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1
Hills, Jonathan Frederick Francis. "Structural realism : continuity of structure over theory-change in generative linguistics." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533733.
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Katzir, Roni (Roni A. ). "Structural competition in grammar." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45899.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-148).
This thesis makes the following three claims: (1) Competition exists in natural language: the grammaticality (and meaning) of using a linguistic object 0 can be affected by the grammaticality (and meaning) of a different linguistic object [phi]' (2) Structure plays a role in competition: [phi]' can only affect the grammaticality (and meaning) of [phi]' of [phi]' and [phi]' are structurally related (in particular, if [phi]' is no more complex than [phi]' (3) Simpler is better: if 0 is strictly more complex than [phi]', and if the two are equally good otherwise, q will be blocked by [phi]' The first claim is the most general and the least controversial. It adds little to what is commonly accepted in the domains of conversational implicature, focus alternatives, morphological blocking, and economy conditions in syntax and semantics. Chapter 1 presents background on some of the issues regarding this general claim. The second claim is more controversial. Most work on implicature has treated considerations of structural complexity as unimportant or downright orthogonal to conversational reasoning. In the domain of focus alternatives structure has been occasionally used (in particular, below the word level), but argued to be irrelevant otherwise. In Chapter 2 I will present a case study that shows that, at least sometimes, reference to structure (specifically to structural complexity) is necessary. Chapter 3, jointly written with Danny Fox, discusses a remaining question about the use of alternatives for implicature and provides arguments for a parallel treatment of implicature and focus, as well as for a constraint on the ability of contextual relevance to remove a formal alternative from the set of actual alternatives. In Chapter 4 I discuss certain cases of morphological blocking that cannot be based solely on structural pruning. For the patterns to be accounted for, a direct preference for simpler structures must be active in the grammar.
by Roni Katzir.
Ph.D.
3
Wu, Guobin. "A discourse structural approach to anaphora in Chinese." Thesis, University of York, 1995. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10806/.
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Féry, Caroline. "Information structural notions and the fallacy of invariant correlates." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1969/.
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In a first step, definitions of the irreducible information structural
categories are given, and in a second step, it is shown that there are no
invariant phonological or otherwise grammatical correlates of these categories. In other words, the phonology, syntax or morphology are unable to define information structure. It is a common mistake that information structural categories are expressed by invariant grammatical correlates, be they syntactic, morphological or phonological. It is rather the case that grammatical cues help speaker and hearer to sort out which element carries which information structural role, and only in this sense are the grammatical correlates of information structure important. Languages display variation as to the role of grammar in enhancing categories of information structure, and
this variation reflects the variation found in the ‘normal’ syntax and phonology of languages.
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Yang, Gyusuk. "Grammatical Features of Structural Elaboration and Compression Common in Advanced ESL Academic Writing." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5286.
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The present study replicated the research framework of a previous study (Biber, Gray, & Poonpon, 2011) that identifies the grammatical complexity of L1 professional academic prose as strongly favoring a dense use of phrasal nominal modifiers such as prepositional phrases as postmodifiers, attributive adjectives, and nouns as premodifiers which characterize its unique structurally compressed discourse style. The main purpose of the present study was to explore syntactic similarities and differences between L1 professional and L2 student academic writing in terms of their reliance on phrasal/nominal compression features to determine characteristics of the grammatical complexity of advanced ESL academic writing. To this end, the distributional patterns of use for 25 specific grammatical complexity features of structural elaboration and compression were investigated in a corpus of 128 short academic essays collected from 16 advanced ESL learners and 16 L1 university students (as comparison data).The results showed a heavier reliance of both the advanced ESL and L1 student academic writing on phrasal nominal modifiers (attributive adjectives and prepositional phrases as postmodifiers) of structural compression than on clausal elaboration features, which lent empirical support to Biber, Gray, and Poonpon’s (2011) findings. In addition to the phrasal compression features, both the advanced ESL and L1 student academic writing were also characterized by a prominent use of specific colloquial grammatical devices such as adverbs as adverbials. Compared to the advanced ESL writing, the L1 student academic writing showed a significantly more preference for one particular colloquial feature: ZERO relative clauses where relative pronouns replacing relativized objects are omitted. This combined reliance on both phrasal compression devices and colloquial features in both the advanced ESL and L1 student academic writing distinguished their grammatical complexities from that of L1 professional academic prose and signaled a possibility for recognizing them as a transitional developmental stage from more casual to more academic writing.
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Babyonyshev, Maria A. "Structural connection in syntax and processing : studies in Russian and Japanese." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10705.
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Diao, Xuejiao. "Cross Language Transfer of Metalinguistic Awareness: A Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Model for Chinese-English Bilingual Children." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1397468219.
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Eguchi, Haroldo Coltri. "Intencionalidade e indeterminação interpretativa no design de produto /." Bauru : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89734.
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Orientador: Olimpio José PinheiroBanca: Carlos Roberto Zibel Costa
Banca: José Carlos Plácido da Silva
Resumo: Esta dissertação tenta identificar o que pode significar alguns textos escolhidos de Barthes, Derrida e Flusser para a teoria do design. Estes textos/autores a princípio está associados à linguístisca, mas é importante frisar que esta é aqui entendida como uma teoria da comunicação. O contexto pós-estruturalista destes autores aponta como uma obra depende da comunidade de "falantes" daquela linguagem. Ou seja, depende não só de quem contrói o discurso como também do público-alvo ao qual se destina essa produção. De modo que o significado não existiria na obra em si, mas seria uma reconstrução, talvez até co-criação posterior por parte do público. Mas, afirmar que a obra não apresenta significado em si mesmo não é afirmar que ela não significa ou que não tem valor. É afirmar que este significado e este valor são uma construção comunitária. Neste conetxto, é interessante questionar até que ponto o criador desses objetos coloca-se no lugar do público-alvo. Apesar de instável e múltiplo, o senso comum engendrado no seio dessa rede de inter-relações, a que se dá o nome de comunidade ou campo cultural, seria a base onde as ideias não construídas e reconstruídas, configuradas e reconfiguradas. Portanto o diálogo se faz necessário
Abstract: Starting with studies related to poststructuralism, specially Barthes and Derrida, where linguistic can be understood as a theory of aesthetical communication, this paper tries paper tries to demonstrate how the meaning of a cultural object, that could be of art, design, archtecture, music, theatre or any other area of knowledge and expression, depends of their community of "speakers". It depends not only of the author of the discourse as well as the targeted public of this production. This way, the meaning would not be a characteristic of the work itself, but a re-construction a posteriori by the reader, almost always under the influence of the specialized criticism. In this scenario it is interesting to ask how much the designer thinks on his public. Has the creator the domain of communication technics and are this technis really efficient? But to say that a work has no meaning on itself does nor mean that it has not value and that it does not mean anything. It is, to affirm that the meaning and value aqre communitarian. This responsible community would be the basis where the ideas are generated, re-generated, configured and re-configured
Mestre
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Ericsson, Linn. "Structural Metaphors in George Eliot's Middlemarch and their Swedish Translations." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-1045.
