for greater insertion into the world economy. While the political economy of post-Castro Cuba has changed in this way, the United States continues to subject the island to an unprecedented program of unilateral sanctions, universally condemned as a breach of human rights, international law, sovereignty, and rationality. Given the historic limitations of Cuba’s economic policies and the noxious effects of U.S. policy, how do we assign proximate cause for the mixed results to date of the Tarea?

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Akhtar, Naeem. "C. H. Hanumantha Rao and Hans Linnemann (eds). Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996. 271 pages. Hardbound, Indian Rs 350.00; paperback, Indian Rs 195.00." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i3pp.300-303.

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The book under review is an edited collection of eight papers presented at a seminar on “Structural Adjustment and Poverty in India: Policy and Research Issues”, and is Volume 17 in the Indo-Dutch studies on Development Alternatives. The book evaluates the impact of economic reforms on poverty alleviation in India. In the “Introduction”, the editors describe the main theme of the book and propose some policy measures for poverty alleviation in the light of the findings of the papers included in the book. The paper, “Structural Adjustment in India—What about Poverty Alleviation?”, by Pieter A. van Stuijvenberg, evaluates the impact of India’s Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on the poor and suggests some policy corrections to mitigate the adverse effects of this adjustment on the poor. He observes an improvement in the balance-of-payments position and foreign exchange reserves without a simultaneous fall in gross domestic product under the SAP. His major concerns are the large size and composition of fiscal deficits (dominated by revenue deficits). The large size of fiscal deficits, according to van Stuijvenberg, drive up real interest rates and endanger investment-led growth. He observes that social indicators of the social safety net, employment, and rural development programmes have not improved much due to expenditure cuts on rural infrastructural investments. He suggests a reduction in the size and composition of the public sector, elimination of all explicit and implicit subsidies, and discouraging rent-seeking behaviour for a successful implementation of economic reforms.

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Brett, E. A. "Rebuilding Organisation Capacity in Uganda Under the National Resistance Movement." Journal of Modern African Studies 32, no. 1 (March 1994): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00012544.

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Eight years of reconciliation, policy reform, and economic recovery have now followed 20 years of dictatorship, corruption, civil war, and economic decline in Uganda. This stems from the interaction between a government which has created a benign environment for development, and donors who have provided generous support conditional on compliance with a standard package of structural adjustment policies involving changes in macro-economic management. These include the removal of price distortions on foreign exchange, capital, and essential commodities, improved fiscal and financial discipline, the reduction of marketing monopolies and state controls, and civil service reform. Government has set up participatory political structures at national and local levels, restored law and order, and taken many of the unpopular decisions required to enforce the changes demanded by adjustment policy.

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Abduraimova, Nigora. "THE IMPACT OF INVESTMENTS IN ENSURING EMPLOYMENT OF THE POPULATION OF UZBEKISTAN." International Journal of Economics and Innovative Technologies 11, no. 4 (August 28, 2023): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.55439/eit/vol11_iss4/a9.

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Realizing that in the current economic situation of Uzbekistan, a quick and satisfactory solution to all problems should be seen in the long-term strategy of structural adjustment, the basis of which is the investment policy of the state. The state structural and investment policy is the main way to solve many, if not all, problems, including employment, which is due to the close connection of the current economic depression with the social crisis. At the same time, investments have a different impact on employment in the context of industries and regions, as well as the overall development of the country's economy.

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Gómez-Valenzuela, Víctor. "STI policies in the Dominican Republic: the influence of economic rationales from a context-development perspective." Science and Public Policy 47, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scaa019.

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Abstract This article examines the influence of different economic rationales in the Dominican Republic’s science, technology, and innovation (STI) policies from a context-development perspective. For this purpose, four STI policy frameworks are reviewed: the National Competitiveness Plan; the Strategic Plan of Science, Technology, and Innovation; the Ten-year Plan of Higher Education; and the National Development Strategy 2030. Three cycles of STI policies are covered: the industrialization and import substitution cycle; the structural adjustment cycle; and the post-structural adjustment cycle. Five economic rationales are considered: neoclassical, Schumpeterian growth, neo-Marshallian, systemic–institutional, and evolutionary thought. Based on the results, three rationales prevail a systemic–institutional approach; a neo-Marshallian perspective; and a Schumpeterian growth approach. These rationales may refer to the country’s challenges to spur its potential for economic growth and development.

