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Journal articles on the topic 'Structural bushveld complex south africa'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Bamisaiye, Oluwaseyi Adunola. "Geo-Spatial Mapping of the Western Bushveld Rustenburg Layered Suite (Rls) in South Africa." Journal of Geography and Geology 7, no. 4 (December 2, 2015): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v7n4p88.

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Trend surface analysis (TSA) was used to investigate the structure and thickness variation pattern and to resolve trend and residual component of the structure contours and isopach maps of the Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) across the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). The TSA technique was also employed in extracting meter scale structures from the regional structural trends. This enables small-scale structures that could only be picked through field mapping to be observed and scrupulously investigated. Variation in the structure and thickness was used in timing the development of some of the delineated structural features. This has helped to unravel the progressive development of structures within the RLS. The results indicate that present day structures shows slight changes in both regional and local trends throughout the stratigraphic sequence from the base of the Main Zone to the top of the Achaean floor. Structures around the gap areas are also highlighted. This paper represents the third of a three-part article in Trend Surface analysis of the three major limbs of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). This first part focused on the Northern Bushveld Complex, while the second part focused on the Eastern Bushveld Limbs.

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2

Clarke, Brendan, Ron Uken, and Jürgen Reinhardt. "Structural and compositional constraints on the emplacement of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Lithos 111, no. 1-2 (July 2009): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2008.11.006.

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3

Nex, Paul A. M. "The structural setting of mineralisation on Tweefontein Hill, northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Applied Earth Science 114, no. 4 (December 2005): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/037174505x62901.

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4

Longridge, Luke, Roger L. Gibson, and Paul A. M. Nex. "Structural controls on melt segregation and migration related to the formation of the diapiric Schwerin Fold in the contact aureole of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 100, no. 1-2 (March 2009): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691009016119.

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ABSTRACTPartial melting of metapelitic rocks beneath the mafic–ultramafic Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex in the vicinity of the periclinal Schwerin Fold resulted in a structurally controlled distribution of granitic leucosomes in the upper metamorphic aureole. In the core of the pericline, subvertical structures facilitated the rise of buoyant leucosome through the aureole towards the contact with the Bushveld Complex, with leucosomes accumulating in en-echelon tension gashes. In a subhorizontal syn-metamorphic shear zone to the southeast of the pericline, leucosomes accumulated in subhorizontal dilational structural sites. The kinematics of this shear zone are consistent with slumping of material off the southeastern limb of the rising Schwerin pericline. The syndeformational timing of leucosome emplacement supports a syn-intrusive, density-driven origin for the Schwerin Fold. Modelling of the cooling of the Rustenburg Layered Suite and heating of the floor rocks using a multiple intrusion model indicates that temperatures above the solidus were maintained for >600,000 years up to 300 m from the contact, in agreement with rheological modelling of floor-rock diapirs that indicate growth rates on the order of 8 mm/year for the Schwerin Fold.

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5

Bamisaiye, O. A., P. G. Eriksson, J. L. Van Rooy, H. M. Brynard, S. Foya, A. Y. Billay, and V. Nxumalo. "Subsurface mapping of Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS), Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Inferred structural features using borehole data and spatial analysis." Journal of African Earth Sciences 132 (August 2017): 139–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.05.003.

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6

Cawthorn, R. G., K. L. Lundgaard, C. Tegner, and J. R. Wilson. "Lateral variations in plagioclase compositions, Main Zone, Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Evidence for slow mixing of magmas in basinal structures." Mineralogical Magazine 80, no. 2 (April 2016): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2015.079.7.12.

