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Journal articles on the topic 'Structural Adjustment Programme and ECOWAS'

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Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Binuomote, S. O., and O. Ajetomobi J. "STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMME AND TIME SERIES PROPERTIES OF COCOA PRODUCTION, EXPORT AND PRICES IN WEST AFRICA (1961-2007): AN APPLICATION OF THE PERRON TEST." Continental J. Agricultural Economics 6, no. 2 (2012): 9–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.810283.

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This paper examines the structure of the West African Cocoa Agriculture by analyzing fifteen pertinent annual series, namely; acreage, yield, producer price, quantity exported and export value of cocoa, in Ghana, Nigeria and Cote d’Ivoire during the 1961- 2007 period. The methodology used is that of Perron (1989) wherein he tests the null and alternative hypotheses of a unit root or `trend-stationary` series, respectively, in the presence of possible slope and/ level shifts. The results for the Perron unit root tests indicate that all the series are trend stationary rather than being differenc

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2

Sangla, Simar. "STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMME: INDIA." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 08, no. 06 (2023): 1450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2023.v08i06.019.

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3

Aspromourgos, Tony. "The logic of economic austerity." Économie appliquée 42, no. 1 (1989): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ecoap.1989.2114.

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Conventional (marginalist) theory fails to provide an explanation of the need for austerity programmes. In a negative sense the economic logic of austerity rests upon the inability of the market mechanism (especially wage-price and real exchange rate flexibility) to guarantee full employment with external balance. In a positive sense an economic logic of austerity can be discovered by reference to the Keynesian approach to employment and the Sraffian approach to distribution. Beyond the limits of economic logic one must look to a political explanation for austerity. The superior alternative is

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4

Tameko Ngoudji, Charlie Yves, and Francis Menjo Baye. "Inégalité et polarisation des dépenses au Cameroun pendant et après les programmes d’ajustement structurel." Économie appliquée 64, no. 4 (2011): 119–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ecoap.2011.3586.

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This paper analyses polarization and inequality trends in the distribution of expenditures in Cameroon during and after structural adjustment programmes. A range of measures are used and empirical estimates are obtained using ECAM I and II household surveys. The results show that inequality and polarization have similar trends in residential milieu and the six agro-ecological zones. Any policy to reduce inequality in Cameroon must focus more on inequality within rather than between regions.

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5

Chagunda, Chance. "Interrogating the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in Malawi." RBEST Revista Brasileira de Economia Social e do Trabalho 4 (December 22, 2022): e022016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rbest.v4i00.16569.

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This paper interrogates the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in Malawi, with a focus on its impacts on the livelihoods of the working class and poor people. The SAP was superimposed by the World Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund (IMF), since 1981, to recover an ailing economy through economic austerity measures and to promote sustainable development. This paper critically discusses the key effects of the SAP in the long run, looking in particular at the effects on the unemployment rate, falling real wages, Malawians’ poor living standards and food insecurity.

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6

Adejumobi, Said. "The Structural Adjustment Programme and Democratic Transition in Africa." Verfassung in Recht und Übersee 29, no. 4 (1996): 416–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-1996-4-416.

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7

Ekpenyong, Stephen. "The Structural Adjustment Programme and the Elderly in Nigeria." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 41, no. 4 (1995): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/78cu-0auh-3bgw-pthn.

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The article analyzes the impact of recent economic changes accompanying the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) and ongoing cultural styles on the aged in Nigeria. It argues that during the one decade preceding the introduction of SAP in 1986, Nigeria experienced significant social and economic transformations made possible by the rise in oil prices in the 1970s. The introduction of SAP has also been accompanied by significant social, cultural, and economic changes. Here the effects of these changes on the situation of the elderly in Nigeria are examined using data pooled

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8

Adegbite, Oyeyemi. "SME development under the structural adjustment programme in Nigeria." Small Enterprise Development 8, no. 4 (1997): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0957-1329.1997.034.

