Academic literature on the topic 'Structural assessments in the field'
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Journal articles on the topic "Structural assessments in the field"
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Pezzotti, Giuseppe. "Measurements of Microscopic Stresses in Si-Based Polycrystalline Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 287 (June 2005): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.287.438.
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Many of the properties of Si-based ceramics, including their structural behavior, are strongly influenced by their micro/nanostructure and by the microscopic residual stress fields piled up during processing and/or usage. The electron beam, used as a sharp and reliable probe for high-resolution cathodoluminescence (CL) assessments, can routinely provide a suitable tool for assessing both the structural and the mechanical characteristics of Si-based ceramics on a sub-micrometer scale. Although the full development of stress-related CL techniques is still in embryo, we show here the possibility of assessing microscopic stress fields inside a field-emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM). This new assessment takes advantage of the piezo-spectroscopic effect on selected bands of CL spectra and it is applied here to both β-silicon nitride (Si3N4) and β-silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics. CL spectra in both materials arise from their peculiar optically active defects. Experimental assessments of microstress fields may open a completely new perspective in the development of high-performance Si-based ceramics because one can directly visualize how residual stresses distribute within the material micro/nanostructure and miniaturized devices.
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Xekalakis, Georgios, Paris Fokaides, and Petros Christou. "The importance and challenges of data collection in risk assessment." E3S Web of Conferences 608 (2025): 05007. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202560805007.
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Reliable data collection is paramount for assessing and mitigating risks posed by natural hazards and climate change to urban sustainability and resilience. This study underscores the significance of diverse data collection methods, including field surveys, artificial intelligence (AI) analysis, and satellite imagery, each essential for developing robust risk assessment frameworks. Field surveys offer detailed insights into structural and non-structural building components, critical for localized risk assessments. AI enhances data processing efficiency, crucial for handling extensive datasets and enabling rapid response capabilities. Satellite imagery provides comprehensive area coverage, invaluable for strategic planning and emergency management in large or inaccessible areas. However, these methods also present unique challenges. Field surveys are resource-intensive and susceptible to environmental conditions, which can affect data accuracy. AI, while efficient, requires high-quality data and may struggle with complex scenarios that deviate from its training data. Satellite imagery, although broad-reaching, may lack the necessary resolution for detailed assessments and is dependent on weather conditions. Addressing these challenges is crucial to ensuring the integrity and reliability of risk assessments. By continuously refining these methods and maintaining high standards for data quality and ethical considerations, we can better prepare for and mitigate the impacts of natural hazards and climate change. This commitment to advancing data collection techniques is essential for protecting our built environments and ensuring community resilience.
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Koubaa, Yamen, Rym Srarfi Tabbane, and Rim Chaabouni Jallouli. "On the use of structural equation modeling in marketing image research." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 26, no. 2 (2014): 315–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-10-2013-0113.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the use of structural equation modeling in one specific field of marketing research, the image research. Design/methodology/approach – A meta-analysis of a sample of image marketing works using structural equation modeling (SEM). The period of investigation is limited to the last five years to test for possible positive return of previous assessments of SEM use on the current SEM application. Findings – Following this work, three major conclusions emerged: the study of homogenous samples of SEM models is required to get to accurate assessment of using the technique; SEM application is getting better probably due to learning from SEM reviews; and the reliance on a conjoint assessment of the various SEM issues is necessary to avoid parsimonious assessments. This study has provided a concise and refreshed view on the use of SEM in one marketing field, the image research. Research limitations/implications – 47 SEM papers and 99 models along five years were examined through this research. Although the authors reviewed four of the most consulted databases in marketing, the authors might miss several interesting works not available in these databases during the investigation. It is interesting to add on the works reviewed in this study and to re-conduct the analysis. The objective is not to doubt the consistency of SEM image research but to provide writers and readers with tools that enable them to produce better quality SEM research. Moreover, the quantitative analysis could be larger. Future research can consider computing other statistics. Finally, in the standards of most of marketing journals, this paper is a bit long. But as suggested by Babin et al., journal editors should allow more space to SEM-based reviews as the nature of the discussion requires lengthening. Practical implications – Mastering the statistical tool in marketing research is as important as mastering the conceptual tool. Statistical learning and/or cooperation with statisticians is recommended. Originality/value – A multi-criteria review of works from one specific field in marketing research and across a recent period of time allowing for the test of possible positive return from previous reviews of SEM use on the quality of the current publications of SEM papers.
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Jabbar, Zinah Ayad, and Hussein Yousif Aziz. "A Review Study on Structural Evaluation of Bridges, Methods, and Applications." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1507, no. 1 (2025): 012053. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1507/1/012053.
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Abstract The evaluation of the bridge structure ensures its structural integrity, functionality, and safety. By systematically identifying and addressing potential issues, the assessment aims to maintain the bridge’s reliability and extend its service life. This paper classifies the techniques into five basic groups: visual inspection, load testing, non-destructive evaluation, structural health monitoring, and finite element modelling. These techniques and current advancements were discussed and categorized into distinct types, and their advantages and limitations were analyzed. A review of theoretical and field assessments of bridges has been conducted, and recent application studies for evaluating bridges in Iraq were highlighted. The primary aim of this study is to assist researchers in understanding the evaluation methods and applications of studies conducted in Iraq.
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Sumeru, Indrawati, Suradjin Sutjipto, William Supardjo, and Sherrica Augustin Sucipto. "Structural Evaluation of a Low-Rise Steel Building in Jakarta." Asian Journal of Engineering, Social and Health 3, no. 5 (2024): 1086–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/ajesh.v3i5.326.
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Due to increasing awareness of human safety, Indonesia has mandated that all operational buildings obtain a Certificate of Occupancy. Consequently, existing structures must undergo a structural assessment before being granted this certificate. Evaluating older buildings poses significant challenges, especially when comprehensive records are lacking, and budgets do not allow for Non-Destructive Testing (NDT). This study presents the structural evaluation findings of a three-story steel building in Jakarta. Using visual inspections, field measurements, and limited available data, an analytical model representing the building's actual condition was developed. The evaluation followed three procedures: Tier 1 and Tier 2 evaluations of ASCE 41-17 and proportional seismic forces. These procedures aimed to gauge the structural integrity and identify areas vulnerable to failure during a severe earthquake. The assessment focused on the ductility of the seismic force-resisting system components and the strength of beam-column joint connections against specified acceptance criteria. The findings highlight critical insights into the building’s structural performance, informing decisions on necessary measures such as structural reinforcement, occupancy restrictions, or demolition. This study underscores the importance of thorough structural assessments in ensuring the safety and resilience of older buildings in earthquake-prone regions.
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Tan, Nicholas Y. Q., Chelvin C. A. Sng, Jost B. Jonas, Tien Yin Wong, Nomdo M. Jansonius, and Marcus Ang. "Glaucoma in myopia: diagnostic dilemmas." British Journal of Ophthalmology 103, no. 10 (2019): 1347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313530.
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Myopic eyes have an increased risk of glaucoma. However, glaucomatous changes in a myopic eye are often difficult to detect. Classic structural and functional investigations to diagnose glaucoma may be confounded by myopia. Here, we identify some of the common pitfalls in interpreting these structural parameters, and the possible solutions that could be taken to overcome them. For instance, in myopic eyes, we discuss the limitations and potential sources of error when using neuroretinal rim parameters, and retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness measurements. In addition, we also review new developments and potential adjuncts in structural imaging such as the assessment of the retinal nerve fibre layer texture, and the examination of the microcirculation of the optic nerve head using optical coherence tomography angiography. For the functional assessment of glaucoma, we discuss perimetric strategies that may aid in detecting characteristic visual field defects in myopic glaucoma. Ultimately, the evaluation of glaucoma in myopia requires a multimodal approach, to allow correlation between structural and functional assessments. This review provides overview on how to navigate this diagnostic dilemma.