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AbstractMany layered intrusions are considered to have been repeatedly inflated by magma additions, but rates of magma mixing relative to rates of layer accumulation are difficult to model. The nature of magma recharge through the interval including the Pyroxenite Marker (PM), Main Zone, Bushveld Complex, South Africa, is examined with regard to such processes. The plagioclase compositions (An value) in five previously published and three new profiles (presented here and focusing on the core compositions) that are at least 600 m in vertical extent and spread along a strike length of 110 km are evaluated. The compilation of the eight profiles shows the following trends. Upward reversals in compositions show considerable lateral as well as vertical variations. Lateral variations show a range in: (1) the minimum An value reached in each profile prior to the onset of magma recharge (An51 to An59); (2) the depth below the PM at which the minimum value is observed (50 to 575 m); (3) the An value close to the PM (An54 to An75); (4) the maximum value recorded above the PM (An63 to An76); (5) the height above the PM at which this maximum value is reached (0 to 300 m) – in all cases, the highest values of An occur at the northern end of the studied sections; and (6) the vertical extents over which the reversals occur range from 150 to over 600 m indicating very protracted magma additions and/or slow mixing. The PM terminates toward the south, and close to this termination the immediate footwall rocks to the PM change from north to south from gabbronorite to magnetite gabbronorite. A cross-section through these profiles defines two basins, with an intervening structural upwarp. The magma pulses that were added to produce very gradual and protracted reversals in mineral compositions through the PM interval ponded initially at the base of the northern basin, and did not homogenize the entire magma column. These added magmas did not overflow and have an effect on mineral compositions in the southern basin until after considerable replenishment and crystallization (including the PM) had taken place in the northern basin. We emphasize the prolonged period(s) of magma input and slow rate of vertical homogenization of the magma column during the formation of this sequence of as much as 400 m of the Main Zone.

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7

Uken, Ronald, and Michael K. Watkeys. "Diapirism initiated by the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Geology 25, no. 8 (1997): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0723:dibtbc>2.3.co;2.

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8

Campbell, Geoff. "Exploration geophysics of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa." Leading Edge 30, no. 6 (June 2011): 622–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3599148.

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9

Perritt, Sam, and Mike Roberts. "Flexural-slip structures in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa?" Journal of Structural Geology 29, no. 9 (September 2007): 1422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2007.06.008.

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10

Jones, M. Q. W. "Heat flow in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: implications for upper mantle structure." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.3.351.

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Abstract Geothermal measurements in South Africa since 1939 have resulted in a good coverage of heat flow observations. The Archaean Kaapvaal Craton, in the central part of South Africa, is the best-studied tectonic domain, with nearly 150 heat flow measurements. The greatest density of heat flow sites is in the Witwatersrand Basin goldfields, where geothermal data are essential for determining refrigeration requirements of deep (up to 4 km) gold mines; the average heat flow is 51 ± 6mWm-2. The Bushveld Complex north of the Witwatersrand Basin is an extensive 2.06 Ga ultramafic-felsic intrusive complex that hosts the world’s largest reserves of platinum. The deepest platinum mines reach ~2 km and the need for thermal information for mine refrigeration engineering has led to the generation of a substantial geothermal database. Nearly 1000 thermal conductivity measurements have been made on rocks constituting the Bushveld Complex, and borehole temperature measurements have been made throughout the Complex. The temperature at maximum rock-breaking depth (~2.5 km) is 70°C, approximately 30°C higher than the temperature at equivalent depth in the Witwatersrand Basin; the thermal gradient in the Bushveld Complex is approximately double that in the Witwatersrand Basin. The main reason for this is the low thermal conductivity of rocks overlying platinum mines. The Bushveld data also resulted in 31 new estimates for the heat flux through the Earth’s crust. The overall average value for the Bushveld, 47 ± 7 mW m-2, is the same, to within statistical error, as the Witwatersrand Basin average. The heat flow for platinum mining areas (45 mW m-2) and the heat flux into the floor of the Witwatersrand Basin (43 mW m-2) are typical of Archaean cratons world-wide. The temperature structure of the Kaapvaal lithosphere calculated from the Witwatersrand geothermal data is essentially the same as that derived from thermobarometric studies of Cretaceous kimberlite xenoliths. Both lines of evidence lead to an estimated heat flux of ~17 mW m-2 for the mantle below the Kaapvaal Craton. The estimated thermal thickness of the Kaapvaal lithosphere (235 km) is similar to that defined on the basis of seismic tomography and magnetotelluric studies. The lithosphere below the Bushveld Complex is not significantly hotter than that below the Witwatersrand Basin. This favours a chemical origin rather than a thermal origin for the upper mantle anomaly below the Bushveld Complex that has been identified by seismic tomography studies and magnetotelluric soundings.

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11

Kgaswane, Eldridge M., Andrew A. Nyblade, Raymond J. Durrheim, Jordi Julià, Paul H. G. M. Dirks, and Susan J. Webb. "Shear wave velocity structure of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Tectonophysics 554-557 (July 2012): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.003.

