Journal articles: 'Structural Geology and Tectonics'

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Klimczak, Christian, Paul K. Byrne, A. M. Celâl Şengör, and Sean C. Solomon. "Principles of structural geology on rocky planets." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 12 (December 2019): 1437–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0065.

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Although Earth is the only known planet on which plate tectonics operates, many small- and large-scale tectonic landforms indicate that deformational processes also occur on the other rocky planets. Although the mechanisms of deformation differ on Mercury, Venus, and Mars, the surface manifestations of their tectonics are frequently very similar to those found on Earth. Furthermore, tectonic processes invoked to explain deformation on Earth before the recognition of horizontal mobility of tectonic plates remain relevant for the other rocky planets. These connections highlight the importance of drawing analogies between the rocky planets for characterizing deformation of their lithospheres and for describing, applying appropriate nomenclature, and understanding the formation of their resulting tectonic structures. Here we characterize and compare the lithospheres of the rocky planets, describe structures of interest and where we study them, provide examples of how historic views on geology are applicable to planetary tectonics, and then apply these concepts to Mercury, Venus, and Mars.

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Ratschbacher, Lothar, Martin Meschede, Wolfgang Frisch, Roland Bürgmann, Rolf Ott, Carl Richter, Martin Streck, and Andrea Wech. "Personal-Computers in Structural Geology and Tectonics." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 140, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zdgg/140/1989/219.

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Skjernaa, L. "Festskrift i anledning af professor Asger Berthelsens 70 års fødselsdag den 30. april 1998." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 46 (February 10, 2000): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1999-46-18.

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This volume is in honour of Professor Asger Berthelsen on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Asger Berthelsen has made important contributions within the areas of basement geology, tectonics, structural geology, Quaternary geology, salt tectonics and deep seismic interpretations. He is an outstanding writer and illustrator.

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Singh, Vinod K. "Geology, Geomorphology and Tectonics of India: Introduction." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 4, no. 2-2 (July 25, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2019.4.2-2.2447.

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The earth crustal growth since its formation still need in depth research is the conclusion of the three International Conferences on Precambrian Continental Growth and Tectonism, in 2005, 2009 and 2013, organised at the Institute of Earth Sciences of Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India and its proceedings have valuable source for advance research published the great ideas and achievements from scientists (Chandra et al. 2007; Singh and Chandra, 2011 and Singh et al., 2015). Therefore, this thematic issue planned for consider of crustal growth and tectonic evolution of Indian shield which include 7 research articles on geodynamic evolution of earth, geomorphology, structural, petrologic, isotopic, tectonic, and geochemistry investigations related to the Indian shield and its economic importance (Figure 1).

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Wahlgren, Carl-Henric, and Michael B. Stephens. "Structural and geochronological evolution of the northeastern part of the Sveconorwegian orogen, south-central Sweden." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 46 (February 24, 1999): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1999-46-13.

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An important tectonic model for the Sveconorwegian orogen north and northeast of Lake Vänern, south-central Sweden, was presented by Berthelsen (1980). Both the Mylonite Zone and the frontal area of the Sveconorwegian orogen were interpreted to be related to large-scale compressional tectonics. Earlier thrusting to the west was inferred to be followed by later thrust movement to the east.

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Lardeaux, Jean-Marc, Philippe Münch, Michel Corsini, Jean-Jacques Cornée, Chrystèle Verati, Jean-Frédéric Lebrun, Frédéric Quillévéré, et al. "La Désirade island (Guadeloupe, French West Indies): a key target for deciphering the role of reactivated tectonic structures in Lesser Antilles arc building." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 184, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2013): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.184.1-2.21.

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Abstract In this paper we present and discuss new investigations performed on both the magmatic basement and the sedimentary formations of La Désirade. We report structural and sedimentary evidences for several episodes of deformation and displacement occurring prior to the present day tectonics. The main faults, respectively N130 ± 10°, N040 ± 10° and N090 ± 10°, previously considered as marker of the current tectonic regime corresponds to reactivated tectonic structures developed first during late Cretaceous compression and second during Pliocene to early Pleistocene extension. We demonstrate also the importance of late Pliocene-early Pleistocene and middle-late Pleistocene vertical movements in this part of the Lesser Antilles fore-arc as well as the role of compressive tectonics in the over thickened character of the arc basement in the Guadeloupe archipelago.

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Sissingh, W. "Palaeozoic and Mesozoic igneous activity in the Netherlands: a tectonomagmatic review." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 83, no. 2 (June 2004): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600020084.

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AbstractTo date, igneous rocks, either intrusive or extrusive, have been encountered in the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic sedimentary series of the Netherlands in some 65 exploration and production wells. Following 17 new isotopic K/Ar age determinations of the recovered rock material (amounting to a total of 28 isotopic ages from 21 different wells), analysis of the stratigraphic distribution of the penetrated igneous rock bodies showed that the timing of their emplacement was importantly controlled by orogenic phases involving intra-plate wrench and rift tectonics. Magmatism coincided with the Acadian (Late Devonian), Sudetian (early Late Carboniferous), Saalian (Early Permian), Early Kimmerian (late Late Triassic), Mid-Kimmerian (Late Jurassic), Late Kimmerian (earliest Cretaceous) and Austrian (latest Early Cretaceous) tectonic phases. This synchroneity presumably reflects (broadly) coeval structural reorganizations of respectively the Baltica/Fennoscandinavia-Laurentia/Greenland, Laurussia-Gondwana, African-Eurasia and Greenland/Rockall-Eurasia plate assemblies. Through their concomitant changes of the intra-plate tectonic stress regime, inter-plate motions induced intra-plate tectonism and magmatism. These plate-tectonics related events determined the tectonomagmatic history of the Dutch realm by inducing the formation of localized centres, as well as isolated spot occurrences, of igneous activity. Some of these centres were active at (about) the same time. At a number of centres igneous activity re-occurred after a long period of time.

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Hillhouse, John W., and Michael O. McWilliams. "Application of paleomagnetism to accretionary tectonics and structural geology." Reviews of Geophysics 25, no. 5 (1987): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/rg025i005p00951.

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Dewey, John F. "Musings in tectonics." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 11 (November 2019): 1077–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0192.

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I outline and discuss my career in the context of the history of structural geology and tectonics, the progressive developments that led to plate tectonics, the people who have encouraged and influenced me, the events that changed my life, my fifty six doctoral students who have taught me so much, and my principal interests in tectonics. I discuss, in particular, nine topics of special current interest: the evolution of Tibet, the geomorphology of the British Isles, transtension, the Precambrian, the complexities of plate boundary evolution, Appalachian–Caledonian evolution, ophiolites, the structure and strength of the lithosphere, and the subducting slab.

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Schimmrich, Steven Henry. "Exploring Geology on the World Wide Web – Geophysics, Plate Tectonics, and Structural Geology." Journal of Geoscience Education 44, no. 3 (May 1996): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-44.3.317.

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Gasparo Morticelli, Maurizio, Vera Valenti, Raimondo Catalano, Attilio Sulli, Mauro Agate, Giuseppe Avellone, Cinzia Albanese, Luca Basilone, and Calogero Gugliotta. "Deep controls on foreland basin system evolution along the Sicilian fold and thrust belt." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 186, no. 4-5 (July 1, 2015): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.186.4-5.273.