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David, Daniel R., Jeff Hansen, Ryan Lowe, Adi Kurniawan, Hugh Wolgamot, and Dirk Rijnsdorp. "MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMISATION AND COASTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS OF WAVE FARMS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (October 2, 2023): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.structures.93.
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To add to the global renewable energy mix, ocean waves are a consilient and energy-dense untapped resource. However, to generate power on a commercial scale, wave energy converters (WECs) will need to be deployed in arrays or “wave farms”. When deployed as a farm, WECs interact with each other hydrodynamically through the radiated and/or scattered waves. These interactions can either enhance or diminish the overall performance of the system commonly referred to as the “interaction factor (q)” or “park effect”. Thus it is crucial to understand these array interactions to minimize destructive effects. Furthermore, wave farms deployed nearshore have the potential to modify the downstream hydrodynamics and may alter the nearshore circulation patterns due to the attenuation of the wave field. Such changes to the nearshore hydrodynamics may in turn alter sediment transport pathways and could lead to erosion and/or accretion of beaches. This implies that for a commercialscale deployment, understanding how the array interacts with the incident wave field is critical for both understanding power production (and the levelized cost of energy) and potential downstream impacts. The overarching aim of this work is to advance the wave energy industry towards commercial-scale deployment by leading to more efficient/optimal designs (with reduced levelized cost).
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Umap1, V. S. "Study and Evaluation of Conditional Assessment of RCC Structures for Repair and Retrofitting Using NDT Modules." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 04 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem46663.
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Abstract - The structural integrity of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) structures is crucial for ensuring long-term safety and performance in both residential and industrial applications. Over time, these structures are subjected to various environmental stresses and loadings that can lead to deterioration, compromising their safety and functionality. The conditional assessment of RCC structures plays a pivotal role in evaluating the extent of damage and determining the need for repair and retrofitting interventions. This study focuses on the evolution and advancements in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques used for assessing the condition of RCC structures. NDT methods, such as ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and Rebound Hammer, provide essential data for evaluating concrete quality, detecting cracks, corrosion, and identifying hidden defects without causing damage to the structure. The research explores how the integration of various NDT techniques has improved the accuracy and reliability of condition assessments, enabling better decision-making in repair and retrofitting strategies. By analysing case studies and experimental data, this paper examines the effectiveness of different NDT modules in diagnosing structural issues and the evolution of assessment methodologies in response to emerging challenges in civil engineering. Ultimately, the findings of this study aim to highlight the importance of continuous monitoring and technological advancement in the field of RCC structural assessment, providing insights for engineers and researchers focused on improving the longevity and safety of civil infrastructure. Key Words: Environmental Stresses, Assessments, Decision Making, Enabling, Corrosion, Longevity, Diagnosing, Retrofitting.
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Umap, V. S. "Study and Evaluation of Conditional Assessment of RCC Structures for Repair and Retrofitting Using NDT Modules." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 04 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem46656.
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Abstract - The structural integrity of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) structures is crucial for ensuring long-term safety and performance in both residential and industrial applications. Over time, these structures are subjected to various environmental stresses and loadings that can lead to deterioration, compromising their safety and functionality. The conditional assessment of RCC structures plays a pivotal role in evaluating the extent of damage and determining the need for repair and retrofitting interventions. This study focuses on the evolution and advancements in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques used for assessing the condition of RCC structures. NDT methods, such as ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and Rebound Hammer, provide essential data for evaluating concrete quality, detecting cracks, corrosion, and identifying hidden defects without causing damage to the structure. The research explores how the integration of various NDT techniques has improved the accuracy and reliability of condition assessments, enabling better decision-making in repair and retrofitting strategies. By analysing case studies and experimental data, this paper examines the effectiveness of different NDT modules in diagnosing structural issues and the evolution of assessment methodologies in response to emerging challenges in civil engineering. Ultimately, the findings of this study aim to highlight the importance of continuous monitoring and technological advancement in the field of RCC structural assessment, providing insights for engineers and researchers focused on improving the longevity and safety of civil infrastructure. Key Words: Environmental Stresses, Assessments, Decision Making, Enabling, Corrosion, Longevity, Diagnosing, Retrofitting.
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Li, Rou-Han, Hong-Nan Li, and Chao Li. "Seismic Performance Assessment of RC Frame Structures Subjected to Far-Field and Near-Field Ground Motions Considering Strain Rate Effect." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 10 (2018): 1850127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455418501274.
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This paper investigates the influence of strain rate effect on the seismic performance of Reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures subjected to far-field and near-field ground motions. An approach for the nonlinear dynamic analysis of RC frame structures considering the strain-rate sensitivity of concrete and reinforcing steel materials is proposed and its effectiveness is validated by the experimental data of RC columns under dynamic loadings. A non-dimensional index is put forward to reveal the regularities of strain rate under different types of ground motions with various intensity levels. The influences of strain rate effect and input ground motion on the seismic performance of the exemplar RC frame are studied by comparing the seismic responses and fragilities of rate-dependent structural models with those of rate-independent ones. Numerical results indicate that the strain rates in structural members increase with the ground motion intensity and the strain rates induced by the near-field pulse-like earthquakes are higher than those by the far-field and near-field non-pulse-like earthquakes. The global response, critical member response, local damage and seismic fragility are all influenced by the strain rate effect, especially under the near-field pulse-like ground motions. Neglecting the influences of strain rate effect, variations in strain rates of different structural members and inputs of pulse-like ground motions may lead to erroneous seismic performance assessments of RC frame structures.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Structural assessments in the field"
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Palop, Dorado Kilian Borja. "Assessment of condition of soil anchorage using centrifuge numerical and field experiments." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=206991.
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The University of Aberdeen has conducted research into ground anchorage systems since the early 1980's. During this time, the non-destructive GRANIT system (GRound ANchorage Integrity Testing) has been developed for anchorages in rock. The system is based on observing the dynamic response from anchorages to which an impulse of a known intensity has been applied. This technique has been proven to be a reliable system to assess the integrity of rock anchorages, which is then used as a base to study the integrity of soil anchorages. This research aims to implement a non-destructive testing system at small scale size and full scale stress levels by means of centrifuge modelling at the University of Dundee. Accordingly, centrifuge modelling was undertaken to monitor and assess the dynamic response of soil anchorages installed in dry sand reinforcing a retaining wall in 3x3 anchorage array sets, subject to different post tension levels within different bonding ratios and different inclinations. In order to perform non-destructive testing, an In-flight Robotic Manipulator, previously developed, was used to apply a post tension load followed by an impact load to the anchorage head to obtain the dynamic response of the system. Anchor frequency response signatures were then evaluated in order to validate the consistency of results obtained. The practical importance of this research is that non-destructive testing may be usable to assess the soil anchors integrity to define the relationship between both anchor load and geometrical characteristics with frequency response accomplished using centrifuge modelling. This research presents a further development of the physical model in which additional instrumentation is included in order to obtain load/deflection information of the anchor head, which has been proven crucial for monitoring load on rock anchorage. Additionally, load distributions along scaled model soil anchors are measured and found to reduce gradually within the fixed length, similarly as it was reported for the fixed length of rock anchorages. Furthermore, a lumped parameter model for a single soil anchorage was adapted to investigate the dynamic response under the same physical and geometrical characteristics studied during centrifuge modelling. Mode shapes helped to understand the origin of some of the frequency modes present in the frequency response of the centrifuge results. The results from the numerical and centrifuge models were compared and good agreement was observed. Soil anchorage does not show as much frequency shift as was observed for rock anchorages under different post tension load, suggesting that the bonding strength of the fixed length with the surrounding ground plays an important role on the dynamic response of the system. The accomplishment of the assessment of soil anchorage can not be exclusively judged on its ability to diagnose controlled changes under centrifuge and numerical modelling. Therefore a preliminary phase to assess a soil anchorage under field conditions was carried out deploying the GRANIT system. This research showed that the GRANIT non-destructive testing technique has potential for use in soils, but that the results are not as well defined as in rock, necessitating more careful characterization of each anchorage signature response.