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12

Boudreau, Alan E. "Modeling the Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex, Republic of South Africa." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 156, no. 4 (March 18, 2008): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-008-0294-0.

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13

Cawthorn, R. G., and N. McKenna. "The extension of the western limb, Bushveld Complex (South Africa), at Cullinan Diamond Mine." Mineralogical Magazine 70, no. 3 (June 2006): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461067030328.

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AbstractMafic rocks of the Bushveld Complex at the southeastern end of the western limb, intersected in bore core from the Cullinan Diamond Mine, are described. A 260 m thick ultramafic body of orthopyroxene and chromite cumulate rocks, with mg# – 100*Mg/(Mg+Fe) – values from 77 to 84 and 0.25 to 0.5% Cr2O3 in the pyroxene, is considered to have affinity to the Critical Zone. Such an interpretation considerably extends the eastern limit of Critical Zone rocks of the western limb of the Bushveld Complex. The whole-rock composition of the lower, chilled basal contact of this body has 10% MgO and 500 ppm Cr, and is comparable to magmas considered parental to the Bushveld Complex. Due to intrusion of a younger sill, the upper contact is not preserved in the bore core. The cumulate rocks have higher interstitial component, inferred from incompatible trace element abundances (Zr, Ti and K), than normal Critical Zone rocks, interpreted to be a result of more rapid cooling due to proximity to the basal contact. The near-constancy of mg# in the pyroxene in the entire succession suggests that large volumes of magma flowed through this conduit, with only the liquidus phases of orthopyroxene and chromite being precipitated.Five generations of sills, intruded into the underlying metasedimentary rocks, are identified. The oldest is tholeiitic, and was metamorphosed prior to the emplacement of the Bushveld Complex. The second equates to the magma proposed as being parental to the Bushveld Complex (2060 Ma). The third represents the products of differentiation of that magma. The fourth is syenitic, and related to the Pienaars River Alkaline Complex (1430–1300 Ma). The fifth is tholeiitic (1150 Ma), and cuts the Cullinan kimberlite.

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14

Hunt, Emma, Rais Latypov, and Péter Horváth. "The Merensky Cyclic Unit, Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Reality or Myth?" Minerals 8, no. 4 (April 3, 2018): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8040144.

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15

Latypov, R., S. Chistyakova, and J. Kramers. "Arguments against syn-magmatic sills in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.4.565.

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16

Venter, Andrew Derick, Johan Paul Beukes, Pieter Gideon van Zyl, Miroslav Josipovic, Kerneels Jaars, and Ville Vakkari. "Regional atmospheric Cr(VI) pollution from the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Atmospheric Pollution Research 7, no. 5 (September 2016): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.03.009.

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17

JOHNSON, T. E. "Partial Melting of Metapelitic Rocks Beneath the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of Petrology 44, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 789–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/44.5.789.

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18

Cawthorn, R. G. "The Residual or Roof Zone of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of Petrology 54, no. 9 (June 18, 2013): 1875–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egt034.

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19

Cawthorn, R. Grant, and Susan J. Webb. "Cooling of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Implications for paleomagnetic reversals." Geology 41, no. 6 (June 2013): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g34033.1.

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20

Cawthorn, R. Grant, and Liana Spies. "Plagioclase content of cyclic units in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 145, no. 1 (January 29, 2003): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-002-0431-0.

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21

Hattingh, P. J., and N. D. Pauls. "New Palaeomagnetic results from the northern Bushveld Complex of South Africa." Precambrian Research 69, no. 1-4 (October 1994): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(94)90088-4.

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22

de Waal, S. A. "Age and significance of the Marble Hall breccia, Bushveld Complex, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 105, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/1050227.

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23

OBERTHUR, T., T. W. WEISER, and F. MELCHER. "ALLUVIAL AND ELUVIAL PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS FROM THE BUSHVELD COMPLEX, SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 117, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.117.2.255.

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24

Kaneko, Yasunari, and Takashi Miyano. "Contact metamorphism by the bushveld complex in the northeastern Transvaal, south Africa." JOURNAL OF MINERALOGY, PETROLOGY AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 85, no. 2 (1990): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2465/ganko.85.66.

