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Journal articles on the topic 'Structural construction; Solid Timber'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Dyer, D. B. Van. "Strength and efficiency of braced timber columns." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-019.

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A rational procedure for determining the strength of braced timber columns is presented. The theoretical development takes into account the effects of interlayer slip, a phenomenon characteristic of systems with nonrigid connections. Forty-five braced wood columns were fabricated and tested. Very good agreement was observed between experimental results and theoretical predictions. As a measure of efficiency, the braced column results are compared with equivalent layered and equivalent solid systems. Key words: buckling, columns, nails, braced columns, structural engineering, nonrigid connections, timber construction, wood columns, layered, solid.

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2

Harte, Annette M., Gordon Baylor, and Conan O’Ceallaigh. "Evaluation of the Mechanical Behaviour of Novel Latticed LVL-Webbed Joists." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 13, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801913010001.

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Background:Solid-web I-joists are some of the most commonly used engineered wood products in residential and commercial buildings for floor and roof assemblies. Web openings, which are required to accommodate services in a building, can reduce the shear capacity and structural integrity of the joists. Open-web joists, which do not require modifications on-site, can overcome this problem.Objective:The objective of this study is to create an all-timber open-web joist product utilising engineered timber with reduced environmental impact compared to existing I-joist products. Joists are manufactured by combining latticed web-components made from Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) with solid timber flanges. The structural performance of these novel joists is investigated.Methods:Bending and shear tests were carried out on latticed LVL-webbed I-joists of two different depths, namely, 241 mm and 305 mm. The load-displacement behaviour and failure mode were recorded. The characteristic bending moment and shear force capacity are compared to that of commercially available I-joist products manufactured with a solid web.Results:Failure of the I-joists was found to occur in the web, good load capacities were achieved and the response was predominantly linear elastic to failure. Joists manufactured using PRF adhesive were found to outperform those manufactured using UF adhesive.Conclusion:The latticed LVL web I-joists compared favourably with similar-sized solid-web I-joists with regard to moment and shear capacity and have been shown to be a suitable alternative to commercially available I-joists that can also facilitate openings for services without adversely affecting the structural integrity of the joist.

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3

Zhou, Hai Bin, Chuan Shuang Hu, and Jian Hui Zhou. "Thermal Degradation of Bending Properties of Structural Larch Wood." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1563.

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Wood is being used extensively in timber construction in China. It is important to understand its response when exposed to elevated temperatures. In fire-resistant design for timber construction, the main goal is to ensure that enough structural integrity is maintained during a fire to prevent structure collapse. To study the effect of temperature on bending strength (MOR) and stiffness (MOE) of solid clear wood from Chinese larch, a total of 108 samples with various target temperatures were tested in static bending under same temperatures to ensure the wood temperature to be sustained. The results indicated that exposure to sustained temperatures caused significant degradation of bending strength and stiffness. The degradation of chemical composition of larch wood happened after 170 °C and caused a serious drop in mechanical properties of larch wood after 225 °C. The bending strength and MOE of larch wood behaved negative linear relationship with temperatures before 100 °C.

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4

Van Dyer, D. B., and S. K. Malhotra. "Strength of spaced timber columns." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-004.

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A rational procedure for determining the strength of spaced timber columns is presented. The effect of interlayer slip, characteristic of layered systems with nonrigid connections, is considered in the theoretical development. A good agreement is observed between the theoretical predictions and experimental results of some 110 spaced columns. The effect of number of spacer blocks on column strength is investigated, and efficiency of various types of spaced columns is compared, first with respect to each other and then with respect to equivalent solid and layered systems. Finally, the theory is compared with design specifications given by CSA Standard CAN3-086-M80, "Code for engineering design in wood." Key words: bolts, buckling, columns (supports), design practice, efficiency, nails, nonrigid connection, spaced columns, split ring connectors, strength, structural engineering, tests, theory, timber construction.

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5

Fu, Haiyan, Xinyue Zhao, Patrick Adjei, Zheng Wang, and Xiaoli Wu. "STUDY AND ANALYSIS ON SOUND ABSORBING AND NOISE REDUCING PERFORMANCE OF TIMBER CONSTRUCTION WALL BASED ON ACOUSTIC SPIRAL MATASURFACE." WOOD RESEARCH 66(3) 2021 66, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.3.341352.

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Based on acoustic spiral metasurface, a spiral structural layer was designed to apply to timber construction interior wall. The sound absorption coefficient was measured by impedance tube method and compared with Helmholtz resonance structural layer, solid structural layer and air layer in traditional wall. The results show that the combination of the spiral structural layer and the wall can optimize the sound absorption performance of the wall in the medium and low frequency. Without reducing the overall sound-absorbing performance of the wall, can achieve perfect sound absorption in some medium and low frequency sound bands.