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Chen, Zhuoning. "Vent alignments in San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona : statistical analysis and assessment of structural controls." FIU Digital Commons, 1994. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2154.
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Using cluster analysis, a total of 605 vents in San Francisco Volcanic Field are studied over an area of approximately 5000km2. Application of alignment analysis techniques, including the two-point azimuth analysis and Hough transform analysis, demonstrates that cinder cones are aligned along common orientations within larger clusters. These alignments consist of 9-10 cinder cones, are 20-38 km long, and are regional features. The vent alignments indicate the presence of geological features along which magma ascended more readily than elsewhere. The NE-trending Mesa Butte and Oak Creek Canyon-Doney fault systems seem to control the intermediate to silicic centers which are on the intersection of these fault systems with Cataract Creek fault system and affect the development of cinder cone alignments. Geological maps and geophysical surveys indicate that most vent alignments are parallel or subparallel to these large scale fault systems. This suggests that vent alignment patterns are controlled by regional structures.
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East, Jackie R. "NATURAL PHENOMENA AS POTENTIAL INFLUENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL BEHAVIOR: THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/polysci_etds/11.
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Researchers use natural phenomena in a number of disciplines to help explain human behavioral outcomes. Research regarding the potential effects of magnetic fields on animal and human behavior indicates that fields could influence outcomes of interest to social scientists. Tests so far have been limited in scope. This work is a preliminary evaluation of whether the earth’s magnetic field influences human behavior it examines the baseline relationship exhibited between geomagnetic readings and a host of social and political outcomes. The emphasis on breadth of topical coverage in these statistical trials, rather than on depth of development for any one model, means that evidence is only suggestive – but geomagnetic readings frequently covary with social and political variables in a fashion that seems inexplicable in the absence of a causal relationship. The pattern often holds up in more-elaborate statistical models. Analysis provides compelling evidence that geomagnetic variables furnish valuable information to models. Many researchers are already aware of potential causal mechanisms that link human behavior to geomagnetic levels and this evidence provides a compelling case for continuing to develop the line of research with in-depth, focused analysis.
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Song, Brian Inhyok. "EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENT ON THE PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE POTENTIAL OF EXISTING BUILDINGS." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1281712538.
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Moore, Kelly Ann. "Geochemical Impacts From Permanganate Oxidation Based on Field Scale Assessments." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2011.
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In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) using permanganate is a technology for treatment of organic hazardous wastes. This research is a review of 30 permanganate (MnO4-) ISCO sites to determine whether there are long term impacts on groundwater quality due to the introduction of the oxidant into the subsurface. A second objective is to determine if manganese concentration can be predicted by trends in specific pre and postoxidation monitored parameters (i.e., pH and oxidation reduction potential (ORP)). The final objective is to identify the effects of site and design conditions on groundwater conditions postoxidation. Results indicate that (1) there are limited long term groundwater impacts due to oxidant introduction (i.e., water quality indicators begin to approach preoxidation levels by 2 years postoxidation), (2) manganese concentrations can be predicted and (3) site and design conditions have pronounced short term impacts on geochemical parameters (i.e., especially site media type, mass of oxidant injected, and initial ORP).
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Chelimo, Sheila. "Structural Validity of Competency Based Assessments: An Approach to CurriculumEvaluation." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1529504437498332.
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Sella, Oshrat. "Skill versus Strength in Swallowing Training: Neurophysiological, Biomechanical, and Structural Assessments." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Communication Disorders, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7767.
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Swallowing is a complex sensorimotor behaviour that includes precisely-timed bilateral activation and relaxation of muscles of the face, lips, tongue, cheeks, palate, larynx, pharynx and oesophagus. These events of activation and inhibition are controlled by many structures of the brain and are executed by cranial nerves that carry motor and sensory information to and from the swallowing muscles.
Swallowing disorders are common sequelae of many neurological and structural disorders, including stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and head and neck cancer. Changes to swallowing physiology are also prevalent in older individuals, but these changes do not necessarily translate to dysphagia. Decreased muscle strength, changes to motor unit properties, and hypotrophic changes in skeletal muscles can result in age-related changes in swallowing physiology. In addition to muscular changes, neural changes might also change swallowing function in older subjects.
The motor-learning literature presents a clear distinction between the differential applications and effects of skill- and strength-training approaches for rehabilitation of limb movement. In contrast to limb-movement rehabilitation, swallowing rehabilitation approaches consist mainly of strength training, although the pathophysiological basis for dysphagia is not always weakness. Therefore, this Phase I clinical-trial critically evaluated a unique swallowing skill training protocol in which the goal of intervention is to increase precision of motor control during swallowing. A Phase I clinical-trial was necessary to identify the appropriate protocol for inducing neurophysiological, biomechanical, and structural adaptations, to estimate effect sizes, and to identify adverse effects.
The first and primary question addressed in this thesis was whether swallowing skill training would produce greater physiological effects in healthy subjects than a traditional swallowing strength training approach. In order to answer this question, three levels of assessment were included. Neurophysiological assessment consisted of delivering single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the M1 area that sends efferent projections to the submental muscle group during a functional task of volitional saliva swallowing, and during a non-functional task of submental muscle group contraction. Biomechanical assessments consisted of pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) pressure measurements using pharyngeal manometry during effortful and non-effortful swallowing tasks, submental muscle activation measurements using surface electromyography (sEMG) during effortful and non-effortful swallowing tasks, and hyoid displacement using ultrasonography. Structural assessment consisted of measuring the cross sectional area of the submental muscle group. Finally, motor performance during training, and subjective ratings of the training protocols were assessed. Two skill training protocols were developed to assess the use of immediate versus delayed visual feedback in swallowing skill training. In addition, a pilot study aimed at examining the effects of increased dosage of training sessions was conducted.
Forty healthy subjects (20 young, and 20 old; 20 females and 20 males) were allocated to skill and strength training groups in a counterbalanced manner. Strength training consisted of execution of the effortful swallowing technique targeting increased demand for strength. Skill training targeted precise timing and force execution during swallowing execution. Several motor-learning principles were considered in devising the training protocols, including the principles of task specificity and high intensity of training. Biofeedback was included to promote motor learning. Since the submental muscle group plays an important role in hyolaryngeal excursion, the current study utilized submental sEMG biofeedback using custom-made training software. The training protocols consisted of 1000 repetition of swallowing over a 2-week period. Subjects trained for an hour, five days a week, for 2 weeks (i.e., 10 training sessions). The extended dosage protocol included 10 subjects and comprised an additional eight sessions.
The results indicated that there was a significant difference in submental activation following training, with strength training having an increase in sEMG peak amplitude in comparison to skill training. There were no other differences between groups at the 5% error level. Patterns of change were revealed when marginally significant results (0.05 < p ≤ 0.10) were investigated as well. Strength training resulted in a trend towards increased neural drive for volitional effortful-type tasks (i.e., effortful saliva swallowing, effortful water swallowing, and submental muscle contraction) as indicated by increased MEP magnitude (p = 0.07) which was consistent with significantly increased peak amplitude of submental activity measures (p < 0.001). This finding supports the task specificity principle of motor learning. Skill training resulted in no changes in MEP magnitude. There was a trend (p = 0.06) towards increased submental muscles activity during functional swallowing tasks (i.e., non-effortful swallowing) in young subjects,. Males in skill training had decreased duration of UES opening in 10 mL water effortful swallowing task (p = 0.02), a trend towards increased UES pressure in non-effortful saliva swallowing task (p = 0.07), and reduced hyoid displacement following training (p < 0.001). Changes in pharyngeal pressures were detected for skill training with delayed visual feedback that resulted in decreased pressure at mid-pharynx in effortful and non-effortful tasks (p < 0.05). No difference in submental CSA changes was detected in either training group. Both groups improved motor performance measured by data collected during the session (target hit-rate and muscle activity).