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Griffin, Keith. "The management of structural adjustment and macroeconomic reform in Vietnam." Human Systems Management 17, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1998-17105.

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Vietnam has been remarkably successful in managing structural adjustment and macroeconomic reform. As a result, it has achieved very rapid economic growth during the present decade without, apparently, a substantial increase in inequality. All sectors of the economy have grown rapidly and yet there has been dramatic structural change. This growth and structural change, according to official data, have occurred despite a relatively low rate of investment. Our analysis suggests, however, that savings and investment have been understated, that actual output is higher than the national accounts data indicate and that growth is even faster than the official figures suggest. These results are a consequence of the nature and sequencing of the policy reforms that were introduced from the 1980s onwards.

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Hope, Kempe Ronald. "Development Prospects and Policy for Africa: Structural Adjustment and Beyond." Review of Black Political Economy 26, no. 4 (March 1999): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12114-999-1013-4.

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Randolph, Susan M., and Fareed Mohamed Ahmed Hassan. "Structural adjustment and family policy in Africa: Lessons from Sudan." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 17, no. 2 (June 1996): 147–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02267044.

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Rollo, Jim. "In or Out: The Choice for Britain." Journal of Public Policy 22, no. 2 (September 2002): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x02005081.

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The choice facing British government about maintaining the status quo for sterling or joining the euro is a choice between long-term policy regimes. Short-term considerations such as the relative position of business cycles or the current level of the sterling-euro exchange rate have a bearing on the adjustment costs and the timing of entry. The article therefore examines the EMU framework versus the British framework for monetary policy; the performance of economic policy in Britain and in Euroland, and especially Germany as Euroland's main precursor; the relevance to the adjustment costs of membership to the Maastricht criteria and the Chancellor of the Exchequer's five economic tests for joining the euro; and whether or not Britain can qualify for joining EMU. The analysis is broadened to include supporting policies for monetary policy, especially fiscal, labour market and other structural policies where relevant.

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WONGLIMPIYARAT, JARUNEE, and RACHANEE TRIPIPATKUL. "THE SCHUMPETERIAN STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT OF THE BANKING INDUSTRY: A POST FINANCIAL CRISIS ANALYSIS." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 02, no. 01 (March 2005): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877005000368.

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This paper discusses the economic growth and technological change of the Thai banking industry in relation to a post financial crisis, based on Schumpeter's economic development theory. It is argued that the structural changes of the Thai banking industry reflect Schumpeter's gales of creative destruction. The circumstance in which Thailand has to let the ailing banks and financial institutions go bankrupt and renew the process of growth through mergers and acquisitions represents an adjustment phase of an economy undergoing technological change. Using Porter's Competitive Forces Model, this paper aims to understand banks' pursuit of strategies to survive and increase competitiveness under the financial liberalization policies. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for the Thai banking industry to manage innovations under a competitive pressure after the financial crisis.

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Bose, Pablo S. "Book Review: Structural adjustment: the SAPRI report: the policy roots of economic crisis, poverty and inequality." Progress in Development Studies 6, no. 2 (April 2006): 182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146499340600600212.

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Shi, Shaodong, and Xinbo Wang. "Analysis of human capital effects introducing Bayesian quantile regression in the process of industrial structural upgrading." PLOS ONE 19, no. 7 (July 8, 2024): e0304730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0304730.