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Abstract Neogene-Quaternary wedge-top-basins arose during the Sicilian fold and thrust belt (FTB) build-up. The infilling sedimentary successions are: i) middle-upper Miocene silicoclastics succession, accommodated on top of the accreted Sicilide and Numidian flysch nappes; ii) upper Miocene-lower Pliocene deepening-upwards sediments unconformably overlying the inner Meso-Cenozoic deep-water, Imerese and Sicanian thrust units; iii) Upper Pliocene-Quaternary coastal-open shelf deposits unconformably covering (in the outer sector of the FTB) a tectonic stack (Gela thrust system). These successions are characterized by a basal unconformity on the deformed substrate believed to be the depositional interface common both to the coeval wedge-top and foredeep basins. The tectono-sedimentary evolution of the syn-tectonic basins was controlled by the progressive deepening of the structural levels, which were active during the growing of the FTB. The palinspastic restoration of a crustal geological transect in central Sicily points to: i) the occurrence of two subsequent, basal main thrusts (MT1 and MT2) active during the Neogene-middle Pleistocene tectonic evolution, as well as ii) a decrease in slip- and shortening-rate, estimated for the later MT2 as compared to earlier MT1 basal main thrust. The foreland-basin system evolution recorded during these two steps suggests: – the regional lithofacies distribution, during late Tortonian-early Pliocene, accounted for a wide depozone including the Iblean plateau and its offshore;– a crucial change was recorded by the late Pliocene-Pleistocene wedge-top depozone, when the deeper basal main thrust (MT2) involved and thickened (in the inner sector of the FTB) the crystalline basement (thin- to thick-skinned thrust tectonics); this change influenced the depozones, progressively narrowing up to the present-day setting. As regards this general evolutionary framework, thin-skinned and thick-skinned thrust tectonics can be recognized in the Sicilian FTB evolution. The late Tortonian-early Pliocene, thin-skinned thrust tectonics include two main tectonic events, a “shallow-seated” Event 1 and a “deep-seated” Event 2, with the Pliocene-Pleistocene thick-skinned thrust tectonics representing a third tectonic event (Event 3).

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Stawikowski, Wojciech. "Book reviews: Problems and solutions in structural geology and tectonics." Geologos 26, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logos-2020-0024.

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Kuśmierek, Jan. "Subsurface structure and tectonic style of the NE Outer Carpathians (Poland) on the basis of integrated 2D interpretation of geological and geophysical images." Geologica Carpathica 61, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-010-0002-7.

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Subsurface structure and tectonic style of the NE Outer Carpathians (Poland) on the basis of integrated 2D interpretation of geological and geophysical imagesIntegration of the information from surface and subsurface geological exploration (maps and well sections) and results of geological reinterpretation of more than ten archival seismic sections and several dozen magnetotelluric soundings (MT; published and archival) implies a new structural picture of the Carpathian tectogene, interpreted to depths exceeding 10 km. The tectonics of nappes and their basement is illustrated by four regional cross-sections (derived from geological and petroleum-exploration traverses) and examples of detailed interpretation of zones with complicated structure, as well as results of testing the initial structural models with application of the balanced cross-section method and gravimetric modelling. In the tectonics, a complicated system of overthrusts and detachments of sedimentary covers (from their heterogeneous basement) represents a predominant feature. It induced, within particular nappes and tectonically altered structural-facies units, specific systems of narrow folds with diversified geometries. Broad folds of the intermediate structural stage, which are gently sloping in the hinterland of the nappes, were interpreted on the basis of geophysics as paraautochthonous elements. They cover deep-seated faults with large throws, which obliquely or subvertically dip to the SW and were distinguished in the basement on the grounds of extreme contrasts at the resistivity boundaries. Zones of dramatically low resistivities, which separate blocks of the uplifted basement, were interpreted as tectonic sutures with geometry rebuilt in the stage of the Neogene lithosphere subduction. Therefore, the structural layout of the sedimentary cover is characterized by more gently dipping nappe overthrusts of the sequential type and secondary, out-of-sequence thrust slices, most frequently imbricate ones. The flysch covers resting over the tectonic sutures, particularly in margins of inherited structural depressions, are characterized by more diversified tectonic style in comparison with peripheral, gently-sloping covers thrust over the flexural platform slope, and with steep slices and imbricate thrusts having consequent NE vergence. A specific type of dislocation is represented by flat inversional detachments (seismically documented) which are accompanied by disharmonic folding of "thin-skinned" structural elements. In the eastern part of the foreland of the Dukla overthrust, they form a developed system of backthrusts on the slope of a triangular structure superposed on a "shallower" tectonic suture of the basement; the system replaces sets of fault-propagation folds developed in the eastern part of this zone.

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Hou, Pengfei, Lesli J. Wood, and Zane R. Jobe. "Tectonic–sedimentary interplay of a confined deepwater system in a foreland basin setting: the Pennsylvanian lower Atoka Formation, Ouachita Mountains, U.S.A." Journal of Sedimentary Research 91, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 683–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.064.

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ABSTRACT Submarine fans deposited in structurally complex settings record important information on basin evolution and tectonic–sedimentary relationships but are often poorly preserved in outcrops due to syndepositional and post depositional deformation. This study aims to understand the influence of tectonics on the deposition of the synorogenic Pennsylvanian lower Atoka submarine fan system deposited in a structurally complex foreland basin during the Ouachita orogeny. This study is a synthesis of new outcrop stratigraphic data as well as published stratigraphic and structural data. The lower Atoka crops out in the Ouachita Mountains and the southern Arkoma Basin and is divided into three structural–depositional zones: the foredeep, the wedge top, and the continental foreland. The mean paleoflow is axial, and each zone exhibits unique patterns in facies distribution. The foredeep consists of two fan systems, a large westward-prograding fan that exhibits significant longitudinal and lateral facies changes, and a small eastward-prograding fan on the western part. The wedge top consists of a westward-prograding fan that exhibits subtle longitudinal facies change. The continental foreland consists of small slope fan systems along the northern and western margins. By comparing to basin morphology and structural styles, we interpret the facies distribution patterns in the three zones as the result of different combinations of lateral structural confinement, axial and lateral sediment supply, and paleogeography. This study provides an improved and comprehensive understanding of the lower Atoka deepwater system and has implications for deciphering the tectonic–sedimentary relationships in laterally confined submarine fan systems.

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QuanLin, HOU, LU Lucy Xi, and CHENG NanNan. "Some thoughts on challenges and opportunities in structural geology and tectonics." Acta Petrologica Sinica 37, no. 8 (2021): 2271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18654/1000-0569/2021.08.01.

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Rangin, Claude, Xavier Le Pichon, Juventino Martinez-Reyes, and Mario Aranda-Garcia. "GRAVITY TECTONICS AND PLATE MOTIONS." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 179, no. 2 (March 15, 2008): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.179.2.107.