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6

Jasieńko, Jerzy, and Tomasz P. Nowak. "Solid timber beams strengthened with steel plates – Experimental studies." Construction and Building Materials 63 (July 2014): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.020.

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7

Seidi Demarchi Mikami, Adriano, and Larissa Queiroz Minillo. "ANÁLISE DO COMPORTAMENTO DE PEÇAS ESTRUTURAIS DE MADEIRA LAMINADA COLADA COM RESINA POLI-URETANA SUBMETIDAS À COMPRESSÃO AXIAL." COLLOQUIUM EXACTARUM 10, Especial (December 1, 2018): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ce.2018.v10.nesp.000160.

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The interest in replacing native wood with fast growing reforestation wood is recurrent, aiming at larger quantities of material in less time with no losses in its resistive properties. This paper consists in comparing the behavior of in natura structural timber parts with glued laminated timber, made with polyurethane resin based on castor oil, with regard to the resistance to axial compression. The assembly process of these pieces aims to achieve a similar or even superior resistance to the solid ones, considering that the MLC method allows the construction of structural pieces of many sizes and formats using different pieces of wood. Two this end, two species of wood, Pinus and Eucalyptus will be compared. The polyurethane resin, manufactured by the company Imperveg, was used in the process of glueing the stacks together. Evaluations will be performed according to NBR7190 (1997) aiming to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of the pieces and the results obtained will be submitted to statistical analysis by the Anova method.

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8

Steiger, R. "Bending moment and axial force interacting on solid timber beams." Materials and Structures 38, no. 279 (March 9, 2005): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/14312.

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9

Steiger, R., and M. Fontana. "Bending moment and axial force interacting on solid timber beams." Materials and Structures 38, no. 5 (June 2005): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02479541.

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10

Lara-Bocanegra, Antonio José, Almudena Majano-Majano, Francisco Arriaga, and Manuel Guaita. "Eucalyptus globulus finger jointed solid timber and glued laminated timber with superior mechanical properties: Characterisation and application in strained gridshells." Construction and Building Materials 265 (December 2020): 120355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120355.

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11

Vogiatzis, Tzanetis, Themistoklis Tsalkatidis, and Aris Avdelas. "Steel framed structures with cross laminated timber infill shear walls and semi-rigid connections." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 8, no. 4 (October 19, 2019): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v8i4.29742.

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In recent years, hybrid steel-timber structures are seeing an increasing use in modern building construction at a competitive price. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a prefabricated multi-layer engineered panel wood product, manufactured by gluing layers of solid-sawn lumber at perpendicular angles. Their orientation results in excellent structural rigidity in both orthogonal directions. CLT construction materials are used not only for flooring systems and roof assemblies, but CLT infill shear walls are also gaining a lot of interest as a promising alternative for sustainable primary lateral load resistance systems. This paper extends the current research background on hybrid steel-timber structures. To achieve that, this work is conducted in such way as to explore the potentiality of incorporating CLT infill shear walls within steel framed structures with semi-rigid connections (STSW). In particular, a three-dimensional finite element model using the general-purpose finite ele-ment program ANSYS is generated herein to study the mechanical behaviour of a single-bay, two storey STSW system with semi-rigid connections. Analytical results show that the presence of CLT infill shear walls can significantly improve the performance of moment-resisting frame systems, for multi-storey buildings. Moreover, it is observed from the extended parametrical study that the STSW systems show better performance when an appropriate plastic moment ratio index is defined.

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12

Lanivschi, Cristina E., Alexandru Secu, and Gabriela M. Atanasiu. "Numerical Analysis of a Rigid Node of a Spatial Timber Frame Made of Structural Elements with Built-up Cross-Sections." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.639.

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Considering wood currently used in construction domain, it may be observed that it possesses good strengths, but reduced modules of elasticity. This drawback may be prevented by creating structures with rigid nodes or by using hybrid or composed cross-sections for the structural elements.The paper consists of numerical analysis of a timber frame with rigid nodes, assuming composed cross-sections for the structural elements, made of four props with cross-sectional dimensions of 0.1x0.1 m each - for columns and two chords of 0.1x0.1 m each - for beams.Analyzing this type of structures by considering equivalent cross sections` properties of the structural elements, the real phenomena may not be covered, since it doesn`t consider all elastic characteristics of wood, resulting in different stress` distribution in the structural elements.The analyze of this structure considering both real solid cross-sections and all elastic properties of wood by using specialized software, leads to a laborious work because of the high number of finite elements. Thereby, a two-step analysis is proposed: the first one consists in solving the spatial timber frame with bar type finite elements and the elastic properties parallel to the grain, as provided by design codes. In the second step, an intermediary node is detached and loaded with the internal forces obtained from the first step, considering all elastic parameters of wood and using solid type finite elements.Currently, in the design process, only the first step in performed. The two-step analysis aims to compare the results with those obtained using the strength of materials methods, relieving the necessary corrections in the case of one-step design process.