The results of the pilot study that examined the effects of an extended dosage of training were difficult to interpret due to the small sample size. However, there were significant and marginally significant effects of skill training on mid-pharyngeal and UES pressure duration events.
Dysphagia is common in patients with Parkinson’s disease, but no specific training programme exists for these patients, leading to the second question addressed through this research. Since movement planning is compromised due to dysfunction of the basal ganglia, providing external information for planning and executing swallowing was hypothesized to alleviate dysphagic symptoms. Ten subjects were recruited. Swallowing skill training with immediate feedback was administered for one hour every day, five days a week, for 2 weeks, similar to the training dosage and frequency in the healthy group. Biomechanical and structural changes were assessed. Swallowing skill training with immediate feedback led to an increase in submental activity in effortful swallowing tasks but not non-effortful tasks. In addition, it was found that individuals with dysphagia secondary to Parkinson’s disease have deceased submental muscle reserve relative to healthy subjects.
Preliminary analysis of MEP data led to exploration of submental MEP measures between younger and older subjects. This ‘discovery’ research shed light on the third topic addressed in this thesis. There are contradicting results in the literature regarding age-related brain activity during swallowing. Since submental MEPs were included as an outcome measure in the main study, it was important to evaluate them at baseline in order to understand and interpret changes in this measure. Unlike other measures, such as pharyngeal pressure and hyoid displacement that have been documented in the literature to change with age, no similar study has been conducted to assess for differences in swallowing-related MEPs. Baseline data from the main study were analysed. Older subjects produced larger MEP magnitude in comparison to young in volitional saliva swallowing and volitional submental contraction. This finding raised some questions regarding the use of MEPs as an outcome measure, since it is not clear what constitutes a ‘positive’ change.
This study documented, for the first time, the application of skill training in swallowing in a healthy and dysphagic population. Positive effects of treatment were found in the dysphagic group; an indication of negative effects was identified in the healthy group. In addition, this is the first study to compare skill to strength training in swallowing. The only significant difference between the two was significantly greater submental activation in effortful swallowing tasks following strength training in comparison to skill training; although there were some significant interactions between age and training type and gender and training type. This project represents the first Phase I clinical-trial of an innovative approach for addressing swallowing impairments. Achieving the ultimate aim of finding the most appropriate training protocol for treating individuals with a specific pathophysiological basis of dysphagia, requires the implementation of a long-term on-going research programme characterized by a staged process. This research programme sets an initial reference framework from which further projects can estimate the sample size required to answer specific questions, control for effects of age and gender and their interaction with training, increase precision in choosing assessment tools, and test new specific questions.
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Orrock, Paulo. "An investigation into the effects of scaling on structural integrity assessments." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/beceb858-f393-4b25-b07c-553a94faeda3.
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The work described in this thesis investigates the effects that scaling has on key structural integrity concepts, namely, stress fields, stress intensity factors, and the J-integral. Scaled models are an attractive concept in scenarios where full scale testing is not possible, and they are used extensively in other engineering fields. Little research into the practical applications of scaling in a structural integrity context exist however, which provided the motivation for the work. Scaling laws for these three structural integrity parameters are developed, such that the load can be scaled, along with the geometry, while maintaining the parameter of interest. Two sets of experiments and their results are described, which consist of simple aluminium beams in four point bend configurations, to verify the scaling laws for stress fields and stress intensity factors, and to highlight practical issues surrounding scaling in real life. The scaling laws themselves do not take into account the effect of scaling on the other parameters. As each parameter follows a different law, and as all the parameters are capable of contributing to failure, it is shown that the scaling laws are not capable of describing the behaviour of a component for a complete range of scale factors. By extrapolating results, and with the use of failure assessment diagrams to visualise this, it is possible to see that depending on the geometry, material properties, and loading regime, there will come a point with which the failure mechanisms will change. There are certain conditions however, in which scaling is an appropriate and useful tool. For specimens where fracture occurs, if the small scale yielding conditions at the crack tip are maintained across the sizes, then scaled models can be reliably used to produce a model that accurately replicates the fracture conditions, and from which results from the scaled model can be transferred across to the full size. For the small scale yielding conditions to be maintained, the limitation will be on how small the scaled model can be made. Similarly for models where failure is due to the global stress field, scaling can be used provided this remains the dominant contributor to failure. Where there are stress concentrating features, care must be taken if the scaled model is larger in sizes than the original specimen, as this can tend towards small scale yielding conditions, and consequently a change in failure mechanism. Where these conditions are met however, then scaled models may confidently be used to replicate and further investigate the failure conditions of the original specimens. The case studies considered throughout the development of the scaling laws, and in the experiments, are relatively straightforward, and while representative of test specimens used in materials testing, they are not accurate representations of real components. A complex case study is finally considered, which relates the results and findings from the work to a real component, and subject to realistic constraints and boundary conditions. The case study consists of a parametric finite element study, which aims to replicate failure criteria in a scaled down component. The resultant models obtained are able to meet this criteria, however in do- ing so the geometry is altered, and drifts from what might be considered true scaling. No “all encompassing” scaling law is derived to describe how to produce the scaled component, and prior knowledge of the stress state is required for the parametric study. The methodology is deemed useful, however, for scenarios where full scale modelling is not possible, yet physical validation of the modelling methods are required.
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Yang, Bo. "Field Observations and Novel Methodologies for Carbon System Assessments in Coastal Waters." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5804.
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Coastal zones receive massive terrestrial inputs of nutrients and organic matter, and play an important role in biogeochemical cycles. The interactions of river inputs, ocean currents, atmospheric exchanges, anthropogenic influences, and biologically active ecosystems make CO2 system studies in coastal waters highly challenging. This work focuses on improving our understanding of the CO2 system in coastal waters through (1) development of a new methodology for measurements of CO2 system parameters in the field; (2) observations of large spatial and temporal CO2 system variations in coastal waters; and (3) characterization of the influence of organics on CO2 system behavior in coastal waters.
A novel portable light-emitting-diode (LED) photometer was developed to provide low-cost seawater pH measurements in the field. With meta cresol purple (mCP) as the indicator, the photometer produces pHT measurements within ± 0.01 units of state-of-the-art spectrophotometric measurements (7.6 ≤ pH ≤ 8.2, 30 ≤ S ≤ 36.2, and 15 oC ≤ t ≤ 30 oC). With a simple “do-it-yourself” (DIY) construction design, a hundredfold reduction in cost relative to benchtop spectrophotometric systems, and routine calibration-free operation in the field, the DIY photometer is an ideal replacement for pH test strips or consumer-level potentiometric probes. Applications of special interest include education, citizen science, coastal zone monitoring, and aquaculture and aquarium management.
Subannual variability of total alkalinity (TA) distributions in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) was examined through the use of TA data from ship-based water sampling, historical records of riverine TA, and contemporaneous model output of surface currents and salinity. Variability of TA observed in the upper 150 m of the GOM water column was primarily controlled by subannual variations in the extent of mixing between seawater and river water. A transition in TA distribution patterns between the river-dominated northern margin (near the Mississippi–Atchafalaya River System) and the ocean current-dominated eastern margin (West Florida Shelf) was observed. A riverine alkalinity input index was developed to highlight riverine TA contributions.