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Jönsson, Martin L. "On compositionality : doubts about the structural path to meaning /." Lund : Lund University, Dept. of Philosophy, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017746786&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Romero, Reynaldo. "Structural consequences of language shift Judeo-Spanish in Istanbul /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (ProQuest) Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/451013323/viewonline.
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Höhle, Barbara, Michaela Schmitz, Anja Müller, and Jürgen Weissenborn. "The recognition of discontinuous verbal dependencies by German 19-month-olds : evidence for lexical and structural influences on children’s early processing capacities." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1629/.
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Recent work has shown that English-learning 18-month-olds can detect the relationship between discontinuous morphemes such as is and -ing in Grandma is always running (Gomez, 2002; Santelmann & Jusczyk, 1998) but only at a maximum
of 3 intervening syllables. In this article we examine the tracking of discontinuous dependencies in children acquiring German. Due to freer word order, German allows for greater distances between dependent elements and a greater syntactic variety of the intervening elements than English does. The aim of this study was to investigate whether factors other than distance may influence the child’s capacity to recognize discontinuous elements. Our findings provide evidence that children’s recognition capacities are affected not only by distance but also by their ability to linguistically analyze the material intervening between the dependent elements. We speculate that this result supports the existence of processing mechanisms that reduce a discontinuous relation to a local one based on subcategorization relations.
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Yeung, Hiu-lam, and 楊曉霖. "Thought, language origin, and the Saussurean concept of linguistic sign." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49618015.
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This thesis is an investigation of the relation between language and thought in terms of the Saussurean concept of linguistic sign. However, it is not an empirical study of the relation between language and thought and, therefore, not a study of the Whorfian problem of linguistic relativity, but rather a study of how we understand the nature of language and thought such that we think they are related in a certain way. This thesis is an investigation of the “metaphysical” picture that underlies our understanding of the relation between language and thought.
In this study, we believe that how we understand the nature of language and thought is implicitly related to how we understand their relation. Therefore, we cannot really deduce the relation between language and thought from our understanding of language and thought independently of how the relation is initially understood. The whole matter is indeed about what is the larger picture within which we understand the nature of language and thought. And, we think the Saussurean concept of linguistic sign, which deals with the problem of the duality of forms and ideas, provides us with such a picture. This is primarily the reason that motivates the present study.
In investigating the relation between language and thought from the Saussurean semiological perspective, we will also take into account the problem of the origin of language, which we think, represents another picture of language in that it represents an attempt to study the nature of language from a naturalistic perspective. Therefore, we want to contrast the Saussurean picture of language with this naturalistic picture of language; we want to see how the problem of the origin of language is understood from a semiological perspective. This would allow us to see how language is understood from a synchronic perspective in the Saussurean picture of language.
Finally, it is hoped the present study would contribute to our understanding of how language and thought is in fact always inseparable in our conception from a Saussurean perspective, that is, in terms of our existence as speakers.published_or_final_version
Linguistics
Master
Master of Philosophy
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De, Smit Merlijn. "Language contact and structural change : An Old Finnish case study." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för baltiska språk, finska och tyska, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1402.
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The object of this study is to shed new light on both the influence exerted on Finnish by the Swedish language, and on the mechanisms by which language contact in structural domains takes place. It is argued that syntactic borrowing should be regarded as a subtype of reanalysis and extension rather than as an independent mechanism. Also, the need to regard linguistic structural change as teleologically motivated rather than deterministically caused is stressed. Possibilities to apply a framework based on A.N. Whitehead’s process philosophy to language change are explored. The corpus consists of six legal translations from the 1580s to 1759. The areas studied, all relating to Finnish object and subject marking, are those of the Finnish passive, which under foreign influence has shown tendencies to change from a typically non-promotional passive to a promotional passive; Finnish necessitive constructions, which form an active-stative subsystem within Finnish with marked active subjects and unmarked objects/non-active subjects but have shown tendencies to develop a nominative-accusative system in dialects influenced by Swedish; and the Finnish relative word "kuin", which has been taken to be a Swedish calque modelled on "som". The result is a complex interplay of reanalyses and extensions with foreign model patterns involved to a varying degree. Development of a promotional passive seems to involve both internal semantic factors and Swedish models. Necessitive subjects appear to be marked or unmarked on the basis of a merger between constructions involving active subjects and passive objects, possibly modelled on Swedish. And the relative word "kuin" has been integrated into Old Finnish in a way at odds with the usage of the model pattern. This vindicates abandoning the dichotomy between “internal” and “external” changes, and regarding language contact as a background factor rather than as an independent cause.
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Price, Todd Logan. "Structural lexicology and the Greek New Testament: apply corpus linguistics for word sense possibility delimitation using collocational indicators." Thesis, London School of Theology, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.573934.
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Kobele, Gregory Michael. "Generating copies an investigation into structural identity in language and grammar /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1273094861&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Jacobson, Holly E. "Translation of the health brochure and impact on the target reader: A contrastive analysis of the structural and pragmatic features of texts translated into Spanish versus texts written originally in Spanish." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280112.
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This study involved the analysis of a corpus of health brochures in Spanish, contrasting the way this particular genre is formed and understood in the United States and Mexico. The corpus is made up of two subcorpora: a collection of health brochures published in the United States (translated from English into Spanish), and a collection of brochures from Mexico (written originally in Spanish). These subcorpora were analyzed and compared from many different angles, providing a comprehensive view of how the texts are structured and organized. Analysis at the microlinguistic level, grounded in Speech Act Theory, shows differences in the linguistic realization of the persuasive interactional goals in the two text types. At the macrolinguistic level, a factor analysis reveals differences between the two text types in terms of the patterning and co-occurrence of linguistic features serving the overall informational and persuasive functions characteristic of the health brochure. These differences are attributed to the interpersonal relations and cultural and social contexts in which the two text types are embedded. A subset of texts from both subcorpora was field tested with the aim of assessing the impact of the two text types on readers, in addition to readers' perceptions of the texts. Fifty-four Spanish-speaking adults from Mexico participated in this part of the study. Field testing involved a three pronged approach: a pretest-posttest protocol, recall protocol, and interviews. Responses provide a look at the brochures from the perspective of the reader, and shed light on the role of the two text types in the Mexican community. Results of both parts of this study contribute to the fields of translation studies, translator training, contrastive rhetoric, corpus linguistics, genre analysis, cross-cultural communication, and health education and communication.