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13

Wakefield, T., Y. He, and V. P. Dowling. "An experimental study of solid timber external wall performance under simulated bushfire attack." Building and Environment 44, no. 10 (October 2009): 2150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.03.005.

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14

Mofidi, Amir, Judith Abila, and Jackson Tsz Ming Ng. "Novel Advanced Composite Bamboo Structural Members with Bio-Based and Synthetic Matrices for Sustainable Construction." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 22, 2020): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062485.

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This paper experimentally investigates the properties of unprecedented new advanced composite structural members in compressions made of bamboo culms formed with different bio-based and synthetic matrices. Due to extensive CO2 emissions corresponded to the production of construction materials, it is essential to produce high-performance environmental-friendly construction materials from bio-based renewable resources such as bamboo. However, the use of bamboo culms in construction has been hindered by their inherent specific geometric hollow shape. To address this issue, small-diameter bamboo species were used in this study to form solid structural composite cross-sections to desired shapes. An experimental study was conducted on the compressive properties of six composite structural members made of commonly available bamboo species (Phyllostachys edulis or Moso) with different matrices including a bio-based furan resin, a cementitious grout, and epoxy. In order to prevent premature buckling of bamboo components within the engineered columns, and in an attempt to propose a bio-based structural column, three layers of hemp wrap where applied to provide confinement for bamboo culms. The results of the tests confirm that the bamboo-furan and bamboo-grout composite columns both have the potential to reach a remarkable compressive strength of 30 MPa. However, the bamboo-epoxy composite specimen, considering the excellent mechanical properties of the epoxy matrix, delivered a benchmark to demonstrate the potentials of bamboo-based structural sections by reaching 76 MPa compressive strength before crushing. The bamboo-epoxy composite provided new prospects for future work on the 100% bio-based versions of the bamboo-based sections with improved bio-matrices (by using bio-epoxy and improved furan resins with compatible mixes) and innovative confinement types. With the promising results of this study, there is a real opportunity of creating contemporary engineered bamboo-based structures as a sustainable replacement to the existing steel, concrete and timber structures.

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15

Yakovleva, E., and Alisher Subkhonberdiev. "THE MARKET POTENTIAL OF INNOVATIVE FOREST PRODUCTS." Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century: theory and practice 8, no. 1 (October 26, 2020): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2020-375-379.

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The article summarizes the data on the competitive advantages of innovative forest products in Russia and abroad. It is noted that the Russian market is not completely ready for innovative products that have been intensively developed recently. To ensure universal promotion of new products, it is necessary to use a system of product standardization, improve staff skills, and increase consumer literacy. The problem is that many innovative products are developed abroad and enter the Russian market as a result of foreign investment in the Russian timber industry. The production of composite structural wood materials is due to the fact that in some regions of the world there is a large proportion of low-quality wood raw materials, which cannot be used in industry in the form of balances, technological raw materials and firewood. Innovative technologies make it possible to obtain construction and structural materials from low-quality wood raw materials, in which there are no shortcomings of solid wood. New structural wood materials fill specific market niches, leading to deeper market differentiation. The price factor largely determines the demand for innovative products in the domestic market, otherwise, excess volumes of products are exported to foreign markets.

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16

Bilyk, S. I., and D. V. Mykhaіlovskyi. "Engineering methods for calculation of elements from combined glued timber." Ukrainian Journal of Forest and Wood Science 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/forest2020.02.079.

