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Muuka, Nkombo. "The impact of Zambia's 1983-1993 structural adjustment programme on business strategy." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20050.
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As Zambia entered the 1980s with its economy continuing to weaken further at every turn, it eventually dawned on policy makers and implementers that the buoyant copper years of the previous decade and half may never come back. Although the country had stand-by-agreements (SBAs) with the IMF from as far back as 1973, there was still hope in the decade that followed that the copper-led problems were transitory. By 1983 these hopes could no longer be sustained, as the country's growth engine -copper - assumed impossible-to-ignore sputtering levels. In came the structural adjustment programme (SAP), whose inevitability and necessity this study completely identifies with. Among the major objectives of Zambia's SAP have been and continue to be: diversification away from copper by promoting non-copper, non-traditional exports; reduction or elimination of balance of payments (BOP) deficits; switching production from non-tradables to tradables and, ultimately, resumption of higher rates of economic performance. Reduction in the level of inflation, reduction in government budget deficits, and reduction in the level of unemployment have also occupied the front rank in the country's recovery efforts. This study - from a Business Policy background by a management scholar - has looked at the impact of Zambia's 1983-93 SAP on manufacturing sector business strategy. It uses as its main contribution, results of an empirical study of the impact of SAP on 43 manufacturing firms in Zambia. At the macro-level, the fundamental causes of Zambia's structural crisis are found to be quite diverse and complex. Some causes are rooted in history, some in nature, some in the external environment, and yet others in wrong domestic policies. Structural rigidities in the economy are found to be largely un-altered despite a 10-year attempt at adjustment. The economy is also plagued by what we have called here the 4-D Syndrome - that is Debt, Drought, Dependence on primary exports and imported raw materials, and Disease.
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Benhin, James Kofi Appiah. "The effects of the structural adjustment programme on deforestation in Ghana, with a comparison to Cameroon." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325598.
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Ncube, Douglas. "A country-specific economic structural adjustment programme model for the acgricultural sector : a case study of Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Derby, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/200673.
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Traditionally, agriculture has been one of the mainstays of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) economies and plays a pivotal and vital role in economic activity and development (Westlake, 1994). Africa has been a net importer of foodstuffs over the last thirty years (Smith, 1999). This led the donor community to spotlight the agricultural sector as an area where reforms were badly needed. Since the 1970s the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB) have driven Economic Structural Adjustment Programmes (ESAP) in SSA with varying degrees of success (FAO, 1988). Zimbabwe's independence, in 1980, coincided with the start of the first decade of structural adjustment in SSA.
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Mashamba, Mudzibairi Sylvester. "The construction industry in Zambia : opportunities and constraints under the structural adjustment programme and the enabling shelter strategy." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/388.
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In October 1991 Zambia abandoned one party politics and embraced multi-party politics. Upon winning the elections, the MMD Government abandoned UNIP's commandist development strategies for Neo-Liberal ones, in an effort to salvage the ailing Zambian economy and ensure development sustainability. In adopting the Structural Adjustment Programme and its affiliated policy of Enabling Shelter Strategy, the Government hopes among other things to stimulate supply in the hitherto ailing construction industry. It is postulated that, by applying Neo-Liberal policies, an enabling environment for private investment can be created, where an efficient and high productivity private sector is the main provider of construction supply. This research aims at assessing the contributions made by the construction industry to the macroeconomic in Zambia, during the first five years of the Structural Adjustment Programme and the Enabling Shelter Strategy. To do this, the study analyses the adjustment and enablement conditionalities that have been placed on the Zambian economy and then analyses their net effect on the supply-side of the construction market. The contention of in this study is that although the Structural Adjustment Programme and the Enabling Shelter Strategy have made positive contributions to the Zambian Construction industry, there are, however, areas that still need reviewing and changing in light of the experiences of the last five years. The study was conducted using a survey research strategy, using both quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques. Primary data was collected during a field survey trip to Zambia between the 10th of October 1995 and 17th of March 1996. Secondary data on the other hand has mainly come from published literature, business journals, World Bank and IMF publications and Government publications and the media. The conclusions reached at the end of the study are twofold. First they validate the postulations that have been made in both strategies, that enabling policies do indeed break down the structural rigidities in the macro-economy and the construction industry. The result of which has been to promote international and local private participation at different levels in the Zambia construction industry. Secondly, they show that despite the easy entry of construction firms in the industry, especially in the informal sector, the formal construction sector labour market has, however, continued to reduce. The study further concludes that some of the (adjustment and enablement) conditionalites, and Neo-Liberal (Government) measures meant to promote the economy and the industry in particular have had the net effect of reducing construction demand, thereby reducing overall construction output in response to reduced demand. In some cases, however, the study found that surplus local supply was diverted to exports within the region.
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Munjoma, Thomas. "Property investment under an economic structural adjustment programme : the case of the Harare Central Business District office development." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU117158.
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In Zimbabwe, the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) was introduced in 1991, at which time, intense office development activities started in the Harare City Centre. The fundamental aim of this study, therefore, was to identify and explain the driving forces behind office development activities in the Harare City Centre during ESAP (1991-5). Effort was made to reveal the effects of ESAP on the office development process. Three hypotheses from neo-classical (supply and demand), Marxist structuralism (circuits of capital) and structuration (structure and agency) perspectives were proposed to identify and explain the forces driving office development in the Harare City Centre during ESAP. Twenty-four development sites formed the population of properties identified for the study, of which six were selected for detailed examination. This research established that during the early phases of ESAP, demand for office space was fairly robust. With further property development, full occupation of the new space could be achieved only through tenant relocations and 'sweetheart' deals to seduce tenants into occupying new offices. Direct foreign participation in the Harare office development was not significant at all. That was mainly due to a combination of prohibitive legislation relating to foreign investment in property, and the failure of Zimbabwe to compete as an attractive investment destination for global capital. However, important structural changes such as planning policy and practice, reduction of the prescribed asset ratios of institutional investments, increases in inflation and so forth, were identified. Historically, institutional investors were underweight in property and, therefore, used the opportunity to select properties consistent with their long term objectives. It was concluded that the structure and agency approach presented an explanation of the Harare Office development superior to that of the other perspectives. Although ESAP facilitated the procurement of world class facilities and finishes, it had negative implications for the construction industry through high inflation, increases in building costs, the closure of firms and general economic decline.
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Ubisse, Armindo Elias. "The structural adjustment programme a food security in Mozambique - a case study production incentives in the traditional agricultural sector." University of the Western Cape, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7899.
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Masters in Public Administration - MPA<br>Mozambique has inherited from colonialism a backward agricultural sector based mainly in plantations of export crops, dominated by white settlers and a handful of foreign companies. Production of food crops, especially maize (which constitutes the main cereal food for the population), was mainly undertaken by the traditional agricultural sector. Combined events, from central planning of production to war and natural disasters, have made unsuccessful the governmental objectives of modernising the agricultural sector and making it more productive, in order to ensure a normal food supply, leading to a permanent situation of food shortage. The "free market" economy introduced in 1987 under the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), brought very little progress in terms of food crop production, leaving the country reliant on continued foreign food aid and imports. Recent studies of problems of low agricultural output in general and on the SAP performance in particular, have shown that the private sector, which is benefiting from SAP's investments, is biased towards cash crop production. The traditional agricultural sector, the biggest food producer in Mozambique, is facing integration problems into the new "free market"
economy. This study has attempted to clarify the problems, which lie behind the difficulties in market integration of this sector of national agriculture. This is of particular importance, especially in this crucial moment of the ongoing regional food security project, within Southern African Development Community. The study has produced evidence of a lack of appropriate incentives within the traditional agricultural sector under SAP, mainly with regard to the marketing network and buyer of last resort in case of market failure. This includes absence of road facilities, rural shops and respective goods and commodities of interest to the peasantry. The study showed also that it is important to regulate commercialisation of food aid and food import, to ease the market for food crops locally produced. This could enable a gradual integration of rural markets. Conscious that the lack of the above-mentioned incentives may not be the only explanation for the persisting food shortage, I therefore suggest further research on the topic on appropriate incentives for the traditional agricultural sector, given its fragility and vulnerability within the free market economy.
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Lehloesa, Thembinkosi L. "South Africa's growth, employment and redistribution strategy in the context of structural adjustment programmes in the South." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003004.