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Patterson, Clare. "The role of structural and discourse-level cues during pronoun resolution." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7128/.
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Pronoun resolution normally takes place without conscious effort or awareness, yet the processes behind it are far from straightforward. A large number of cues and constraints have previously been recognised as playing a role in the identification and integration of potential antecedents, yet there is considerable debate over how these operate within the resolution process. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how the parser handles multiple antecedents in order to understand more about how certain information sources play a role during pronoun resolution. I consider how both structural information and information provided by the prior discourse is used during online processing. This is investigated through several eye tracking during reading experiments that are complemented by a number of offline questionnaire experiments.
I begin by considering how condition B of the Binding Theory (Chomsky 1981; 1986) has been captured in pronoun processing models; some researchers have claimed that processing is faithful to syntactic constraints from the beginning of the search (e.g. Nicol and Swinney 1989), while others have claimed that potential antecedents which are ruled out on structural grounds nonetheless affect processing, because the parser must also pay attention to a potential antecedent’s features (e.g. Badecker and Straub 2002). My experimental findings demonstrate that the parser is sensitive to the subtle changes in syntactic configuration which either allow or disallow pronoun reference to a local antecedent, and indicate that the parser is normally faithful to condition B at all stages of processing. Secondly, I test the Primitives of Binding hypothesis proposed by Koornneef (2008) based on work by Reuland (2001), which is a modular approach to pronoun resolution in which variable binding (a semantic relationship between pronoun and antecedent) takes place before coreference. I demonstrate that a variable-binding (VB) antecedent is not systematically considered earlier than a coreference (CR) antecedent online. I then go on to explore whether these findings could be attributed to the linear order of the antecedents, and uncover a robust recency preference both online and offline. I consider what role the factor of recency plays in pronoun resolution and how it can be reconciled with the first-mention advantage (Gernsbacher and Hargreaves 1988; Arnold 2001; Arnold et al., 2007). Finally, I investigate how aspects of the prior discourse affect pronoun resolution. Prior discourse status clearly had an effect on pronoun resolution, but an antecedent’s appearance in the previous context was not always facilitative; I propose that this is due to the number of topic switches that a reader must make, leading to a lack of discourse coherence which has a detrimental effect on pronoun resolution.
The sensitivity of the parser to structural cues does not entail that cue types can be easily separated into distinct sequential stages, and I therefore propose that the parser is structurally sensitive but not modular. Aspects of pronoun resolution can be captured within a parallel constraints model of pronoun resolution, however, such a model should be sensitive to the activation of potential antecedents based on discourse factors, and structural cues should be strongly weighted.Pronomenauflösung erfolgt normalerweise scheinbar mühelos und ohne bewusste Anstrengung. Jedoch ist die Verarbeitung von pronominalen Referenzen aus linguistischer Sicht ein hochkomplexer Prozess. Durch unterschiedliche wissenschaftliche Studien wurden bereits zahlreiche Faktoren ermittelt, die bei der Pronomenauflösung eine Rolle spielen, allerdings herrscht weitgehend noch keine Einigkeit darüber, wie genau diese Faktoren die Verarbeitung von Pronomen beeinflussen. Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es zu untersuchen, wie der Leser/Hörer mit Pronomen umgeht, denen mehrere Antezedenten zugeordnet werden können, um zu verstehen, welche Rolle bestimmte Informationsquellen in der Verarbeitung von Pronomen spielen. Besondere Beachtung findet dabei, wie strukturelle Eigenschaften sowie Informationen aus dem vorangegangenen Diskurs für die Suche nach einem passenden Antezedenten benutzt werden. Die angewandte Untersuchungsmethode der vorliegenden Dissertation ist Eye-tracking during reading, ergänzt mit verschiedenen offline-Fragebögen. Die Experimente erforschen die Rolle der folgenden Aspekte in der Verarbeitung von Pronomen: Prinzip B der Bindungstheorie (Chomsky 1981; 1986), Koreferenz und Variablenbindung laut der Primitives of Binding Hypothese (Reuland 2001, Koornneef 2008), Antezedentenreihenfolge im Satz, und Diskursstatus des Antezedents. Obwohl es zeigt sich, dass der Hörer/Leser sensibel für subtile Veränderungen in der syntaktischen Konfiguration ist, wie z.B. für die Reihenfolge der Antezedenten im Satz und für den Diskursstatus des Antezedenten, gibt es keinen Nachweis dafür, dass Variablenbindung zeitlich vor Koreferenz erfolgt. Einige Aspekte der Auflösung pronominaler Referenzen können in einem parallel constraints model erfasst werden, allerdings sollte so ein Modell strukturelle Informationen stark gewichten und sensitiv sein für die Aktivierung potenzieller Antezedenten aufgrund von Diskursfaktoren.
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Benchiba, Najat. "A structural analysis of Moroccan Arabic and English intra-sentential code switching." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2008. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28920/.
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A phenomenon of language contact between different speech communities is that of code switching which is a result of language contact between speakers of diverse language(s) and/or dialect(s). The aim of this thesis is to quantitatively and qualitatively detail the grammatical outcomes of intra-sentential code switching in natural parsing by bilingual speakers of Moroccan Arabic and English in the UK and to assess the way in which the Matrix Language Frame Model (MLF) (Myers-Scotton 1993b, 2002) is a suitable linguistic model for bilingual discourse. Such natural switching is highly regularized and syntactic features are maintained through normal grammatical constraints as will be detailed. A description of grammatical approaches to code switching is outlined with focus on one particular model, the Matrix Language Frame the concept of which was first pioneered by Joshi (1985) and elaborated upon in further detail by Myers-Scotton (1993b, 2002). I also draw upon the Minimalist model MacSwan (1999) for further analysis of inter-language parameters and language universals with regard to constraints on code switching as well as comparisons made with the Monolingual Structure Approach (Boumans, 1998). It is not the aim of this thesis to advocate a one-size-fits-all approach to constraints on code switching as this has proved to be the Achilles heel of all theoretical approaches to code switching over the last few decades (Pfaff 1979, Poplack 1980, Di Sciullo, Muysken & Singh 1986, Bentahila & Davies 1983) but to validate and corroborate the viability of the Matrix Language Frame Model. Natural data of Moroccan Arabic and English code switched discourse collated for this thesis provide further empirical support required to test the validity of the Matrix Language Frame model well as providing a quantitative database for further research. I advocate my own set of eleven generalizations pertaining to intra-sentential code switching and highlight a new emerging speech style amongst second and third generation speakers I have termed Reactive Syntax where it becomes evident that innovative speech styles and syntactic strings of utterances highlight creativity amongst these generational groups. This thesis concludes with an evaluation of the data collated together with an examination of the suitability of the Matrix Language Frame Model and suggestions for further research.
