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Journal articles on the topic 'Structural damage to bridges'
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1
Murakami, Keisuke, Yoshiko Sakamoto, and Tetsuya Nonaka. "ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF SLAB BRIDGE DAMAGES CAUSED BY TSUNAMI FLOW." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (October 25, 2012): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.structures.42.
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Tsunami caused by Tohoku earthquake in 2011 had brought fatal damages on many kinds of infrastructures such as ports, roads, bridges, lifelines and other important structures. Among those damages, we have found many bridges whose superstructure was flooded away by tsunami flow. This study proposes a composite simulation method in order to investigate the damage on bridges caused by tsunami action. The numerical method consists of a hydraulic analysis and a structural one. The proposed method is applied to the damaged bridge whose superstructure was flooded away by Tohoku earthquake tsunami. Based on the structural analysis, this study discusses the mechanism of damage caused by tsunami flow. Furthermore, this study confirms the validity of hydraulic analysis through physical experiment.
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Kawashima, Kazuhiko, and Ian Buckle. "Structural Performance of Bridges in the Tohoku-Oki Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 29, no. 1_suppl (March 2013): 315–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000129.
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Including minor nonstructural damage, over 1,500 highway bridges and numerous rail bridges were damaged during the Tohoku-oki earthquake of 11 March 2011. The causes of this damage can be broadly classified in two categories: ground shaking, including ground failure (liquefaction); and tsunami inundation. Damage included span unseating, column shear and flexural failures, approach fill erosion, liquefaction induced settlement, and failed steel and elastomeric bearings. Since many bridges in the north Miyagi-ken and south Iwate-ken suffered extensive damage during the 1978 Miyagi-ken-oki earthquake, bridge performance during the 2011 earthquake is of particular interest. Advances in design and retrofit may be assessed by looking at the performance of bridges designed to post-1990 codes and those retrofitted since the Kobe earthquake in 1995. In both categories, bridge damage due to ground shaking was minor, thus validating the provisions in the post-1990 codes and the Japan bridge retrofit program. Damage that did occur due to ground shaking was mainly to bridges not yet retrofitted or only partly so. Tsunami-related damage included complete loss of span and erosion of backfills. However, many bridges survived, despite being totally submerged, and their performance gives insight into the potential design of tsunami-resistant bridges.
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Svendsen, Bjørn T., Gunnstein T. Frøseth, and Anders Rönnquist. "Damage Detection Applied to a Full-Scale Steel Bridge Using Temporal Moments." Shock and Vibration 2020 (February 27, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3083752.
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The most common damages in existing highway and railway steel bridges are related to fatigue and are, as reported in the literature, found in the structural system of the bridge deck. This paper proposes a methodology for detecting damaged joint connections in existing steel bridges to improve the quality of bridge inspections. The methodology combines the use of temporal moments from response measurements with an appropriate instrumentation setup. Damaged joint connections are identified by comparing statistical parameters based on temporal moments to a baseline, where the baseline data are established from statistical parameters evaluated for all considered joint connections. Localization of damaged joint connections is performed by utilizing the instrumentation setup. The feasibility of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through an experimental study on a full-scale steel riveted truss bridge with two known damages below the bridge deck, where both damages are identified and localized. The proposed methodology can improve the identification of critical structural damage during bridge inspections and is applicable to open-deck steel bridges.
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Fitriani, Heni, M. Ade Surya Pratama, Yakni Idris, and Gunawan Tanzil. "Determination of prioritization for maintenance of the upper structure of truss bridge." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927601036.
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Bridge maintenance is one of the major issues of infrastructure problems. Deterioration of a bridge’s structure will continuously increase without proper maintenance. This condition will adversely affect the service life of a bridge. Moreover, the damage will also have a direct impact on structural and functional failure of the bridge. This paper aims at identifying the damages of truss bridges and determining the most significant criteria and sub-criteria used in prioritizing bridge maintenance. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assess the most important criteria that give significant weight to bridge maintenance analysis. The objects of research were nine truss bridges with a wide range of types and levels of damage. It was found that there were approximately 900 m' of components damaged at the railing of Baruga Bridge and 227 m' truss damages due to poor quality of the galvanized paint. Furthermore, based on the analysis, the most significant criteria were the level of damage (27.6%), the technical aspects (25.7%), the finance (21%), the vehicle load (13.6%) and the resources (12%). The results of this research showed important findings in determining the priority scales for bridge repair and maintenance systems.
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Hu, Zhi Jian, and Chao Liu. "Blast Loads on Concrete Bridges." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.445.
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Nowadays few current studies on blast effects are executed with real bridge structures for economic and social reasons. This paper analyzes the blast loadings on concrete bridges and offers five characteristics: uncertainty, significant structural response, mechanic differences, rapid overpressure decay, and confinement effects. Then with the further study for blast loads fundamentals and real bridge inspection, the damage forms for concrete bridges under blast loadings have been obtained, i.e. localized damage are the main structural damages and fragmentation loads can be neglected when explosions detonated above deck. Furthermore, due to the collapse or fallen of the structural components or segments secondary damages, like collisions and restraining blocks destruction, must be kept an eye on.
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Xiao, Xiang, Yu Yan, and Zhijian Hu. "Effect of random structural damage on vehicle–track–bridge coupled response." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 29, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789519860203.
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With the rapid development of high-speed railway construction around the world, the structural damage problem of tracks and bridges has attracted more and more attention. In this paper, considering the random structural damages of tracks and bridges, an efficient computational procedure is developed based on the probability density evolution method to systematically investigate the random characteristics of the dynamic responses varying with the damages in vehicle–track–bridge time-dependent systems. Firstly, a vehicle–track–bridge dynamic model with random structural damage parameters is established, and the random motion equations are derived based on the generalized energy principle. Then, the probability density evolution equation for each random response is established and the random feature is investigated by the proposed computational procedure. Finally, the representative numerical examples are applied and some conclusions for the effects of the random structural damages on the dynamic responses of the vehicle–track–bridge systems are presented.
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Zhang, Yunkai, Qingli Xie, Guohua Li, and Yali Liu. "Multi-Damage Identification of Multi-Span Bridges Based on Influence Lines." Coatings 11, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080905.