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This study is a contribution to the ongoing debate concerning the future of South Africa’s macro-economic policy known as the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) strategy. The study attempts to draw parallels between the GEAR macro-economic policy framework and structural adjustment programmes in the South. By making use of this comparison, the study argues that the outcome of the GEAR will be no different from structural adjustment programmes in that it will fail to reduce poverty and cause government to meet the basic needs of the people. These conclusions are drawn from the fact that the GEAR policy is premised on the faith that the market is capable of redistributing income and wealth, and providing people with their basic needs.
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Nimoh, Felix Geoffrey. "The financial impact of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on parental capabilities to support their children in six primary schools in Ghana." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250687.
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Pornwilassiri, Saowalak. "The impact of Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Programme (ERSAP) and privatisation policy on the role of Egyptian professional women from 1991-2000." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249067.
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Dasah, Bernard Z. "Neoclassical economics and the role of information, communication, and culture in socio-economic development, a case study of the structural adjustment programme in Ghana." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0018/NQ55318.pdf.
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Dasah, Bernard Zori. "Neoclassical economics and the role of information, communication, and culture in socio-economic development : a case study of the structural adjustment programme in Ghana." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35999.
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For close to two decades the leading international financial organizations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, have imposed their structural adjustment programme on Third World countries, notably in Sub-Saharan African, creating forms of neoclassical financial management at an unsurpassed rate. However, the thesis argues that this approach does not distinguish adequately between policies favourable to the growth and prosperity of developed countries and those pertaining to developing countries in part because the paradigm has an impoverished notion of information, communication, and culture. By fostering this economic paradigm in developing countries, these organizations may, in effect, be imposing an inconsistent model on them in many respects. This thesis explores this conundrum with particular reference to the model's concepts of information, communication, and culture and the consequences of these concepts on the application of the model in Sub-Saharan Africa, specifically in Ghana.<br>The thesis employs case studies to demonstrate the impact of cultural imperatives on the neoclassical economic concepts of efficiency of competition, trade liberalization, currency devaluation, public expenditure reduction, and privatization promoted by the structural adjustment programme. It suggests that some of the failures of the programme may be ascribed to the great differences between the imperatives of neoclassical economics and the cultural realities of Sub-Saharan Africa.<br>The thesis takes the position that the incorporation of an understanding of culture and economy similar to that of the communicologists' holistic and wider perspective on economics and economic systems would ameliorate many weaknesses of the structural adjustment programmes of the IMF and the World Bank and enhance the effectiveness of future structural adjustment programmes.
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Kreishan, Fuad M. "Evaluation of structural adjustment programmes in Jordan." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410384.
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Chinkonda, Sosten Sylvester Joseph. "Assessment of the role of traditional leadership in facilitating community development in rural Malaw." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1004907.
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The study was carried out to assess the extent to which the intervention of traditional leaders is effective in mobilising support for community development projects and to examine the perceptions that communities have about the role of the traditional leaders in development projects. The study has been guided by the critique of neoliberalism which exposes the negative effects of implementing the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) in Third World countries. The literature that has been reviewed has looked at the historical and political background of the role of chiefs and other traditional leaders in order to assess the nature of participation that is promoted through their involvement in development projects. An overview of the neo-liberal prescription and its critique has been made in order to expose the effects of the oil embargo of 1973 and the debt crisis of the 1980s on the economies of Third World countries in general and Malawi in particular. On the basis of evidence which has been gathered through a survey and focus group discussion, the study has found that the intervention of traditional leaders is very effective in mobilising communities for development projects. It has further been established that communities have high regard for their traditional leaders and that they perceive them as crucial role players in the conception and implementation of development projects. The study has however established that traditional leaders use unorthodox means such as threats of punishment to solicit the cooperation of the community members which in essence is counterproductive to the participatory approach to development.
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Bilame, Odass. "Performance and prospects of agriculture during structural adjustment programmes in tanzania /." Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler : Wehle, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/371108586.pdf.
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Berolsky, Nuno Goncalo. "An evaluation of IMF structural adjustment programmes : lessons for South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002668.
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The mixed results of International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes in less developed countries are a major motivation for this research. Explanations must be advanced as to what may inhibit the success of such programmes. South Africa has often found itself in a precarious position- with a deteriorating balance of payments, a position similar to other countries that have accepted IMF loans. Furthermore, South Africa undertook an IMF loan in 1993. Financial support from the IMF incorporates structural adjustment programmes. These may include measures such as tighter monetary policy, reduction in the budget deficit, exchange rate devaluation and ceilings on domestic credit with increased interest rates (Ferguson, 1988). These policies illustrate the principle of ‘conditionality,’ whereby access to further loans is conditional on certain criteria being met, such as reduced budget deficits and inflation rates. The principle of conditionality has met with a great deal of criticism. Bacha (1987) and Dell (1982) argue that these aggregate demand-reducing conditions more often than not stagnate domestic economies, worsening the balance of payment and result in programme breakdowns. Essentially, they refer to the IMF conditions as ‘unrealistic.’ The IMF denies this, arguing that shortfalls are mainly due to a lack of political commitment to carry out its conditions (Winters, 1994). This issue of conditionality will be examined in detail, using three specific case studies. The aim of this study is to examine the characteristics of Brazil, Mexico and Zambia to see whether or not the IMF programmes were successful. Guidelines will be established for South African policy from these case studies. South Africa is trying to adjust to the competitiveness of the international economy. At the same time, the need for reconstruction and development exerts increasing pressures on the balance of payments. Guidelines are established for a successful economic adjustment for South Africa. The research concludes that South Africa is certainly in line for a successful transformation. The rigidities are not as extensive as has been the case in Brazil and Zambia. Institutionally, South Africa is sound. However there are still challenges in this area, such as export diversification and economic stability to attract foreign investment.
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Nnazor, Agatha Ifeyinwa. "Structural Adjustment Programmes and the informal sector, the Nigerian case of Jos women." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ48685.pdf.
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Vera, Leonardo. "Stabilisation and structural adjustment in Latin America : a reconstruction from Post-Keynesian and structuralist perspectives." Thesis, University of East London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264408.
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Makan, Amita. "The impact of structural adjustment programmes upon the political economy of Zambia: a critical analysis." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003010.
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This study begins with a statistical survey setting out the parameters of Zambia's socio-economic decline in the 1980s. In order to unravel the complex reasons for the crisis, the study develops and employs an historical structural framework which emphasises the interconnectedness of historical, political, economic and social processes . Thereafter, an explanation of Zambia's political and economic development is presented as a background for understanding how and why the IMF came to play an increasingly decisive role in the management of the economic crisis in the 1980s. It is argued that patron-client politics in conjunction with a 'coincidence of interests' between local elite and international capital, entrenched the distorted mono-export dependent economy which, in turn, accelerated the economic decline and debt crisis of the 1980s. After presenting an overview of the Fund's philosophy and objectives, close attention is paid to the impact of SAPs on Zambia, especially in terms of how such policies as subsidy withdrawal, de-regulation and devaluation affected the economy, debt-reduction, health and education. While there is no incontrovertible evidence that adjustment policies caused the crisis, they have been largely ineffective in reversing Zambia's economic decline. In fact, due to the IMF's ahistorical and apolitical approach, any gains have been ephemeral and, in many instances, served to exacerbate the suffering of the population. Finally, Zambia's political structures have proved unable and unwilling to implement IMF reforms consistently and this underlies the central point that SAPs, as a strategy, cannot ensure long-term sustainable development.
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Ssonko, David K. W. "The impact of structural adjustment programmes on Uganda (with particular reference to Uganda Management Institute)." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/72/.
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It is a requirement of the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) award of the University of Glasgow that the candidate undertakes a research which is relevant to the strategic development of his employing organisation.The overall aim of the DBA thesis is to conduct a critical and strategic analysis of the environment in which the candidate's organisation operates, and to demonstrate how this analysis might inform and contribute to the organisation's stragic planning and development. In this particular case the author is an employee of the Uganda Management Institute. In order to achive the above general objective and in conformity with the University of Glasgow DBA requirements, the author examined the environment through a series of five (5) Learning Goals. While handling each Learning Goal, a firm eye was directed towards its implications for Uganda Management Institute (UMI)strategy. In the final analysis, the views through those different Learning Goals(or lenses)were integrated to provide a more holistic appraisal of UMI's strategy. The following are the Learning Goals which were examined: 1. To conduct an initial strategic analysis of the business environment in which the Uganda Management Institute(UMI) operates which analysis should support the organisational goal. 2. To undertake a programme of study in reserch methods and data analysis likely to be relevant to the other Learning Goals. 3. To evaluate the context of the structural adjustment programmes(SAPs), past and contemporary, affecting the economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa and in particular the Ugandan economy. 4. To undertake a study of the structure, characteristics and performance of the market in Uganda for human resources and the related labour relations institutions and mechanisms. 5. To conduct a strategic analysis of the external, global environment in which the Uganda Management Institute will have to compete and survive.