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Extensive world experience in the implementation of building structures made of timber, in particular glued timber, for various purposes confirms the feasibility of their use. This is facilitated by the fact that glued timber effectively accumulates the positive properties of timber as a structural material level the shortcomings of solid timber. One of the types of constructions of glued timber are constructions of combined glued timber. Taking into account the structure and features of elements of combined glued timber of rectangular cross section, for a detailed analysis of the stress-strain state, a method is proposed, which consists in applying to standard formulas for calculating the reduced cross-sectional characteristics: reduced area, reduced moment of inertia, reduced moment of resistance. To calculation, the elements of combined glued timber of rectangular cross section according to the second limit state (serviceability), it is proposed to use the reduced modulus of elasticity of the section to the boards of the outer layers. To analyze the proposed method, a number of numerical studies of beams of combined and glued timber of the same strength class using analytical calculation methods and using the finite element method in the software package LIRA-CAD, using three-dimensional and flat finite elements. Numerical studies show that the results of calculations of beams of combined glued and glued timber of the same strength class differ within 20% in the direction of increasing the values of deflections and normal stresses in the elements of combined glued timber. Finite element calculations in the software package LIRA-CAD beams of combined and glued timber of the same strength class modeled volumetric and flat showed almost complete coincidence of results with a discrepancy of up to 2%, which suggests the need to significantly simplify the modeling, set elements from glued timber with flat finite elements. It is confirmed that the analytical calculation of beams of combined glued timber is recommended to be carried out according to the proposed method. The proposed technique allows to take into account the thickness and mechanical characteristics for the strength class of each board of which the glued cross section of the element, which significantly expands the range of use of combined glued timber. The high level of coincidence (within 5%) of the proposed analytical method with determination of the given cross-sectional characteristics with the results obtained by the finite element method for different cross-sections and spans of beams is confirmed, which allows to assert the expediency of its application in engineering calculations. In addition, the modeling of structures made of combined glued timber is possible with rod elements with the provision of the reduced modulus of elasticity according to the proposed method, which greatly simplifies the calculation of complex rod systems.

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17

Mikhailovsky, Denis, Tatiana Skliarova, and Bogdan Bondarchuk. "ARCHES WITH GLUED WOOD. THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 60 (April 26, 2021): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.60.247-267.

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Building structures made of solid and glued timber have long been widely used in many countries of the world, they have existed for several centuries. Their appearance is due to the fact that the available material, wood of natural origin, often could not be obtained with the desired section and quality. The simplest solution to this problem was the flaking of wooden fragments into one solid monolithic element. With the advent of effective technologies, all kinds of production of a large number of various wooden structures appeared, which opened up much more opportunities for designing with glued timber, and its ability to bend and fit into the desired shape, contributed to their use in the manufacture of arched structures. The arch is one of the most interesting and effective designs, the shape of an arch is very common in nature, which speaks of a bionic approach to design, which, by its form, bears both aesthetic and practical significance. Arches have been used by mankind since ancient times, and to be precise, they first appeared in the II millennium BC in the architecture of the Ancient East, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Mesopotamia, ancient and Hellenic Syria, and continue to be used to this day, which speaks of their eternal relevance and the need for further improvement and development of this constructive form. The paper considers the process of formation and development of arched structures, in general, and in particular from wood. This work will be able to help to more accurately understand the processes that have influenced, influence and will influence the calculation and design of arched structures, which in turn will help formulate a more competent approach to the design and modification of this structural form. Also, the advantages of glued timber design, its best application in construction and architecture, as well as the advantages of using arched structures will be revealed again.

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18

WIERUSZEWSKI, MAREK, RADOSŁAW MIRSKI, and ADRIAN TROCIŃSKI. "Raw material factors affecting the quota of structural wood in sawmill production." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 107 (September 30, 2019): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7639.

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Construction wood has to meet high requirements for loads capacity. Thanks to the selection and adequate classification of raw materials it is possible to decide how specific wood products can and should be used. The usage of solid wood for structural elements purposes has been precisely classified and specified in standardized requirements. Twelve classes of structural timber, ranging from C14 to C50, have been identified for softwood. Only part of Polish raw wood meets the standards of strength classes required in the building industry, as its strength corresponds to classes C24 and C30. A conclusion from research on the assortment structure of the raw materials in Poland was formed that it is particularly important to sort wood effectively according to its quality and intended use during processing. The material and strength efficiency is the main indicator of rational use of wood. The research resulted in setting the initial classification limits of selected round wood groups according to its strength. Properties determining the possibilities of obtaining a high quality product from the available raw wood material were taken into account in the research. Crucial factor was to select the proper research technology of determining dependencies between the applied research methodology and the defined wood quality, sorting class and strength class. The lower limit of availability of raw material with appropriate technical characteristics is determined during the selection of the research formula.

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19

Autengruber, Maximilian, Markus Lukacevic, Christof Gröstlinger, and Josef Füssl. "Finite-element-based prediction of moisture-induced crack patterns for cross sections of solid wood and glued laminated timber exposed to a realistic climate condition." Construction and Building Materials 271 (February 2021): 121775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121775.