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The framework security of a bridge is essential as a critical component of traffic engineering. Even though the bridge structure is damaged to various degrees due to various reasons, the bridge will be wrecked when the damage reaches a particular level, suggesting a negative influence on people’s lives. Based on the current situation and existing problems of structural damage identification of bridges, a structural damage identification technology of continuous beam bridges based on deflection influence lines is proposed in this paper in order to keep track of and always detect broken bridge elements, thereby extending the bridge’s service life and reducing the risk of catastrophic accidents. The line function expression of deflection impact on a multi-span continuous beam bridge was first obtained using Graphic Multiplication theory. From the theoretical level, the influence line function of the continuous beam bridge without extensive damage was computed, and a graph was generated. The photographs of the DIL as well as the first and second derivatives, the deflection influence line distinction and its first and second derivatives, and the DIL distinction and its first and second derivatives of a continuous beam bridge in a single position and multi-position destruction were fitted in this paper. Finally, after comparing multiple work conditions and multiple measuring points, it was found that the first derivative of deflection influence line difference had the best damage identification effect. The design was completed and tested, which had verified the feasibility of this theory.
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Chun, Qing, and Lan Xiang Sun. "Structural Performance Analysis and Repair Design of Wenxing Lounge Bridge." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 1014–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.1014.
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Lounge bridges in Taishun are a special type of Chinese traditional timber structure. Wenxing Lounge Bridge is a famous bridge of them. The analysis of structural performance and damages for Wenxing Lounge Bridge is the foundation of its repair and reinforcement. The performance degradation of wood material and the action of strong external force and the effect of environmental changing and the factor of unfavorable human-activity have continuously accelerated the damage of the bridge. After visiting local craftsmen, building technics and detailed conformations of the bridge are researched. The FEM analyses on the structure before damaged and after damaged are carried out respectively. Damages reasons of the bridge are then generally analyzed and repair design of the bridge is also presented.
9
Buckle, Ian, Matias Hube, Genda Chen, Wen-Huei Yen, and Juan Arias. "Structural Performance of Bridges in the Offshore Maule Earthquake of 27 February 2010." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 1_suppl1 (June 2012): 533–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000031.
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Of the nearly 12,000 highway bridges in Chile, approximately 300 were damaged in this earthquake, including 20 with collapsed spans. Typical failure modes include damage to connections between super- and substructures, unseating of spans in skewed bridges due to in-plane rotation, and unseated spans with some column damage due to permanent ground movement. Unusual failure modes include unseating of spans in straight bridges due to in-plane rotation, plate girder rupture due to longitudinal forces, scour and pier damage due to tsunami action, and collapse of a historic masonry bridge. The most common damage mode was the failure of super-to-substructure connections (shear keys, steel stoppers, and seismic bars), which is the most likely reason for the low incidence of column damage. Whereas the fuse-like behavior of these components is believed to have protected the columns, the lack of adequate seat widths led to the collapse, or imminent collapse, of many superstructures.
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Pipinato, Alessio, Carlo Pellegrino, and Claudio Modena. "Structural Analysis of Historical Metal Bridges in Italy." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.525.
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In this paper different studies on the structural analysis, the fatigue assessment and the damage evaluation of metal bridges are reported. These work examples are related to a widespread amount of works conducted since the first of 2000 in the research area of bridge design and assessment. The most part of these researches are related to railway bridges and historical metal bridges, because of their particular vulnerability to damage decay during their life. The main research topics are presented and discussed.
11
Breccolotti, M., G. Franceschini, and A. L. Materazzi. "Sensitivity of Dynamic Methods for Damage Detection in Structural Concrete Bridges." Shock and Vibration 11, no. 3-4 (2004): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2004/752013.
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A critical analysis of the available methods for the assessment of structural concrete bridges through the observation of their dynamic response is carried out. A mathematical model for the evaluation of the natural frequencies shift due to bridge damage is applied to the case of an existing reinforced concrete bridge. The numerical results, along with the general structure of the mathematical problem, allow discussing some limitation and drawbacks of the dynamic methods. Namely the need for a reference set of the bridges dynamic properties before the onset of damage and the effect of the ambient temperature variation may lead, in many cases, to unreliable estimates of the structural condition of the investigated bridges.
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Jia, Hanxi, Junqi Lin, and Jinlong Liu. "Bridge Seismic Damage Assessment Model Applying Artificial Neural Networks and the Random Forest Algorithm." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (February 8, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6548682.
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Earthquakes cause significant damage to bridges, which have a very strategic location in transportation services. The destruction of a bridge will seriously hinder emergency rescue. Rapid assessment of bridge seismic damage can help relevant departments to make judgments quickly after earthquakes and save rescue time. This paper proposed a rapid assessment method for bridge seismic damage based on the random forest algorithm (RF) and artificial neural networks (ANN). This method evaluated the relative importance of each uncertain influencing factor of the seismic damage to the girder bridges and arch bridges, respectively. The input variables of the ANN model were the factors with higher importance value, and the output variables were damage states. The data of the Wenchuan earthquake were used as a testing set and a training set, and the data of the Tangshan earthquake were used as a validation set. The bridges under serious and complete damage states are not accessible after earthquakes and should be overhauled and reinforced before earthquakes. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach has good performance for assessing the damage states of the two bridges. It is robust enough to extend and improve emergency decisions, to save time for rescue work, and to help with bridge construction.
13
Jiang, Rui Juan, Qi Ming Wu, Yi Yan Chen, Xiao Wei Yi, and Jun Tu. "About the Structural Robustness of Through Arch Bridges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 2412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.2412.
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In EN1991-1-7 Eurocode 1: Part 1-7 Accidental Actions structural robustness is defined as ‘the ability of a structure to withstand events like fire, explosions, impact or consequences of human error without being damaged to an extent disproportionate to the original cause’. Accordingly, the principle of structural robustness is that local damage is acceptable, provided that it will not endanger the structure and that the overall load-carrying capacity is maintained during an appropriate length of time to allow the necessary emergency measures to be taken. For different structures the practical ways to achieve robustness are different. Lots of through arch bridges with hangers have been built throughout the world. However, the structural collapse may happen due to the hanger's damage or failure if the bridge is not designed appropriately. In this paper, the structural robustness of the through arch bridges with vertical hangers are discussed and verified by an example. Based on this study, a few practical suggestions are put forward to achieve the structural robustness for the future through arch bridges' design.
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Russo, Francesco M., Terry J. Wipf, and F. Wayne Klaiber. "Diagnostic Load Tests of a Prestressed Concrete Bridge Damaged by Overheight Vehicle Impact." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1696, no. 1 (January 2000): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1696-50.