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Börjeson, Natasja. "Coffee is money, maize is food : Discussing agricultural specialization in Tanzania." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1080.
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<p>This paper deals with the economic development of Tanzania and especially with the development of the smallholders. My aim is to study whether the Structural Adjustment Programmes have helped to facilitate growth in the agricultural and export-sector and if the reforms implemented through the programmes have made agricultural specialization easier and improved the economic situation for the smallholders.</p><p>In this paper, I will discuss that there might be significant limitations in the favours received due to SAP and that the Structural Adjustment Programmes because of this may not be the model for agricultural development as it is claimed by the initiators; the World Bank and the IMF. On the contrary, I present the idea that SAP can be said to have failed in its undertaking and that the reforms might not be suitable for the smallholder sector. I will in the paper argue that SAP has not facilitated an agricultural specialization and that this has much to do with the increase of production costs that the smallholders have been faced with after the reforms. And because of this it could be argued that the Structural Adjustment Programmes might not be an appropriate development strategy for Tanzania, if the country is to achieve growth through specialization. Consequently, there might be reason to believe that the reforms not are overall suitable for the Tanzanian development, considering that a growth within the agricultural smallholder sector is crucial for Tanzania to achieve a long term economic growth.</p>
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Hartwell, Leon. "The international political economy of structural adjustment programmes and poverty reduction strategy papers in Africa : a comparative analysis." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25265.
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This study focuses on the debtor-creditor relationship between African states and the International Financial Institutions (IFIs). More specifically, it makes use of ‘post-positivist’ approaches as analytical tools and it compares the controversial Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) with so-called ‘post-SAPs’ in order to establish whether the latter debt relief strategies are an improvement on the former. Post-SAPs include, amongst others, the Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC II) and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). Jointly, the post-SAPs initiatives aim to make debt more sustainable, boost social spending and reduce poverty. The PRSP initiative in particular was full of promise (at least initially), as it entailed that debtors would rightfully be given the scope to create their own developmental strategies and that a blanket approach to development would be abandoned. Upon closer inspection the PRSP initiative is disappointing. The process itself is predetermined and there are additional IFI mechanisms (with traditional SAPs conditionalities) that should be read alongside this initiative. As the Great Recession starting in 2007 unfolded, the IFIs tended to stress the success and ‘resilience’ of HIPC II and PRSP countries. However, this study argues that supposed achievements are somewhat artificial and one needs to remain cautious about its long-term impacts. African economies experienced high economic growth rates in recent years, not because of World Bank and IMF endorsed policies, but because of debt relief and a commodity boom in the 2000s. The IFIs have not done anything to forge the developmental state in Africa. Several HIPC II and PRSP graduates are already starting to show signs of debt distress. Thus, there is a need to seriously rethink the roles of the World Bank and IMF in Africa. This study recommends that true adherence to the PRSP approach could be a first step to empower African states, and it calls for the establishment of an independent mechanism that will hold debtors and the IFIs accountable for unsustainable debt.<br>Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.<br>Political Sciences<br>unrestricted
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Klos, Benjamin. "The quest for a panacea : a comparative varieties of capitalism analysis of the economic adjustment programmes in Greece and Ireland." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14806.
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The economic crisis in the European Union has raised numerous policy questions. It has also raised many important questions for scholars. One of these is the question of why we have witnessed such radically divergent reform speeds in different countries under Economic Adjustment Programmes. Closer examination of these Programmes clearly shows their high degree of uniformity, so that the answer cannot be found in the nature of policy input. This thesis instead takes a Varieties of Capitalism approach. Looking in depth at the cases of Greece and Ireland, which represent polar opposites of the spectrum of economic models within the EU, this thesis argues that success of Economic Adjustment Programmes crucially depends on a country’s pre-existing economic model. This insight challenges the current approach to crisis resolution, which endorses a ‘one size fits all’ approach to structural reforms. An adapted version of Bruno Amable’s Varieties of Capitalism (VOC) approach is conducive to detailed analysis, as it permits disaggregating the structural reform agenda according to five institutional areas. Thus, reform patterns can be compared between countries as well as between institutional areas. The hypothesis put forward in this dissertation is that the reforms promoted in Greece and Ireland can be accurately described as a reform trajectory intended to take both countries closer to a market based variety of capitalism. The analysis, based on textual analysis of the Economic Adjustment Programmes, as well as interviews with Greek, Irish and European policy-makers, suggests that VOC predicts reform trajectories largely accurately. The application of Amable’s approach also revealed its weaknesses, particularly in underestimating the role of political decision making in times of crisis through a rather mechanistic conceptualisation of the EAP implementation process. This is addressed through the inclusion of Streeck and Thelen’s mapping of political responses to external change, adding an important component to the VOC literature and making it suitable to the analysis of reform in crisis conditions.
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Manage, Sumanaratne Bala. "A study of rural poverty in Sri Lanka with special emphasis on reducing the role of the state under structural adjustment programmes." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521921.
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Ali, Khadija. "Urban women in households and in the labour market under structural adjustment policy and programmes : a case study of Pakistani working women." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392302.
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Gumede, Nyawo Basirio Simbi. "Economic structural adjustment programmes in the Southern African development community : an analysis of impact and policy considerations with special reference to Zambia and Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9748.
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Bibliography: leaves 183-189.<br>This study is primarily aimed at examining the impact of World Bank / IMF, structural adjustment programmes in the SADC region. However, the main focus of the study was on Zimbabwe and Zambia. These World Bank / IMF-influenced perestroikas, are believed to be viable panacea, for the state of economic malaise prevalent in the SADC region. In undertaking this research, various methods were utilised to acquire data. A case study approach was used. However, the main method of data collection which was heavily relied upon was document study. The collected data was analysed and presented in both graphical and tabular form. This study, inter alia, established that the implementation of IMF / WB structural adjustment programmes in the SADC region has precipitated a plethora of insurmountable socio-economic problems for the citizenry of both Zimbabwe and Zambia. Furthermore, the research has revealed that IMF / WB influenced structural adjustment programmes have culminated in large-scale unemployment, retrenchments, an acute decline in educational and health standards, ever-skyrocketing food prices, rents, taxes, mass exodus of qualified human resources to greener pastures, big debts, inflation and labour strikes in Zimbabwe and Zambia.