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9

Benhin, James K. A., and Edward B. Barbier. "Structural Adjustment Programme, Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss in Ghana." Environmental and Resource Economics 27, no. 3 (2004): 337–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:eare.0000017653.15107.0f.

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10

Tavares, Aida Isabel, and Noureddine Si Abdallah. "Long-run causal impact of the 2011 Economic Adjustment Programme on Portuguese population health." PLOS One 20, no. 5 (2025): e0324756. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0324756.

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In 2011, Portugal signed a bailout programme to be implemented over a 3-year period, from 2011 to mid-2014. This programme included a set of measures to control and reduce the public sector, which included interventions in areas such as public spending and financing, the labour market, education, and health, among other structural budget measures. The aim of this research is to determine the long-run causal impact of implementing this Economic Adjustment Programme on several population health outcomes. Data was collected for the period 1990–2019 for Portugal. Health outcome indicators account

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11

Kydd, Jonathan. "Coffee After Copper? Structural Adjustment, Liberalisation, and Agriculture in Zambia." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 2 (1988): 227–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010454.

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In contrast to its policies in the economic sphere, Zambia has one of Africa's most liberal approaches to press freedom. To convey the flavour of public debate during, or immediately after, the 19-month experiment with a market-determined exchange rate, 10 quotations are presented below:Large scale mining will continue for 12 to 20 years, but small-working may go on for 50–60 years.– Francis Kaunda, Chairman, Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines, June 1987.Coffe after copper.– Campaign slogan of the Coffee Growers Committee of the Commercial Farmers' Bureau.Even real socialist countries have to fi

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12

Joseph, Onipede Kayode. "Social Welfare Policy: An Assessment of the Structural Adjustment Programme 1987-1993." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 09, no. 10 (2024): 4095–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2024.v09i10.006.

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Problem statement: This study examined social welfare policy in Nigeria, with emphasis on the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) objectives and its social welfare implications. The study looks at the effects of the Adjustment Programme and juxtaposes it with the social roles, responsibilities and objectives of the government, particularly in the area of providing socioeconomic and welfare needs for the people, to improve life and enhance the status of man and protect his dignity. In addition, responsibility of the government to her citizen is explained as a constitutional principle and obli

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13

Bawumia, Mahamudu. "Understanding the rural–urban voting patterns in the 1992 Ghanaian presidential election. A closer look at the distributional impact of Ghana's Structural Adjustment Programme." Journal of Modern African Studies 36, no. 1 (1998): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x97002632.

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This article attempts to explain the rural–urban voting patterns in the 1992 Ghanaian presidential election. In this election, rural voters voted overwhelmingly for the incumbent and urban voters did the opposite. It is argued that Ghana's Structural Adjustment Programme (1983–92) was distributionally favourable to rural households and unfavourable to urban households. A link is therefore drawn between the distributional impacts of the Structural Adjustment Programme and the voting patterns of rural and urban households.The relationship between the state of the economy and the fortunes of poli

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14

Owusu, J. Henry. "Determinants of export-oriented industrial output in Ghana: the case of formal wood processing in an era of economic recovery." Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 1 (2001): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01003524.

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Like many other Sub-Saharan African countries, Ghana implemented an orthodox Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), to resuscitate its ailing economy, in the early 1980s. Subsequently, there has been a dramatic expansion in the production and export of processed wood. Based on an empirical study of Ghana's formal wood processing industry, this paper discusses the various determinants that have combined to boost the export-oriented output in the industry, particularly in the first decade of the programme, and assesses the extent to which the SAP-based policy actions account for the change. The

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15

Binuomote, S. O., O. A. Adeleke, and O. Omodunbi C. "EFFECT OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN NIGERIA (1960-2008). A BOUNDS TESTING APPROACH." Continental J. Agricultural Science 6, no. 2 (2012): 30–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.844203.