Contributions of organic alkalinity (Org-Alk) to TA were investigated in coastal waters from three different environments (estuary, urban, mangrove) and offshore sites in the Gulf of Mexico. The difference in alkalinity (∆TA) between TA measured by direct titration (TAmeas) and calculated (TAcal) from observations of DIC and pH was used as an estimate of Org-Alk. Average values of ∆TA were 0.1 ± 5.0 µmol kg-1 at coastal sample sites outside the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Estuary (n = 17), 1.9 ± 5.2 µmol kg-1 in offshore waters (n = 14) in the northern Gulf of Mexico, 33.6 ± 18.0 µmol kg-1 in the Suwannee River Estuary (n = 17), and 16.0 ± 25.4 µmol kg-1 in sites that included Tampa Bay, the Caloosahatchee River, and the Ten Thousand Islands area (n = 55). In addition to Org-Alk assessments based on measurements of ∆TA, a novel two-step spectophotometric titration method was developed for the characterization of Org-Alk. Direct titrations showed substantial Org-Alk in coastal samples (n = 5), and the Org-Alk values obtained from the two-step titrations showed good agreement with results from ∆TA calculations. The spectrophotometric titration data were used in model fits to evaluate the dissociation constants (pKi) of the natural organic acids. The pKi of the organic acids were within the previously reported range for riverine fulvic acids.
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Schmidt, Walter Thomas Conlon Stephen C. Smith Edward C. "Open-crack damage assessments of aluminum panels using structural intensity-based techniques." [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-4237/index.html.
Full textBooks on the topic "Structural assessments in the field"
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Borri, Claudio, and Claudio Mannini, eds. Aeroelastic Phenomena and Pedestrian-Structure Dynamic Interaction on Non-Conventional Bridges and Footbridges. Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-202-8.
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Fluid-structure and pedestrian-structure interaction phenomena are extremely important for non-conventional bridges. The results presented in this volume concern: simplified formulas for flutter assessment; innovative structural solutions to increase the aeroelastic stability of long-span bridges; numerical simulations of the flow around a benchmark rectangular cylinder; examples of designs of large structures assisted by wind-tunnel tests; analytical, computational and experimental investigation of the synchronisation mechanisms between pedestrians and footbridge structures. The present book is addressed to a wide audience including professionals, doctoral students and researchers, aiming to increase their know-how in the field of wind engineering, bluff-body aerodynamics and bridge dynamics.
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Santavy, Deborah L. Field manual for coral reef assessments. Gulf Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012.
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Pume, Dimitrij. Structural assessments and redesign of masonry wall structures. CIB, 1992.
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Hedin, I. B. Inverted humus mounds, follow-up field assessments. Government of Canada, Province of British Columbia, 1989.
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Vasil'ev, Oleg, Evgeniy Achkasov, and Andrey Rohlin. Smoothness and geometry of movement in neurorehabilitation (formalization of quality of life assessment). INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. https://doi.org/10.12737/2137588.
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The monograph is aimed at improving the quality of medical rehabilitation using digital information technologies. The monograph presents an interdisciplinary system-structural analysis of one of the promising areas in the field of neurorehabilitation — the assessment of smoothness and geometry of motion, which may be little known to the domestic reader. All the above mathematical models and formulas have been analyzed and brought to a single designation. In conclusion, the authors present their generalizing point of view and provide their own materials in the field of another promising area — the assessment of "measures of effort". It is aimed at a wide range of specialists involved in rehabilitation, representatives of different fields of knowledge: clinicians, diagnosticians, cyberneticists, medical physicists, programmers, engineers, etc.
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Nelson, Stephen A. Trans Mexican volcanic belt field guide. Volcanology Division, Geological Association of Canada, 1986.
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G, Fought John, ed. Leonard Bloomfield: Critical assessments of leading lingyuists. Routledge, 1999.
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Archaeologists, Institute of Field. Standard and guidance for archaeological desk-based assessments. Institute of Field Archaeologists, 1994.
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Ghosh, Subir Kumar. A field guide for Ghatsila and neighbouring mineral-belt. Dept. of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Structural assessments in the field"
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Wang, Xinyao. "Health Monitoring and Evaluation Method of Civil Engineering Structure Based on Machine Learning." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5814-2_51.
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AbstractThe health monitoring and assessment of civil engineering structures are important for ensuring structural safety and can Sustainability is critical. Traditional monitoring methods often require a lot of time and resources, and have some limitations in real-time and accuracy. In order to overcome these problems, this paper proposes a method of health monitoring and evaluation of civil engineering structures based on machine learning. This method combines sensor data with machine learning algorithm to realize real-time and accurate monitoring and evaluation of structural health status. By training and learning the data of existing civil engineering structures, the correlation model between structural health and sensor data is established. Through field experiments and simulation verification, the results show that the proposed method can effectively detect structural abnormalities, early warning potential faults of the structure, and provide scientific decision-making basis for engineers, so as to improve the safety and reliability of civil engineering structures.
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Winkler, Inga T. "Introduction: Menstruation as Structural." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_36.
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Abstract To recognize menstruation as structural, we must tune into the very political dimensions that undergird our institutions, laws, policies, budgets, guidelines, taxation, programs, and data collection. Historically, decision-makers have paid limited attention to menstruation—either due to oversight and neglect or due to deliberate exclusion. Yet, the last decade has seen enormous developments; at various levels, menstruation is rising to the level of global awareness. This might be what most distinguishes the current state of the menstrual movement from its past. Menstruation is gaining traction. Against this background, this section offers an overview and early assessment of these developments at various levels including those driven by practitioners, policy-makers, activists, and civil society actors. It seeks to capture these trends and initiatives through a combination of practice-based and research-based chapters that bring together different perspectives, voices, and experiences. This diversity is essential to engage different types of emerging knowledge in this field and to combine practical experience with critical reflection.
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Rajek, M., and J. Pozorski. "Structural Models for Particles in LES: Assessment Through the Subfilter Enstrophy Field." In Direct and Large Eddy Simulation XIII. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47028-8_34.
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Li, Jiyue, Donghui Wang, Meng Zhang, Hongbing Liu, and Xianqiang Qu. "Study of Stress Analysis Method for Floating Nuclear Power Plant Containment Under Combined Multiple Loads." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_69.
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AbstractFloating nuclear power plants (FNPP) are a combination of small nuclear reactors and hull structures. The applicable design codes and simulation analysis methods of floating nuclear power plants are nearly seldom, especially for the ultimate strength of containment considering multi loads. In order to analyze the structural strength of the steel containment of a floating nuclear power plant under the combined action of multiple loads, the structural response is analyzed in ANSYS considering the external hull loads and internal containment loads such as wave loads, wind loads, current loads, hull impact loads, internal pressure and temperature of the containment. The structural response result from wind, wave, current, internal pressure and temperature loads are calculated, separately, to obtain the stress field of the containment. Finally, the stress fields of the containment generated by each load are superimposed to obtain the stress distribution characteristics of the containment, and then strength assessment and stress analysis are performed.
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Finn, J. P., B. E. Kendall, D. M. K. Kingsley, M. A. Hall-Craggs, and A. Connelly. "Myelination, structural abnormalities and diseases of white matter — an assessment using high field MRI." In Proceedings of the XIV Symposium Neuroradiologicum. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49329-4_82.
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De Domenico, Dario, Davide Messina, and Antonino Recupero. "Structural Safety Assessment of Existing Bridge Decks: Numerical Analysis Assisted by Field Test Results." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06825-6_217.
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Werkle, Kim Torben, Michelle Engert, and Hans-Christian Möhring. "CO2 Footprint of Machine Elements Made of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Concrete Compared to Steel Components." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28839-5_27.