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A series of diagnostic load tests performed on two prestressed concrete bridges located in western Iowa are discussed. The bridges are dual prestressed concrete I-beam structures. In June 1996, an overheight vehicle struck the westbound structure and caused significant loss of section and cracking. As a result of the severity of the damage and because of concerns about the remaining capacity and long-term durability of the damaged beams, the Iowa Department of Transportation decided to remove the two most severely damaged beams. The diagnostic load-testing portion of the research program consisted of positioning test vehicles of known weight at predetermined locations along the deck of the damaged westbound and undamaged eastbound bridge. Single-and dual-truck tests were conducted on each bridge. Following replacement of the damaged beams in the westbound structure, additional tests were conducted. The results of these three load tests are compared to determine the effect of the localized beam damage on the overall live load distribution pattern in the bridge. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of damage on the load distribution and the remaining strength of damaged prestressed concrete bridges. Noticeable differences in response were detected in the westbound and eastbound bridges before beam replacement, with the difference essentially disappearing after the repair of the westbound bridge. The research project also involved model bridge testing, along with the repair of the beams that were removed from service and those that were intentionally damaged in the laboratory. The project is now complete.
15
Sun, Bin, You-Lin Xu, Qing Zhu, and Zhaoxia Li. "Concurrent multi-scale fatigue damage evolution simulation method for long-span steel bridges." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 28, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789517750460.
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Fatigue damage is one of the leading causes for structural failure of long-span steel bridges, but fatigue damage evolution of a long-span steel bridge is very complex. This study proposes a concurrent multi-scale fatigue damage evolution simulation method for long-span steel bridges from micro short crack nucleation and growth to macro structural component damage until mega structural failure. As a case study, the fatigue damage evolution of the Stonecutters Bridge in Hong Kong under cyclic vehicle loading is finally simulated using the proposed method. It shows that the proposed method is computationally feasible even for such a large scale structure. The method can provide a clear picture how micro short cracks grow into macro fatigue damage of structural components and eventually lead to mega structural failure.
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Zobel, H., W. Karwowski, M. Wróbel, and P. Mossakowski. "Łazienkowski Bridge Fire in Warsaw – Structural Damage and Restoration Method." Archives of Civil Engineering 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0104.
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AbstractOn the 14th of February, 2015, a huge fire broke out on Łazienkowski Bridge; a five span bridge, 423 m long and 28 m wide, built in the years 1972-74. It was a fully steel structure with four plate girders and orthotropic deck. The fire started under the first span during the replacement of wooden service decks. The next day, the Department of Bridges of the Warsaw University of Technology was designated to conduct an expertise material investigation, geometrical verification, and FEM model analysis. The subject of this paper concentrates on geometrical issues. The main difficulty of this task was the lack of full reference data regarding the bridge's original structure. The old design was incomplete and there was no actual surveying results for the undamaged structure. As a conclusion, some remarks focused on surveying measurements and on the final decision regarding this bridge are given. It was eventually exchanged into a brand new one and put into public use on the 28th of October, 2015.
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Jayasundara, Nirmani, David Thambiratnam, Tommy Chan, and Andy Nguyen. "Vibration-based dual-criteria approach for damage detection in arch bridges." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 5-6 (January 18, 2019): 2004–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718810011.
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Vibration characteristics of a structure can be used as an indication of its state of structural health as they vary if the structural health is affected by damage. This is the broad principle used in structural health monitoring for vibration-based damage detection of structures. Although most structures are built to have a long life span, they can incur damage due to many reasons. Early damage detection and appropriate retrofitting will enable the continued safe and efficient functioning of structures. This study develops and applies a dual-criteria method based on vibration characteristics to detect and locate damage in arch bridges. Steel arch bridges are one of the most aesthetically pleasing bridge types, which are reasonably popular in Australia and elsewhere. They exhibit three-dimensional and somewhat complex vibration characteristics that may not be suitable for traditional vibration-based damage detection methods. There have been relatively fewer studies on damage detection in these bridge types, and in particular the arch rib and struts, which are important structural components, have received little attention for damage detection. This study will address this research gap and treat the damage detection in the arch bridge structural components using the dual-criteria method to give unambiguous results. The proposed method is first validated by experimental data obtained from testing of a laboratory arch bridge model. The experimental results are also used to validate the modelling techniques and this is followed by damage detection studies on this bridge model as well as on a full-scale long-span arch bridge. Results demonstrate that the proposed dual-criteria method based on the two damage indices can detect and locate damage in the arch rib and vertical columns of deck-type arch bridges with considerable accuracy under a range of damage scenarios using only a few of the early modes of vibration.
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Wu, Tianyu, Wenliang Qiu, and Guangrun Wu. "Fatigue Damage Evaluation of Pile-Supported Bridges under Stochastic Ice Loads." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (February 21, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1853963.
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The Bohai Sea is the sea area with the worst ice condition in China, and the ice loads significantly threaten the safety of structures in the sea. The intense vibrations of the pile-supported bridge under stochastic ice loads will increase the fatigue damage of a bridge structure and reduce the fatigue life of a bridge structure. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis model is presented to study fatigue damage for pile-supported bridges under ice loads in Bohai Sea. On the basis of measured statistical data of ice parameters and stochastic ice loads spectrum of Bohai Sea, the time histories of the stochastic ice loads of Bohai Sea are simulated. Fatigue damage analysis is carried out in time domain utilizing the finite element method considering soil and bridge structure interaction. The effect of soil conditions and water depth on the cumulative fatigue damage of the pile-supported bridges is studied. Numerical results indicate that in comparison with stiff soil conditions, pile-supported bridges in soft oil conditions can increase the cumulative fatigue damage substantially; pile-supported bridges in deep water also can increase the cumulative fatigue damage obviously. The study presented the first danger position of cumulative damage of the pile cross section under stochastic ice loads. The findings of this study can be used to fatigue damage evaluation and bridge construction in the ice-covered sea area.
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Wu, Fangwen, Jingwen Zhou, Yangyang Zhao, Guangqian Wang, Wenlong Tang, Jianfei Luo, Usama Ibrahim, and Yuanying Meng. "Performance-Based Seismic Fragility and Risk Assessment of Five-Span Continuous Rigid Frame Bridges." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (April 8, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6657663.
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Earthquakes can cause serious damage to traffic infrastructures, among which the impact on bridge structure is the most important. Therefore, in order to assess bridges serviceability, it is important to master their damage mechanism and to analyze its probability of occurrence under a given seismic action. Various uncertainties, like the location of epicentre of future earthquakes and their magnitudes, make this task quite challenging. We are also required to consider different earthquake scenarios and the damaged states of bridge components associated with those earthquakes. To suppress these difficulties, this study proposed a new method of performance-based seismic fragility and risk assessment for bridges. The proposed method included three steps: (1) performance-based seismic fragility estimation of a five-span continuous rigid frame bridge, (2) seismic hazard analysis for locations of the bridge, and (3) seismic risk analysis of the bridge. The proposed method that considered the performance of the bridge and the uncertainty in the location of the earthquake epicentre and magnitudes can provide valuable references for seismic-resistant design of multispan continuous rigid frame bridges in the future.