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25

Martini, J. E. J. "The Loskop Formation and its relationship to the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 27, no. 2 (August 1998): 193–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(98)00057-8.

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26

Cawthorn, R. Grant. "Identification of Anorthite-enriched Plagioclase Antecrysts in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of Petrology 60, no. 6 (May 3, 2019): 1109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egz025.

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Abstract The origin of cumulate grains in layered intrusions is actively debated. Earliest views assumed that all grains grew in the now-exposed magma chamber. An alternative view is that some grains were injected from deeper magma chambers (never to be exposed). Such grains have been called antecrysts. In this model upward reversals in the anorthite content of plagioclase grains in anorthosite-bearing sequences have been considered to indicate such processes, and are considered to represent the bases of cycles. Data from two deep boreholes in the upper half of the Bushveld Complex permit testing of such ideas. Careful inspection shows that anorthosites (over 45 in one core and 12 in another) do not show an increase in their anorthite contents relative to their immediate footwall samples. Further, all examples of cycles (where enough closely spaced samples are available) in one borehole show that there is a slow upward increase in the anorthite contents over tens of metres and several samples, and that anorthosite does not occur at the base of such reversals, inconsistent with injection and accumulation of a slurry of grains with constant composition. Multiple analyses of many grains in a single sample show a typical standard deviation of ±1·5% An. However, a very few samples from both boreholes show a much larger standard deviation. Examination of every single analysis from one core shows that there are rare, isolated grains with a much higher anorthite content (±5%) than the average, rarely more than one per sample (out of 10–20 analyses). It is perfectly possible that these grains are indeed antecrysts. They are not located specifically in anorthosite samples, but can occur in rocks with any proportion of plagioclase. Based on 3000 analyses they constitute of the order of 1% of the total analysed population. The injection of magma may have occurred, but its entrainment of slurries of plagioclase is not consistent with these data.

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27

Maier, Wolfgang D., and Sarah-Jane Barnes. "Platinum-group elements in the Boulder Bed, western Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Mineralium Deposita 38, no. 3 (April 2003): 370–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-002-0311-6.

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28

Zintwana, Masibulele P., R. Grant Cawthorn, Lewis D. Ashwal, Frederick Roelofse, and Hilde Cronwright. "Mercury in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa, and the Skaergaard Intrusion, Greenland." Chemical Geology 320-321 (August 2012): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.06.001.

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29

Bachmann, Kai, Peter Menzel, Raimon Tolosana-Delgado, Christopher Schmidt, Moritz Hill, and Jens Gutzmer. "Multivariate geochemical classification of chromitite layers in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Applied Geochemistry 103 (April 2019): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.02.009.

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30

Wilhelm, H. J., H. Zhang, F. L. Chen, J. H. Elsenbroek, M. Lombard, and D. de Bruin. "Geochemical exploration for platinum-group elements in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Mineralium Deposita 32, no. 4 (July 9, 1997): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001260050101.

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31

Klemd, Reiner, Andreas Beinlich, Matti Kern, Malte Junge, Laure Martin, Marcel Regelous, and Robert Schouwstra. "Magmatic PGE Sulphide Mineralization in Clinopyroxenite from the Platreef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Minerals 10, no. 6 (June 25, 2020): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10060570.