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Alves, Sara Simone Boavida Carvalho Simões. "Programas de ajustamento estrutural na óptica do papel do estado na África a Sul do Saara." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/637.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional<br>O Desenvolvimento é um dos objectivos dos povos e a estabilização e o ajustamento estrutural podem ser determinantes para o atingir. No entanto, a forma como têm vindo a ser concebidos pelo FMI e pelo Banco Mundial, direccionada sobretudo para a esfera económica e marcada pela "nova ortodoxia" dominante, acabou por limitar o papel dos Programas de Ajustamento Estrutural (PAE) enquanto propulsores do desenvolvimento, tornando-os num conjunto de premissas rígidas, com resultados aquém do previsto. Nos anos 80, a crise no continente africano deixava transparecer a necessidade urgente de reformas. As finanças públicas apresentavam-se deficitárias e a corrupção, a "má governação" e o "neo-patrimonialismo" caracterizavam a actuação do Estado. As propostas do FMI e do Banco Mundial - liberalismo económico e estímulo dos mercados em detrimento da intervenção pública, traduzem-se em medidas como o estabelecimento de taxas de utilização dos serviços públicos, remoção de subsídios, despedimento de funcionários públicos, cortes salariais e privatizações. Os resultados destas reformas não se mostraram decisivos, designadamente no que se refere à melhoria do défice orçamental, e os efeitos negativos das restrições orçamentais sobre o bem-estar originaram um clima de instabilidade que acabou por pôr em causa a viabilidade do processo de ajustamento. A aversão ao papel do Estado e a forma radical como se impuseram as reformas, frequentemente sem considerar as características culturais, políticas, sociais e económicas de cada país, acabaram por condicionar o sucesso dos PAE. Apesar de haver por parte das instituições internacionais um reconhecimento de que é necessária a reforma destes Programas no sentido de incluir objectivos "não económicos", há quem defenda que só uma revisão e reordenação de prioridades os pode aproximar do Desenvolvimento.<br>Development is one of the society's goals, and stabilisation, and structural adjustment could be determinant to get it. The way how they are conceived by IMF and by World Bank, guided mainly through economical field and marked by the prevailing "new orthodoxy", had restrained Structural Adjustment Programme's role while development propellers, turning them into a set of rigid premises, with results straighter than expected. In the 80's, African Continent crisis reveals itself the urgent need of reforms. There were large public finance deficits in several countries and "bad governance", "neo-patrimonialism" and corruption labelled the State performance. From the World Bank and IMF proposals -economic liberalisation and pro-market reforms in loss of public action - resulted policies, like the introduction of user fees, public sector employment and wage cuts, grants removal and privatisation of public enterprises. The results didn't show conclusive, particularly in which is referred to public deficit amelioration, and the negative effects above welfare, caused by budget constrains, gave rise to an unstable environment, which jeopardised adjustment process viability. The State performance aversion and the radical way in which the reforms had been imposed, usually without taking in consideration cultural, politic, social and economical characteristics of each society, ended up conditioning their success. Although it's being recognised by international institutions, the necessity of Programmes reforms, in the way of including "non economical" objectives in the policy mix, others defend that only a review and a re-ordination of their priorities could bring them closer of Development
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Ikanga, A.-Mponga Bakand’Olinga. "Causes et conséquences des programmes d’ajustement structurel en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100035/document.
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Notre recherche a consisté a nous faire une opinion raisonnée sur les interventions des Institutions de Bretton-Woods en République Démocratique de Congo, en nous appuyant sur une analyse de long terme de l’endettement extérieur du pays, et par conséquent à la mise en œuvre des programmes des stabilisations dans les années 70 et d’ajustement structurel depuis les années 80. Cette analyse nous a permis de mettre en lumière les contraintes économiques et sociales, internes et extérieures, auxquelles le pays a dû faire face. Loin de soulager cette économie rentière, les thérapies de choc préconisées par ces Institutions ont provoqué des coûts ou effets secondaires négatifs, délibérément cherché ou non sur d’autres variables (revenu global, niveau des prix, inflation/hyperinflation…). D’autre part, elles ont eu un coût social élevé, et ont contribuées lourdement à une détérioration de la répartition des revenus entre les diverses couches sociales du pays. L’échec des programmes d’ajustement structurel étant aujourd’hui reconnu, il était devenu donc impératif d’imaginer d’autres types d’approches moins superficielles, qui puissent intégrer non-seulement l’équilibre des variables macro et/ou micro-économiques, mais aussi méso-économique ; et donc l’accent doit être désormais mis sur l’amont (discussions des politiques) et sur l’aval (mis au point des projets ou programmes). C’est ainsi que furent mis en place, depuis le milieu des années 90, les mesures d’allègement ou d’annulation de la dette extérieure. L’austérité préconisée aujourd’hui, face à la crise de la dette dans la zone euro, semble ne pas tenir compte des conséquences que les politiques d’inspiration monétariste ont entraînées partout où elles ont été mises en œuvre, et particulièrement en Afrique. Ainsi, nous-nous demandons si le Libéraux ont-ils retenu les leçons des échecs des programmes d’ajustement structurel (PAS) dans les pays ajustés. Pour ce faire, nous-nous sommes permis de proposer quelques perspectives ou voies de sortie afin d’éviter de retomber dans le cycle de la dette que la RD Congo a connut<br>Our research was to give us a reasoned opinion on the actions of the Bretton-Woods in DR Congo, relying on an analysis of long term external debt of the country, and therefore the implementation of programs stabilization in the 70s and structural adjustment since the 80s. This analysis allowed us to highlight the economic and social constraints, internal and external, that the country faced. Far from alleviating the rentier economy, shock therapies advocated by these institutions have caused costs or negative side effects, deliberately sought or not other variables (total income, inflation/hyperinflation…). On the other hand, they had a high social cost, and contributed heavily to the deterioration of income distribution among different social strata of the country. The failure of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) is regnized today, it has become imperative to imagine other types of less superficial approaches that can integrate not only the balance of macro variables and/or micro-economic, but also meso, and therefore the emphasis should now be placed on the upstream (policy discussion) and downstream (developed projects or programs). Thus were established since the mid 90s, the relief measures or cancellation of the external debt. The austerity advocated today, faced with the debt crisis in the euro area seems to ignore the impact that monetary policies have led to inspiration wherever they have been implemented, particularity in Africa. Thus, we ask whether we Liberals have learned from the failures of adjustment programs (SAPs) in the country originates, the former adjusted. To do this, we have allowed us to propose a few prospects or output channels to avoid failing into the cycle of debt that DR Congo has experienced so far
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Kosaikanont, Romyen. "The socio-economic impact of the economic crisis and the economic structural adjustment programmes : a comparative study of a rural and peri-urban community in northern Thailand." Thesis, University of Bath, 2003. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425871.
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Ssenyonjo, Habib. "A critical discourse analysis of public-private partnerships in education in Black Africa : A case of basic education in Liberia." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik och didaktik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-191543.
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With many countries in Black Africa immersed in external debts and yet others grappling with effects of civil wars and pandemics, social services such as basic education and primary health care pose challenges to them. To mitigate such shortcomings in the region, innovative ways to provide basic education are sought by the private sector. To meet the goals of education for all, national governments fall short of alternatives which gives rise to options like low fee private schools (LFPSs). But these innovative ways which are basically home-grown have got foreign competitors who provide the same basic education services. This thesis does not address the element of competition; rather it explores latest global changes that affect almost all aspects of social life – particularly basic education. This thesis looks at the public-private partnerships (PPPs) in education with low fee private schools (LFPSs) as one of the ‘innovative’ ways of providing basic education; this has had an effect of having entire basic education systems contracted out by national governments in the region. With weak public service systems, how can Black Africa implement PPPs with LFPSs? Using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis – theory and method as well as operationalised space-times theory by Harvey (1990), this thesis probed PPPs with LFPSs in Liberia. The objectives were to understand the nature of educational reforms advocated in PPPs with LFPSs and to examine the kind of relationship between government and private sector service providers in PPPs with a view of locating the power within such relationships. Another objective was to probe how equitable and inclusive these basic education services provided by PPPs with LFPSs were. The study revealed that PPPs with LFPSs are implicated in denying access to the rural communities, limiting equitable and inclusive education to many social groups like the poor, girls and people with disabilities as well as seeming to undermine national and local governments due to power and ideology.
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Moleka, Elvis Musango. "Inflation dynamics and its effects on monetary policy rules." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687344.
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This thesis examines dynamic relationships between inflation and monetary policy in a sample of African economies using quarterly data over the period 1980:01 to 2012:04. The literature on inflation dynamics and monetary policy focuses on developed economies, with little attention devoted to the African economies, which is potentially explained by the fact that in the past monetary policy played second fiddle because of fiscal policy dominance following episodes of high inflation and stabilization policies that occurred in the 1980's. This thesis fills an important gap in assessing African's monetary policy. The thesis predominantly uses the Vector-Autoregression (VAR) framework to examine the monetary policy frameworks of the African economies. The thesis finds that an interest rate shock on average explain a more significant proportion of the variance in the output gap and inflation than the exchange rate, in terms of analysing the decomposition of shocks to the economy. This shows a shift in the monetary policy focus away from exchange rate management to interest rate targeting as the African economies have become more market oriented. The monetary policy reveal strong asymmetric responses with respect to the macroeconomic variables when inflation exceeds its threshold value. The analysis suggests that monetary policy in the African economies is regime-dependent, propagated through the inflation thresholds, such that the authorities strongly implement policy changes when inflation goes beyond a certain threshold. The thesis reveals that by taking into account the prior belief of the monetary authorities, it helps produce better estimates of the performance of the monetary policy transmission mechanism, as it combines prior information with the sampling information which is contained in the data. The overall novelty of the thesis is that some African economies are adopting inflation targeting policies instead of exchange rate management. It is imperative that the subsequent inflation targeting frameworks will achieve monetary policy objectives for the African economies and the use of interest rate management should be continued.