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Wu, Qi Ming, Dang Qi Yang, Fei Cui, Xiao Wei Yi, and Rui Juan Jiang. "Novel Hanger Design to Improve the Robustness of Through Arch Bridges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.862.
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Hangers in through arch bridges are important components since they suspend the bridge deck from the arch ribs. Local damage at a hanger may lead to progressive damage of various components in the arch bridge or even progressive collapse of the bridge. In this paper, the conventional design of double-hangers in through arch bridges is reviewed. Then a new approach to design the double-hangers is put forward. The suitability and robustness of this approach is then verified by a numerical simulation of a real through arch bridge. The impact effects induced by local hanger fracture on other structural members are simulated by dynamic time-history analyses. The new approach to design the hangers for through arch bridges is shown to improve the structural robustness. With the application of the new way put forward here, when one or more hangers are damaged to fail, the through arch bridge will not be endangered and will still maintain the overall load-bearing capacity during an appropriate length of time to allow necessary emergency measures to be taken, which illustrates the leading principle of structural robustness well.
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Chen, Zhi Wei, Qin Lin Cai, and Jun Li. "Stress Influence Line Identification of Long Suspension Bridges Installed with Structural Health Monitoring Systems." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 16, no. 04 (March 28, 2016): 1640023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021945541640023x.
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Numerous long-span suspension bridges have been built worldwide over the past few decades. To ensure the safety of such bridges and their users during the bridge service life, several bridges have been equipped with Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHMSs), which measure dynamic bridge responses and various loading types on-site. Integrating SHMS and damage detection technology for condition assessment of these bridges has become a new development trend. Recent studies have proven that stress influence line (SIL)-based damage indices achieve excellent damage detection performance for a long suspension bridge. However, an accurate and prompt manner of identifying the SIL of a long suspension bridge is important to facilitate the development of the SIL for an effective damage index. Identifying the SIL from field measurement data under in-service conditions has several advantages over the traditional static loading test. This study proposes and develops a new SIL identification method by integrating the least squares solution and Weighted Moving Average (WMA) based on the measured train information and the corresponding train-induced stress time history. The efficacy of the proposed method is validated through its application to Tsing Ma Bridge (TMB). The good agreement between the identified and baseline SILs for a typical diagonal truss member verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method. Furthermore, robustness testing is performed by identifying SIL on the basis of information on different trains and train-induced stress responses and by identifying the SIL of different types of bridge components. Results indicate the feasibility of the application of the proposed approach to SIL identification for long-span bridges.
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Mitchell, Denis, Michel Bruneau, Murat Saatcioglu, Martin Williams, Donald Anderson, and Robert Sexsmith. "Performance of bridges in the 1994 Northridge earthquake." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-050.
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This paper describes damage to bridges caused by the 1994 earthquake at Northridge, California. A description of the damage and the probable causes are presented for the seven bridges that suffered some form of collapse. The majority of damage was due to column shear or combined shear and flexure failures, but restrainer failure was the cause of collapse in one bridge. The lack of damage to other bridges and to foundations is discussed. Key words: Northridge, earthquake, seismic, bridges, damage, performance.
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Mya Nan Aye, Akira Kasai, and Mitsuhiro Shigeishi. "An Investigation of Damage Mechanism Induced by Earthquake in a Plate Girder Bridge Based on Seismic Response Analysis: Case Study of Tawarayama Bridge under the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (August 9, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9293623.
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This paper reports a damage survey and seismic analysis of a bridge. In the first part, the damage survey of some bridges that were affected by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake was discussed. Among these bridges, the Tawarayama Bridge, which is a plate girder bridge located very close to an active fault line, was particularly considered. This bridge incurred severe damage because of the earthquakes’ epicenters very close to the bridge. The damage mechanism that can occur in this type of bridge was elucidated. During the damage survey, parts of Tawarayama Bridge were examined to determine the damage in order to examine the factors of occurrence and damage mechanism. In the second part, the seismic responses of Tawarayama Bridge were analyzed using ABAQUS software, and beam elements were applied for the structural members. Firstly, the time-history responses were analyzed using both longitudinal and transverse direction earthquake ground motions separately and simultaneously to investigate the dynamic response of the bridge. Both undamped and damped conditions were considered. For the dynamic response analysis, the recorded earthquake acceleration data of Ozu Station were applied for both undamped and damped conditions considering both east-west (EW) and north-south (NS) directions simultaneously and the damped condition for these directions separately. In addition, a damped model was analyzed by applying design earthquake input data obtained from the Japanese Seismic Design Specifications for Highway Bridges. Consequently, five cases were established for seismic response analysis. Subsequently, the seismic responses of Tawarayama Bridge were investigated, and the behavior of the lower lateral members was examined considering the observed buckling of these members during the damage survey. The field survey and dynamic response analysis indicate that the buckling design of the lower lateral members should be considered in the future design of bridges.
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Palermo, Alessandro, and Mustafa Mashal. "Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) and seismic damage resistant technology." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 45, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.45.3.123-134.
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Although New Zealand bridges performed well structurally during recent Canterbury earthquakes, some critical arterial routes lost their functionality. Life Safety is still our primary objective but nowadays we are moving towards new societal needs which also, at minimum, aim to limit business disruption. Building designers are already moving towards low-damage system technology for both structural and non-structural components. Bridge engineers have to inherit those enhanced concepts and technologies. In fact, in order to protect the economy and save lives, it is vital that bridges remain drivable after a natural disaster, such as an earthquake.
More importantly asset managers and networks’ owners want rapid response, design flexibility, quick construction and limited maintenance costs. This should be possible to be achieved by contractors and designers with limited budgets. In very populated urban centres or a critical network location and moderate-to-high seismicity an Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) technology which combines durable materials and low-damage technology, seems to be the only viable solution to minimize traffic disruption during the bridge life.
The American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) started in 2002 a long-term strategic bridge plan which aims to cover all these issues. Similar research strategy was initiated in Japan, Taiwan and Europe which is slowly going towards adaptation of ABC as a standard bridge practice. The question would be what is New Zealand vision for the next twenty-thirty years?
This paper aims to overview the current international trends and challenges and gives innovative concepts which can be contextualized for New Zealand bridges.
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Palermo, Alessandro, Liam Wotherspoon, John Wood, Howard Chapman, Allan Scott, Lucas Hogan, Anton Kivell, et al. "Lessons learnt from 2011 Christchurch earthquakes." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.319-333.