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The Platreef, at the base of the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa, hosts platinum-group element (PGE) mineralization in association with base-metal sulphides (BMS) and platinum-group minerals (PGM). However, whilst a magmatic origin of the stratiform mineralization of the upper Platreef has been widely confirmed, the processes responsible for the PGE and BMS mineralization and metasomatism of the host rocks in the Platreef are still under discussion. In order to contribute to the present discussion, we present an integrated petrographical, mineral-chemical, whole-rock trace- and major-element, sulphur- and neodymium-isotope, study of Platreef footwall clinopyroxenite drill core samples from Overysel, which is located in the northern sector of the northern Bushveld limb. A metasomatic transformation of magmatic pyroxenite units to non-magmatic clinopyroxenite is in accordance with the petrography and whole-rock chemical analysis. The whole-rock data display lower SiO2, FeO, Na2O and Cr (<1700 ppm), and higher CaO, concentrations in the here-studied footwall Platreef clinopyroxenite samples than primary magmatic Platreef pyroxenite and norite. The presence of capped globular sulphides in some samples, which display differentiation into pyrrhotite and pentlandite in the lower, and chalcopyrite in the upper part, is attributed to the fractional crystallization of a sulphide liquid, and a downward transport of the blebs. In situ sulphur (V-CDT) isotope BMS data show isotopic signatures (δ34S = 0.9 to 3.1 ‰; Δ33S = 0.09 to 0.32‰) close to or within the pristine magmatic range. Elevated (non-zero) Δ33S values are common for Bushveld magmas, indicating contamination by older, presumably crustal sulphur in an early stage chamber, whereas magmatic δ34S values suggest the absence of local crustal contamination during emplacement. This is in accordance with the εNd (2.06 Ga) (chondritic uniform reservoir (CHUR)) values, of −6.16 to −6.94, which are similar to those of the magmatic pyroxenite and norite of the Main Zone and the Platreef in the northern sector of the northern Bushveld limb. Base-metal sulphide textures and S–Se-ratios give evidence for a secondary S-loss during late- to post-magmatic hydrothermal alteration. The textural evidence, as well as the bulk S/Se ratios and sulphide S isotopes studies, suggest that the mineralization in both the less and the pervasively hydrothermally altered clinopyroxenite samples of Overysel are of magmatic origin. This is further supported by the PPGE (Rh, Pt, Pd) concentrations in the BMS and mass-balance calculations, in both of which large proportions of the whole-rock Pd and Rh are hosted by pentlandite, whereas Pt and the IPGE (Os, Ir, Ru) were interpreted to mainly occur in discrete PGM. However, the presence of pentlandite with variable PGE concentrations on the thin section scale may be related to variations in the S content, already at S-saturation during magmatic formation, and/or post-solidification mobilization and redistribution.

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32

Oberthur, T., F. Melcher, L. Gast, C. Wohrl, and J. Lodziak. "DETRITAL PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS IN RIVERS DRAINING THE EASTERN BUSHVELD COMPLEX, SOUTH AFRICA." Canadian Mineralogist 42, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 563–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.42.2.563.

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33

Melcher, F., T. Oberthur, and J. Lodziak. "MODIFICATION OF DETRITAL PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS FROM THE EASTERN BUSHVELD COMPLEX, SOUTH AFRICA." Canadian Mineralogist 43, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 1711–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.43.5.1711.

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34

CLARKE, B., R. UKEN, and J. REINHARDT. "THE GEOMETRY AND EMPLACEMENT MECHANICS OF A BUSHVELD COMPLEX PERIDOTITE BODY, SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 112, no. 2 (September 1, 2009): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.112.2.141.

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35

Buick, I. S., R. L. Gibson, I. Cartwright, R. Maas, T. Wallmach, and R. Uken. "Fluid flow in metacarbonates associated with emplacement of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 69-70 (June 2000): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-6742(00)00032-7.

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36

Zaccarini, Federica, and Giorgio Garuti. "Zoned Laurite from the Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa: “Hydrothermal” in Origin?" Minerals 10, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040373.

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Laurite, ideally (Ru,Os)S2, is a common accessory mineral in podiform and stratiform chromitites and, to a lesser extent, it also occurs in placer deposits and is associated with Ni-Cu magmatic sulfides. In this paper, we report on the occurrence of zoned laurite found in the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld layered intrusion, South Africa. The zoned laurite forms relatively large crystals of up to more than 100 µm, and occurs in contact between serpentine and sulfides, such as pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite, that contain small phases containing Pb and Cl. Some zoned crystals of laurite show a slight enrichment in Os in the rim, as typical of laurite that crystallized at magmatic stage, under decreasing temperature and increasing sulfur fugacity, in a thermal range of about 1300–1000 °C. However, most of the laurite from the Merensky Reef are characterized by an unusual zoning that involves local enrichment of As, Pt, Ir, and Fe. Comparison in terms of Ru-Os-Ir of the Merensky Reef zoned laurite with those found in the layered chromitites of the Bushveld and podiform chromitites reveals that they are enriched in Ir. The Merensky Reef zoned laurite also contain high amount of As (up to 9.72 wt%), Pt (up to 9.72 wt%) and Fe (up to 14.19 wt%). On the basis of its textural position, composition, and zoning, we can suggest that the zoned laurite of the Merensky Reef is “hydrothermal” in origin, having crystallized in the presence of a Cl- and As-rich hydrous solution, at temperatures much lower than those typical of the precipitation of magmatic laurite. Although, it remains to be seen whether the “hydrothermal” laurite precipitated directly from the hydrothermal fluid, or it represents the alteration product of a pre-existing laurite reacting with the hydrothermal solution.