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This study examines the effect of government expenditure on agricultural production in Nigeria between 1960 and 2008. The output of agricultural production proxied as agricultural GDP(LAGDP) was considered as a function of factors such as the amount of the lagged agricultural GDP, exchange rate (LER), government expenditure on agriculture(LEXP), structural adjustment programme (SAP), price of crude oil (LPo) and agricultural land (LD). Estimates, based on the autoregressive distributed lags modeling approach to integration and error correction specification, indicate that the exchange rate (LE

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16

Anwar, Tilat. "Structural Adjustment and Poverty: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 4II (1996): 911–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i4iipp.911-926.

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Despite the external shocks in the 1980s, the economy continued to grow at a respectable rate. However, increasing internal and external imbalances caused an economic crisis in 1988 and lead to an implementation of a medium term structural adjustment programme within the framework of the IMF and the World Bank. Neither theory nor existing evidence gives a conclusive verdict about the effects of adjustment policies on poverty. Hence, the paper examines the actual changes in absolute poverty during the period of adjustment. The actual changes in the distribution have been examined from two compa

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17

Iyanda, Olukunle. "The structural adjustment programme and marketing in the manufacturing industry in Nigeria." Management Decision 41, no. 3 (2003): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740310469431.

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18

Nwajiuba, Chinedum Uzoma, Bertram E. B. Nwoke, and Chinyere Augusta Nwajiuba. "Structural Adjustment Programme and Public Health Issues in Relation to Migration: Nigeria." Development 50, no. 4 (2007): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100436.

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19

Michael Isaac (PhD), OPUSUNJU, and AKYUZ, Murat, PhD. "Effect of Structural Adjustment Programme on the Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Nigeria." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 6, no. 8 (2019): 5565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v6i8.03.

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The examined the effect of structural adjustment programme on the performance of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. The research design adopted for the study is ex-post facto and the population of this is all the small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. The population of the study is 72838 and was used as the sample size. Structural adjustment programme was measured by import substitution policy and export promotion policy and small and medium scale enterprise performance was measured by SMEs output. The study covered a period of 32 years from 1986-2017. The statistical tools

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20

Kawamura, Yusuke. "Structural adjustment and social protection in the Middle East and North Africa: food subsidies in Jordan." Contemporary Arab Affairs 8, no. 1 (2015): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2014.976405.

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Jordan has been praised by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) as a successful case of social protection reform. While implementing a structural adjustment programme (SAP), Jordan accepted the WB's policy assistance and successfully eliminated food subsidies, which the IMF/WB have repeatedly criticized for their inefficiency as a poverty alleviation programme. Nevertheless, even while officially suspending food subsidies, the Jordanian government still continued to fund them. Moreover, it officially reinstituted the subsidies in 2005. This fact demonstrates that the p

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21

GAUTHIER, Bernard. "Programme d'ajustement structurel et transition de l'État au Cameroun." Management international 1, no. 2 (1997): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.59876/a-gwd2-0725.

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This study examines the role of the state in Cameroon as a result of implementation of a Structural Adjustment Program and identifies the factors that explain the weak response of the private sector. Using data from a survey of manufacturing firms, the study identifies the hindrances to the development growth of the private sector. These constraints, which for the most part are related to state control, include the regulatory structure, corruption and infrastructures, which significantly increase the costs of doing business.

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22

Bassett, Mary Travis, Leon Bijlmakers, and David M. Sanders. "Professionalism, patient satisfaction and quality of health care: Experience during Zimbabwe's structural adjustment programme." Social Science & Medicine 45, no. 12 (1997): 1845–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00122-6.

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23

Jones, Ebieri. "ARDL Approach to Government Revenue and Economic Performance of Nigeria: Post Structural Adjustment Programme." Journal of Accounting and Financial Management 8, no. 6 (2023): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/jafm.v8.no6.2022.pg14.25.

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This study examined effect of government revenue on economic performance of Nigeria during the post structural adjustment programme and extracted relevant data in Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin from 1986 to 2018. The data were transformed to annual growth rates and subjected to stationarity test using the augmented Dickey Fuller unit root test so as to ascertain the suitable analytical technique. It was found that percentage change in real gross domestic product was integrated at first difference while percentage changes in oil and non-oil revenue were each integrated at level. H

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24

Nwokedi, Emeka. "Le mythe d'un leadership nigérian dans les relations inter-africaines." Études internationales 22, no. 2 (2005): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702844ar.