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Silva, Omarildo Luís da. "O impacto da economia informal no processo de desenvolvimento na África Subsariana." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2778.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional<br>A economia informal é seguramente um dos grandes temas deste século. É um fenómeno cada vez mais frequente no mundo, principalmente nos países da África Subsariana. Na África Subsaariana o sector da economia informal advém em grande parte da má afectação dos recursos económicos e financeiros, tanto nacionais como provenientes do estrangeiro (comércio, investimentos ou ajuda), o que, em geral, teve como resultado, uma deficiente implementação das estratégias para o desenvolvimento e uma dificuldade acrescida da pretendida “modernização” do continente africano. Sendo assim, pretende-se analisar a economia informal antes de mais como “forma de sobrevivência” perante a ineficácia do Estado, a deficiência dos mercados internos, a falta de recursos humanos adequados e a fraqueza do tecido empresarial africano, procurando demonstrar que ela é menos uma causa do que uma consequência do não desenvolvimento. Tendo presente, as várias tentativas de aplicação de modelos económicos propostos pelo Banco Mundial e o Fundo Monetário Internacional, procurar-se-á averiguar igualmente até que ponto a falta de indústrias, a dificuldade de modernização e de políticas económicas adaptáveis as realidades africanas contribuem para a proliferação da economia informal.<br>The informal economy is certainly one of the major themes of this century. It is an increasingly widespread phenomenon in the world, mainly in Sub-Saharan African countries. In sub-Saharan Africa the informal sector of the economy stems largely from the misallocation of economic and financial resources, both national and from abroad (trade, investment or aid), which, in general, resulted in a poor implementation of strategies for the development and an increasing difficulty of the intended "modernization" of the African continent. Therefore, it is intended to analyze the informal economy first and foremost as "a means of survival" to the inefficiency of the State, the deficiency of internal markets, lack of adequate human resources and the weakness of African business, trying to demonstrate that it is less a cause than a consequence of not developing. Bearing in mind, the various attempts of applying economic models proposed by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, search will also investigate to what extent the lack of industry, of economic policies adaptable to African realities and the difficulty of modernization contribute to proliferation of the informal economy.
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Uzukwu, Elochukwu Eugene. "Book Reviews: Alfred T. Hennelly (editor), "Liberation Theology. A Documentary History," and United Nations Economic Commission for Aftrica. "African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programmes for Socio-Economic Recovery and Transformation. A Popular Version."." Bulletin of Ecumenical Theology, 1993. http://digital.library.duq.edu/u?/bet,1596.
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Haarmann, Dirk. "From state maintenance grants 'to a new child support system: Building a policy for poverty alleviation with special reference to the financial, social, and developmental impacts." University of the Western Cape, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8410.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>State social security transfers for families existed in South Africa only in the form of state maintenance grants, which paid up to R700 to single parents. The system was not appropriate in the South African context, being racially biased and financially unsustainable. The Department of Welfare - following in principle the recommendations of the "Lund report" - introduced with effect from 1 April 1998 a child support grant which is payable to the primary care-givers of children, regardless of their family status. The level of benefit was set at RIOOper month per child for children up to the age of six (incl.). The Department declared that 48% or 3 million children should be targeted. At the same time, the SMGs are to be phased out over a three year period. This research was conducted between November 1995 and March 1998. The analysis of the different suggestions during the policy process and the final policy is based on two pillars: • A situation analysis of the living conditions of South Africa's children on the basis of a composite index. • An evaluation of policy scenarios on the basis of a microsimulation model. The index tries to give a complex picture of the living conditions of children by looking at the financial situation, housing, health, and employment opportunities of the households the children are living in. The analysis reveals that nearly 70% of
South Africa's children up to the age of six (incl.) live below the poverty line as defined. A further analysis of the household structure indicates that poorer children are likely to live in larger households. The overall policy shift from a support of single parent families to children in poverty regardless of their family status is espoused. However, the microsimulation model which analyses the impact of different factors like the 'level of benefit', the 'age-cohort', the 'means-test', and the 'administrative requirements', reveals that there are still serious flaws in the current policy. Due to the fact that the means-test is based on the total household income, nearly 40% of the children living below the poverty line are excluded. In addition, the administration needs urgent attention as its capacity is the decisive factor in the success of the programme. The thesis calculates that in the next five years up to R2 billion less will be spent on poor children and the goal of reaching 3 million children will not be achieved, if the problems identified are not addressed. The thesis develops an alternative suggestion to the current policy. While microsimulation has become quite a standard procedure in the analysis of social policies in industrialised countries, there is so far no application in developing countries. It is hoped that by taking this policy analysis as a case-study, this thesis is a step towards the introduction of this method here. Microsimulation models provide important information to enhance the transparency and accountability of policy processes. In this case, civil society was able to challenge Government's decision on a very informed basis, to put pressure on decision makers successfully, and to make workable alternative suggestions. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that against Government's
promise redistribution does not take place. Instead a shift towards a more neo-liberal approach in social policy is observed.
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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"An analytical investigation of the structural adjustment programme for television receiving sets, with special reference to possible alternatives." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13255.
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Mucharambeyi, Kudakwashe Godfrey. "The effects of economic structural adjustment programme and the shelter development strategy on the housing construction industry in Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2665.
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The motive behind this dissertation involved the scholastic empirical testing of the impacts of development policy, pursued at macro-economic level in housing and construction industry in Zimbabwe during Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) between 1990-1995. It further explores the understanding of the variety of interconnections between macro-economic in light of structural adjustment and Shelter development Strategy. The introductory focuses on conceptualisation of the dissertation in relation to contemporary policy and academic debates. A historical review of both macroeconomic and shelter industry management policies experienced in Zimbabwe prior to ESAP are examined. Architecture structure of the adjustment programe specifically in the in creating an enabling environment in respect to the overall macro-economic reforms in relation to the shelter industry is sketched. Party Two deals with housing and Zimbabwean construction finance both prior and after ESAP, comparison with other African countries is reviewed-positive impacts of liberalizing a sophisticated financial sector, limited impact in attracting foreign investment and negative impact of reduced government investment on the housing construction industry. The final section deals with the impact of adjustment and shelter strategy on job creation and income levels. Also focuses on the responsiveness of the construction supply to adjustment and enablement policies. The development of ideas surrounding this research and methodology of fieldwork are also discussed. Conclusion and recommendations are drawn to fulfill the dissertation-Scholarly.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, 2001.
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Mambwe, Evaristo M. "The challenge of poverty for the church in Zambia : a response to the effects of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP)." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3760.
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The effects of the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) that have been the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) prescribed economic reforms have accentuated poverty levels in Zambia.
For the majority ofthe population, the Structural Adjustment Programmes have exacerbated poverty if not directly contributing to it. This paper argues that poverty has a historical aspect dating back to the colonial strategy of establishing and perpetuating rural-urban dual structures. The Zambian government upon attainment of independence continued this dual economic structure. The dualist approach favoured urban areas at the expense of rural areas in terms of social and economic development. To date it is estimated that 80% of Zambia's population of about ten million people (2000 Census) lives under conditions of abject poverty.
The Zambian economy did well in the first ten years of independence (1964 -1974), but went on a continuous decline from that period to date. Both internal and external factors have contributed to the continuous steep decline ofthe economy and subsequent increase in poverty levels.
Among efforts to turn round the economy, the Zambian government in cooperation with the IMF and World Bank embarked on the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP). President Kenneth Kaunda
hesitatingly introduced the first SAP in 1981. The economic reforms, particularly the decontrol of prices and abolition of subsidies resulted in the increase of prices of foodstuffs leading to civil disobedience, violence, riots, looting and deaths in 1986. The SAP also contributed to income
disparities. In 1991 when Frederick Chiluba won the presidency, he implemented the SAP fully. The implementation ofthe SAP meant the decontrol of prices and removal ofall forms of subsidies. The immediate effect was a rapid rise in prices and poverty levels.
This paper argues that in the face of this poverty the involvement of the Church has not been as comprehensive as taught by the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Emphasis has r-emained on spiritual emancipation with little stress on material well-being. Equally there has not been participation in
decision-making by the affected people as the government and the donor-community make most decisions without consulting the citizens.
There also seems to have evolved a culture ofdependence on "handouts" or free things, and lack of good work ethics and standards.