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Meier, Thomas [Verfasser], and Carlos Ulises [Akademischer Betreuer] Moulines. "Theory change and structural realism : a general discussion and an application to linguistics / Thomas Meier. Betreuer: Carlos Ulises Moulines." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1067752501/34.
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Kiss, Katalin É. "Topic and focus :two structural positions associated with logical functions in the left periphery of the Hungarian Sentence." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1963/.
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The paper explicates the notions of topic, contrastive topic, and focus
as used in the analysis of Hungarian. Based on distributional criteria, topic and focus are claimed to represent distinct structural positions in the left periphery of the Hungarian sentence, associated with logical rather than discourse functions. The topic is interpreted as the logical subject of predication. The focus is analyzed as a derived main predicate, specifying the referential content of the set denoted by the backgrounded post-focus section of the sentence. The exhaustivity associated with the focus and the existential presupposition associated with the background are shown to be properties following from their specificational predication relation.
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Novella, Savelyeva Elena. "Structural and Functional Analysis of Lexical Bundles in Music Research Articles : A Corpus-Based Approach." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och lärande, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37487.
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Applied linguistics has lately been seen in studies of formulaicity of language operating through recurrent word combinations. The present study deals with one type of word combinations, namely lexical bundles (LBs), which are defined as a sequence of three or more words that frequently co-occur in a particular register (Biber et al., 1999). The present study is a corpus-based analysis of four-word lexical bundles extracted from Music research articles (RAs). The Corpus of Music Research Articles (CMRA) of one million words was created in order to perform structural classification of the retrieved lexical bundles and an analysis of their functions. The CMRA includes 110 articles collected from international music journals from various music subdisciplines. In order to find which lexical bundles were characteristic of music research specifically, the findings were compared to previous research based on other academic disciplines. The list of 218 lexical bundles was compared to the one of three different subject areas (Jalilifar et al., 2016) with the purpose of identification of discipline-specific LBs (n=102) which included 20 topic-specific bundles; and general lexical bundles (n=116) which included 56 core bundles shared among Music and three subject areas (Art and Humanities, Sciences and Social sciences). Structurally and functionally, the analysis of the extracted lexical bundles demonstrated that native English expert writers predominantly used preposition-based phrases (50%), with respect to structure; and research-oriented bundles (74%), with respect to function. The findings have pedagogical applications and could be used in courses in English for Specific Purposes.
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Grabitzky, Vera Katharina. "Vulnerable language areas in attriting L1 German : testing the interface hypothesis and structural overlap hypothesis." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1328.
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Linguists studying language acquisition often assume that once a first language is fully acquired, its mental linguistic representation remains constant and stable. Observations of native language attrition due to the influence of a dominant second language have led researchers to rethink the nature of the first language and consider the possibility that the mental representation of our first language may not be completely stable.
The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate specific areas of the first language that may be particularly vulnerable to L1 attrition if exposed to a dominant L2. I test Sorace's (2003) Vulnerable Interface Hypothesis, and propose and test the Structural
Overlap Hypothesis.
The Vulnerable Interface Hypothesis for first language attrition claims that linguistic properties located in the interfaces between the linguistic computational system and external domains (e.g. discourse or pragmatics) are particularly vulnerable to attrition, while internal interfaces (e.g. the syntax-semantics interface) are only somewhat vulnerable to attrition. The domain of narrow syntax is assumed to remain stable unless the L1 begins to attrite in childhood (Montrul, 2008). The Structural Overlap Hypothesis assumes that properties which exhibit structural overlap between the L1 and L2 are more vulnerable to L1 attrition.
The predictions of both hypotheses are tested using 15 L1 German adult attriters whose dominant L2 is English, in order to observe the degree of stability of the linguistic system in adult onset bilinguals. Four linguistic properties of German are examined, which are grouped in two pairings of a purely syntactic property with a grammatically related interface property. 15 monolingual L1 German speakers and 15 monolingual L1 English speakers serve as controls.
The data obtained also shed light on a frequently debated question of attrition research, viz. whether L1 attrition is due to transfer from the L2, or a decrease in the linguistic processing capacity due to competition of a dominant L2, or both.
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Fernandez, Gustavo Javier. "A Structural and Functional Analysis of Codeswitching in Mi Vida Gitana `My Gypsy Life,' a Bilingual Play." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/397.
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The present study analyzed the language in the script of the bilingual play Mi Vida Gitana `My Gypsy Life' (Malán, 2006) in order to better understand issues relating to codeswitching (CS). The analysis was done from a structural and a functional perspective and utilized various models developed by renowned CS scholars. For the structural analysis, I utilized concepts and ideas put forth in the three-tiered typology created by Muysken (2000) and the Matrix Language Frame model developed by Myers-Scotton (1993). The results of this portion of the study showed that some form of CS, whether occurring between turns or within turns, was observed in 78% of all turns. With regard to CS types and elements most commonly observed in the data, the alternation of clauses and the insertion and alternation of nouns and noun phrases were the predominant phenomena occurring in the script. I used Myers-Scotton's (1993) Markedness Model and Gumperz's (1982) functions of conversational CS to guide the functional analysis conducted during this study. The results arising from this portion of the analysis showed that CS served an important function in terms of character development. Marked and unmarked CS helped create different characters and likely assisted audiences in understanding those characters. The data analyzed also showed that CS served a purpose with regard to the communication of the message to diverse audiences. The use of reiterations and conjunctions were determined to be important CS strategies that contributed to making the story accessible to bilingual as well as monolingual audiences. The results of this study are in line with previous research that has documented the types of structures found in English-Spanish CS and some of the functions served by this phenomenon. The implications of the study provide additional support for the recognition of CS as a possible factor in the language acquisition process and suggest that language educators acknowledge its occurrence and utilize it to further develop learners' language skills.