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Abstract This is an introduction to the series of papers presented in this volume that concerns the Cenozoic tectonics of the western margin of the Gulf of Mexico, from Texas in the north to the Veracruz area into the south. These combined offshore-onshore structural studies investigate the links between surperficial gravity slidings and deep crustal flow within the complex geodynamic framework of Mexico, located at the junction between the North America, Carribean and Pacific plates (including the earlier Farallon plate).

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Vejbæk, Ole Valdemar. "Post mid-Cretaceous inversion tectonics in the Danish Central Graben – regionally synchronous tectonic events?" Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 49 (December 2, 2002): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2003-49-11.

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Structural analysis of the Upper Cretaceous to Palaeogene succession in the Danish Central Graben suggests continuous inversion heralded in the Late Hauterivian and continuing into Palaeogene times. The following phases of increased intensity are identified: 1) latest Santonian, 2) Mid Campanian, 3) late Maastrichtian, 4) Late Paleocene – Eocene, and 5) Early Oligocene. Phases 1 through 3 are Sub-Hercynian, phase 4 is Laramide, and phase 5 is Pyrenean according to Alpine Orogen nomenclature. A temporal change in structural style is noted from early inversion confined to narrow zones associated with reverse faulting along pre-existing normal faults to late inversion dominated by gentle basinwide flexuring and folding. Inversion phases in the Danish Central Graben seem to be synchronous with inversion phases along the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone. The location of inversion is generally spatially linked to Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous depocentres, whereas older depocentres generally have remained intact. The origin of the compressional stress field is generally based on suggested compressional stresses transmitted into the foreland from the Alpine Orogen. In the Sub-Hercynian phase, orogenic compression dominated the Eastern Alps and Northern Carpathians to produce a likely NW oriented compression. However, structures in Denmark rather suggest a transpressional environment resulting from NNE–SSW compression. Furthermore, transmission of Alpine orogenic stresses into the foreland commenced in the Turonian, a considerable time after the Late Hauterivian and later inversion precursors. Ridge-push forces transmitted from sea-floor spreading south of the Charlie-Gibbs fracture zone, particularly from the Goban Spur SW of Ireland, acting in conjunction with Alpine orogenic stresses are suggested as the cause for the stress field.

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Williams, A. F., and D. J. Poynton. "THE GEOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTH PEPPER HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATION." APPEA Journal 25, no. 1 (1985): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj84020.

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The South Pepper field, discovered in 1982, is located 30 km southwest of Barrow Island in the offshore portion of the Barrow Sub-basin, Western Australia. The oil and gas accumulation occurs in the uppermost sands of the Lower Cretaceous Barrow Group and the overlying low permeability Mardie Greensand Member of the Muderong Shale.The hydrocarbons are trapped in one of several fault closed anticlines which lie on a high trend that includes the North Herald, Pepper and Barrow Island structures. This trend is postulated to have formed during the late Valanginian as the result of differential compaction and drape over a buried submarine fan sequence. During the Turonian the trend acted as a locus for folding induced by right-lateral wrenching along the sub-basin edge. Concurrent normal faulting dissected the fold into a number of smaller anticlines. This essentially compressional tectonic phase contrasted with the earlier extensional regime which was associated with rift development during the Callovian. A compressional tectonic event in the Middle Miocene produced apparent reverse movement on the South Pepper Fault but only minor changes to the structural closure.Geochemical and structural evidence indicates at least two periods of hydrocarbon migration into the top Barrow Group - Mardie Greensand reservoir. The earlier occurred in the Turonian subsequent to the period of wrench tectonics and involved the migration of oil from Lower Jurassic Dingo Claystone source rocks up the South Pepper Fault. This oil was biodegraded before the second episode of migration occurred after the Middle Miocene tectonism. The later oil is believed to have been sourced by the Middle to Upper Jurassic Dingo Claystone. Biodegradation at this stage ceased or became insignificant due to temperature increase and reduction of meteoric water flow. Gas-condensate, sourced from Triassic or Lower Jurassic sediments may have migrated into the structure with this second oil although a more recent migration cannot be ruled out.The proposed structural and hydrocarbon migration history fits regional as well as local geological observations for the Barrow Sub-basin. Further data particularly from older sections of the stratigraphic column within the area are needed to refine the interpretation.

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Burrel, Laura, and Antonio Teixell. "Contractional salt tectonics and role of pre-existing diapiric structures in the Southern Pyrenean foreland fold–thrust belt (Montsec and Serres Marginals)." Journal of the Geological Society 178, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): jgs2020–085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-085.

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Triassic Keuper evaporites have long been recognized as the main detachment level for thrusting in the Pyrenean fold–thrust belts. The deformed Late Cretaceous–Eocene foreland basin of the Southern Pyrenees has structures and stratal geometries that can be interpreted as related to salt tectonics (e.g. unconformities, rapid thickness variations, long-lived growth fans and overturned flaps), although they have been overprinted by shortening and thrusting. Based on field observations and published maps, we build new structural cross-sections reinterpreting two classic transects of the Southern Pyrenees (Noguera Ribagorçana and Noguera Pallaresa river transects). The sequential restoration of the sections explores the variations in structural style, addressing the role of halokinesis in the tectonic and sedimentary development. In the Serres Marginals area, we propose that salt pillows and diapirs started developing locally during the Mesozoic pre-orogenic episode, evolving into a system of salt ridges and intervening synclines filled with early synorogenic sediments. Rapid amplification of folds recorded by widespread latest Cretaceous–Paleocene growth strata is taken as marking the onset of contractional folding in the area. During Pyrenean compression, folding mechanisms transitioned from dominantly halokinetic to a combination of buckling and differential sedimentary loading. Squeezing of salt diapirs and thrust welding occurred as salt ridges were unroofed. We provide new field observations that lead to a reinterpretation of the regional structural development and contribute to the debate about the role of salt tectonics in the Pyrenees.Supplementary material: Table S1, giving the thickness of the main stratigraphic units, is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5287737

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Sissingh, W. "Syn-kinematic palaeogeographic evolution of the West European Platform: correlation with Alpine plate collision and foreland deformation." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 85, no. 2 (June 2006): 131–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600077933.

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AbstractSequence stratigraphic correlations indicate that intermittent changes of the kinematic far-field stress-field regimes, and the associated geodynamic re-organisations at the plate-tectonic contacts of the African, Apulian, Iberian and European plates, affected the Tertiary palaeogeographic evolution of the West European Platform through a combination of intra-plate tectonics and fluctuations of relative sea level. A temporal sequence of first-order stages in structural, palaeotopographic and palaeohydrographic development of the platform can be distinguished from the Paleocene onwards. These formative stages are closely linked to major plate-boundary events involving the development of the Pyrenean and Alpine orogens, and can be traced throughout the West European Platform.

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Bensalem, Mohamed Sadok, Soulef Amamria, Mohamed Ghanmi, and Fouad Zargouni. "Kinematic evolution and quantification of deformation in external orogenic zones: a case study from the Tunisian Atlas." Geologica Carpathica 67, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2016-0024.