The improvement in the standards of life of the people may be realized if the Church through its prophetic ministry challenges global capitalism so that the powerful and rich western countries accept
the New World Order that the Third World has been advocating for many years. The Church should also voice the fact that the Zambian politics and economic policies should not be motivated by profit making and individual gain but by a desire for hard work and fair distribution of the world and
nation's wealth. It is further proposed that the best economic and development policies are those that sustain human life and bring a better life in every human community. This ideal may be fulfilled if the
Church through its diaconal ministry gets involved in developmental issues.<br>Thesis (M.Th.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.<br>Christian Aid (UK) through the University of Natal, School of Theology,
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Tuffour, James. "Accounting for the Effects of Institutional Changes on Ghana’s Small-Scale Gold Mining Sector, Pre-colonial to the Post-Structural Adjustment Programme Eras." Thesis, 2021. https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/706892/1/Tuffour_2021.pdf.
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Ghana’s gold mining industry is mainly owned by multinational enterprises and indigenous small-scale operators. The latter, though significantly informalised, contributes a third of the about five million ounces of gold produced annually. Its informalisation is characterised by labour intensity and poor regulation. Due to ineffective regulation and its resultant effects on the environment, health and other social menaces, the sector has attracted attention in recent times. This study is aimed at deepening the understanding of the informalisation of the small-scale gold mining sector through the lens of historical ownership policies.
The key institutions which have influenced the ownership policy of the mining industry in Ghana are the traditional Chiefs; colonial government; post-independent government; the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. First, the industry was controlled by the chieftaincy institution prior to Ghana’s colonisation by Britain. Through the 1932 Mercury Ordinance, the colonial government banned the indigenous people from engaging in gold mining. Also, the post-independent government nationalised the industry and continued with the 1932 policy that marginalised the small-scale gold mining sector. Meanwhile, in the 1980s, the Government of Ghana introduced the Economic Recovery Programme to liberalise the economy. This economic reform was implemented through the Bretton Wood institutions’ flagship policy – the Structural Adjustment Programme. In 1989, as part of the government’s privatisation policy, small-scale gold mining was legitimised and reserved for Ghanaians only.
This study ascertains the motivation for the ban of small-scale gold mining and how the changing ownership policies have contributed to the current state of the sector’s informalisation. To achieve the study’s aim, thirty-one industry actors were engaged in a face-to-face and focus groups semi-structured interviews. These actors were drawn from public and private institutions in Accra and three District Assemblies which host mining enterprises. The informants represent central and local government officials, traditional Chiefs and opinion leaders in mining communities, mining associations and practitioners and officials of policy think tanks. The interviews were corroborated by archival documents including, mining policies, minutes of meetings, letters and other publications of mining institutions from the colonial period to contemporary times.
The study found that the colonial government banned small-scale gold mining to weaken the chieftaincy institution and to make available local labour to address the acute labour shortage in the large-scale mining sector. Meanwhile, the post-independent government continued to marginalise the small-scale sector with the aim of stabilising the State-dominated economy. In 1989, legitimisation of the small-scale sector became possible through the coalition of smaller interest groups which opposed the government’s economic liberalisation programme. The sector’s legitimisation was to make room for the retrenched employees from the state-owned mining enterprises to operate. Through this, the study contributes to institutional change theory by concluding that when smaller actors with low political power join their resources, they can effect significant changes.
In addition, this study asserts that the continuous informalisation of the small-scale gold mining sector is partly caused by government’s discriminatory policies in favour of the large-scale enterprises. For example, registration processes for small-scale operators are bureaucratic and costly. Moreover, the usage of security personnel to combat illegal mining activities significantly affects legitimate small-scale miners. The study therefore recommends that the government decentralises the licensing regime and provides financial and technical support to the sector to encourage more registration that would be easy to monitor and control.
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Kiboiy, Kiptoo Lelei. "The dynamics of student unrests in Kenya's higher education : the case of Moi Uinversity." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32399.
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Higher education in post-independence Kenya from 1963 to 2009 has been characterized by rapid expansion - both in terms of student enrolment and in a sharp increase in the number of both private and public universities. While national and institutional mechanisms, such as the establishment of a revolving fund, the Higher Education Loans Board and the introduction of the Privately Sponsored Students Programme, have been initiated to address the sharp demand for higher education against a backdrop of diminishing financial support, violent student unrest - which seriously undermined these efforts - has persisted. A sustained period of student unrest has characterized Kenya‟s higher education. This has manifested itself in the form of violent protests, riots, boycotts and strikes. Statistics indicate that the intensity/frequency and violence of the strikes has steadily increased over the years. For example, between 1969 and 2000 sixty-nine cases of student strikes were recorded at all the public universities. Of these cases, twenty-two (31.88%) occurred within a time span of 20 years (1969-1989) while forty-seven cases (68.12%) occurred in a short period of just one decade (1990-2000).At Moi University twenty-four cases of strikes, which affected its colleges and campuses, were recorded between 1985 and 2009. In terms of radical policy adaptation at both national and institutional levels, one would expect a downward trend in unrest. Instead, however, the frequency and intensity of violence associated with strikes has increased at an alarming rate with several deaths being reported.
As such, this study has investigated the factors that have contributed to, and informed, a sustained period of student unrest with a specific focus on Moi University in order to identify policy lessons. Global, national and institutional aspects were examined. A case study strategy was applied - with Moi University as its focus. Data was collected through an in-depth review of the relevant literature, document analysis and interviews. Past and present senior management staff members at Moi University, including Deans of Faculties, Deans of Students, Heads of Departments, and Heads of Sections as well as former student leaders were interviewed. The study concludes in its findings that the university is operating within a highly dynamic and unstable social-political environment, leading to the emergence of inadequate policy adaptations. The resultant shortcomings in the operations of the university attract the wrath of an informed student population in the form of unrest. The students action is not however simply reactionary, as they too, as change agents have their own agenda that evolves over time as they seize opportunities created by the policy shortcomings to pursue it. The study summarized the salient factors responsible for the violent unrest in five broad thematic areas. These include: (i) Unrest associated with flawed international and national policies and social pressure; (ii) Unrest associated with critical national issues and identification with progressive change agents; (iii) Unrest associated with student politics;(iv) Unrest associated with social identity and threats of their welfare from organized groups; and (v) Unrest associated with the prevalence of institutional catalyzing factors. A typical strike develops through four main phases: (i) The development/ brewing phase; (ii) The heightened tension phase; (iii) The full blown strike phase; and (iv) The dissipation/uneasy calm phase. Organizational disequilibrium describes the general state of instability characterizing the university, while organizational paranoia is associated with instances of devastating strikes during a heightened tension phase. A strike matrix of Spontaneous vs Orchestrated and Flash vs Protracted typify the strikes. Unrest has led to the disruption of academic programmes; the destruction of property and deaths; a loss of critical study time; and damage to students‟ careers caused by suspensions and expulsions. The need for a well-considered policy that involves exhaustive consultation with all the stake-holders emerges as critical for the future stability of universities.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.<br>am2013<br>Education Management and Policy Studies<br>unrestricted
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Korb, Ilonka Suzanna. "The implementation of a RDP public works programme in the Greater Johannesburg TMC." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7097.
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M.A.<br>The South African development context is characterized by high levels of unemployment and poverty. It is therefore imperative to address these two aspects if any advancement in regard to development is to be achieved. Several options are available to development agents and government structures alike. The pre-requisite, however, for the selection of an option is sustainability. A Public Works Programme (PWP) holds the potential of impacting on South Africa's high levels of unemployment and poverty. Although this programme needs to be implemented alongside similar economic upliftment initiatives, a PWP can contribute significantly to the improvement of the SA development situation. The nature of a PWP has changed from purely creating jobs, to including training and education as essential components of a PWP. Only by including the latter components, can a PWP be deemed sustainable and impact directly on the lives of the participants. With the transformation to a new political dispensation in April 1994, SA also embarked on formulating a holistic and comprehensive development approach and vision. The final product was the Reconstruction and Development Programme. This Programme established the broad framework in which development policy and implementation take place. The RDP consists of various development aspects, all aimed at improving the SA development context. One of these aspects is focused at the upliftment and stimulation of the economy. The PWP forms part of the overall economic strategy. From this theoretical point of departure, the National PWP was formulated. One of the main factors that contributed to the slow development and implementation of the NPWP was the absence of local government structures. Local government structures underwent similar changes to those experienced at national level. In addition to the structural and geographical changes, the responsibilities of local government increased due to decentralisation of powers and functions from national government. Now local government holds the position of "development facilitator" instead of being a mere supplier of municipal services. Local economic development within the specified area has been emphasised as an urgent matter that needs to be developed and supported by local government. The NPWP fits perfectly into this mould. This study investigates the nature of the NPWP and the role of local government in its implementation with specific reference to a Gauteng local authority, the Greater Johannesburg Transitional Metropolitan Council.