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37

Prevec, Stephen A. "Igneous Rock Associations 23. The Bushveld Complex, South Africa: New Insights and Paradigms." Geoscience Canada 45, no. 3-4 (January 28, 2019): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2018.45.138.

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SUMMARYThe Bushveld Complex has continued to serve as the basis for study into the fundamental nature of petrological processes for layered intrusion formation and for oxide and sulphide hosted Platinum Group Element (PGE)–Cu–Ni ore deposits. These studies have included discoveries in terms of the physical extent of Bushveld magmatism, both laterally and internally. Lateral variations in the mafic to ultramafic Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Northern Lobe of the complex have also revealed petrologically distinctive Upper Critical Zone equivalent rocks (the so-called Flatreef) with enhanced contamination and mineralization traits that reflect a transition between Eastern and Western Lobe equivalent stratigraphy and Platreef-style complexity. Traditional magma mixing models have been re-examined in light of radiogenic isotopic evidence for crustal involvement early in the chromite precipitation or formation process, combined with evidence for associated heterogeneous fluid contents, cryptic layering profiles, and textural evidence. A wide variety of alternative ore-genesis models have been proposed as a consequence. The fundamental mechanics of magma chamber processes and the existence of the magma chamber as an entity have been called into question through various lines of evidence which have promoted the concept of progressive emplacement of the complex as a stack of not-necessarily-quite-sequentially intruded sills (with or without significant quantities of transported phenocrysts), emplaced into variably crystallized and compacted crystal-liquid mush mixtures, modified by compaction-driven late magmatic fluid (silicate and aqueous) activity. Alternatively, petrological and geochemical observations have been used to discount these interpretations in favour of more conventional cooling and gravity-driven accumulation of silicate and ore minerals in a large, liquid-dominated system.RÉSUMÉLe complexe de Bushveld a demeuré à la base d’études sur la nature fondamentale des processus pétrologiques de formation d’intrusions litées et des gîtes des éléments du groupe platine (ÉGP)-Cu-Ni hébergés dans les oxydes et les sulfures. Ces études ont comporté des découvertes sur l’étendue physique, à la fois latérale et interne, du magmatisme de Bushveld. Les variations latérales de la suite stratifiée et mafique à ultramafique Rustenburg du lobe nord du complexe ont également révélé des roches équivalentes pétrologiquement distinctes de la zone critique supérieure (le communément désigné Flatreef) avec des traits de contamination et de minéralisation accrus qui reflètent une transition entre la stratigraphie équivalente des lobes est et ouest et la complexité de type Platreef. Les modèles traditionnels de mélanges magmatiques ont été réexaminés à la lumière de preuves isotopiques radiogéniques indiquant une implication de la croûte au début du processus de précipitation ou de formation de la chromite, combinées à des preuves de contenu fluide hétérogène associé, de profils de litage cryptique et de preuves texturales. Ainsi, une grande variété de modèles alternatifs de genèse de minerai a été proposée. La mécanique fondamentale des processus de la chambre magmatique et l'existence de la chambre magmatique en tant qu'entité ont été remises en question au moyen de divers éléments de preuve qui ont mis en avant le concept de mise en place progressive du complexe sous forme d'un empilement non-nécessairement séquentiel de sills injectés (avec ou sans quantités significatives de phénocristaux transportés) mis en place dans des mélanges de bouillie cristaux/liquide à cristallisation et compaction variable, modifiés par une activité tardive de fluide magmatique (silicaté et aqueux) induite par la compaction. Alternativement, des observations pétrologiques et géochimiques ont été utilisées pour écarter ces interprétations en faveur d'un processus plus conventionnel de refroidissement et d’accumulation de minérais silicatés et minéralisés induite par la gravité dans un vaste système à dominance liquide.