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Abstract The quantification of deformation is one of the main objectives studied by geologists in order to control the evolution of tectonic structures and their kinematics during different tectonic phases. One of the most reliable methods of this theme is the direct calculation of quantity of deformation based on field data, while respecting several parameters such as the notion of tectonic inheritance and reactivation of pre-existing faults, or the relationship between the elongation and shortening axis with major faults. Thus, such a quantification of deformation in an area may explain the relations of thin- and thick-skinned tectonics during this deformation. The study of structural evolution of the Jebel Elkebar domain in the southern-central Tunisian Atlas permits us to quantify the deformation during the extensional phase by a direct calculation of the vertical throw along normal faults. This approach is verified by calculation of thickness of eroded strata in the uplifted compartment and of resedimented series, named the Kebar Formation, in the downthrown compartment. The obtained results confirm the importance of the Aptian-Albian extensional tectonic regime. The extent of deformation during the compressional phase, related to reactivation of pre-existing faults, is less than that of extensional phases; indeed the compressive reactivation did not compensate the vertical throw of normal faults. The geometry of the Elkebar fold is interpreted in terms of the “fault-related fold” model with a décollement level in the Triassic series. This permitted the partition of deformation between the basement and cover, so that the basement was allowed for a limited transport only, and the maximum of observed deformation was concentrated in the thin-skinned tectonics.

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Gapais, Denis. "Tectonics-mineralisation relationships within weak continental lithospheres: a new structural framework for Precambrian cratons." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 189, no. 3 (2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2018014.

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Many Archaean and Paleoproterozoic cratons show deformation patterns that differ from those observed in modern orogens. On the other hand, they constitute an important part of present-day emerged continents and contain a large part of continental mineral resources known to date. On the basis of a summary of structural data from some typical field examples and of results of analogue modelling, we emphasize that pop-down tectonics marked by vertical burial of supracrustals within an underlying hot and weak crust may be the most suitable model to account for deformation patterns of many ancient deformation zones. An overview of relationships between structural patterns and mineralisation in several ancient deformation zones further emphasizes that pop-down tectonics provides a very promising structural framework for mining exploration in Precambrian cratons.

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Corrado, Giuseppe, Sabrina Amodio, Pietro P. C. Aucelli, Gerardo Pappone, and Marcello Schiattarella. "The Subsurface Geology and Landscape Evolution of the Volturno Coastal Plain, Italy: Interplay between Tectonics and Sea-Level Changes during the Quaternary." Water 12, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 3386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123386.

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The Volturno alluvial-coastal plain is a relevant feature of the Tyrrhenian side of southern Italy. Its plan-view squared shape is due to Pliocene-Quaternary block-faulting of the western flank of the south-Apennines chain. On the basis of the stratigraphic analysis of almost 700 borehole logs and new geomorphological survey, an accurate paleoenvironmental reconstruction before and after the Campania Ignimbrite (CI; about 40 ky) eruption is here presented. Tectonics and eustatic forcing have been both taken into account to completely picture the evolution of the coastal plain during Late Quaternary times. The upper Pleistocene-Holocene infill of the Volturno plain has been here re-organized in a new stratigraphic framework, which includes seven depositional units. Structural analysis showed that two sets of faults displaced the CI, so accounting for recent tectonic activity. Yet Late Quaternary tectonics is rather mild, as evidenced by the decametric vertical separations operated by those faults. The average slip rate, which would represent the tectonic subsidence rate of the plain, is about 0.5 mm/year. A grid of cross sections shows the stratigraphic architecture which resulted from interactions among eustatic changes, tectonics and sedimentary input variations. On the basis of boreholes analysis, the trend of the CI roof was reconstructed. An asymmetrical shape of its ancient morphology—with a steeper slope toward the north-west border—and the lack of coincidence between the present course of the Volturno River and the main buried bedrock incision, are significant achievements of this study. Finally, the morpho-evolutionary path of the Volturno plain has been discussed.

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Butler, Robert W. H. "Thrust tectonics: a personal view." Geological Magazine 122, no. 3 (May 1985): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800031435.

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AbstractThe structure of fold and thrust belts has been studied for just over one hundred years and has been the subject of a recent international conference at Toulouse, in May 1984. This article reviews some of the recent advances in thrust tectonics from a personal viewpoint, in the light of the Toulouse meeting. Key tools in correctly interpreting thrust systems are the use of balanced (restorable) cross-sections and the resolution of three dimensional fault systems. These analytical methods are now being widely developed and applied to numerous orogenic belts with many surprising results. While our understanding of foreland thrust belts is now probably better than any other structural environment, there is still great uncertainty as to the emplacement-driving mechanisms of these belts. Future work will try to solve these and other outstanding problems and apply the new analytical methods to the interior parts of thrust belts in efforts to restore entire orogens.

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Sapyanik, V. V., E. Yu Lapteva, E. V. Lyubutina, A. I. Nedospasov, P. I. Novikov, N. V. Petrova, A. V. Fateev, and A. P. Khilko. "GEODYNAMICS OF THE SEDIMENTARY COVER AND OIL-AND-GAS PROSPECTS OF THE TOMSK REGION EASTERN TERRITORY." Geology and mineral resources of Siberia, no. 3 (2021): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20403/2078-0575-2021-3-21-30.

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The article deals with geodynamic processes of the plicative tectonics of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic development stage in the southeastern territory of the West Siberian hemisyneclise, which allowed scientists to significantly clarify the configuration of multi-ordinal structures, to identify the second-order negative structure in the territory of the Baraba-Pikhtovka monocline, and to offer a new view of the structural-tectonic zoning of the Tomsk region eastern territory sedimentary cover. To substantiate the prospects of Jurassic petroleum plays, their resource potential is estimated using the basin modeling method. Based on an integrated analysis of structural imagings, history of the territory tectonic development, calculated maps of effective capacities, test results and WL conclusions, 42 traps of structural, structural-lithological, structural-stratigraphic types were mapped and their assessment by the volume-statistic method by Dl category [inferred resources] was given. The results obtained significantly expand the prospects for peripheral territories of the West Siberian Plate, where it is necessary to complete regional geological exploration.

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Diamantis, K., Th Karamousalis, Vas Antoniou, and G. Migiros. "UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, DRY UNIT WEIGHT AND FRACTURE PATTERNS OF ULTRABASIC ROCKS IN OTHRYS MOUNTAIN (CENTRAL GREECE): CORRELATIONS AND EVALUATION." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 1 (June 8, 2018): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16550.

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Ultrabasic rocks, taken from the Othrys mt. (Central Greece), are studied in this paper. The structural geology and tectonics of the study area are described. Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) and dry unit weight (γ) values are calculated and fracture angles are measured. The results are statistically assessed and empirical relationships (exponential equations) between UCS and γ are presented for the ultrabasic roch, divided in Peridotites, Serpentinised Peridotites and Serpentinites. Due to the low correlation coefficient of the Serpentinised Peridotites, it was decided that the Serpentinised Peridotites and Serpentinites should be examined together. The correlation coefficient of the combined category is much better than the separate ones. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates that the majority of the ultrabasic rocks tested were breaking at one angle (φ°), which mainly fluctuated between 75° and 90°. The fracture angles correlate with previously recognised geological (mainly tectonic) structures. The observed deviations are due to pétrographie variety, structural complexity, preferred orientation of olivine and orthopyroxene and internal imprinted tectonic deformation.