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Kerslake, Maria Talaitupu. "Maloafua : structural adjustment programmes : the case of Samoa : a thesis submitted to Massey University in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Sociology Programme, School of Social and Cultural Studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Massey University, Albany Campus, Auckland." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1423.
Full textAbstract:
Structural adjustment programmes have been promoted globally by international financial institutions as an answer to the financial problems of developing countries like Samoa. This thesis is a study of the history of structural adjustment programmes in the Independent State of Samoa, and focuses specifically on a case study of one particular programme: the restructuring and privatisation of the former Public Works Department (PWD). It seeks to compare the claims made for the reform process by development economists, development consultants and planners, politicians and reform managers, with the experiences of those who were involved in various roles in a particular type of reform: the privatisation of a Government utility. The PWD was chosen by the Samoan Government to kick-start its institutional reform programme. The Department had, over the years, suffered from poor management, corrupt practices, overspending and unaccounted funds which were all revealed in an Auditor General's Report tabled in Parliament in Samoa in 1994. This caused great embarrassment to the Government which had then to respond to these accusations. Government saw the reform of the PWD as a means to respond to public criticism of its lack of oversight, and discontent with the standard of the department's services in public works, institutional construction, repair and maintenance programmes. The study used a case study methodology to interview the people that were involved in the privatisation of the old Public Works Department (PWD). Various people who were, and are still, involved in the process of reforming Government institutions were interviewed. These included the politicians who both advocated and opposed the implementation of the reforms, the consultants who managed them for the Government and international agencies, and employees at all levels of the former Public Works Department. It explored PWD employees' personal and institutional experiences of the period before, during and since the reform of the agency. Despite the propaganda on the benefits that reform programmes have for the countries that implement them, the study has revealed different findings. It identifies and examines some important differences between the claims made by various stakeholders about the reforms, and the experiences of those who were directly involved in various ways. It has shown that people in different positions have different experiences of the same programmes, and that their experiences are significantly influenced by their social location and, specifically, whether they are "insiders" or "outsiders." It concludes by suggesting that since the structural reform project is likely to continue in Samoa for the foreseeable future, it is useful to identify those lessons from the PWD privatisation which might be applied to future projects to mitigate their social and organisational impact.
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Mabhoyi, Lloyd Chaurika. "Narratives of at-risk students in secondary schools in Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23114.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the experiences of at-risk secondary school students in the Chitungwiza District, Zimbabwe. At-riskiness is defined as a condition in which students are likely to produce poor academic achievement, irregular school attendance, grade retention or dropout due to various individual and social factors. At-riskiness has increased in Zimbabwe’s school population since the adoption and subsequent failure of the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) which has contributed to poverty and concomitant poor social conditions. A literature study explored at-riskiness in the light of socio-cultural perspectives on at-riskiness and also discussed contextual factors in the Zimbabwean schooling system which influence students’ vulnerability to at-riskiness. A qualitative inquiry using a narrative approach explored at-riskiness in the life stories of three male and three female secondary school students attending two selected schools in Chitungwiza, an economically deprived area close to Harare. Selection of schools was based on high levels of absenteeism and sustained poor performance in the national school leaving examinations. Purposeful participant selection was based on school records on grade repetition, absenteeism and poor behaviour. Semi-structured Interviews with participants, based on the Dan MacAdams framework for life story research, were used to gather rich data. Ethical compliance included written parental consent and participant assent and the assurance of anonymity, confidentiality and the right to refuse information. Findings were categorized under family related factors, school related factors and resource limitations. At-riskiness was exacerbated by parental unemployment, poor socio-economic conditions at home and a lack of cultural capital. Participants were compelled to undertake casual work to supplement household income in addition to the fulfillment of academic responsibilities. Poor school conditions comprising poor discipline and unprofessional teacher conduct increased at-riskiness especially among female participants. Resource limitations included poor nutrition, lack of basic necessities required for personal hygiene, in adequate parenting and the absence of psycho-social support mechanisms. Based on the literature study and empirical inquiry, recommendations were made for a more inclusive educational model, poverty alleviation and special support for disadvantaged students to reduce at-riskiness among students in Zimbabwe.<br>Educational Foundations<br>D. Ed. (Socio-Education)
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Elijah, Charles Munene. "The evaluation of structural adjustment facility (SAF) programes to Kenya." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/740.
Full text
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Nnazor, Agatha Ifeyinwa. "Structural adjustment programmes and the informal sector : the Nigerian case of Jos women." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10836.
Full textAbstract:
This study describes and analyzes the impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes
(SAPs) on the Jos women in the informal sector, as well as the strategies women adopt to
ensure the survival of their businesses and families. Studies that have investigated the impact
of SAP on women in the informal sector tend to take a rather disparate approach. Against
this background, the present study develops a coherent conceptual framework for
understanding the impact of SAPs on women in the sector.
From an interview survey conducted with one hundred and fifty (150) Jos women in
the informal urban sector, the study elicited data on the activities of the women and the ways
SAPs affect their access to productive and reproductive resources, as well as on the
responses of the women to SAPs-engendered socio-economic hardships. The data reveal that
the Jos women engage in numerous income-generating activities, mostly in small-scale, low-income
circulatory and service activities which are largely marginalized and bereft of
institutionalized resources. In addition to their productive and income-generating activities,
the Jos women perform the bulk of the reproductive and domestic work necessary for the
support of the family. As well, the women perform some extra-household work for the
welfare of the community and environment. The study shows that the Jos women are
adversely affected by SAPs. Structural Adjustment Programmes are further limiting their
access to business commodities, credit, stalls, information and training, food, healthcare,
education and transportation facilities. Consequently, women are finding it difficult to
maintain their businesses and families. Amidst the adverse effects of SAPs, the women are
resiliently and innovatively responding to SAPs through numerous business and familial
survival strategies. In addition to the responses of the Jos women, the Nigerian State, is
attempting to reduce poverty among women through its various women-centered
programmes.
The study attributes the adverse and limiting effects of SAPs on the Jos women's
access to resources to a number of forces. These include (a) the Nigerian limited and
discriminatory opportunity structures which predispose women to the largely marginalized
informal activities, (b) the small-scale and low-income nature of women's informal
activities, (c) the unequal and exploitative relationship between the informal and formal
sectors in which women provide consumer goods at low-cost for the regeneration of
capitalist labour, (d) the circulatory and service nature of women's informal activities, (e)
the gender- and class-biased structures inherent in SAPs, as well as in SAPs' implementing
mechanisms and institutions and (f) women's altruistic and selfless attitudes.
The study observes that the responses of both the Jos women and the Nigerian State
to SAPs-engendered hardships are, at best, palliative or even cosmetic. The responses do not
address the strategic needs of women. Hence the study makes a case for a transformatory
strategy through the empowerment of women.
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Dipeolu, Adeyemi Olayiwola Kayode. "Policy reforms and economic development : an institutional perspective on the Nigerian experience (1986 to 1993)." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18012.
Full textAbstract:
African economies, including Nigeria continued to perform poorly despite the adoption of economic policy
reforms in the 1980s. An explanation for the failure of economic policy reforms was therefore sought from
an institutional perspective. Since active state intervention in the economy was the rationale given for the
economic crisis of developing countries, the conventional case for an active state which rested on the need
to correct for market failure was counterposed with the argument that the economy was best coordinated by
market forces given that the state was not benevolent, omniscient or omnipotent. However, the state has
played an important role in the transformation of late developers while a state-market dichotomy takes no
account of institutional factors.
The widespread adoption of economic policy reforms owed more to an ideological shift in the development
paradigm than to the debt crisis and there was a great deal of controversy about the theoretical foundations
and impact of these reforms contrary to claims of a consensus. An institutionalist political economy which
recognises that the market is not the only institution and that economic transformation requires the positive
use of political power was proposed. Such an approach takes account of history, politics and the institutional
diversity of capitalism. A more nuanced view of state intervention was therefore advocated. The importance
of institutional arrangements in the quest for economic transformation underscored the inadequacy of
structural adjustment which was hampered by the lack of price and institutional flexibility as well as other
institutional constraints.