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AbstractEnergy efficiency and resource economizing are the drivers for the development of new types of material-hybrid design approaches for machine tools. Polymer concrete has been used for machine beds in machine tool design for many years. The good thermal and dynamic properties of the material are particularly convincing in this context. The good damping properties for structural components are also interesting, as this reduces for example tool wear and at the same time the high damping compared to steel structures has a positive effect on the surface quality of the machined workpiece. Current research in the field of structural dynamics is dealing with the substitution of steel and cast components with hybrid, actively preloaded polymer concrete parts. This allows the use of the positive damping properties of polymer concrete and the positive tensile strengths of the integrated fiber-reinforced structures for dynamically loaded machine components such as machine arms or machine stands. The focus of the study is to replace the arm of a bed-type milling machine, which is currently a welded design, with a component made of prestressed carbon fiber-reinforced polymer concrete. Based on the first results of the volume ratios of the structures, conclusions are drawn about the life cycle assessment (cradle to gate) of the components. The results will contribute to a design recommendation for the carbon fiber reinforcement in the polymer concrete arm to achieve a better structural efficiency on the one hand and a better life cycle assessment on the other.
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Yuan, Xin’an, Wei Li, Jianming Zhao, Xiaokang Yin, Xiao Li, and Jianchao Zhao. "A Novel Fatigue Crack Angle Quantitative Monitoring Method Based on Rotating Alternating Current Field Measurement." In Recent Development of Alternating Current Field Measurement Combine with New Technology. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4224-0_3.
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AbstractUnder complicated fatigue loading conditions, cracks initiate nd grow in the arbitrary direction from corrosion pits in the aerospace equipment. The monitoring of crack propagation angle is very important for the safety assessment of the aerospace equipment, which is still a challenge by the conventional structural health monitoring (SHM) method. In this paper, a novel crack angle quantitative monitoring method is presented based on the rotating alternating current field measurement (RACFM). A theoretical model of the crack angle measuring method is established to analyze the perturbation principle of the induced electromagnetic field. The relationships between the angle, length and depth of the crack and the Bz signal are analyzed. The probe and testing system are established, and experiments are carried out. The results show that the phase of the Bz signal has a linear relationship with the crack angle for the same crack, and the amplitude of the Bz signal can correct the crack angle for the different cracks. The angle of fatigue cracks can be quantitatively measured by the Bz phase difference method based on the RACFM.
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Petty, Stephen E. "Vehicle Impact Structural Property Assessments." In Forensic Engineering, 2nd ed. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003189305-18.
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Petty, Stephen E. "Fire Damage Structural Property Assessments." In Forensic Engineering, 2nd ed. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003189305-17.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Structural assessments in the field"
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Bhandari, Jyoti, Faisal Khan, Rouzbeh Abbassi, Vikram Garaniya, and Roberto Ojeda. "Reliability Assessment of Offshore Asset under Pitting Corrosion Using Bayesian Network." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07070.
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Abstract Corrosion is a major cause of structural deterioration in marine and offshore industries. It affects the life of process equipment and pipelines resulting in structural failure, leakage, product loss, environmental pollution and the loss of life. Pitting corrosion is regarded as one of the most hazardous forms of corrosion in marine and offshore structures. Hence reliability assessments of these structures are crucial. The empirical and statistical degradation models are developed by either fitting field or lab data. However, these models are only useful for specific site or operating conditions and still carry a high degree of uncertainty. Other modeling approaches used for assessing rate of pitting corrosion in industry is phenomenological model which is based on corrosion scientific principles. These models provide strong understanding of corrosion process but are often hard to test in engineering applications. This paper presents a novel methodology for predicting the pitting corrosion rate of structural steel in long-term marine environment. The proposed methodology combines a multi-phase phenomenological and empirical model with calibrated real-world data using the Bayesian Network (BN) approach. A case study is presented which exemplifies the application of this methodology to predict the long-term pitting corrosion rate in marine environment. The result shows that the proposed BN based methodology is successful in predicting the time-dependent pitting corrosion rate for steel structures in different environmental conditions.
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Wondolowski, Maxwell, Alexandra Hain, Sarira Motaref, and Michael Grilliot. "Study of Doming in Structure from Motion for Retaining Wall Inspection." In IABSE Congress, San José 2024: Beyond Structural Engineering in a Changing World. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2024. https://doi.org/10.2749/sanjose.2024.1057.
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<p>This paper explores the utilization of Structure from Motion Photogrammetry (SfM) in lab and field settings to identify bulging and leaning in masonry retaining walls, then compare the results with Structured-Light Scanning (SLS) and LiDAR. SfM's value as a cost-effective and potentially accurate alternative to LiDAR or SLS is explored while its susceptibility to doming distortions is discussed. Through controlled trials and comparative analysis using CloudCompare, the mitigation of doming distortions is examined alongside its impact on the quality of SfM-generated 3D models. This comprehensive study uncovers the potential of SfM as a reliable tool for retaining wall inspection while also emphasizing the importance of strategic implementation that considers inherent limitations for accurate and data-centered structural assessments.</p>
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Ernsting, Robert A., Adam Beers, David E. Shinn, Thomas E. Hegland, Peter M. Pachlhofer, and Thomas G. Popernack. "Advanced Corrosion Assessment Techniques Used to Prioritize Maintenance of NASA Wind Tunnels." In Coatings+ 2019. SSPC, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2019-00016.
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Abstract This paper discusses an innovative technique employed on the 2017 AETC Corrosion Control Study conducted on 19 NASA wind tunnel facilities located at three NASA Centers: Langley, Ames and Glenn Research Centers. The technique adds structural and prioritization context to corrosion and coating assessments which yields an Overall Risk Priority (ORP) score for each inspection item. The ORP score is comprised of (1) the coatings grade from field inspections and sample data, (2) the functional purpose of the facility and (3) the risk to facility availability (mission) if the asset were to fail due to corrosion. The ORP score is used to assist facility engineers in developing a Structural Integrity and Service Life Opinion (SISLO) that provides a qualitative characterization of each wind tunnel. With some wind tunnels exceeding 70 years of age, the 2017 Corrosion Control Study is a vital tool used by NASA to properly integrate and prioritize maintenance planning for each of these important national assets.
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Noyce, Paul, and Nate Sauer. "Looking under the Hood - Condition Assessment of an Aging Underground Garage with an Unbonded Overlay." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-06049.
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Abstract A case study detailing the condition assessment of a three-level underground parking garage, this paper describes the technical challenges involved with evaluating corrosion in a structural slab beneath a thick, unbonded overlay. The investigation of this structure was part of a major renovation and vertical expansion of a high-rise building in Manhattan. Originally constructed in 1953, the parking decks exhibited substantial corrosion and spalling damage on the slab soffits including many previous failed repairs. The top of slab condition was covered by a 4-inch thick cementitious overlay. Sounding and core extraction indicated that only approximately 30% of topping slab was bonded to the structural slab. Since material testing indicated substantial chloride contamination in both the topping and structural slabs, the condition of the top-layer of reinforcing, particularly the negative moment steel around the columns had to be understood. The inconsistent void between slabs interfered with the results of traditional corrosion potential and corrosion rate measurements. When wide spread issues provide challenges to the field engineers it is vital to understand how to interpret the findings. When structures appear to be in good conditions owners often are not sold on the idea of spending money on investigation. In this instance the client was proactive and instead of relying on a number of cores to make decisions employed corrosion professionals to evaluate the condition within the slab. This paper describes how these challenges were overcome in order to establish the condition and safety of the structural slab as well as design and implement durable repairs.
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Videla, Héctor, Alberto Sagüés, and Noreen Poor. "Microbial Effects on Metallic Structural Component Corrosion in Subtropical Service." In CORROSION 2006. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06517.