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SAALMANN, K., I. MÄNTTÄRI, P. PELTONEN, M. J. WHITEHOUSE, P. GRÖNHOLM, and M. TALIKKA. "Geochronology and structural relationships of mesothermal gold mineralization in the Palaeoproterozoic Jokisivu prospect, southern Finland." Geological Magazine 147, no. 4 (January 18, 2010): 551–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756809990628.

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AbstractThe palaeoproterozoic Svecofennian orogen in southern Finland contains a number of orogenic gold occurrences. The Jokisivu gold deposit, comprising auriferous quartz veins, is hosted by syn-tectonic quartz diorites to gabbros. Mineralization occurs in approximately WNW–ESE- and WSW–ENE-trending shear zones, which probably branch from regional-scale NW–SE-trending shears. Ore zone fabrics post-date regional-scale folding and the metamorphic peak, and can be correlated with late Svecofennian regional shear tectonics (D6; 1.83–1.78 Ga), indicating that mineralization formed during the late stages of orogenic evolution. SIMS and TIMS U–Pb dating of three samples place tight constraints on the age of gold mineralization. Zircons from both unaltered and altered quartz diorites have ages of 1884±4 Ma and 1881±3 Ma, respectively. These are interpreted as the crystallization age of the rock and as providing the maximum age for mineralization. Zircon rims from an altered quartz diorite from the ore zone give ages of c. 1802±15 Ma, which overlap with the 1801±18 Ma titanite (mean Pb–Pb) age from the ore zone. The ages are similar to the age of the pegmatite dyke that cuts the ore zone and whose zircon age of 1807±3 Ma is approximately the same as the 1791±2 Ma monazite age (TIMS) giving the minimum age of the gold mineralization. The mineralization and its structural framework can be correlated with coeval late Svecofennian shear tectonics related to WNW–ESE-oriented shortening in southern Finland. Extensive c. 1.8 Ga granite magmatism, shear zone development and associated gold mineralization are of regional importance also in the northern and western Fennoscandian Shield (Finnish Lapand and Sweden). A Cordilleran-type setting can explain the widespread distribution of magmatism and gold mineralization associated with shortening, as well as the required heat source triggering hydrothermal fluid flow along shear zones.

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Haremo, Pål, Arild Andresen, and Henning Dypvik. "Mesozoic extension versus Tertiary compression along the Billefjorden Fault Zone south of Isfjorden, central Spitsbergen." Geological Magazine 130, no. 6 (November 1993): 783–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800023153.

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AbstractThe Billefjorden Fault Zone displays a complex tectonic history going back into Precambrian times. Observed thickness variations within Mesozoic sequences across the fault zone have previously been related to Mesozoic extensional movements along the fault zone. Recent structural, stratigraphical and sedimentological investigations suggest that the thicknessvariation observed across the fault zone is due to Tertiary compressional tectonics, and that Mesozoic extensional movements are minor or nonexistent.Tertiary deformation is characterized by a combined thin-skinned/thick-skinned structural style. Thin-skinned thrusting is due to the development of décollement zones in the Jurassic/Cretaceous Janusfjellet Subgroup and in the Triassic Sassendalen Group. Thick-skinned faulting is related to reverse faulting along a steep, east-dipping fault rooted in the pre-Mesozoic basement. Interacting thin-skinned thrusting and thick-skinned faulting has resulted in out-of-sequence thrusting, and is responsible for the thinning of Mesozoic sequences across the fault zone.

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Králiková, Silvia, Rastislav Vojtko, Ubomír Sliva, Jozef Minár, Bernhard Fügenschuh, Michal Kováč, and Jozef Hók. "Cretaceous—Quaternary tectonic evolution of the Tatra Mts (Western Carpathians): constraints from structural, sedimentary, geomorphological, and fission track data." Geologica Carpathica 65, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geoca-2014-0021.

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Abstract The Tatra Mts area, located in the northernmost part of Central Western Carpathians on the border between Slovakia and Poland, underwent a complex Alpine tectonic evolution. This study integrates structural, sedimentary, and geomorphological data combined with fission track data from the Variscan granite rocks to discuss the Cretaceous to Quaternary tectonic and landscape evolution of the Tatra Mts. The presented data can be correlated with five principal tectonic stages (TS), including neotectonics. TS-1 (~95-80 Ma) is related to mid-Cretaceous nappe stacking when the Tatric Unit was overlain by Mesozoic sequences of the Fatric and Hronic Nappes. After nappe stacking the Tatric crystalline basement was exhumed (and cooled) in response to the Late Cretaceous/Paleogene orogenic collapse followed by orogen-parallel extension. This is supported by 70 to 60 Ma old zircon fission track ages. Extensional tectonics were replaced by transpression to transtension during the Late Paleocene to Eocene (TS-2; ~80-45 Ma). TS-3 (~45-20 Ma) is documented by thick Oligocene-lowermost Miocene sediments of the Central Carpathian Paleogene Basin which kept the underlying Tatric crystalline basement at elevated temperatures (ca. > 120 °C and < 200 °C). The TS-4 (~20-7 Ma) is linked to slow Miocene exhumation rate of the Tatric crystalline basement, as it is indicated by apatite fission track data of 9-12 Ma. The final shaping of the Tatra Mts has been linked to accelerated tectonic activity since the Pliocene (TS-5; ~7-0 Ma).

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Gapais, Denis, Jean-Pierre Brun, Charles Gumiaux, Florence Cagnard, Gilles Ruffet, and Christian Le Carlier De Veslud. "Extensional tectonics in the Hercynian Armorican belt (France). An overview." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 186, no. 2-3 (2015): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.186.2-3.117.

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Abstract A synthesis of existing geological, structural and geophysical data shows that the south Armorican Hercynian belt was marked by syn-convergence crustal thinning and dextral wrenching that were in part coeval in late Carboniferous times. Our kinematic model is further supported by new structural data and 40Ar/39Ar ages on synkinematic leucogranites. Extension and strike-slip followed earlier crustal thickening and exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic units in late Devonian-early Carboniferous times. Crustal extension led to the development of core complexes cored by migmatites and crust-derived granite laccoliths. At this time, the South Armorican shear zone acted as a transfer zone separating the extending domain of South Brittany from the non-extending domain of Central Brittany submitted to dextral wrenching. The overall structural pattern and attached kinematics are compared with recent numerical models and illustrated by a 3D interpretative model that integrates geological and deep seismic reflection data (ARMOR 2 profile).

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Chettri, Nisha, and Karan Nayak. "Drainage Basin Morphometry Analysis in Parts of South Shillong Plateau, Meghalaya: Implications for Landscape Development." Spectrum: Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54290/spect/2021.v8.1.0004.