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20

De Silva, S., and V. Liyanage. "Suitability of finger jointed structural timber for construction." Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2019.03131142.

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21

Leicester, R. H. "Engineered durability for timber construction." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 3, no. 3 (2001): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pse.72.

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22

Buchanan, Andrew H. "Fire performance of timber construction." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 2, no. 3 (2000): 278–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1528-2716(200007/09)2:3<278::aid-pse33>3.0.co;2-p.

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23

Žegarac Leskovar, Vesna, and Miroslav Premrov. "A Review of Architectural and Structural Design Typologies of Multi-Storey Timber Buildings in Europe." Forests 12, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060757.

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Numerous countries across the globe have witnessed the recent decades’ trend of multi-storey timber buildings on the rise, owing to advances in engineering sciences and timber construction technologies. Despite the growth and numerous advantages of timber construction, the global scale of multi-storey timber construction is still relatively low compared to reinforced concrete and steel construction. One of the reasons for a lower share of high-rise timber buildings lies in the complexity of their design, where the architectural design, the selection of a suitable structural system, and the energy efficiency concept strongly depend on the specific features of the location, particularly climate conditions, wind exposure, and seismic hazard. The aforementioned shows the need for a comprehensive study on existing multi-storey timber buildings, which correspond to the boundary conditions in a certain environment, to determine the suitability of such a construction in view of its adjustment to local contexts. Apart from exposing the problems and advantages of such construction, the current paper provides a brief overview of high-rise timber buildings in Europe. Moreover, it addresses the complexity of the design approach to multi-storey timber buildings in general. The second part of the paper highlights the importance of synthesising the architectural, energy, and structural solutions through a detailed analysis of three selected case studies. The findings of the paper provide an expanded view of knowledge of the design of tall timber buildings, which can significantly contribute to a greater and better exploitation of the potential of timber construction in Europe and elsewhere.

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24

Smith, Ian, and Monica A. Snow. "Timber: An ancient construction material with a bright future." Forestry Chronicle 84, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc84504-4.

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Since before recorded history mankind has used timber for construction and, in "tree rich" rural societies, timber has remained a primary construction material ever since. This reflects the ease with which it can be sourced, its excellent mechanical properties, light weight and easiness to shape. However, over the centuries there has developed widespread aversion within the world's burgeoning urban areas to using timber, because construction practices led to poor fire performance if timber was used. Urbanized societies essentially forgot over recent centuries that if used properly timber is a high-performance construction material. Modern advances in construction know-how and fire suppression techniques coupled with concerns over sustainability of other options, have created conditions wherein timber is re-emerging as a major construction material. Timber has begun to be used in construction of relatively tall urban buildings, rather than being regarded as only suitable for small buildings, and occasional large showpieces that are well isolated from neighbouring structures. This paper summarizes the story of the discovery, diminution and beginnings of re-emergence of timber as a major structural and construction material, and links that to contemporary research at the University of New Brunswick and collaborating institutions. Key words: design, fire, fire engineering, performance-based design, seismic response, structural design, structural response, timber, timber engineering, urbanization, wood

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25

Lin, Ng Yee, Zahiruddin Fitri Abu Hassan, and Imaduddin Abdul Halim. "RECYCLING OF CONSTRUCTION TIMBER WASTE TO ENERGY : A CASE STUDY IN SWCORP." Journal of Surveying, Construction & Property 12, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jscp.vol12no1.1.

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In recent years, there are increasing environmental issue due to the construction waste especially in Malaysia. Timber waste has covered two thirds percentage of the construction waste. Hence, potential on construction timber waste recycling to energy specifically in Malaysia under the states with solid waste managed by Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Corporation (SWCorp) is being studied. The research objectives are to investigate the improvement factors and current practices by the timber waste contractors in Malaysia. The study was conducted using a mixed method research approach to SWCorp officer, timber waste contractors and timber recycling center representatives to discover in depth the timber waste recycling to energy in Malaysia. The findings for the improvement factors from the current practices are authority enforcement, revenue from selling the timber waste, limitation of landfill spaces and public awareness. It is targeted that the research findings and recommendations will be useful for the waste authority, timber waste contractors and the public to reduce the timber waste being sent to landfill.

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26

Johansson, Germund, Robert Kliger, and Mikael Perstorper. "Structural Sawn Timber Quality Requirements." Structural Engineering International 3, no. 2 (May 1993): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686693780612411.

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27

Ceccotti, Ario. "Structural Timber: Characteristics and Testing." Structural Engineering International 3, no. 2 (May 1993): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686693780612457.