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Nigeria's leadership role in inter-African relations remains a myth despite the country's assertiveness in the areas of liberation, conflict mediation and regional economic integration. Rhetoric and posturing in inter-African diplomacy have become a substitute for reality. Furthermore, the weakness of the Nigerian domestic structure and the effects of the structural adjustment programme negate Nigerians capabilities to exert a leadership in inter-African diplomacy.

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25

Ibrahim, Jibrin. "La société contre le bipartisme ?" Politique africaine 32, no. 1 (1988): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/polaf.1988.5222.

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Society against a two-party system ? General Bakangida’s presidency is orienting Nigeria towards fundomental political and economic transformations. At the political level, a federal bipartisan system mobilised by an organisation created to produce a new political culture is proposed. For the economy, an IMF type structural Adjustment Programme is being implemented. How would Nigeria’s pluricultural society react to the exigencies of this guided democracy and economic hardship ?

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Iqbal, Zafar, and Rizwana Siddiqui. "The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Income Distribution in Pakistan A SAM-based Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (1998): 377–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.377-397.

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Domestic poverty and income distribution are closely related to the state of the economy, which is linked with internal and external economic policies. Since 1988, under the rubric of structural adjustment programme (SAP), Pakistan has made use of fiscal, monetary and trade policies to correct her macro economic imbalances. It is hard to substantiate with proof that these programmes protect the poor. A number of studies have found that income distribution has been getting worse during the adjustment period in Pakistan.1 For example, Kemal (1994); Jaffery and Khattak (1995) and Anwar (1996) fou

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SAWERS, LARRY, and RAQUEL MASSACANE. "Structural Reform and Industrial Promotion in Argentina." Journal of Latin American Studies 33, no. 1 (2001): 101–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00005897.

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This article is a case study that shows the difficulty and complexity of structural adjustment by examining in great detail the reform of a single programme, the promotion of industrial investment in the less developed regions of Argentina. The article describes how the programme grew after 1956 when industrial promotion was first implemented so the reader can fully understand its intricate complexity. The reform process is described in detail, from the time that officials first became aware that the program was costing several percent of GDP to the present. Changing the system was an elaborat

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28

Ravenhill, John. "Adjustment with Growth: a Fragile Consensus." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 2 (1988): 179–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010430.

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Six years of intense debate have produced a measure of agreement on a solution for Africa's malaise. This is captured by the latest catchphrase of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, ‘Adjustment with Growth’, which implicitly acknowledge past errors by African governments – or, minimally, that a continuation of previous policies is no longer tenable in a changed external environment. An emphasis on ‘growth’ recognises that ‘adjustment’ must encompass more than ‘stabilisation’, that the continent needs additional externally-provided financial resources on concessional terms if i

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Bengali, Kaiser, and Qazi Masood Ahmed. "Stabilisation Policy vs. Growth-oriented Policy: Implication for the Pakistan Economy." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (2001): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.453-466.

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Pakistan has initiated a comprehensive reforms efforts aiming at tracking the economy on a higher and sustainable economic growth, reduce level of poverty, reducing unemployment, raising their level of standard of living. These objective were to be achieved through a programme that would build on the macro-economic stability which encompasses structural reforms, trade liberalisation, privatisation, fiscal reforms and financial sector. This paper makes one of the early attempt to analyse the Pakistan stabilisation experiences. In Pakistan the stabilisation programme was started in 1988-89. In t

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Ani, Kelechi Johnmary, and Chigozie Onu. "Effect of monetary policy on economic growth in nigeria in the post structural adjustment programme." Independent Journal of Management & Production 12, no. 8 (2021): 2364–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v12i8.1483.