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On 22 February 2011 the Mw6.2 Christchurch earthquake occurred with an epicentre less than 10 km from the Christchurch Central Business District (CBD) on an unknown buried fault at the edge of the city. The majority of damage was a result of lateral spreading along the Avon and Heathcote Rivers, with few bridges damaged due to ground shaking only. The most significant damage was to bridges along the Avon River, coinciding with the areas of the most severe liquefaction, with less severe liquefaction damage developing along the Heathcote River. Most affected were bridge approaches, abutments and piers, with a range of damage levels identified across the bridge stock. In the days following the earthquake, teams from various organizations performed inspections on over 800 bridges throughout the affected Canterbury region. This paper details the preliminary findings based on visual inspections and some preliminary analyses of highway and road bridges. The paper comprises information supplied by consulting engineering firms which were also directly involved in the inspections soon after the earthquake.
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Adasooriya, Nirosha D., Tor Hemmingsen, and Dimitrios Pavlou. "Environment-assisted corrosion damage of steel bridges: a conceptual framework for structural integrity." Corrosion Reviews 38, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2019-0066.
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AbstractA framework is presented in this paper to assess the structural integrity of steel bridges for environment-assisted corrosion damage. Forms of corrosion of steel bridges and their effects, possible locations of occurrence, and most appropriate inspection techniques are first studied and the lessons learned from past steel bridge failures are discussed. A review of the corrosion damage of steel bridges, including causes, effects, and control measures, is presented along with guidelines for the recognition and investigation of environment-assisted cracking (EAC) of steel bridges. Experimental approaches are proposed to investigate the EAC of structural steel. The proposed approach is used to investigate the EAC susceptibility of cathodically protected ST52 steel. In addition, the feasibility of the proposed approach is tested. Hence, the conceptual framework is proposed. The framework aims to support the inspection and maintenance practices of steel bridges.
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ALVANDI, A., J. BASTIEN, E. GRÉGOIRE, and M. JOLIN. "BRIDGE INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT BY CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORMS." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 09, no. 01 (March 2009): 11–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455409002874.
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The potential of continuous wavelet transforms for damage assessment of existing bridges is investigated herein. Different types of continuous wavelet transforms have been under investigation and the most effective ones have been introduced in a toolbox to automate the damage assessment procedure. In this paper, the performance of the wavelet approach and the influence of different parameters in the damage assessment procedures are studied through two examples: a simply supported beam and a three-span concrete bridge. Applying the wavelet transforms to a structure's static and/or dynamic response showed promising results with regard to localization of structural modification or damage. This paper underlines the high sensitivity of the wavelet analysis to damage intensity and its ability to be applied directly to the damaged data. These key characteristics could lead to this approach becoming one of the best for structural health monitoring of existing bridges in the near future.
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Zhang, Li Hai, Maizuar Maizuar, Priyan Mendis, Colin Duffield, and Russell Thompson. "Monitoring the Dynamic Behaviour of Concrete Bridges Using Non-Contact Sensors (IBIS-S)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 846 (July 2016): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.846.225.
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The maintenance and operation of bridges represent a significant investment in both the public and private domains. In practice, the structural damage of a bridge that accumulates over its life-span is a result of continuous degradation caused mainly by traffic conditions and sudden extreme events (e.g. flooding, fires and severe traffic accidents). However, under heavy truck loading, the deterioration rate of a bridge can be accelerated. As the use of heavier articulated trucks becomes increasingly popular in contemporary freight transportation systems, the development of modern Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques in conjunction with computational modelling becomes necessary. The advancement in this area will allow rapid assessment of the structural health of bridges and detection of ongoing damage to enhance the structural performance of bridges.
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Twumasi-Boakye, Richard, John O. Sobanjo, Sylvester Kwame Inkoom, and Eren Erman Ozguven. "Senior Community Resilience with a Focus on Critical Transportation Infrastructures: An Accessibility-Based Approach to Healthcare." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 12 (October 5, 2018): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118793520.
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The importance of bridges to mobility in transportation is well known. However, the identification of bridges that influence the mobility of senior members of communities has not been evaluated. This is imperative because of human frailties associated with aging. In this paper, senior community resilience is assessed through accessibility of seniors to hospitals after bridge damage caused by hurricane events using Pinellas County in the Tampa Bay area as case study. The paper presents: (i) exposure probabilities for hurricane events at bridge locations; (ii) bridge damage state functions and damage state rating assignments using historical data from the National Bridge Inventory database; (iii) identification of bridges at risk of hurricane-induced damage; (iv) bridges identified as serving areas (census districts) with dense population of aging people; and (v) estimated effects of bridge closures on mobility and resilience of the aged population, based on accessibility to hospitals by using congested and free-flow travel times obtained from traffic assignment modeling. Findings showed that: (i) 66 bridges prone to hurricane-induced damage were observed to affect 140 selected aging population areas; (ii) bridge closures resulted in about 15% and 75% increase in free-flow and congested travel times, respectively; (iii) complete loss of accessibility to hospitals for some aging-dense zones; and (iv) resilience indexes of 0.94 and 0.81 were computed for free-flow and congested travel times, respectively. These results highlight significant loss in senior accessibility to hospitals and emphasize the need for policy discussions on the capabilities of highway bridges for efficient senior mobility.
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Peng, Wei, and Zhi Xiang Zha. "Sensitivity Study on Damage Indexes of Cable-Stayed Bridges." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 1573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.1573.
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Damages in a structure alter its static and dynamic characteristics. These changes occur in some structural parameters such as the mass, the stiffness, the flexibility and the damping matrices of the structure and can be characterized by changes in the modal parameters, i.e., modal frequencies, modal damping values and mode shapes, and their derivatives, such as the modal curvature and modal stress energy. According to the properties of cable-stayed bridges, various damage indexes of static and dynamic are constructed to indicate damage of cable, tower and girder respectively. A comprehensive index accounting for their interaction and the whole bridge damage is presented which is robust to measurement noises and uncertainties in ambient conditions. The sensitivities of these damage indexes are illustrated by numerical studies. The effectiveness of the proposed damage detection method of cable-stayed bridges is demonstrated through an engineering project.
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Arsoy, Sami, J. M. Duncan, and R. M. Barker. "Approach to Evaluating Damage from Thermal Bridge Displacements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1936, no. 1 (January 2005): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193600115.
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Bridges are subject to daily and seasonal thermal displacement cycles. In conventional bridges, expansion joints are used to accommodate these displacements. However, in integral bridges, the expansion joints are eliminated, and the superstructure, along with the bridge abutments, undergoes displacements during each temperature cycle. A practical approach to model both daily and seasonal temperature cycles was proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was verified by conducting large-scale laboratory tests on segments of a bridge abutment supported by two different pile types: an H-pile and a prestressed reinforced concrete pile. The results of the tests have shown that the proposed method is practical and capable of detecting damage mechanisms induced by daily thermal displacement cycles. Test results also have shown that damage from daily thermal displacements is more pronounced in materials with nonlinear stress–strain properties.