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The Shillong Plateau is characterised by multiple phases of deformation and number of prominent sets joints/fracture system. The Southern Shillong Plateau unlike the northern part is highly dissected by the scarp faces which are mostly erosional. The area is characterised by deep incising river networks which cuts across many lithological units. To understand the factors influencing the drainage characteristic of the area and landscape development, the present study has been done in context of morphometry, geomorphology and geology of the drainage basin. Fifteen sub basins of 4th order have been selected from the Um Sohrynkew River basin. Drainage morphometry, indices of active tectonism, geology and tectonics and landform features have been worked out for better evaluation of drainage characteristics. The study area forms part of the Meghalaya Precambrian province of upper Proterozoic age. The southern border of the Shillong Plateau is demarcated by Dauki (Also known as Dawki) fault which is a prominent structural lineament. It consists of at least four E-W trending normal faults with occasional reversal. The segment of the Dauki fault in the study area is believed to be active. The present study focuses on the drainage network and the landscape development of the study area where a very strong relationship has been observed between the lithology and structure together with the tectonic activity influencing the drainage pattern in the area.

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Scharf, Andreas, Frank Mattern, Mohammed Al-Wardi, Gianluca Frijia, Daniel Moraetis, Bernhard Pracejus, Wilfried Bauer, and Ivan Callegari. "Chapter 6 Conclusions, differences between the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes and unanswered questions." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 54, no. 1 (2021): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m54.6.

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AbstractThis chapter provides the conclusions/outlines of the tectonics, affecting the Southeastern Oman Mountains, including the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes. The main tectonic events include amongst others (1) Neoproterozoic rifting, (2) two distinct early Paleozoic compressive events, (3) large-scale open ‘Hercynian’ folding and formation of a pronounced unconformity during the late Paleozoic, (4) rifting preceding the opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean during the late Paleozoic, (5) late Cretaceous obduction of the Semail Ophiolite and the response of the Arabian lithosphere as well as (6) post-obductional tectonics. Also of major geological significance are the three major glaciations (Sturtian, Marinoan and Late Paleozoic Gondwana glaciation) which have been recorded in the rocks of northern Oman. Moreover, major lithological, structural and metamorphic differences exist between the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes. It appears likely that a major fault, striking parallel to the eastern margin of the Jabal Akhdar Dome, probably originating during Neoproterozoic terrain accretion, acted as a divide between both domes until present. This fault was multiple times reactivated and could explain the differences between the two domes. A catalogue of unanswered questions is included in chronological order to express that many geological aspects need further investigation and future research projects.

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Vojtko, Rastislav, Juraj Beták, Jozef Hók, František Marko, Vojtech Gajdoš, Kamil Rozimant, and Andrej Mojzeš. "Pliocene to Quaternary tectonics in the Horná Nitra Depression (Western Carpathians)." Geologica Carpathica 62, no. 4 (August 1, 2011): 381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-011-0028-5.

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Pliocene to Quaternary tectonics in the Horná Nitra Depression (Western Carpathians)The Horná Nitra Depression is an Upper Miocene-Quaternary intramontane sedimentary basin. This N-S elongated half-graben structure is rimmed from the west by the marginal Malá Magura fault which is the most distinctive fault in the Horná Nitra Depression, traditionally considered as an active fault during the neotectonic phase. This dislocation is attended by contrasting landforms and their parameters. The lowS-indexof about 1.10, at least two generations of well-preserved faceted slopes along this fault, and longitudinal river valley profiles point to the presence of a low-destructed actual mountain front line, which is typical for the Quaternary active fault systems. Comparison with known normal fault slip rates in the world makes it possible to set an approximate vertical slip rate between 0.3-1.1 m · kyr-1. The present-day fault activity is considered to be normal, steeply dipping towards the east according to structural and geophysical data. The NNW-SSE present-day tectonic maximum horizontal compressional stressSHand perpendicular minimum horizontal compressional stressShwas estimated in the Horná Nitra region. The Quaternary activity of the Malá Magura fault is characterized by irregular movement. Two stages of important tectonic activity along the fault were distinguished. The first stage was dated to the Early Pleistocene. The second stage of tectonic activity can by dated to the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. The Malá Magura fault is permeable for gases because the soil atmosphere above the ca. 150 meters wide fault zone contains increased contents of methane and radon.

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Shuwen, DONG, ZHENG Yadong, CHEN Xuanhua, and SHI Jing. "Advances in Structural Geology and Tectonics in the Late 20th Century: A Review." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 80, no. 3 (September 7, 2010): 349–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00254.x.

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Rowe, Christie D. "Research Matters 1. Funding for Structural Geology and Tectonics Research in Three Nations." Geoscience Canada 40, no. 4 (December 23, 2013): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2013.40.029.

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Pinheiro, Marcos Roberto, and Paola Cianfarra. "Brittle Deformation in the Neoproterozoic Basement of Southeast Brazil: Traces of Intraplate Cenozoic Tectonics." Geosciences 11, no. 7 (June 27, 2021): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11070270.

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The basement of southeast Brazil is traditionally interpreted as the result of Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic orogenic cycles. Wide regions of the Atlantic Plateau (southeast Brazil) are characterized by rocks and tectonic structures of Precambrian age. According to the classical literature, these regions have not been affected by tectonics since the Miocene, despite the fact that they rest close to Cenozoic basins, which have suffered recent tectonic deformation. The objective of this research is to evaluate the role of neotectonics in the Atlantic Plateau. This task is accomplished through a multiscalar approach which includes lineament domain analysis from regionally sized digital elevation models and structural geology field surveys. Lineaments are automatically detected and statistically analyzed. Azimuthal analyses of data on faults and fractures by a polynomial Gaussian fit enables the identification of the main structural trends. Fault-slip direct inversion by means of the original Monte Carlo approach allows one to compute the multiple paleostresses that produced the measured fault population. The results show the presence of a principal ENE–WSW lineament domain, related to an old shear zone possibly reactivated since the Miocene. One of the paleostresses computed from fault-slip inversion is in agreement with the neotectonic stress-field proposed by other authors.

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Coney, Peter J. "Structural aspects of suspect terranes and accretionary tectonics in western North America." Journal of Structural Geology 11, no. 1-2 (January 1989): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(89)90038-2.

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Boutib, Lahcen, Fetheddine Melki, and Fouad Zargouni. "Tectonique synsedimentaire d'age cretace superieur en Tunisie nord orientale; blocs bascules et reorganisation des aires de subsidence." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 171, no. 4 (July 1, 2000): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/171.4.431.

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Abstract Structural analysis of late Cretaceous sequences from the northeastern Tunisian Atlas, led to conclude on an active basin floor instability. Regional tectonics resulted in tilted blocks with a subsidence reorganization, since the Campanian time. These structural movements are controlled both by N140 and N100-120 trending faults. The Turonian-Coniacian and Santonian sequences display lateral thickness and facies variation, due to tectonic activity at that time. During Campanian-Maastrichtian, a reorganization of the main subsidence areas occurred, the early Senonian basins, have been sealed and closed and new half graben basins developed on area which constituted previously palaeohigh structures. These syndepositional deformations are characterized by frequent slumps, synsedimentary tilting materials, sealed normal faults and progressive low angle unconformities. These tilted blocks combined to a subsidence axis migration were induced by a NE-SW trending extensional regime. This extension which affects the Tunisian margin during the Upper Cretaceous, is related to the Tethyan and Mesogean rifting phase which resulted from the combined movements of the African and European plates.