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28

Kandler, Georg, Markus Lukacevic, Sebastian Wolff, and Josef Füssl. "Stochastic engineering framework for timber structural elements." Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 113 (September 2018): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/best.201800055.

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29

Haller, Peer, and Chi-Jen Chen. "Textile-Reinforced Joints in Timber Construction." Structural Engineering International 9, no. 4 (November 1999): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686699780481736.

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30

Far, Harry, and Claire Far. "Timber Portal Frames vs Timber Truss-Based Systems for Residential Buildings." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (July 28, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9047679.

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A large number of structures have been built during or after the construction of a house or residential-zoned building, which are not built at the same time and/or integrally with the structural integrity of the residential dwelling. These include carports, pergolas, sheds, and barns. The typical method of constructing these structures is a general timber truss and column system. The aim of this study is to look at the feasibility and economic incentive that may be gained from using a timber portal frame system, similar to the steel or timber portal frames used for larger industrial constructions, over the traditional timber truss and column arrangement. In this study, designs for three cases of timber truss and timber portals were carried out using industry appropriate methods and standards. Using the design information and data gathered through talks with industry professionals, both methods of construction were compared on cost and overall time duration. From the comparison of the truss and portal designs, the use of timber portal frames over timber truss systems proved to have advantage in relation to overall cost and man power involved. This could certainly affect the current attitude towards the construction of small residential buildings in the future.

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31

Cheung, Kevin C. K. "Multi-Storey Timber and Mixed Timber–RC/Steel Construction in USA." Structural Engineering International 18, no. 2 (May 2008): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686608784218699.

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32

Karjalainen, Markku, Hüseyin Emre Ilgın, and Lassi Tulonen. "Main Design Considerations and Prospects of Contemporary Tall Timber Apartment Buildings: Views of Key Professionals from Finland." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 6593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126593.

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As a result of increasing urbanization, the need for sustainable housing, e.g., tall (over eight-story) timber apartments, is increasing in Finland. Leveraging the experience of key Finnish professionals plays a significant role in the transition and expansion of sustainable timber housing as an essential part of the forest-based bioeconomy. This interview-based study will serve to fill a gap by examining the views of key professionals with experience in tall timber residential construction, using Finland as a case study. The 21 interviews primarily highlighted that: (1) the construction cost was the most important parameter affecting the architectural and structural design; (2) the most critical consideration influencing the overall design was reported to be the structural system selection and structural design, followed by city planning and client control; (3) key professionals assessed the building’s form and the main dimensions of the building’s mass as the most significant parameters affected by timber construction; (4) the main structural considerations that needed to be developed for tall timber housing were the bracing solutions and fittings, the structures of the intermediate floors, and load-bearing vertical/partition structures; (5) construction preconceptions, the lack of cost-competitiveness, and the lack of construction expertise/actors were considered to be major obstacles; (6) the most important parameters for the future of tall timber apartment buildings were reported to be education, timber construction marketing and public awareness, land delivery conditions, the unification of public administration, and financial support; (7) tall timber building design was reported to be a complex subject that requires close collaboration, especially between the architect, the structural designer and the wood supplier. This paper will help us to understand the boundary conditions affecting the design, the development needs in solutions, the importance of design parameters, the design parameters affected by timber construction, and the prospects, measures and obstacles to tall timber apartments from the perspectives of key Finnish professionals, thereby aiding the sound planning and development of tall timber housing projects.

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Fernando, Dilum, JG Teng, Joseph Gattas, and Michael Heitzmann. "Hybrid fibre-reinforced polymer–timber thin-walled structural members." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 9 (December 15, 2017): 1409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433217739709.

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The increasing interest in timber as a sustainable construction material has led to the development of a new type of structures referred to as ‘hybrid fibre-reinforced polymer–timber thin-walled structures’. In these structures, thin layers of fibre-reinforced polymer are combined with timber veneers to create high-performance, lightweight and easy-to-construct structural members. This new type of structural members harnesses the orthotropic properties of both timber and fibre-reinforced polymer by appropriately orientating material fibre directions for optimal composite properties as well as efficient thin-walled cross-sectional shapes. Hybrid fibre-reinforced polymer–timber thin-walled members can be used in many applications such as load-bearing walls, roofs, floor panels and bridge decks. This article describes several novel hybrid fibre-reinforced polymer–timber structural member forms and presents results from a preliminary experimental investigation into the compressive behaviour of hybrid fibre-reinforced polymer–timber wall panels. A comparison of behaviour between a hybrid fibre-reinforced polymer–timber wall panel and a pure timber wall panel is presented to show that the hybrid fibre-reinforced polymer–timber system significantly outperforms the pure timber system in terms of both load resistance and axial strain at failure.