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The study investigated the effect of monetary policy on economic growth during post structural adjustment programmer in Nigeria. It used the expo-facto design. Secondary data for the period of 1985-2015 were utilized. The data were extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin and the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The linear regression with the application of Ordinary least Squares (OLS) technique was employed to estimate the parameters of the model numerically. Finding revealed that broad money supply had a positive and significant effect on economic growth in N

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nwabugo, Nwagbara, eucharia. "The story of structural adjustment programme in nigeria from the perspective of the organized labour." Australian Journal of Business and Management Research 01, no. 07 (2012): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52283/nswrca.ajbmr.20110107a03.

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The process of achieving the set objectives of structural adjustment programme (SAP) produced adverse social effects that put to question the sincerity of purpose of the SAP policy designers and implementers. To be able to generate conclusions concerning how the politics of enhancing the “well-being” of the people via SAP played out in the Nigerian society, in terms of how well the programme served the intended purpose, questions have to be asked, and responses elicited. Earlier attempts at appraising the SAP were geared toward examining the successes or failures of the adjusting countries in

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Saleh, Abdulkadir, and Abubakar Idris Idris. "AN ASSESSMENT OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON COTTON PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA 1986 – 2006." GOMBE JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT (GJAM) 3, no. 1 (2020): 17–26. https://doi.org/10.64290/gjam.v3i1.1030.

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Nigeria has adopted various Policies in Cotton Production and Agricultural Sector at large since independence. The country’s cotton sector has suffered major disorganization since the dissolution of the cotton marketing board (CMB) in 1986. The disorganization has not been only resulted in significant reduction in output, but has also coursed major fall in quantity. As a result of this, the federal government, decided to introduce many post structural adjustment policies and programmes in the cotton industry with a view to revived the fortunes of the crop for better yield and increase in produ

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Akhtar, Naeem. "C. H. Hanumantha Rao and Hans Linnemann (eds). Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996. 271 pages. Hardbound, Indian Rs 350.00; paperback, Indian Rs 195.00." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 3 (1997): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i3pp.300-303.

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The book under review is an edited collection of eight papers presented at a seminar on “Structural Adjustment and Poverty in India: Policy and Research Issues”, and is Volume 17 in the Indo-Dutch studies on Development Alternatives. The book evaluates the impact of economic reforms on poverty alleviation in India. In the “Introduction”, the editors describe the main theme of the book and propose some policy measures for poverty alleviation in the light of the findings of the papers included in the book. The paper, “Structural Adjustment in India—What about Poverty Alleviation?”, by Pieter A.

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34

Kwakwa, Paul Adjei, Vera Acheampong, and Solomon Aboagye. "Does agricultural development affect environmental quality? The case of carbon dioxide emission in Ghana." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 33, no. 2 (2021): 527–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-09-2021-0222.

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PurposeAgricultural development still constitutes an integral part of Ghana's drive towards job creation, industrial development and economic growth with various growth policies placing the agricultural sector at the core. While there are likely environmental effects of agricultural activities, evidence in Ghana remains scanty. The study focused on examining, empirically, the effects of the development of the agricultural sector on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThe paper employed the Stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence and technology (S

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Baillot, Hélène. "A Well-Adjusted Debt: How the International Anti-Debt Movement Failed to Delink Debt Relief and Structural Adjustment." International Review of Social History 66, S29 (2021): 215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859021000146.

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AbstractThis article analyses the process by which the issues of debt and structural adjustment were redefined by a plurality of actors, from institutional experts to activists, during the 1980s and 1990s. Although it mainly focuses on the 1990s, when the Jubilee 2000 campaign emerged, blossomed, and died, it takes into account the institutional mobilization preceding it. It then points to the need to think about the dynamics of competition and the division of labour among international players. While the leading Jubilee 2000 coalition in the Global North opposed debt on economic and religious

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Babalola, Joel Babatunde, and Anne L. Sikwibele. "Plannng primary education to ameliorate the wrenching effects of adjustment." Journal of Educational Management 2 (November 1, 1999): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/jem.v2i.363.