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Mansor, Md Yazid, A. Hadi A. Rahman, David Menier, and Manuel Pubellier. "Structural evolution of Malay Basin, its link to Sunda Block tectonics." Marine and Petroleum Geology 58 (December 2014): 736–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.05.003.

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Giannerini, Gérard, Guillaume Sanchez, Dimitri Schreiber, Jean-Marc Lardeaux, Yann Rolland, Antoine Bellando de Castro, and Victorien Bauve. "Geometry and sedimentary evolution of the transpresssive Roquebrune-Cap Martin basin: implications on the kinematics and timing of the Nice arc deformation during Miocene times, SW Alps." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 182, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.182.6.493.

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Abstract The Roquebrune-Cap Martin basin (RCMB), developed along the eastern rim of the Nice arc, represents an exclusive sedimentary marker constraining the timing of the deformation in the Nice arc (southern Subalpine chain) during Miocene times. Structural and sedimentological analyses as well as 3D geometrical modeling of the RCMB revealed morphological, structural and sedimentological features characterizing an active tectonic control of the sedimentary infills and the basin development. Structural and microstructural analyses along the eastern boundary of the Nice arc evidenced a N-S left-lateral strike-slip ‘en echelon’ faults system named Mont Gros-St Agnès Castillon relayed by the Biancon E-W thrusts and sheets. The formation of the RCMB appears to be genetically linked to these strike-slip ‘en échelon’ faults. Such characteristics include the presence of the Mont Gros strike-slip fault structural high relief bounding the RCMB to the West, the West-East asymmetry of the sedimentary infill with a laterally transition facies from breccias directly below the fault relief to conglomerates and sandstones in the central part of the basin and the presence of mass wasting in all structural levels of the basin. The onset and the evolution of the basin were driven by transpresssive tectonics, generating a deep and narrow tectonic depression, bounded by steep tectonically controlled slopes. The transpresssive character of the eastern Nice arc boundary where the syn-tectonic RCMB is hosted, accommodate a general southward translation of the Nice arc in response to a N-S shortening regime. The sedimentological and previous paleontological analyses suggest that the activity of the eastern Nice arc transpresssive boundary generating the RCMB and thus the southward motion of the Nice arc, started during the Early Miocene (Aquitanian), continuing through the Late Miocene (Tortonian). The style and the timing of the syn-sedimentary deformation of the Nice arc is coherent in space and time with the one affecting the Digne and Castellane arc.

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Berhe, S. M., and D. A. Rothery. "Interactive processing of satellite images for structural and lithological mapping in northeast Africa." Geological Magazine 123, no. 4 (July 1986): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800033495.

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AbstractInteractive digital processing of multispectral satellite images (Landsat MSS) using principal components transformations and spatial filtering has clarified the position of continuous sutures linking apparently isolated Pan African (late Proterozoic) ophiolites. These have been field-checked and an arrangement of Pan African suture zones is proposed. Spatial filtering has also highlighted faults with various trends which can be related to the late Precambrian tectonics of the Horn of Africa region.

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Augier, Romain, Laurent Jolivet, Damien Do couto, and François Negro. "From ductile to brittle, late- to post-orogenic evolution of the Betic Cordillera: Structural insights from the northeastern Internal zones." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 184, no. 4-5 (July 1, 2013): 405–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.184.4-5.405.

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Abstract Relations between Alpine detachment-bounded metamorphic domes, crustal-scale strike-slip fault zones and sedimentary basins in the Internal zones of the Betic cordillera are still matter of debate. Current tectonic interpretations of these basins vary from late-orogenic extensional structures to compressional ones associated with strike-slip motions along major still active faults. Structural investigations including new field mapping, meso-scale faults recognition, palaeostress analysis of brittle small-scale faults systems were performed in the sedimentary cover of the Almanzora corridor and the Huércal-Overa basins, located either in the hanging wall unit of the Filabres extensional shear zone or at the termination of the Alhama de Murcia sinistral fault zone. In parallel, a detailed study of the ductile and the ductile-brittle deformation was carried out in the footwall unit of the Filabres extensional shear zone, in the Nevado-Fílabride complex. Three main brittle events were recognised in the basin cover including two extensional events that occurred prior to a weak tectonic inversion of the basin during a third, still active event. The first one, D1b is characterized by the development a first stress regime consistent with ~NW-SE extensional tectonics. Besides, the consistency between the latest ductile and the brittle kinematics for the Filabres extensional shear zone and the activity of meso-scale fault systems that primarily control the main SW-NE depocentres allow concluding to a top-to-the-NW continuum of strain during the final exhumation of the Nevado-Filábride complex. The resulting overall half-graben architecture of the basins is then related to the combination of the formation of the metamorphic domes that added a local control superimposed on the regional deformation. Indeed, after a consistent top-to-the-west shearing prevailing during most of the Nevado-Filábride exhumation, final exhumation stages were in turn, characterised by important kinematics changes with a subordinate top-to-the-NW sense of shear (D1b). The onset of sedimentation in the basins occurred shortly after the crossing of the ductile-brittle transition in the underlying metamorphic domes at ca. 14 Ma into SW-NE fault-bounded troughs. Tectonic subsidence was then maintained during D2b while extensional kinematics changed to N-S or even locally to SSW-NNE. Extensional tectonics then lasted most of the Tortonian during the final tectonic denudation increments of the Sierra de los Filabres achieved at ca. 9-8 Ma. Intramontane basins are therefore genuinely extensional and clearly related to the latest exhumation stages of the Nevado-Filábride complex in the back-arc domain. Conversely, at ca. 8 Ma, basins started to record a ~N-S to NNW-SSE compressional stress regime (D3b) and ceased to be active depocentres while shortening within the Internal zones then recorded only the Iberia/Africa convergence. The weak inversion of the basins however resulted either in the reactivation of originally extensional faults such as the Alhama de Murcia fault or the basin individualisation and a progressive water exchange reduction with the Atlantic ocean and is thus proposed to be directly responsible for the Late Miocene salinity crises.

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Dubey, Ashok Kumar. "Role of inversion tectonics in structural development of the Himalaya." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 39, no. 6 (November 2010): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.04.027.

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Andreani, Louis, Nicolas Loget, Claude Rangin, and Xavier Le Pichon. "Reply to the comments of Jean Philip on the paper entitled." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 184, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.184.3.279.

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AbstractWe reply to the comments of J. Philip regarding the structure of La Nerthe range (southern Provence, France) and the timing of the deformation. We first agree with J. Philip on the structural independence of La Nerthe and L’Etoile ranges. We then discuss the allochthonous and autochthonous models. The allochthonous model mainly relies on a reactivation of a N-verging thrust during the Oligocene. There are no evidences for a Middle Rupelian thrusting event and the interpretation of the Oligocene series in southern Provence area was entirely revised. J. Philip’s argumentation is solely based on the existence of steep dipping Rupelian limestones. However we demonstrate that they could be tilted along normal faults as it is the case in the Marseille basin. Recent works clearly show that the Oligocene Marseille and Saint-Pierre basins have a similar tectonic history resulting from two main extensional events. The last point debated by J. Philip is the age of the strike-slip faults. As it is pointed in our contribution the strike-slip fault planes cut folded strata and were reactivated during an extensional event. This strike-slip faulting event occurred between the latest stages of the main Bartonian compressional event and the beginning of the Early Rupelian extensional tectonics. As pointed by J. Philip the E-trending faults of Saint-Pierre basin acted as normal faults during the Oligocene. We however suggest that these faults were inherited from the Late Eocene strike-slip tectonics and reactivated during the Oligocene.