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Vogel, Michely Jabala Mamede. "A noção de estrutura lingüística e de processo de estruturação e sua influência no conceito e na elaboração de linguagens documentárias." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27151/tde-17032008-104245/.
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Estudo apoiado em revisão bibliográfica sobre a evolução das Linguagens Documentárias tendo como foco a apropriação da noção de estrutura da Lingüística Estrutural pela Documentação. A revisão compreende parte das pesquisas desenvolvidas na Europa, notadamente por Jean-Claude Gardin, García Gutiérrez e Hutchins, e no Brasil, pelo Grupo Temma. A partir da análise das reflexões apresentadas, propõe-se um quadro das principais características das Linguagens Documentárias. Para referendar a observação concreta das Linguagens Documentárias, explora-se o conceito de estrutura lingüística e das propostas iniciais de seu desenvolvimento, realizando um breve apanhado sobre a apropriação da Lingüística pela Documentação. Discute-se o significado do termo linguagem na Documentação e estabelece-se o cotejamento entre as características da Linguagem Documentária, da linguagem artificial e da linguagem natural. Em seguida, a partir da constatação de que a Terminologia opera com a noção de estrutura e de estruturação, procura-se verificar como se concretiza esse apoio para efeito de organização sistêmica das Linguagens Documentárias e, finalmente, a partir dos conceitos e reflexões reunidas anteriormente, realiza-se um exercício para verificar se, e como, os conceitos lingüísticos são integrados às Linguagens Documentárias e instrumentos semelhantes. Conclui-se que todos os instrumentos utilizam, de um modo ou outro, a noção de estrutura, variando em rigor como a integram, mas nem tanto a de estruturação. A atualização das estruturas inicialmente propostas, via estruturação e reestruturação contínuas, é que se apresenta como problema.It is a bibliographic review study on the evolution of Documentary Languages that focuses on the appropriation of the structure notion of the Structural Linguistics by the Documentation. The review contains part of the developed researches in Europe, notably by Jean-Claude Gardin, García Gutiérrez e Hutchins, e in Brazil, by Grupo Temma. Bystander analysis of the presented reflections, it is proposed a framework of the main characteristics of the Documentary Languages. To support the concrete observation of the Documentary Languages, it is explored the concept of linguistic structure and of the initial ideas of its development, making a brief survey on the appropriation of Linguistics by Documentation. It is discussed the meaning of the term \'language\' in the Documentation and it is established the differences and similarities of the characteristics of the Documentary Language, the artificial languages and the natural language. Subsequently, bystander the statement that Terminology operates with the notion of structure and of making structure, it searches to verify how this support can be concrete to the systemic organization of the Documentary Languages, and finally, bystander concepts and reflections reunited previously, it is done an exercise to verify if, and how, the linguistics concepts are integrated to the Documentary Languages and similar tools. It is concluded that all the tools use, in a hand or another, the structure notion, varying the form and the rigor of how it is applied. But they do not apply as well the notion of making structure. The actualization of the structures initially proposed, by means of making continuous structure and re-structure, still presents as a problem.
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Zhang, Phyllis Ni. "Word order variation and end focus in Chinese : pragmatic functions /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1994. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/11714827.
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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1994.Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Clifford A. Hill. Dissertation Committee: Franklin E. Horowitz. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-128).
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Eguchi, Haroldo Coltri [UNESP]. "Intencionalidade e indeterminação interpretativa no design de produto." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89734.
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Esta dissertação tenta identificar o que pode significar alguns textos escolhidos de Barthes, Derrida e Flusser para a teoria do design. Estes textos/autores a princípio está associados à linguístisca, mas é importante frisar que esta é aqui entendida como uma teoria da comunicação. O contexto pós-estruturalista destes autores aponta como uma obra depende da comunidade de falantes daquela linguagem. Ou seja, depende não só de quem contrói o discurso como também do público-alvo ao qual se destina essa produção. De modo que o significado não existiria na obra em si, mas seria uma reconstrução, talvez até co-criação posterior por parte do público. Mas, afirmar que a obra não apresenta significado em si mesmo não é afirmar que ela não significa ou que não tem valor. É afirmar que este significado e este valor são uma construção comunitária. Neste conetxto, é interessante questionar até que ponto o criador desses objetos coloca-se no lugar do público-alvo. Apesar de instável e múltiplo, o senso comum engendrado no seio dessa rede de inter-relações, a que se dá o nome de comunidade ou campo cultural, seria a base onde as ideias não construídas e reconstruídas, configuradas e reconfiguradas. Portanto o diálogo se faz necessário
Starting with studies related to poststructuralism, specially Barthes and Derrida, where linguistic can be understood as a theory of aesthetical communication, this paper tries paper tries to demonstrate how the meaning of a cultural object, that could be of art, design, archtecture, music, theatre or any other area of knowledge and expression, depends of their community of speakers. It depends not only of the author of the discourse as well as the targeted public of this production. This way, the meaning would not be a characteristic of the work itself, but a re-construction a posteriori by the reader, almost always under the influence of the specialized criticism. In this scenario it is interesting to ask how much the designer thinks on his public. Has the creator the domain of communication technics and are this technis really efficient? But to say that a work has no meaning on itself does nor mean that it has not value and that it does not mean anything. It is, to affirm that the meaning and value aqre communitarian. This responsible community would be the basis where the ideas are generated, re-generated, configured and re-configured
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Pondian, Juliana Di Fiori. "Gramática da poesia escrita: figuras retóricas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-25082016-145446/.