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Structural Adjustment Programme has negative effects on participation in primary schooling, funding of education and quality of primary education developing countries. Owing to the declining proportions of government budget to education, the growing number of children to educate and the rigidity of the institutional framework for planning, there has been serious gaps betvveen vision and action in the provision of education. Highlights of the suggested policyframework for improving the planning of primary education to ameliorate the effects of SAP in Nigeria include: expansion of access to scho

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Suehara, Tatsurou. "Hideyuki Tsujimura, Rural Cooperatives in Southern Africa: Roles and Development Strategies under the Structural Adjustment Programme." Journal of Rural Problems 35, no. 2 (1999): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7310/arfe1965.35.99.

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38

Lewis, Peter. "From Prebendalism to Predation: the Political Economy of Decline in Nigeria." Journal of Modern African Studies 34, no. 1 (1996): 79–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0005521x.

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Upon taking power in August 1985, General Ibrahim Babangida promised a decisive course of economic and political change for Nigeria. Alongside a phased transition to democratic rule, the new President outlined far-reaching reforms intended to alleviate major distortions in the economy, to resolve a lingering impasse with external creditors, and to reduce a mounting burden of debt. Within a year, a comprehensive structural adjustment programme (SAP) was launched, incorporating key policies advocated by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and yielding significant early resu

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Appiah-Kubi, Kojo. "State-owned enterprises and privatisation in Ghana." Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 2 (2001): 197–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01003597.

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Between 1987 and 1999, Ghana's privatisation programme generated revenues for the government equivalent to about 14 per cent of GDP from a moribund public sector which had previously been dependent on state subventions, and thus succeeded in fulfilling a key role in easing the fiscal crisis and in fostering the Structural Adjustment Programme. The big question remained, however, whether the privatisation process would help the growth of Ghana's economy and help maximise political gains. This article reviews the experience of Ghana in privatising public enterprises, and assesses the impact of t

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40

Mbithe, Dr Pauline, Dr Prof Germano Mwabu, and Mr Maurice Awiti. "IMPACT OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS ON AGRICULTURAL SECTOR GROWTH IN KENYA." Journal of Agricultural Policy 2, no. 1 (2017): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jap.122.

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Purpose: The study was an examination of the impact of structural adjustment programs on agricultural growth in Kenya.Methodology: The study examined the short run and long run determinants of agricultural sector performance in Kenya. To achieve this, the study use time series regression modeling for data spanning from 1975 to 2010. Tests of normality, unit roots test and cointergration test was applied to determine the properties of the data. Upon proof of cointergration, an error correction model was estimated to link the short run and the long run relationships.Results: The results indicate

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Bhatt, Ela R. "Economic Reforms and the People Sector." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 23, no. 1 (1998): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919980109.

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In recent years⁄ there has been considerable discussion in India on Structural Adjustment Programme and its impact on the economy. However⁄ the moot question is whether restructuring efforts have benefited the ‘people sector’ that includes the workers who are informal⁄ unorganized, and selfemployed. Based on years of experience with SEWA, Ela Bhatt argues that most economic policies including the recent economic reforms have largely benefited the large corporate bodies and have completely ignored the poor and the women. According to her⁄ it is possible to benefit from the reforms if the focus

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Bonnecase, Vincent. "Democracy and Adjustment in Niger: A Conflict of Rationales." International Review of Social History 66, S29 (2021): 181–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859021000183.

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AbstractIn the early 1990s, Niger saw growing anger towards the military regime in power, not only because of police violence, but also due to its economic and social policies, particularly its first structural adjustment programme. After several months of revolts, the regime fell, giving way to a democratic government in 1991. Under pressure from international financial institutions, the new government quickly embarked on the same economic and social path as the previous one and adopted an adjustment policy, resistance to which had played a fundamental role in its accession to power. The gove

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Irfan, Muhammad. "Poverty in South Asia." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (2000): 1141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.1141-1151.