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C.R. Coggins. "Timber preservation in building and construction." Construction and Building Materials 3, no. 3 (September 1989): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(89)90001-9.

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Globa, Anastasia, Mahbube Subhani, Jules Moloney, and Riyadh Al-Ameri. "Carbon Fiber and Structural Timber Composites for Engineering and Construction." Journal of Architectural Engineering 24, no. 3 (September 2018): 04018018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000318.

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36

Nogueira, Marta C. J. A., Victor A. de Araujo, Juliano S. Vasconcelos, André L. Christoforo, and Francisco A. R. Lahr. "Evaluation of Eucalyptus triantha Timber for Structural Applications." Silva Lusitana 28, no. 1 (2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/silu/20202801001.

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Eucalypt wood is an important raw material with multiple uses applied for furniture, pulp and paper, charcoal, biomass, and construction. Sixteen tests were performed to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus triantha, which could estimate the possibility of utilization of this woody material in construction. In all, about 267 repeats were realized. Two moisture contents were regarded according to the Brazilian and American standard documents: fiber saturation point (30%) and standard dried point (12%). Results were statistically treated with t-test and demonstrated increases in six mechanical properties from Eucalyptus triantha wood species: rupture moduli in perpendicular and parallel compressions and static bending; elasticity moduli in parallel tensile, perpendicular compression, and static bending. Volumetric mass and bulk densities were practically stable. Physical and mechanical properties estimation evinced that Eucalyptus triantha wood can be used in structural elements.

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Mettem, C. J., R. J. Bainbridge, G. C. Pitts, and V. Enjily. "Timber frame construction for medium-rise buildings." Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 1, no. 3 (April 1998): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pse.2260010306.

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Gosselin, Annie, Pierre Blanchet, Nadia Lehoux, and Yan Cimon. "Collaboration Enables Innovative Timber Structure Adoption in Construction." Buildings 8, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8120183.

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Timber structures in construction have become more popular in recent years. Nevertheless, besides the complexity of designing, contracting and building these structures, a barrier to their market growth is the complexity of their supply chain relationships encompassing architects, engineers, builders and suppliers. The objective of this study is therefore to identify and characterize the supply chain relationships shared by these stakeholders within a massive timber construction project. Twenty-seven semi-structured interviews with architects, structural engineers, builders and timber element suppliers from nine countries, participant observations and secondary data were used to study the various relationship levels involved in timber construction projects. Triangulation and qualitative data analysis were also conducted. Three levels of relationships were then identified: “Contractual,” “Massive timber construction project” and “Massive timber construction industry development.” Results showed that timber structures involve value-added stakeholder relationships rather than linear relationships. These relationships appeared closer and more frequent and involved knowledge and information sharing. Furthermore, prefabricated systems allow for smoother relationships by limiting the number of stakeholders while promoting innovative thinking.

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Hammoud, Jad, and Elise Abi Rached. "Evolution of Floor Construction System in Beirut (1840-1940)." International Journal of Applied Science 3, no. 2 (May 21, 2020): p12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ijas.v3n2p12.

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This article is going to deal with the evolution of floor structural systems; traditional structural systems during the late Ottoman period and the concrete structural systems during the French mandate period in Beirut. Beyond this, natural constraint timber materials used in the late nineteenth century and the available concrete materials used in the early twentieth century can direct influence the evolution of the floor structural systems which became an integral part of architectural design and typology. Structural principles of traditional floor construction techniques will be characterized and assessed in eight case studies tracing its structural systems in terms of their evolution. The subject matter will be approached in a descriptive manner for floor structural systems and the determination of mechanical properties of timber.

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Leitnerová, Soňa, Juraj Olbřímek, and Dušan Jankovič. "Divide of Cavity in Timber Frame Construction." Advanced Materials Research 855 (December 2013): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.855.211.

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The issue of calculating the fire resistance of timber structures is discussed in detail in European Standard EN 1995-1-2. In the calculation it is possible to combine different materials, joints and effect of cavities on the spread of fire. The problem occurs if the design is underestimated, the realization of construction or choice of materials. Improperly designed geometry, poorly chosen materials, products or systems contribute to the intensity of the fire. It is important to remember properties of the individual components of a structural element and subsequent interaction during a fire. Article simply analyses the impacts of possible choices of different products and their behavior in fire. The article is based on EN 1995-1-2:2004 [.

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Popovski, Marjan, Helmut G. L. Prion, and Erol Karacabeyli. "Seismic performance of connections in heavy timber construction." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 29, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-020.