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Assim como existem figuras retóricas concernentes ao plano do conteúdo e ao plano da expressão fônico, existem figuras concernentes ao plano da expressão gráfico. Partindo dessa proposição, nesta tese, recolhem-se alguns procedimentos poéticos recorrentes na poesia e que criam sentido visualmente, a fim de verificar se eles podem ser incorporados ao conjunto das figuras retóricas. Para tal, em primeiro lugar, faz-se uma investigação do estatuto da escrita no campo da linguística estrutural, a fim de estabelecer seus princípios e unidades operatórias. Propõe-se então a base da grafemática autônoma. Depois, definem-se as noções retóricas a partir das quais serão constituídas as figuras. Para isso, recuperam-se alguns tratados clássicos gregos, latinos e indianos , e modernos a Retórica geral, do Grupo e finalmente se apresenta a nossa base, da retórica lida à luz das teorias linguísticas modernas. Assim, as unidades definidas na grafemática servem de parâmetros para a constituição de níveis retóricos a fim de elaborarem-se as figuras da escrita, as quais são apresentadas na forma de um catálogo mais adiante. Divididas em quatro níveis: diamerismos, dos traços distintivos; metaplasmos, até as palavras; metataxes, das relações entre as palavras; e tropos, semânticos; essas amostras fornecem indícios de como se poderiam organizar as figuras retóricas do plano da expressão gráfico. Por fim, três poemas são analisados utilizando as propostas teóricas desenvolvidas.There are rhetorical figures related to the content and phonic expression planes, similarly, there are figures related to the graphic expression plane. Based on this assumption, the following study collected some recurring poetic procedures that create visual meaning as to verify whether they can be incorporated into the set of rhetorical figures. For that end, we first investigate the status of writing in the field of structural linguistics and establish its principles and operative units. After proposing the basis of an autonomous grafematics, we then define the rhetorical concepts for the construction of those rhetorical figures. For this, we work with some classical (Greek, Latin and Indian) and modern (the General Rhetoric of the Groupe ) treatises, and finally, we present the foundation of our rhetorics as seen in the light of modern linguistic theories. Thus, the units set out in the grafematics serve as parameters for building rhetorical levels and are employed to draw up the written figures, which are presented in the form of a catalog. The samples are broken down into four levels: from diamerismos of distinctive features to metaplasmos (words); from metataxes (relation between words) to tropos (semantics); these samples provide evidence of how we could organize the rhetorical figures of the graphic expression. Finally, working with the theoretical framework developed in the thesis, we analyze three poems.
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Haraldsson, Mathilda. "Pippi Longstocking: Differences in the translations from Swedish to English, from 1950 and 2007 : A structural comparison of two different translations of Pippi Longstocking from Swedish to English." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-25634.
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This study focuses on comparing two different versions of Pippi Longstocking translated into English on a structural level. With the help of the research of the known linguistics John Catford and Paul Vinay & Jean-Louis Darbelnet, we compare how the two different translators, Tiina Nunnally (2007) and Florence Lamborn (1950) have translated the same book. This study compares these two translations for grammatical features and word choices on a structural level, for example use of verb tense and differences in Vinay & Darbelnet’s modulation. It also studies how the translators have done differently regarding Catford’s structural shifts. The essay also briefly looks at the cultural differences between the countries and how they have been translated. The aim of this project is not to determine which translation is better, but to compare and describe any differences and similarities found. It will look at how the two translators have handled the same problems differently (or similarly). The translations by Florence Lamborn and Tiina Nunnally have much in common, but in our result and analysis we present the differences.
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Christiansen, Morten H. "Connectionism, learning and linguistics structure." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/526.
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This thesis presents a connectionist theory of how infinite languages may fit within finite minds. Arguments are presented against the distinction between linguistic competence and observable language performance. It is suggested that certain kinds of finite state automata, i.e recurrent neural networks are likely to have suffcient computational power,and the necessary generalization capability,to serve as models for the procesing and acquisition of linguistic structure.
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Schultz, Malin. "Metaphor and metonymy : A study of figurative language in newspapers." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-16864.
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Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo. "Language Contact and Linguistic Shift in Central-Southern Andes: Puquina, Aimara and Quechua." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113457.
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In this paper an attempt will be made to offer a partial history of the three major languages of ancient Peru: Puquina, Aimara and Quechua, postulating their initial settlement from which they started spreading, until their encounter in the Central-Southern Andes during the Late Intermediate Period. It is proposed that the Incas passed through two stages of language substitution: the first from Puquina to Aimara and then from Aimara to Quechua. Linguistic, historical and archaeological evidence will be advanced to support the hypothesis.En la presente contribución intentaremos bosquejar una parte de la historia de las tres lenguas mayores del antiguo Perú: el puquina, el aimara y el quechua, proponiendo los emplazamientos iniciales a partir de los cuales se expandieron hasta confluir en los Andes centro-sureños durante el Periodo Intermedio Tardío. Proponemos que los incas, a lo largo de su dominación, pasaron por dos etapas de mudanza idiomática: primeramente del puquina al aimara y, luego, del aimara al quechua. En apoyo de las hipótesis planteadas echamos mano de las evidencias de carácter lingüístico, histórico y arqueológico disponibles.
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Müller, Torsten. "Football, language and linguistics time-critical utterances in unplanned spoken language, their structures and their relation to non-linguistic situations and events /." Tübingen : Narr, 2007. http://books.google.com/books?id=mlhiAAAAMAAJ.
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Muller, Torsten. "Football, language and linguistics : time-critical utterances in unplanned spoken language, their structures and their relation to non-linguistic situations and events." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510233.
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Lolli, Pedro Augusto. "O continuo e o descontinuo em Levi-Strauss." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281545.
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Orientador: Mauro William Barbosa de AlmeidaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Mestrado
Antropologia Social
Mestre em Antropologia Social
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Nefdt, Ryan Mark. "The foundations of linguistics : mathematics, models, and structures." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9584.
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The philosophy of linguistics is a rich philosophical domain which encompasses various disciplines. One of the aims of this thesis is to unite theoretical linguistics, the philosophy of language, the philosophy of science (particularly mathematics and modelling) and the ontology of language. Each part of the research presented here targets separate but related goals with the unified aim of bringing greater clarity to the foundations of linguistics from a philosophical perspective. Part I is devoted to the methodology of linguistics in terms of scientific modelling. I argue against both the Conceptualist and Platonist (as well as Pluralist) interpretations of linguistic theory by means of three grades of mathematical involvement for linguistic grammars. Part II explores the specific models of syntactic and semantics by an analogy with the harder sciences. In Part III, I develop a novel account of linguistic ontology and in the process comment on the type-token distinction, the role and connection with mathematics and the nature of linguistic objects. In this research, I offer a structural realist interpretation of linguistic methodology with a nuanced structuralist picture for its ontology. This proposal is informed by historical and current work in theoretical linguistics as well as philosophical views on ontology, scientific modelling and mathematics.
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Turner, Carol. "Walking and Wandering among Mountains and Monsters : A study of metaphors and lexical variation in translation in a text about the Lake District." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-86094.