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In this paper, an attempt is made to document and analyse the poverty situation in South Asia. Available data on poverty levels and trends are discussed in the first section. Major focus of the paper is to examine the progress made during the decade of 1990s. During this decade, it may be noted that all the countries of the region were implementing some variant of structural adjustment and stabilisation programme. Performance of the national economies discussed briefly in the second section of the paper provides some clues regarding the possible effects of the reforms on poverty reduction. The

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Ogebe, F. O., and M. O. Ogah. "A Reappraisal of Impact of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on the Agricultural Sector of Nigeria: A Path-Analysis Approach." VillageMath Educational Review (VER) 1, no. 1 (2020): 26–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3884282.

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The oil boom of the 1970s transformed Nigeria from a<strong> </strong>relatively prosperous agrarian<strong> </strong>economy to a major exporter of petroleum products, consequently agricultural development<strong> </strong>was<strong> </strong>almost entirely neglected by<strong> </strong>policy makers. However, the slump in world prices<strong> </strong>of petroleum products in the early 1980s emphasized the need for changes in economic policy in the nation. Thus<strong>, </strong>in 1986 the government introduced an International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank assisted SAP aimed at dive

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Amonya, Fred. "Post-COVID world: The controls of moulding states." Corporate Law and Governance Review 2, no. 2 (2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/clgrv2i2p4.

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Crises force us to stop and think. And COVID-19 should. This paper examines the prospect of deep reform of national planning in the young post-colonial states (the moulding states). The paper is a contrasted case study of Kenya and Uganda. The attempt at generalisation across moulding states draws on a shared history of state formation. Two trunks define that history – post-independence conflicts and structural adjustment programme (SAP). A contrast between the two countries teases out a tension, which tension the paper uses to illuminate the two policy spaces. The analytical frame draws on co

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Drafor, Ivy, Glen Filson, and Ellen W. Goddard. "Cereal producers and the structural adjustment programme (SAP) in Ghana: A welfare analysis of the first decade of SAP." Development Southern Africa 17, no. 4 (2000): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768350050173895.

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Amjad, Rashid, and A. R. Kemal. "Macroeconomic Policies and their Impact on Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 1 (1997): 39–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i1pp.39-68.

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The paper provides a consistent time-series of poverty estimates for the period 1963- 64 to 1992-93 for both the rural as well as the urban areas, examines the influence of macroeconomic policies on the poverty levels, analyses the impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes on the levels of poverty, and suggests a strategy for poverty alleviation in Pakistan. The paper explores in particular the influence on poverty of such factors as economic growth, agricultural growth, terms of trade for the agriculture sector, industrial production, rate of inflation, employment, wages, remittances, and th

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Shahbaz, Muhammad, Naveed Aamir, and Muhammad Sabihuddin Butt. "Rural-Urban Income Inequality under Financial Development and Trade Openness in Pakistan: The Econometric Evidence." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (2007): 657–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.657-672.

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Pakistan is a developing economy, which has adopted Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in the form of economic reforms initiated in early 1990s. Economic reforms related to privatisation of state-owned assets, deregulation, confiscation of price controls, trade liberalisation generally and financial reforms (especially to improve quality of financial institutions) particularly. The objective of such reforms was to improve the welfare of society but these reforms never fruited to every livelihood in the country. Perhaps, fruits of economic reforms are eaten up by poor governance, lack of tra

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Nkowani, Kenneth, Murray Mcgregor, and Barry Dent. "The Stagnation of Smallholder Agriculture in the Northern Region of Zambia: Problems, Conflicts and Production Systems." Outlook on Agriculture 24, no. 2 (1995): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709502400207.

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Food security is seriously threatened by the low productivity of smallholder farmers, endemic poverty and widespread land degradation in the Northern Region of Zambia, The challenge is how to raise smallholder productivity at farm level in the face of developmental conflicts caused by demographic change, economic growth, strife and insecurity. The government is caught between the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) drawn up to enable it to pay off its huge foreign debt on the one hand, and the need to cushion the vulnerable sections of society (mostly smallholder farmers) from the worst aspe

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Rao, Mohan. "The Writing on the Wall Structural Adjustment Programme and the World Development Report 1993: Implications for Family Planning in India." Social Scientist 22, no. 9/12 (1994): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517914.

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