The Nigerian experience of structural adjustment shows that long term growth prospects were not enhanced
and that the reforms tended to favour the financial sector over the real sector. The failure of economic policy
reforms in Nigeria can be attributed to the continued presence of constraining institutional factors and the
absence of a positive use of political power.<br>Economics<br>D. Comm. (Economics)
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Mazibuko, Sibonginkosi Godfrey. "Education and development : an exploratory study of the impact of GEAR in Gauteng." Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18184.
Full textAbstract:
The importance of formal education in socioeconomic development is an established fact.
Formal education leads to better living standards through improved productivity, health and earnings. However, opportunities to acquire quality education are a function of a country's economic policy.
This study inquires into the capacity ofthe South African macroeconomic strategy of Growth, Employment and Redistribution( GEAR) to afford people the opportunities to get quality education. The study shows close linkages between GEAR and structural adjustment
programmes( SAPs). The study argues that SAPs and thus GEAR tend to have negative impact on the poor as social spending is reduced and education gets affected. This study concludes that
GEAR is likely to impoverish the public formal education system, particularly in poorer communities.<br>Development Studies<br>M. Admin. (Development Administration)
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Cruz, Jorge Manuel M. A. Lopes da. "O Programa de Ajustamento Estrutural na República da Guiné-Bissau: uma avaliação política e ética." Master's thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/1338.
Full textAbstract:
Os guineenses assumiram o desenvolvimento como uma das metas a atingir e a estabilização e o ajustamento foi-lhes imposta como solução para os problemas estruturais existentes. No entanto, a forma como têm vindo a ser concebidos pelo Banco Mundial e pelo Fundo Monetário Internacional, direccionada sobretudo para a área económica, acabou por limitar o papel dos Programas de Ajustamento Estrutural (PAE) tidos como indutores do desenvolvimento, tornando-os num agregado de premissas austeras, com resultados não esperados.
As propostas do FMI e do BM, tendendo para a liberalização económica e estímulo dos mercados em detrimento da intervenção estatal, traduzem-se em medidas de redução de taxas de utilização dos serviços públicos, supressão de subsídios, redimensionamento da administração pública, cortes, congelamentos salariais e privatizações.
Os resultados destas reformas foram catastróficos, porquanto não só não melhoraram o défice orçamental, como os efeitos negativos das restrições orçamentais sobre o bem-estar, geraram um ambiente de promiscuidade social e o agravamento do sector informal como estratégia de sobrevivência
Tendo em conta o objecto em estudo, isto é, a relação de forças que encontrámos entre o relacionamento entre os actores políticos guineenses e as Instituições Financeiras Internacionais, notámos que a ausência de comportamentos éticos também influiu nos resultados. Por um lado, o BM e o FMI, perante um Estado fragilizado, apresentaram condicionalismos à obtenção de empréstimos e ajudas, por outro lado, os actores guineenses, mesmo perante este dilema, não se coibiram do exercício da corrupção, do clientelismo e do neo-patrimonialismo, como estratégia para o enriquecimento fácil.<br>The people of Guiné Bissau have assumed the development as one of the goals to be achieved. The stability and the adjustment were imposed as solution for the existing structural problems. However, the way that they have been conceived by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, directed over all for the economic field, have ended up in restricting the role of the Structural Adjustment Programs which are taken as inducers of development. Therefore, these measures for stability and adjustment have become mere aggregate of austere premises, with unpredictable results.
The proposals of the IMF and the WB, weighing to the economic liberalization and as a boost for the markets to the detriment of the government intervention, are expressed in measures to reduce rates of use of the public services, suppression of subsidies, setting the public administration again, privatisations, cut and frozen wages.
The outcomes of these reforms were catastrophic. In other words, not only they didn’t improve the budget deficit, but also the negative effects of the budget restrictions on well-being generated an environment of social promiscuity and the country’s worsening informal sector as survival strategy.
Taking into account the object of this study, that is, the interaction of forces that we found about the relationship between the politicians of Guiné Bissau and the International Financial Institutions, we noticed that the absence of ethical behaviours also influenced the outcomes. On the one hand the BM and the IMF, before a fragile country, imposed conditions to the attainment of loans and aids. On the other hand, even with this dilemma the Guine’s politicians didn’t restrain themselves on the exercise of corruption, the clientelism and the new inappropriate way of taking possession of public heritage, as a strategy for an easy enrichment.
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Espírito, Santo Severino Neto. "Programas de ajustamento estrutural, produção agrícola e segurança alimentar na África Sub-Sahariana: caso específico de S. Tomé e Principe." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2501.
Full textAbstract:
Doutoramento em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>The impact of the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) caused
profound changes in the society of S. Tomé and Principe. This work addresses the study of
food security and it’s interdependence with the SAP. In this context we study the
technological and institutional changes in production systems, consumption of foods, and
agricultural and food markets. The study focuses on the effects of the first decade after the
implementation of SAP and their evolution.
In the early chapters we define the objectives, priorities and areas of research, methods and
methodology, including the main hypotheses to be tested and development model to be used.
Throughout the work we show the effects of implementing SAP in macroeconomic indicators
(GDP, demographics, inflation, index of consumer prices, trade balance and payment).
Food security was studied, including consumption trends, the nutritional status and
functioning of markets. The most consumed products by the population and the major food
and nutritional needs were identified. It was shown a significant positive impact on food
security at family level, with local production improvement.
Finally, considerations were made towards improving quality of the life of the population, and
towards the definition of food and development policies more adjusted to the reality of the
country.
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Pinto, Nelson Jesus. "A estrutura de capital e gestão de resultados: a realidade das empresas privadas em países sujeitos a programas de ajustamento: Portugal e Irlanda." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/16067.
Full textAbstract:
As decisões sobre estrutura de capitais, inevitavelmente, tomadas pelas empresas, há muito que
têm sido invocadas pela sua proximidade ao fenómeno da gestão de resultados. O
endividamento tem um papel basilar nesta dinâmica e é tido como uma das principais forças
motrizes que movem as empresas em direção à manipulação da informação financeira, com o
intuito de potenciar a angariação de financiamento ou evitar custos que poderão decorrer do
incumprimento das cláusulas previstas na sua contratação.
Este estudo aborda a relação entre as duas realidades num contexto económico particularmente
difícil resultante dos programas de ajustamento económico implementados em Portugal e na
Irlanda, impostos como condição pelo resgate financeiro de que vieram a beneficiar.
Consideramos os anos entre 2008 e 2016 para aferir os contornos da relação entre
endividamento e gestão de resultados, mais precisamente no sentido de confirmar uma
associação positiva entre estes.
Numa amostra composta por 970 empresas não cotadas, oriundas dos dois países, e com base
no método dos accruals, cuja componente discricionária foi obtida através de quatro modelos
que derivaram de Jones (1991) (incluindo o próprio original Jones Model), encontramos
evidências de uma relação positiva entre o nível de endividamento e o nível de gestão de
resultados, concluindo também que o nível desta relação foi diferente entre os dois países.
Demonstramos ainda que no período em que decorreram os programas de assistência financeira
houve uma atenuação na relação entre os fenómenos.<br>The decisions on capital structure inevitably taken by companies have long been invoked by
their proximity to the phenomenon of earnings management. Financial leverage plays a key
role in the dynamics and has been considered one of the main driving forces that moves
companies towards accounting manipulation, in order to promote leverage increases or to avoid
debt covenant violations.
This study addresses the relationship between the two realities in a particularly difficult
economic context resulting from the economic adjustment programmes implemented in
Portugal and Ireland, imposed as a condition for the financial bailout from which they have
benefited. We consider the years ranging between 2008 and 2016 to assess the contours of the
relationship between leverage and earnings management, more precisely in the sense of
confirming a positive association between them.
In a sample of 970 unlisted companies from both countries, and based on the accruals method,
where the discretionary component was obtained through four models that derived from Jones
(1991) (including the original Jones model), we found evidence of a positive relation between
leverage and earnings management levels, also concluding that the level of this relation was
different between the two countries.
Furthermore, we demonstrate that during the period in which the financial assistance
programmes were in place there was an attenuation in the relation between the phenomena.