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This essay studies the translation of metaphorical concepts and lexical variation in relation to walking in a text about hiking in the Lake District. These two linguistic features are deemed to be important in fulfilling the communicative intention of the source text and the aim of the essay is to investigate to what extent these two linguistic features have been retained translation and what motivates different translation strategies. The qualitative study of metaphors focuses on the metaphorical concept THE LAKE DISTRICT IS A PERSON analyses how often different translation strategies are employed when translating metaphors. The results show that which strategy was preferred depended on whether the metaphor was lexicalised or novel and a qualitative analysis aims to explain these differences in preference. A qualitative study of the lexical variation regarding walking between the two languages found the number of different words used to be fairly similar in both languages. Context was determined to be more important than the exact meaning when translating words related to hiking. At times context therefore also motivated a single word to be translated into several different words in the target text or vice versa.
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Jordan-Baker, Craig. "Agency, structure and realism in language and linguistics." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/44185/.
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This thesis considers the scientific status of linguistics and the historical and contemporary attempts to view linguistics as closely aligned to, or one of, the natural sciences. Such attempts share certain common features that make up what is identified here as the ‘Formalist Attitude'. The question ‘what is a language?' is central to the discussion of the scientific status of linguistics, so a central task of the thesis is to show how answers to this question display the features of the Formalist Attitude. In particular it is shown that attempts to constrict the theoretical purview of linguistics around a view of language that sustains claims to natural scientific status fail to account for the social ontology of language and the role of speakers within the creation and reproduction of language. A consequence of this failure is an inability to explain important language phenomena such as language change, arbitrariness and knowledge of language, which the alternative conception of language defended here successfully accounts for. ‘Language' is best seen as a power of speakers to communicate with one another, a view which emphasises the motivated, social, reproductive and transformative aspects of actual speech. The negative and positive arguments jointly defended, support the view that linguistics, considered with respect to its object of knowledge, methodology and ability to offer explanations and predictions, is not akin to natural science but should be considered a social science. Besides historical contextualisation of the problem, the thesis looks at current trends, such as cognitive and integrationist linguistics, that are broadly consistent with its criticisms and conclusions. The purpose of the thesis then is twofold; to identify, explain and criticise a problematic and influential tradition within linguistics and then to provide some Lockean underlabouring for contemporary linguistics that will be valuable to linguists and philosophers.
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Gonçalves, Fernanda de Castro. "Língua e gênero em redações dissertativo-argumentativas: um enfoque sistêmico funcional." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13504.
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This research came into light due to the need to help my students produce written texts. The dissertational text is, in fact, an argumentative-dissertational text, for, according to Koch (1987), social interaction through language occurs mainly by argumentation. The difficulty in students´ communication, mainly the writing of the argumentative text, has always been present in teachers and researchers´discourses in the education field. Porta (2002), as a philosophy researcher is concerned with the relationship: Situation description- Problem- Thesis- Argumentation. Thus, a dissertational-argumentative text begins with a Description of a problem, proposes a Solution (actually, solution hypothesis) in favor of which the argumentation is presented. In case there are several hypotheses, he adds, it is the arguments that will select the best of them. As long as Description is concerned, he goes on saying that descriptions can play a leading role in many ways; what can´t be done is eliminating the problem as such, reducing the philosophical thesis to a mere description. Considering such questions, what I have observed in my student´s essays (I previously discuss the matter with them) is a tendency to describing the Situation (e.g. violence in São Paulo city), in that little attention is given to pointing out the Problem and because of that, there is no room for a Solution to the problem and being so, less attention is given to the Argumentation. Being a a systemicist, Eggins (1994) claims that the coherence of a text is based on two factors: (a) appropriateness to the genre, which involves a schematic structure (or genre structure) in its stages and finalities and (b) appropriateness to the linguistic register, which must comply with the variables of Field (subject matter), Tenor (the roles of the participants in an interaction) and Mode (how language organizes such elements). The objective of this research is to examine cohesion and coherence in dissertational- argumentative texts written by 2nd year high school students examining their linguistic structure and genre in order to check how they occur in their dissertational-argumentative texts to spot possible problems in these fields. My analysis is based upon Systemic Functional Linguistics ( developed by Halliday 1985; 1994 and his co-authors), which attempts to develop a theory about language as a social process and a methodological process that leads to a detailed and systemic description of the linguistic standards taking into account genre.Therefore, this research must answer the following research questions: (a) how is the genre structure configured in the examined essays? (b) How is the language in these essays presented?
dissertativoargumentativo, pois, como diz Koch (1987), a interação social por intermédio da língua caracteriza-se, fundamentalmente, pela argumentatividade. A dificuldade de comunicação escrita do aluno, em especial, nesse sentido, da redação do texto argumentativo, esteve sempre presente no discurso de professores e pesquisadores da área da educação. Porta (2002), de sua posição de estudioso da Filosofia, trata da relação: Descrição da Situação - Problema Tese Argumentação. Assim, um texto dissertativo-argumentativo, inicia-se com uma Descrição de um Problema, propõe-se uma Solução (na verdade, hipótese de Solução), em favor da qual apresenta-se a Argumentação. No caso de haver várias hipóteses, diz ele, são os argumentos que vão selecionar a melhor delas. A respeito da Descrição, diz ele que a descrição pode desempenhar um papel preponderante em vários sentidos; o que não pode é eliminar o problema enquanto tal, reduzindo, assim, uma tese filosófica a uma mera descrição. Com referências a essas questões, o que tenho verificado nas redações dos meus alunos (com quem sempre discuto previamente o assunto) é uma tendência à descrição da Situação (e.g. violência na cidade de São Paulo), em que pouca atenção de dá ao delineamento do Problema, e que, por isso, não dá lugar à apresentação de uma proposta (hipótese) de Solução, e, assim sendo, menos ainda para os Argumentos em defesa dessa proposta. Eggins (1994), de sua posição de sistemicista, afirma que a coerência de um texto repousa em dois fatores: (a) a adequação ao gênero, que envolve a estrutura esquemática (ou de gênero) com seus estágios e finalidades e (b) a adequação ao registro linguístico, que deve respeitar as variáveis de campo (assunto), relações (os interlocutores envolvidos) e modo (como a língua organiza esses elementos). O objetivo desta pesquisa é examinar a coerência e a coesão de textos dissertativo-argumentativos, escritos por alunos de 2º ano do Ensino Médio, examinando sua estrutura linguística e sua estrutura de gênero, a fim de verificar como elas se realizam em seus textos dissertativoargumentativos para detectar possíveis problemas nessas áreas. Assim, a pesquisa deve responder às seguintes perguntas de pesquisa: (a) Como se configura a estrutura de gênero nas redações examinadas? (b) Como se apresenta a linguagem dessas redações? Em minha análise, recorro à Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, desenvolvida por Halliday (1985; 1994) e seus colaboradores, a qual procura desenvolver uma teoria sobre a língua como um processo social e uma metodologia que permita uma descrição detalhada e sistemática dos padrões linguísticos, tendo em vista o gênero
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Wistner, Brian. "Effects of metalinguistic knowledge and language aptitude on second language learning." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/250126.