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Abstract Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) assessment is introduced as a possible component of an improved model or method for predicting corrosion rate and/or durability of metallic culverts and related highway components. Examination of a field site revealed presence of microorganisms usually related to MIC suggesting a biological contribution to the significant deterioration observed in a test pipe. Determination of factors relevant to MIC is considered as a part of environmental characterization for service life prediction.
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Guo, Jenny, Jen-Yu Han, Hui-Ping Tserng, and Chih-Ting Lin. "Estimations and Quality Assessments of Strain Parameters of a Deformation Field." In Research, Development and Practice in Structural Engineering and Construction. Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7920-4_radm-1-0018.
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Nezamian, Abe, and Joshua Altmann. "An Oil Field Structural Integrity Assessment for Re-Qualification and Life Extension." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10968.
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The ageing of offshore infrastructure presents a constant and growing challenge for operators. Ageing is characterised by deterioration, change in operational conditions or accidental damages which, in the severe operational environment offshore, can be significant with serious consequences for installation integrity if not managed adequately and efficiently. An oil field consisting of twelve well head platforms, a living quarter platform (XQ), a flare platform (XFP) and a processing platform (XPA) are the focus of this paper, providing an overview of the integrity assessment process. In order to ensure technical and operational integrity of these ageing facilities, the fitness for service of these offshore structures needs to be maintained. Assessments of the structural integrity of thirteen identified platforms under existing conditions were undertaken as these platforms are either nearing the end of their design life or have exceeded more than 50% of their design life. Information on history, characteristic data, condition data and inspection results were collected to assess the current state and to predict the future state of the facility for possible life extension. The information included but was not limited to as built data, brown fields modifications, additional risers and clamp-on conductors and incorporation of subsea and topside inspection findings. In-service integrity assessments, pushover analyses, corrosion control and cathodic protection assessments and weight control reports were completed to evaluate the integrity of these facilities for requalification to 2019 and life extension to 2030. The analytical models and calculations were updated based on the most recent inspection results and weight control reports. A requalification and life extension report was prepared for each platform to outline the performance criteria acceptance to achieve requalification until 2019 and life extension until 2030. This paper documents the methodology to assess the platform structural integrity in order to evaluate platform integrity for the remaining and extended design life. An overview of various aspects of ageing related to these offshore facilities, representing risk to the integrity, the required procedures and re assessment criteria for deciding on life extension of these facilities is presented. This paper also provides an overall view of the structural requirements, justifications and calibrations of the original design for the life extension to maintain the safety level by means of maintenance and inspection programs balancing the ageing mechanisms and improving the reliability of assessment results.
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KARIYAWASAM, KASUN, PAUL FIDLER, JAMES TALBOT, and CAMPBELL MIDDLETON. "Field Assessment of Ambient Vibration-Based Bridge Scour Detection." In Structural Health Monitoring 2019. DEStech Publications, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2019/32137.
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GHYABI, MEHRDAD, and DAVID LATTANZI. "A COMPARISON BETWEEN THREE VISION-BASED DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT METHODS IN LAB-SCALE STRUCTURAL EXPERIMENTS." In Structural Health Monitoring 2021. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2021/36258.
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Capturing structural displacement time-histories under service conditions or controlled load tests provides critical information for structural condition assessments. Measuring displacements directly is often impractical due to inherent technical and experimental difficulties, particularly for field inspection of in-service structures. Therefore, quantifying displacements indirectly from localized acceleration or strain measurements has been the dominant measurement approach for decades, despite numerical and logistical implementation challenges. More recently, the development of high-resolution imaging sensors, along with the emergence of high-performance digital image processing techniques, has led to the emergence of computer vision-based displacement tracking methods. These methods, generally referred to as “optical flow field measurements”, have been demonstrated to work effectively under a variety of laboratory and full-scale field conditions. The measurements are generally less accurate than those obtained from installed sensor arrays, but they have the advantage of providing dense displacement field measurements and do not require direct sensor installation. These approaches can be categorized into three major categories: dense flow, target or invariant feature tracking, and phase-based flow. This paper provides a comparative analysis of these three measurement paradigms for structural monitoring applications. A series of illustrative laboratory experiments are used to highlight key benefits and differences between different approaches.
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"Seismic Fragility Analysis of Mid-Story Isolation Buildings." In Structural Health Monitoring. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901311-31.
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Abstract. Seismic fragility analysis is essential for seismic risk assessment of structures. This study focuses on the damage probability assessment of the mid-story isolation buildings with different locations of the isolation system. To this end, the performance-based fragility analysis method of the mid-story isolation system is proposed, adopting the maximum story drifts of structures above and below the isolation layer and displacement of the isolation layer as performance indicators. Then, the entire process of the mid-story isolation system, from the initial elastic state to the elastic-plastic state, then to the limit state, is simulated on the basis of the incremental dynamic analysis method. Seismic fragility curves are obtained for mid-story isolation buildings with different locations of the isolation layer, each with fragility curves for near-field and far-field ground motions, respectively. The results indicate that the seismic fragility probability subjected to the near-field ground motions is much greater than those subjected to the far-field ground motions. In addition, with the increase of the location of the isolation layer, the dominant components for the failure of mid-story isolated structures change from superstructure and isolation system to substructure and isolation system.
Reports on the topic "Structural assessments in the field"
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Yan, Yujie, and Jerome F. Hajjar. Automated Damage Assessment and Structural Modeling of Bridges with Visual Sensing Technology. Northeastern University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17760/d20410114.
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Recent advances in visual sensing technology have gained much attention in the field of bridge inspection and management. Coupled with advanced robotic systems, state-of-the-art visual sensors can be used to obtain accurate documentation of bridges without the need for any special equipment or traffic closure. The captured visual sensor data can be post-processed to gather meaningful information for the bridge structures and hence to support bridge inspection and management. However, state-of-the-practice data postprocessing approaches require substantial manual operations, which can be time-consuming and expensive. The main objective of this study is to develop methods and algorithms to automate the post-processing of the visual sensor data towards the extraction of three main categories of information: 1) object information such as object identity, shapes, and spatial relationships - a novel heuristic-based method is proposed to automate the detection and recognition of main structural elements of steel girder bridges in both terrestrial and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based laser scanning data. Domain knowledge on the geometric and topological constraints of the structural elements is modeled and utilized as heuristics to guide the search as well as to reject erroneous detection results. 2) structural damage information, such as damage locations and quantities - to support the assessment of damage associated with small deformations, an advanced crack assessment method is proposed to enable automated detection and quantification of concrete cracks in critical structural elements based on UAV-based visual sensor data. In terms of damage associated with large deformations, based on the surface normal-based method proposed in Guldur et al. (2014), a new algorithm is developed to enhance the robustness of damage assessment for structural elements with curved surfaces. 3) three-dimensional volumetric models - the object information extracted from the laser scanning data is exploited to create a complete geometric representation for each structural element. In addition, mesh generation algorithms are developed to automatically convert the geometric representations into conformal all-hexahedron finite element meshes, which can be finally assembled to create a finite element model of the entire bridge. To validate the effectiveness of the developed methods and algorithms, several field data collections have been conducted to collect both the visual sensor data and the physical measurements from experimental specimens and in-service bridges. The data were collected using both terrestrial laser scanners combined with images, and laser scanners and cameras mounted to unmanned aerial vehicles.
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Andrawes, Bassem, Isaias Colombani, Md Abdul Hamid Mirdad, and Alexander Chen. Load Rating of Reinforced Concrete Slab Bridges Using Field Testing. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2024. https://doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/24-025.