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Basöz, Nesrin I., Anne S. Kiremidjian, Stephanie A. King, and Kincho H. Law. "Statistical Analysis of Bridge Damage Data from the 1994 Northridge, CA, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 15, no. 1 (February 1999): 25–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586027.
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This paper presents the significant findings from a study on damage to bridges during the January 17, 1994 Northridge, CA earthquake. The damage and repair cost data were compiled in a database for bridges in the Greater Los Angeles area. Observed damage data for all bridges were discriminated by structural characteristics. The analyses of data on bridge damage showed that concrete structures designed and built with older design standards were more prone to damage under seismic loading. Repair and/or reconstruction of collapsed structures formed seventy five percent of the total estimated repair cost. Peak ground acceleration values were also estimated at all bridge locations as part of this study. Empirical relationships between ground motion and bridge damage, and repair cost ratio were developed in the form of fragility curves and damage probability matrices, respectively. A comparison of the empirical and available ground motion-damage relationships demonstrated that the relationships that are currently in use do not correlate well to the observed damage.
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Deng, Yang, Aiqun Li, and Dongming Feng. "Probabilistic Damage Detection of Long-Span Bridges Using Measured Modal Frequencies and Temperature." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 10 (October 2018): 1850126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455418501262.
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This paper aims to develop a new probabilistic monitoring-based framework for damage detection of long-span bridges, by eliminating the temperature effects from the measured modal frequencies, probabilistic modeling of modal frequencies using kernel density estimate, and detection damage using the control chart. A methodology is presented to address the issue of modal frequencies' non-normal distribution, which has been neglected in the past studies using the control chart to detect the modal frequencies' abnormality caused by structural damages. The efficiency of the proposed framework is validated through a case study of long-term monitoring data of a long-span suspension bridge. The results show that after elimination of the temperature effects, the selected modal frequencies are not normally distributed, while the Q statistics transferred from the modal frequencies follow the standard normal distribution. The abnormality of modal frequencies can be detected when the data points of the Q statistics exceed the limits of the control chart. Further, the control chart has sufficient sensitivity and thus can be used to detect minor abnormalities of the prototype bridge's modal frequencies. It is concluded that the proposed probabilistic monitoring-based framework offers an effective technique for structural health monitoring of long-span bridges.
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Mitchell, Denis, René Tinawi, and Robert G. Sexsmith. "Performance of bridges in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake – lessons for Canadian designers." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 4 (August 1, 1991): 711–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-085.
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Damage to buildings and bridges during the October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta earthquake prompted site visits by the authors. This paper first reviews examples of the severe damage and the collapse of bridges in the 1971 San Fernando and 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquakes. The resulting changes to U.S. bridge design codes and the application of different types of restraining devices used to retrofit existing bridges are discussed. Examples of damage and collapse of bridges in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake are illustrated. The important roles played by the presence of soft soil, poor structural systems, and inadequate detailing are highlighted. The observed damage is used to illustrate the need to assess the seismic design provisions of the current CSA standard for the design of highway bridges. Concern over the presence of existing hazardous bridges in significant seismic zones in Canada is emphasized and a checklist for evaluating existing bridges is presented. Key words: seismic design, earthquake, evaluation, Loma Prieta, San Fernando, bridges, codes, retrofitting.
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Bruneau, Michel, John C. Wilson, and Robert Tremblay. "Performance of steel bridges during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe, Japan) earthquake." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 3 (June 1, 1996): 678–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-883.
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A large number of steel bridges were damaged by the January 17, 1995, Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe, Japan) earthquake. The concentration of steel bridges in the area of severe shaking was considerably larger than for any previous earthquake this century. As a result, this earthquake has provided a unique opportunity to examine how steel bridges of various designs and configurations behave when subjected to severe ground shaking. In this paper, a description of the Japanese past and current bridge design requirements is first presented, followed by an in-depth overview of the observed damage to steel bridges. The relevance of these observations to the Canadian bridge design practice is also reviewed. Key words: earthquake, seismic, steel, bridges, steel columns, buckling, brittle fractures, bearing failures, seismic restrainers, design codes.
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Li, Hongxu, Yong Huang, and Endong Guo. "Construction Stage Seismic Vulnerability Evaluation of a Continuous Girder Bridge with the Cast-in-Place Cantilever Construction Method." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (September 3, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9915947.
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To evaluate the vulnerability of bridges at various construction stages under the action of strong earthquakes, the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method is applied, and the vulnerabilities of a continuous girder case study bridge with the cast-in-place cantilever construction method, which owns five main construction stages, are evaluated and compared. The results show the following: With the increase in the peak ground acceleration (PGA), the vulnerabilities of bridges at different construction stages all increase. The fragility and vulnerability are mainly determined by the structural mechanical system condition and the mode shapes but not the modal frequency. For the working condition of seismic PGA of 0.4 g, (1) the bridge at the substructure construction stage may only experience slight or moderate damage with the exceedance probability of 8% to 5% and the mean loss ratio being only about 5%; (2) the vulnerabilities of bridges at the middle cantilever construction stage and the long cantilever construction stage are similar, the collapse damage exceedance probability is about 80%, and the mean loss ratio is about 65%; and (3) the vulnerabilities of bridges at the middle span closure construction stage and the bridge completion construction stage are nearly the same, the collapse damage exceedance probability is about 98%, and the mean loss ratio can reach 80%. The research results explore a new method for evaluating the vulnerability of bridges at different construction stages, which can provide suggestions for seismic damage defense and seismic insurance risk evaluation.
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Lei, Xiaoming, Limin Sun, Ye Xia, and Tiantao He. "Vibration-Based Seismic Damage States Evaluation for Regional Concrete Beam Bridges Using Random Forest Method." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 5106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125106.
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Transportation networks play an important role in urban areas, and bridges are the most vulnerable structures to earthquakes. The seismic damage evaluation of bridges provides an effective tool to assess the potential damage, and guides the post-earthquake recovery operations. With the help of structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques, the structural condition could be accurately evaluated through continuous monitoring of structural responses, and evaluating vibration-based features, which could reflect the deterioration of materials and boundary conditions, and are extensively used to reflect the structural conditions. This study proposes a vibration-based seismic damage state evaluation method for regional bridges. The proposed method contains the measured structural dynamic parameters and bridge configuration parameters. In addition, several intensity measures are also included in the model, to represent the different characteristics and the regional diversity of ground motions. The prediction models are trained with a random forest algorithm, and their confusion matrices and receiver operation curves reveal a good prediction performance, with over 90% accuracy. The significant parameter identification of bridge systems and components reveals the critical parameters for seismic design, disaster prevention and structure retrofit.