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Results from monotonic and quasi-static cyclic tests on connections used in heavy timber construction are presented for two types of fasteners: steel bolts and glulam rivets. Bolted connections with three different diameter bolts, arranged in several configurations, as well as two different configurations of glulam rivet connections were tested. All configurations included a main glulam member and two steel side plates. For bolted connections, the seismic behaviour was found to be primarily dependent on the bolt slenderness ratio. Bolted connections with higher slenderness ratios (smaller diameter bolts) exhibited more ductile behaviour with considerable steel yielding and wood crushing before failure. Glulam riveted connections, which were designed in rivet failure mode, showed superior seismic performance when compared to bolted connections for similar design load levels. Riveted connections were also able to dissipate the highest amount of input energy before the failure was reached.Key words: timber connections, glulam rivets, bolts, ductility, timber, wood, braced frames, seismic performance, heavy timber construction.

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Edlund, Bo. "Timber Structures." Structural Engineering International 3, no. 2 (May 1993): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686693780612439.

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Sonntag, Daniel, Simon Bechert, and Jan Knippers. "Biomimetic timber shells made of bending-active segments." International Journal of Space Structures 32, no. 3-4 (June 2017): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266351117746266.

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In the research field of segmented timber shells, two construction systems have lately received much attention, which both expose interesting structural and constructional characteristics: planar plate structures made of thin plywood and actively bent plywood structures. The research presented in this article combines elements of both approaches, resulting in a construction system for segmented shell structures with elastically bent elements. The increasing complexity of this approach requires a sophisticated design process, which integrates fabrication constraints as well as structural feedback. As a consequence, form-finding strategies of bending-active timber shells are discussed, with a special focus on the programming of the stiffness distribution in order to fulfil geometrical requirements. The authors also reflect on the specific structural challenges of joining thin sheets of plywood by transferring traditional textile connection methods to timber construction. Investigations of biological role models such as the sand dollar led to transfers of constructional principles on different levels. The resulting construction system was validated through the design and construction of a full-scale architectural prototype.

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Drummond, I., A. Kermani, and S. C. Wamuziri. "Reliability of timber structural systems: a review." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 146, no. 1 (February 2001): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2001.146.1.101.

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Blumer, Hermann, and Renü Wölfl. "Optimisation of Timber Domes as Structural Forms." Structural Engineering International 10, no. 3 (August 2000): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686600780481491.

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Abe, Masaru, and Mamoru Kawaguchi. "Structural Development of the Japanese Timber Pagoda." Structural Engineering International 5, no. 4 (November 1995): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686695780600836.

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Dodoo, Ambrose. "Lifecycle Impacts of Structural Frame Materials for Multi-storey Building Systems." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 24, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.24.1.23229.

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In this study the lifecycle primary energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) implications of multi-storeybuilding versions with different structural frame materials as well as construction systems are analysedconsidering flows from the production, operation and end-of-life phases and the full natural resourceschains. The analysed building versions include conventional and modern construction systems withlight-frame timber, reinforced concrete-frame, massive timber frame, beam-and-column timber frameor modular timber frame structural systems and are designed to the energy efficiency level of thepassive house criteria. The results show that the lifecycle primary energy use and GHG emissions forthe reinforced concrete building system are higher than those for the timber-based building systems,due primarily to the lower production primary energy use and GHG emissions as well as greater amountof biomass residues when using wood-based materials. The operation primary energy use and GHGemission for the buildings are lower when heated with cogenerated district heating compared to whenheated with electric-based heat pump, showing the significance of heat supply choice. The findingsemphasize the importance of structural frame material choice and system-wide lifecycle perspective inreducing primary energy use and GHG emissions in the built environment.

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Wang, Zhao Xia, and De Xin Zong. "Structural Innovation and Form Expression for New-Type Large-Span Timber Building." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 2066–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.2066.

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Promoted by modern material and construction technology, various ingenious structural forms are created with wide use of glued-laminated timber in large-span building. On the analysis of some classical cases for large-span timber structure, this paper expounds the design thoughts and technical features of employing structure as the main body of building space form and presents the idea of integrating large-span timber structural innovation with the spatial forms.

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Deng, Hua, and Shunli Yang. "Geometric Construction and Static Analysis on Timber-Arched Structural System of Shouning Timber-Arched Lounge Bridge." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 371 (December 13, 2019): 022049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/371/2/022049.

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Li, Zheng, Ruirui Zhou, Minjuan He, and Xiaofeng Sun. "Modern timber construction technology and engineering applications in China." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 172, no. 5 (May 2019): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcien.18.00024.

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