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Bridge load-rating analysis is typically used to assess the safe load-carrying capacity of bridges. However, in many cases, this analytical approach was proven to be too conservative, which leads to unnecessary bridge postings and road restrictions. In such cases, field testing is sought as a more reliable method for assessing the structural condition of the investigated bridge. This study focused on investigating the efficacy and practicality of performing load rating on reinforced concrete slab bridges in Illinois using two field testing methods—namely, diagnostic and proof load testing. The versatility of both methods was examined through testing six different slab bridges of varying characteristics and conditions. The tested bridges included single- and double-span bridges with span lengths varying between 20.5 ft and 32 ft, and skew angles varying between 0 and 55 degrees. The bridges also varied in age, with the first tested bridge’s construction dating as far back as 1925. The research assessed the type of instrumentation and data acquisition system used as well as the challenges associated with setting up these devices in the field. The analytical and field-based load-rating factors were compared for each bridge. The results showed the effectiveness of field testing in providing a relatively fast and reliable assessment of the structural condition of the investigated bridges. The methods adopted and developed in this research will assist the Illinois Department of Transportation in making future decisions about the condition of bridges in Illinois.
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Qamer, Faisal M., Sravan Shrestha, Kiran Shakya, et al. Operational in-season rice area estimation through Earth observation data in Nepal - working paper. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1017.
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In an effort to adopt emerging technologies in food security assessment through a codevelopment approach, the Government of Nepal’s Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MoALD) and the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development’s (ICIMOD) SERVIR-HKH Initiative undertook a pilot study in Chitwan District in 2019 to jointly develop methods for satellite remote sensing and machine learning-based in-season crop assessment. MoALD experts and relevant stakeholders thoroughly reviewed the approach before the honourable minister approved it for formal use in the national-level assessment for 2020 and onwards. For wider adoption of the advanced data science methods established in the pilot study, we customised the technology by developing a digital suite of software, including GeoFairy (a mobile app to facilitate field data collection by field extension professionals at the district level) and RiceMapEngine (a simplified platform for machine learning-based crop classification to facilitate crop area map production by MoALD’s GIS Section). In the current federal governance structure of Nepal, high-quality crop maps and yield estimates will not only bridge information needs among the federal and subnational institutions but also provide a means for consistent cross-country crop status assessments and communication.
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Renaud, Alexander, Michael Forte, Nicholas Spore, et al. Evaluation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems for flood risk management : results of terrain and structure assessments. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45000.
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The 2017 Duck Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Pilot Experiment was conducted by the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, Field Research Facility (FRF), to assess the potential for different UAS to support US Army Corps of Engineers coastal and flood risk management. By involving participants from multiple ERDC laboratories, federal agencies, academia, and private industry, the work unit leads were able to leverage assets, resources, and expertise to assess data from multiple UAS. This report compares datasets from several UAS to assess their potential to survey and observe coastal terrain and structures. In this report, UAS data product accuracy was analyzed within the context of three potential applications: (1) general coastal terrain survey accuracy across the FRF property; (2) small-scale feature detection and observation within the experiment infrastructure area; and (3) accuracy for surveying coastal foredunes. The report concludes by presenting tradeoffs between UAS accuracy and the cost to operate to aid in selection of the best UAS for a particular task. While the technology and exact UAS models vary through time, the lessons learned from this study illustrate that UAS are available at a variety of costs to satisfy varying coastal management data needs.
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Lee, Wah T. Global Wave Statistics for Structural Design Assessments. Defense Technical Information Center, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada286856.
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Quarry, Mike. PR-462-143703-R01 Development and Evaluation of Guided Wave Structural Health Monitoring for Buried Pipe. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011594.
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Excavations to inspect buried piping are often costly and risk damaging other plant assets during the digging. Some utilities have used permanently installed guided wave sensors to monitor piping condition and reduce the excavations. The project that is the subject of this report has two objectives-to evaluate the current state-of-the-art and to create a test bed for vendors to improve their technology and data analysis algorithms. Understanding the state-of-the-art will enable utilities to effectively use guided wave structural health monitoring in support of their underground piping aging management plans and their license renewal activities. Guided wave effectiveness in buried pipe applications depends on many variables, including coating, backfill, temperature, soil moisture, and environmental noise. An important aspect of monitoring is the effectiveness of data analysis algorithms in distinguishing changes in data due to damage to the pipe wall from those resulting from the environment. A buried mockup was constructed with common coatings and backfills, and two vendors installed commercially available guided wave systems. An initial flaw set was initiated in the mockup. Then, about every three months, holes were dug to modify some existing flaws, initiate new flaws, and leave some unchanged. Data were collected over a timeframe that included all four seasons. Damage was generally initiated with grinding tools to produce irregular shapes and sizes and to simulate corrosion. Flaws were characterized with a structured white light camera technology. Flaw information was kept confidential from the vendors until all data were complete and vendors had provided their assessment of the mockup at each stage. After the results were reviewed with the vendors, the flaw information at each stage was provided to the vendors for continued development of their technology. This enables the vendors to conduct lessons learned and improve their procedures, data analysis algorithms, and hardware designs. Utility operators can use the results of this report to better apply guided wave structural health monitoring technology. Benefits will also result from lessons learned and improvements by vendors. It is better for vendors to learn about needed improvements and data analysis through a test bed than to find them out in the field. The buried pipe mockup also provides a potential test bed for future studies and evaluations of structural health monitoring technologies or in-line pipe devices.
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Lazor, Robert B. DTRS56-03-T-0011 Validation of Sleeve Weld Integrity and Workmanship Level Development. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012038.
Full textAbstract:
This project was initiated to support a methodology for conducting an engineering assessment to determine the tolerable dimensions of flaw indications at full encirclement repair sleeve welds. The work described herein has been undertaken to validate the stresses estimated in finite element analysis (FEA) models against actual in-service loading conditions experienced at reinforcing sleeves. This project was intended to prove the feasibility of the concept and to provide details that could be incorporated into a future guidance note on sleeve installation procedures. The following general tasks were undertaken: (1) Collection of full-scale structural behavior data during the sleeve installation process and during line operation;, (2) Calibration of a sleeve weld finite element model against field data; and (3) Demonstration of the model as a design tool.
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Bass, B. R., K. Kruse, R. H. Jr Dodds, and S. N. M. Malik. Application of the NCSA Habanero tool for collaboration on structural integrity assessments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/677189.
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Maranghides, A. Initial Reconnaissance of the 2011 Wildland-Urban Interfaces Fires in Amarillo, Texas. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1708.
Full textAbstract:
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is working to reduce the risk of fire spread in Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) communities. An objective of this work is to develop first generation tools for improved risk assessment and risk mitigation in WUI communities at risk from wildfires. These tools will be developed and tested through a coordinated effort that includes laboratory and field measurements, physics-based fire behavior models, and economic cost analysis models. NIST and Texas Forest Service (TFS) worked together in October 2010 to train TFS personnel in the NIST-developed WUI data collection methodology. While the fires that started on February 27, 2011 were still burning around Amarillo, NIST and TFS decided to deploy the joint Team and document the WUI fire event loses and fire behavior. The Tanglewood WUI fire in the outskirts of Amarillo was responsible for the destruction of approximately 101 structures including 35 residences. Field measurements included structure particulars, specifically building construction materials, proximity and type of combustibles to the structure, and damage to wildland and residential vegetation. Documentation included over 29 000 photographs. The data collection and analysis will be documented in two phases, an initial reconnaissance/overview report and a technical report. This summary report will address the particulars of the joint NIST/TFS deployment and the data collection methodology used. Additionally, this report provides a summary of the primary structures lost. A second more detailed technical report will provide the event timeline reconstruction and general fire behavior observations as well as investigate the impacts of structure attributes, landscaping characteristics, topographical features and wildland fire exposure on structure survivability
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Wineman, S. J. ITER-hard Toroidal Field coil structural analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10165495.
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