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Jankowski, Robert. "Damage-Involved Structural Pounding in Bridges under Seismic Excitation." Key Engineering Materials 754 (September 2017): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.754.309.
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During severe earthquakes, pounding between adjacent superstructure segments of highway elevated bridges was often observed. It is usually caused by the seismic wave propagation effect and may lead to significant damage. The aim of the present paper is to show the results of the numerical analysis focused on damage-involved pounding between neighbouring decks of an elevated bridge under seismic excitation. The analysis was carried out using a lumped mass structural model with every deck element discretized as a SDOF system. Pounding was simulated by the use of impact elements which become active when contact is detected. The linear viscoelastic model of collision was applied allowing for dissipation of energy due to damage at the contact points of colliding deck elements. The results show that pounding may substantially modify the behaviour of the analysed elevated bridge. It may increase the structural response or play a positive role, and the response depends on pattern of collisions between deck elements. The results also indicate that a number of impacts for a small in-between gap size is large, whereas the value of peak pounding force is low. On the other hand, the pounding force time history for large gap values shows only a few collisions, but the value of peak pounding force is substantially large, what may intensify structural damage.
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Che, Xiao Jun, Xie Dong Zhang, and Chao Yang. "Remaining Pre-Stress Identification of Diseased Pre-Stressed Concrete Bridges Based on Neural Network." Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (January 2013): 1056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.1056.
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According to experimental record of bridges in use, more and more damage bridges have appeared, and the most common and severe defect is the bridge damage and cracking problem, which has seriously affected the normal usage of bridges. Analyzing the disease cause of defective bridges more effectively and deeply, in order to optimize the design and construction of bridges becomes the urgent problem in the engineering field. The study is based on the design, construction data and experimental record of the bridge.A non-linear mapping function from multiple input data (the deck elevation of each element in destructing) to multiple output data(the change of pre-stress) is constructed within BP neural networks. Based on the theory of continuous function, the convergence is disadvantageous between 0 and 1. The study shows the expected output data between 0.05 and 0.95 are better for convergence. According to the real data of bridge floor line change in process of destruction, the released pre-stresses are recognized, and the real pre-stresses in existence are calculated by scheme of cable design. The study not only offers reliable scientific basis for analyzing the disease cause in the bridges, but also is helpful to design of the bridges having same structural style.
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Dizaj, Ebrahim Afsar, Jamie E. Padgett, and Mohammad M. Kashani. "A Markov chain-based model for structural vulnerability assessmentof corrosion-damaged reinforced concrete bridges." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2203 (June 21, 2021): 20200290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0290.
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The deterioration and cracking of reinforced concrete (RC) bridges due to the chloride-induced corrosion of steel reinforcement is an inherently time-dependent stochastic phenomenon. In the current practice of bridge management systems, however, the determination of the condition states of deteriorated bridges is highly dependent on the opinion of experienced inspectors. Taking such complexity into account, the current paper presents a new stochastic predictive methodology using a non-homogeneous Markov process, which directly relates the visual inspection data (corrosion rate and crack widths) to the structural vulnerability of deteriorated concrete bridges. This methodology predicts the future condition of corrosion-induced damage (concrete cracking) by linking structural vulnerability analysis and a discrete-time Markov chain model. The application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through a case-study corrosion-damaged RC bridge pier. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction’.
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So, Kevin K. L., Moe M. S. Cheung, and Eric X. Q. Zhang. "Life-Cycle Management Strategy on Steel Girders in Bridges." Advances in Civil Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/643543.
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The major problems affecting the service life of bridges are related to various factors such as fatigue-sensitive details, increased service loads, corrosion deterioration, and the lack of proper maintenance. Among them, corrosion deterioration and fatigue damages of structures particularly to steel girder bridges are the most common ones. Bridges of different structural forms, at different locations or under different climates, may suffer from various degrees of deterioration. Steel girders at different positions of a bridge may also suffer from different degrees of damage. How to effectively maintain the bridge asset at a minimal cost and how to predict the time for future works are crucial, particularly when government funding sources become stretched. A comprehensive bridge management framework assisting stakeholders to appropriately and reasonably prioritize their future maintenance-related works in their bridge stocks, such that stakeholders can better allocate the limited resources, is utmost concerned. This paper proposes an integrated life-cycle management (LCM) strategy on steel girders in bridges in which corrosion deterioration and fatigue damage prediction models are mapped with girders’ performance conditions. A practical example to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed LCM strategy is also illustrated.
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Yang, Yang, Yuanhao Zhu, Li Wang, Bao Jia, and Ruoyu Jin. "Structural Damage Identification of Bridges from Passing Test Vehicles." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 4035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18114035.
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This paper presents two approaches for the structural damage identification of a bridge from the dynamic response recorded from a test vehicle during its passage over the bridge. Using the acceleration response recorded by the vibration sensors mounted on a test vehicle during its passage over the bridge, along with the computed displacement response, the bending stiffness of the bridge can be determined using either: (1) the frequency-domain method based on the improved directed stiffness method with the identified frequency and corresponding mode shape, or (2) the time-domain method based on the residual vector of the least squares method with a fourth-order displacement moment. By comparing the bending stiffness values identified from the vehicle-collected data for the bridge under the undamaged and damaged states that are monitored regularly by the test vehicle, the bridge damage location and severity can be identified. Through numerical simulations and field tests, the present approaches are shown to be effective and feasible.
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Chen, Yun Hai, Ke Chen, and Jian Ming Lu. "Simulation of the Structural State of Prestressed Concrete Bridge after Fire." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 1842–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.1842.
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Against the background of a prestressed concrete bridge undergoes fire, the structural properties of the bridge for time being was simulated and analyzed by the GQJS software. The structural parameters were modified according to damage condition of the bridge. The methods will be a valuable reference to analyze similar bridges undergo fire.
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Alipour, Alice. "Enhancing Resilience of Bridges to Extreme Events by Rapid Damage Assessment and Response Strategies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2604, no. 1 (January 2017): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2604-07.
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The U.S. highway transportation network consists of more than 650,000 bridges that are essential to maintaining the performance of the network. The existing bridges are, however, vulnerable to a variety of natural and manufactured (human-caused) hazards and may act as bottlenecks in the case of any failures. The most common extreme events include natural hazards, such as ground excitation during earthquakes, high wind and storm surges in hurricanes, and scouring and debris impacts during floods. Despite several advances in the technologies available for the design of new bridges and the retrofitting of existing ones, incidents in which bridges fail partially or completely after an extreme event still occur. In such cases, it is important for the federal, state, and local authorities to identify the damaged bridges, quantify the extent of the damage, plan for rapid recovery, and provide alternative routes for emergency response and evacuation activities. For this purpose, NCHRP Synthesis Topic 46-11 gathered the relevant information on the technologies available for the rapid assessment of damage to highway bridges after an extreme event, the availability of data from these techniques to transportation agencies and bridge owners, decision-making tools or processes that would use the data, and the emergency planning protocols in place to address the failures in bridges. This paper provides a summary of the findings of that project.