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In recent years, with the continuous evolution of the global economy and the adjustment of industrial structures, the understanding of the role played by human capital in the process of economic development has become particularly important. However, existing research on the impact of human capital on economic growth often adopts traditional regression methods, failing to comprehensively consider the heterogeneity and nonlinear relationships in the data. Therefore, to more accurately understand the influence of human capital on economic growth at different stages, this study employs Bayesian quantile regression method (BQRM). By incorporating BQRM, a better capture of the dynamic effects of human capital in the process of industrial structure upgrading is achieved, offering policymakers more targeted and effective policy recommendations to drive the economy towards a more sustainable direction. Additionally, the experiment also examines the impact of other key factors such as technological progress, capital investment, and labor market conditions on economic growth. These factors, combined with human capital, collectively promote the upgrading of industrial structure and the sustainable development of the economy. This study, by introducing BQRM, aims to fill the research gap regarding the impact of human capital on economic development during the industrial structural upgrading process. In the backdrop of the ongoing evolution of the global economy and adjustments in industrial structure, understanding the role of human capital in economic development becomes particularly crucial. To better comprehend the direct impact of human capital, the experiment collected macroeconomic data, including GDP, industrial structure, labor skills, and human capital, from different regions over the past 20 years. By establishing a dynamic panel data model, this study delves into the trends in the impact of human capital at various stages of industrial structure upgrading. The research findings indicate that during the high-speed growth phase, the contribution of human capital to GDP growth is 15.2% ± 2.1%, rising to 23.8% ± 3.4% during the period of industrial structure adjustment. Technological progress, capital investment, and labor market conditions also significantly influence economic growth at different stages. In terms of innovation improvement, this study pioneers the use of BQRM to gain a deeper understanding of the role of human capital in economic development, providing more targeted and effective policy recommendations. Ultimately, to promote sustainable economic development, the experiment proposes concrete and targeted policy recommendations, emphasizing government support in training and skill development. This study not only fills a research gap in the relevant field but also provides substantive references for decision-makers, driving the economy towards a more sustainable direction.

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Elkjær, Mads Andreas. "What Drives Unequal Policy Responsiveness? Assessing the Role of Informational Asymmetries in Economic Policy-Making." Comparative Political Studies 53, no. 14 (May 4, 2020): 2213–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414020912282.

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Recent scholarship on inequality and political representation argues that economic elites are dominating democratic policy-making, yet it struggles to explain the underlying mechanisms. This article proposes that unequal responsiveness reflects asymmetries in information about fiscal policy across income classes, as opposed to being a structural bias inherent in capitalist democracy. I test the argument in a pathway case study of economic policy-making in Denmark, using a new data set that combines preference and spending data spanning 18 spending domains between 1985 and 2017. I find that governments that pursue standard macroeconomic policies coincidentally respond more strongly to the preferences of the affluent, owing to a closer adjustment of preferences to the state of the economy among citizens in upper income groups. These findings have important democratic and theoretical implications, as they suggest that unequal responsiveness may not reflect substantive misrepresentation of majority interests, but rather differences in information levels across groups.

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Postuła, Marta, and Jacek Tomkiewicz. "Consequences of Fiscal Adjustment and Public Finance Management. The Costs of Limiting the Fiscal Imbalance in Eurozone Countries." Central European Journal of Public Policy 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cejpp-2019-0001.

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Abstract This article focuses on the effects of corrections to the budgetary policy in eurozone economies. The goal of the text is to check if advancement in implementing modern tools of public management is helpful in the time of fiscal adjustment. We assume that the most important role of a performance approach in conducting fiscal policy is the ability of government to implement active policy meant as structural changes in the composition of public expenditures. In the case of the need to cut general levels of public spending, public sector managers who have knowledge of performance effects of public policies should be able to conduct fiscal adjustment in such a way as to minimise negative outcomes of spending correction on society. The structure of the text is as follows. First, we present some insights on the economic effects of fiscal adjustment. Then, we discuss the concept of performance management presented in the theory and policy agendas of international institutions such as the European Union or the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). Finally, we present the result of an empirical exercise that is designed to combine the level of advancement in implementing performance budgeting (PB) and the social cost of fiscal adjustment in eurozone economies. The most important finding of the research is that PB tools seem to have very limited usefulness in a time of fiscal adjustment. There is no statistical evidence that countries advanced in utilisation of PB tools conduct more active fiscal policy – approach of cutting all expenditures across the border by given percentage rather than looking at priorities and social outcomes of fiscal adjustment dominates in all cases.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Structural adjustment (Economic policy)'

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