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Schweitzer, J. K., C. J. Hatton, and S. A. De Waal. "Link between the granitic and volcanic rocks of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 24, no. 1-2 (January 1997): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(97)00029-8.

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Beukes, Johan P., Grizelda du Toit, Desmond Mabaso, Johan Hendriks, Ville Vakkari, Petri Tiitta, Jacobus J. Pienaar, Markku Kulmala, and Lauri Laakso. "Assessment of atmospheric trace metals in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa." South African Journal of Science 110, no. 3/4 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2014/20130280.

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CAWTHORN, R. G. "Origin of the Pegmatitic Pyroxenite in the Merensky Unit, Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of Petrology 47, no. 8 (March 31, 2006): 1509–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egl017.

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VanTongeren, J. A., and E. A. Mathez. "Large-scale liquid immiscibility at the top of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Geology 40, no. 6 (June 2012): 491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g32980.1.

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Arndt, Nicholas, George Jenner, Maryse Ohnenstetter, Etienne Deloule, and Alan H. Wilson. "Trace elements in the Merensky Reef and adjacent norites Bushveld Complex South Africa." Mineralium Deposita 40, no. 5 (November 26, 2005): 550–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-005-0030-x.

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Harne, Dirk M. W., and Gerhard Von Gruenewaldt. "Ore-forming processes in the upper part of the Bushveld complex, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 20, no. 2 (February 1995): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00034-q.

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44

Trumbull, R. B., L. D. Ashwal, S. J. Webb, and I. V. Veksler. "Drilling through the largest magma chamber on Earth: Bushveld Igneous Complex Drilling Project (BICDP)." Scientific Drilling 19 (May 29, 2015): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-19-33-2015.

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Abstract. A scientific drilling project in the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa has been proposed to contribute to the following scientific topics of the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP): large igneous provinces and mantle plumes, natural resources, volcanic systems and thermal regimes, and deep life. An interdisciplinary team of researchers from eight countries met in Johannesburg to exchange ideas about the scientific objectives and a drilling strategy to achieve them. The workshop identified drilling targets in each of the three main lobes of the Bushveld Complex, which will integrate existing drill cores with new boreholes to establish permanently curated and accessible reference profiles of the Bushveld Complex. Coordinated studies of this material will address fundamental questions related to the origin and evolution of parental Bushveld magma(s), the magma chamber processes that caused layering and ore formation, and the role of crust vs. mantle in the genesis of Bushveld granites and felsic volcanic units. Other objectives are to study geophysical and geodynamic aspects of the Bushveld intrusion, including crustal stresses and thermal gradient, and to determine the nature of deep groundwater systems and the biology of subsurface microbial communities.

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Cawthorn, R. Grant. "The Platinum Group Element Deposits of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa." Platinum Metals Review 54, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/147106710x520222.

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N.S., Rudashevsky, and Rudashevsky V.N. "New data on malanite and cuprorhodsite from chromitites of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Zapiski RMO (Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society) 148, no. 5 (2019): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30695/zrmo/2019.1485.07.

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Letts, Shawn, Trond H. Torsvik, Susan J. Webb, and Lewis D. Ashwal. "Palaeomagnetism of the 2054 Ma Bushveld Complex (South Africa): implications for emplacement and cooling." Geophysical Journal International 179, no. 2 (November 2009): 850–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2009.04346.x.

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Hayes, Ben, Grant M. Bybee, Mpho Mawela, Paul A. M. Nex, and Deon van Niekerk. "Residual Melt Extraction and Out-of-sequence Differentiation in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of Petrology 59, no. 12 (November 10, 2018): 2413–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egy101.

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Letts, S., T. H. Torsvik, S. J. Webb, L. D. Ashwal, E. A. Eide, and G. Chunnett. "Palaeomagnetism and40Ar/39Ar geochronology of mafic dykes from the eastern Bushveld Complex (South Africa)." Geophysical Journal International 162, no. 1 (July 2005): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2005.02632.x.

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Mangwegape, Mpho, Frederick Roelofse, Timothy Mock, and Richard W. Carlson. "The Sr-isotopic stratigraphy of the Northern Limb of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 113 (January 2016): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.10.016.

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