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He, Wen-Yu, Jian He, and Wei-Xin Ren. "The Use of Mode Shape Estimated from a Passing Vehicle for Structural Damage Localization and Quantification." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 19, no. 10 (October 2019): 1950124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455419501244.
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Mode shapes estimated from the vehicle responses are normally used to detect bridge damage efficiently for their high spatial resolution. However, an updated baseline finite element model (FEM) is normally required to quantify damages for such an approach. A two-stage damage detection procedure is presented for bridges by utilizing the mode shape estimated from a moving vehicle. Damage locations are first determined through a damage localization index (DLI) defined by regional mode shape curvature (RMSC). Then the relationship between the damage extents and the RMSC changes is investigated by FEM simulation. Finally, an equation set to quantify the single and multiple damages is deduced by combining the RMSCs and the relationship between the damage extents and the RMSC changes established by an un-updated FEM. Numerical and experimental examples are carried out to verify the validity and efficiency of the two-stage method. The results revealed that it can localize and quantify damages with satisfactory precision by using the response measured from one sensor only.
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He, Wei, and Huai Chen. "Characteristics and Related Research of through and Half through Arch Bridges in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.509.
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As an important transportation infrastructure, some through and half through arch bridges were collapsed at home and abroad. And most accidents were caused by the damage of suspenders. From the structural features, through and half through arch bridges were composed of two parts-upper and lower structure. The upper part of the structure was mainly composed of arch rib, suspender, tie bar, carriageway beam and bridge deck system etc. Research at home and abroad on through and half through arch bridges mainly include: seismic performance, stability, wind vibration, construction, maintenance, suspender tension test, damage identification of the bridges, and so on.
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He, Guo Jing, Fei Xie, and Lan Xie. "The Methods of Damage Localization and Assessment for Long-Span Reinforced Concrete Arch Bridge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 1785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1785.
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The increase in axle load and speed, the worse of service environment and the deterioration of existing bridges result in various of damages in structures. In order to ensure the safety of the structure, it is essential to assess the performance of the structure. In this paper, based on the frequency changes of the damaged and undamaged structure, damage positioning indicator method was used to locate the damage of the structure. Damage assessment method (SSZD) based on modified modal strain energy method was used to assess the extent of structural damage. The results show that this method can be used to locate and assess the structural damage accurately.
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Ann, Hojune, Youngjin Choi, Jin Hyuk Lee, Young Ik Jang, and Jung Sik Kong. "Semiquantitative Fire Risk Grade Model and Response Plans on a National Highway Bridge." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (January 17, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5154309.
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For the last ten years, the number of cases of large-scale fires which occur on bridges, tunnels, and underpasses has increased. Such fires cause primary and secondary damage, including loss of human life, traffic congestion, and extensive financial damage. Therefore, a risk grade model and effective response plan need to be established for such cases in order to minimize the social and economic costs of bridge fires. In this study, the hazard factors contributing to bridge fires were selected to apply a risk grade model. A total of 144 bridge fire simulations were performed to calculate a surface temperature based on time by using Fire Dynamics Simulation (FDS). A risk grade in accordance with the degree of surface damage state caused by temperature of bridges was presented, and the mobilization time criteria for fire suppression were proposed. The surface temperatures based on time can be classified according to the vertical clearance and mobilization time criteria for fire suppression. Through the classified maximum surface temperatures based on time for bridges, the risk grade can be estimated according to the degree of surface damage state caused by temperature. In order to evaluate the applicability of the established risk grade model to the actual bridge, the arrival time taken from the bridge to the fire station was calculated through a Geographic Information System (GIS) network analysis, and the grades for actual bridge cases were assessed. The purpose of this bridge fire risk grade model is to establish a disaster prevention strategy based on risk grades and to minimize the subsequent social damage by determining a priori the disaster scale.
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Cho, Joongmin, Young-Joo Lee, Seongkwan Mark Lee, Ki Han Song, and Wonho Suh. "Analysis of Macroscopic Traffic Network Impacted by Structural Damage to Bridges from Earthquakes." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 3, 2021): 3226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073226.
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Highway systems play a key role in providing mobility to society, especially during emergency situations, including earthquakes. Bridges in highway systems are susceptible to damage from earthquakes, causing traffic capacity loss leading to a serious impact on surrounding areas. To better prepare for such scenarios, it is important to estimate capacity loss and traffic disruptions from earthquakes. For this purpose, a traffic-capacity-analysisbased methodology was developed to model the performance of a transportation network immediately following an earthquake using a macroscopic multi-level urban traffic planning simulation model EMME4. This method employs the second order linear approximation (SOLA) traffic assignment and calculates total system travel time for various capacity loss scenarios due to bridge damage from earthquakes. It has been applied to Pohang City in Korea to evaluate the performance of traffic networks in various situations. The results indicate a significant increase in travel time and a decrease in travel speed as the intensity of an earthquake increases. However, the impact on traffic volume varies depending on the bridges. It is assumed that the location of the bridges and traffic routing patterns might be the main reason. The results are expected to help estimate the impact on transportation networks when earthquakes cause traffic capacity loss on bridges.
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Jara, J. M., O. Montes, B. A. Olmos, and G. Martínez. "Parametric study of medium span bridges retrofitted with reinforced concrete jacketing." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 46, no. 7 (July 2019): 567–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2018-0465.
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Most reinforced concrete (RC) bridges in many countries are medium-span length structures built in the last decades and designed for very low seismic forces. The evolution of seismic codes and the average age of the bridges require the evaluation of their seismic vulnerability. This study assesses the expected capacity, demand and damage of seismically deficient medium-length highway bridges, supported in frame-type piers using dynamic nonlinear methodologies. A parametric study of reinforced concrete retrofitted bridges with RC jacketing was conducted. The non-retrofitted structures are 30 m span simple supported bridges with pier heights in the range of 5–25 m. The main emphasis of the study is the assessment of the jacket parameters’ contribution to the seismic vulnerability of bridges. Particularly, it is quantified how jacket thickness and reinforcement ratio affect the probability of reaching a particular damage limit state. The retrofitted scheme includes three jacket thicknesses and three different longitudinal steel ratios. The results evaluate bridge demands and fragility curves to quantify the influence of RC jacketing on the seismic response of structures and allow to select the best jacket parameters that improve the expected seismic behavior of the bridge models. Additionally, the influence of model hysteresis degradation on the expected damage of retrofitted bridges was also determined.