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Zouhri, Lahcen. "Structural evolution of the southern Rif Cordillera(Morocco): tectonics and synsedimentary fault processes." Geological Journal 39, no. 1 (January 2004): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.945.

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Syahputra, Reza, Felix Muria Hasudungan Sihombing, and Octria Adi Prasojo. "Correlation Between Fracture Azimuth, Surface Lineaments and Regional Tectonics: A case study from Belik District, Central Java, Indonesia." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2019.4.1.2294.

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Two major strike-slip faults with northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast orientation have shifted the southern Central Java, including Belik District. Consequently, many smaller faults that have the same direction as the major faults and west-east direction folding systems were emerged. The orientation of these geologic structures could be observed from morphological features such as ridge and river. A quantitative approach was carried out to unravel the impacts of those geologic structures on the geomorphology of the study area, which is located between Slamet Mountain and Sindoro Mountain, Central Java province. The method used in this research was the structural geology analysis, including the interpretation of ridge and river lineament, the distribution of fractures, and statistical analysis. The research location is divided into four different segments based on its lineament and morphology. The lineament that has similar characteristics was tested using normality test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov. The Spearman test was used to obtain the correlation between surface lineament and fracture azimuth. All fracture azimuth, ridges and rivers tend to have northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest direction. These results show similar direction with strike-slip regional structural pattern. The statistical calculation and field observation indicate the influence of external factor on the change of the study area’s landform.

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Adhikari, Drona, Champak Babu Silwal, and Lalu Prasad Paudel. "Review of the Geology of the Arun-Tamor Region, Eastern Nepal: Present Understndings, Controversies and Research Gaps." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 26, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v26i2.41439.

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Systematic study of the eastern Nepal Himalaya was started after 1950 when Nepal opened up for foreigners. Thereafter, several geological studies have been carried out in the Arun-Tamor region of eastern Nepal Himalaya. The Tibetan-Tethys sedimentary sequence, the Higher Himalayan amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphic crystalline sequence, the Lesser Himalayan sedimentary and greenschist facies metasedimentary sequences, and the Siwalik foreland molassic sedimentary sequence are the four major tectonic units of this area. The individual nomenclature schemes of stratigraphic units, the correlational dispute, the positions and interpretations of regional geological structures are some examples that have created controversies regarding the lithostratigraphy and structural arrangements. The difference in age and genesis of the Main Central Thrust and its effects in the metamorphism of the eastern Nepal Himalaya are the exemplification of the contradiction in the interpretation of the tectonometamorphic history. There is a gap in research in the tectonics and episodic metamorphic evolution of the area owing to the bare approach in the microstructural and geochronological investigation. Future investigations should be focused on solving the above mentioned controversies and narrowing down the research gaps in tectonic and metamorphic evolution.

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Célini, Naïm, Jean-Paul Callot, Jean-Claude Ringenbach, and Rodney Graham. "Anatomy and evolution of the Astoin diapiric complex, sub-Alpine fold-and-thrust belt (France)." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 192 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021018.

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The structure of the southwestern branch of the Alpine orogen is affected by the extensive Late Triassic evaporites. These evaporites have been involved in polyphased salt tectonics since the early Liassic, coeval with the Tethyan rifting, and are the décollement level for thrusts in the external parts during Alpine orogeny. The role of salt tectonics in this branch of the Alpine arc is re-evaluated in order to determine the relative importance of early deformation related to salt motion with respect to deformation related to main Alpine compressional events. This paper focuses on one structure identified as diapiric since the 1930’s: the Astoin diapir (Goguel, 1939). Analysis of geological maps together with new field work have allowed to better define diapirism in the Upper Triassic evaporites outcrops around Astoin. Study of the diapir and the surrounding depocenters reveals a major involvement of salt in the structuration of the area, since the Liassic. Several salt ridges are linked to a main diapiric structure, explaining why we call it the “diapiric complex” of Astoin. Salt tectonics was initiated during the Liassic rifting, and a few locations show evidence of reactive diapirism whereas in others evidence of passive diapirism as early as the Liassic is seen. Passive diapirism continued during the post-rift stage of Alpine margin history in the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous when an allochthonous salt sheet was emplaced. Diapirism also occurred during the Oligocene while the Alpine foreland basin was developing in this part of the European margin of the Alps. Serial interpretative cross-sections have been drawn in order to illustrate the lateral variations of diapirism and structural style. Sequential evolutions for each cross-section are proposed to reconstruct the diapiric complex evolution through time. The Astoin diapir shows a complex structural framework with an important along-strike variation of diapiric activity. Most of the geometries are inherited from salt tectonics that occurred during extension, and in some places these early structures are overprinted by Alpine compressional structures.

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GÜRER, ÖMER FEYZI, ERCAN SANGU, and MUZAFFER ÖZBURAN. "Neotectonics of the SW Marmara region, NW Anatolia, Turkey." Geological Magazine 143, no. 2 (February 13, 2006): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756805001469.

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This study reports on the geometric and structural characteristics of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in the southwest Marmara region. The geometric and kinematic features of the faults in the region are described, based on field observations. In addition, the Neogene and Quaternary basin fill which occupies large areas in the region has been determined, and the tectonic regimes controlling these basins are explained. The neotectonic regime is also explained considering different deformation phases affecting the region. The N–S extension and E–W strike-slip have affected the region possibly since the latest Pliocene–Quaternary. Field observations show that these extensional tectonics around the south Marmara region are related to right strike-slip on the E–W North Anatolian fault zone and the N–S Aegean extensional system. The faults in this zone trend approximately E–W in the eastern part of the region and NE–SW towards the west of the region, indicating that they accommodate rotation in addition to differential movement between adjacent blocks.

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Gapais, Denis, Gilian Alimoenadi, Nicole Balraadjsing, and Benoît Poupeau. "The Rosebel gold mining district (Trans-Amazonian belt, Suriname), a new structural framework." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 192 (2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021021.

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The Rosebel gold district belongs to the Paleoproterozoic Trans-Amazonian belt associated with sub-meridian crustal shortening. Here, we present new structural observations (cleavage, stretching lineations, veins, fault slip data, aeromagnetic map). The regional cleavage is steeply dipping and bears a steeply plunging stretching lineation. Finite strains are of flattening type. Fault slip data reveal a complex deformation history. The overall strain pattern in the area reflects vertical motions, a feature consistent with pop-down tectonics involving vertical stretch and burial of supracrustal deposits during horizontal shortening of a hot and weak continental lithosphere.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Structural Geology and Tectonics'

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