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Applied LinguisticsPh.D.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of metalinguistic knowledge and language learning aptitude on second language (L2) procedural knowledge. Three lines of inquiry were undertaken: (a) confirming the factorial structure of metalinguistic knowledge and language learning aptitude; (b) testing the relative effects of metalinguistic knowledge and language learning aptitude on L2 procedural knowledge; and (c) assessing the relative contributions of receptive and productive metalinguistic knowledge and components of language learning aptitude to L2 procedural knowledge. Two-hundred-forty-nine Japanese university students participated. One receptive and two productive tests of metalinguistic knowledge related to metalinguistic terminology and English grammatical rules were administered. Learners' language learning aptitude was measured using the Lunic Language Marathon, which consisted of four scales: number learning, sound-symbol association, vocabulary learning, and language analytical ability. Participants' L2 procedural knowledge was assessed through performance on a timed writing task. The writing samples were scored for overall quality, L2 complexity, accuracy, and fluency. The scores from each test were subjected to Rasch analyses to investigate the construct validity and unidimensionality of the instruments. The results of the Rasch analyses indicated that the test items fit the Rasch model, supporting the construct validity of the instruments. The unidimensionality of each instrument was established through Rasch principal component analyses. Interval-level Rasch measures were used for the subsequent analyses. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that metalinguistic knowledge and language learning aptitude were distinct constructs. A two-factor model showed good model fit and explained the relationship between the two constructs. Structural equation modeling revealed that metalinguistic knowledge significantly predicted L2 procedural knowledge, complexity, accuracy, and fluency. Language learning aptitude, however, was not a statistically significant predictor of the L2 procedural knowledge variables. The results of a path model analysis indicated that productive metalinguistic knowledge was the strongest predictor of L2 procedural knowledge, language analytical ability predicted receptive metalinguistic knowledge, and number learning was negatively associated with L2 procedural knowledge. The findings point to the facilitative role of metalinguistic knowledge in L2 learning and the viability of L2 declarative knowledge becoming proceduralized through practice.
Temple University--Theses
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Steele, Mary Helen. "Paragraph structure and translation : the theory and practice of paragraph and other high level structures in English and Russian narrative and the effect of the translation process upon these structures." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1992. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/38940/.
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Although a substantial amount of research exists on translation and on text structure, there are comparatively few works in which both subjects are combined; and to our knowledge, the effect of translation upon paragraph structure had never been thoroughly investigated. This study is an investigation of the alterations to the paragraph structure of the source text introduced by translators when translating from Russian into English and from English into Russian. In Chapter 1 we discuss linguistic and extralinguistic theories of relevance to translation, including the areas of pragmatics, norms and semiotic polysystem theory, and survey a range of theories of paragraph structure. In Chapter 2 a corpus of 8 English source texts together with the corresponding Russian translations, and 8 Russian source texts together with the corresponding English translations, is analysed for alterations to paragraph structure occurring in translation affecting either speech or narrative structure. Possible linguistic reasons for these alterations are examined in Chapter 3: the paragraph structure of the English and Russian source texts is compared for differences which could account for the alterations; and the paragraph structure of both is compared with non-translated texts in English and Russian. A high degree of similarity is found in the proportions of paragraph features across all groups, except in the area of paragraph length. It was found that a combination of factors are regularly present at alterations to paragraph structure occurring in translation, including one-sentence paragraphs, paragraphs the length of which did not conform to the source text norm, and other features of paragraph construction. This supports the hypothesis that the translator tended to alter paragraphs in conformity with the norms of the source text. In Chapter 4 we consider a higher level of factors which may promote or inhibit the the freedom of the translator to introduce alterations, such as the political and cultural climate in which the translation takes place, and the organization and production of translations.
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NESTOR, Paulo Henrique do Espírito Santo. "Historiografia-linguística da semântica estrutural de Greimas." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2405.
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Previous issue date: 2012-02-24The studies of meaning brought many internal and external controversies to the Linguistics, since the early thoughts from Plato and Aristotle in the old Greece. In the twentieth century, such discussions were intensified and built a polarization, in which there were the ones who defended the relevance of the studies on meaning, and the ones who believed to be impossible to develop those researches. In addition, the Linguistic Historiography is the approach developed in this thesis, in order to interpret the work Structural Semantics` theoretical productivity from the author Algirdas Julien Greimas, one of the linguists who defended vehemently the importance and legitimacy of the meaning analysis. Moreover, this guideline is justified due to the pertinence of this work in the linguistics setting, highlighted in different texts that deal with it as a watershed in the language studies. The Strcutural Semantics was published for the first time in French (1966), and it portrays surprisingly many aspects concerning the existing ideas in that period related to the meaning. Perhaps, Greimas lived in the most productive moment for the language studies of the twentieth century. Furthermore, it was in this period that Course in General Linguistics (Ferdinad de Saussure), Prolegomena a Theory to Language (Louis Hjelmslev), Morphology of the Folktale (Vladimir Propp) etc were published. Besides, Greimas lived for a long time in France, the epicenter of many theoretical discussions concerning both, language (langue) and language (langage). Though, his writings were not only read in this country, but also in many others, such as, Brazil where the Structural Semantics started to be part of many articles, dissertations and thesis` references. The respective work made changes in the research contexts of meaning that went beyond the linguistic semantic field, not only about the object, but also to the meaning and no longer to the sign, concerning the method that was completely different from the ones used so far in the Linguistics
Os estudos da significação suscitaram várias controvérsias, internas e externas à linguística, desde as reflexões iniciais de Platão e Aristóteles na Grécia Antiga. No século XX, tais discussões se intensificaram e contruíram uma polarização, na qual havia os que defendiam a importância dos estudos da significação e os que acreditavam serem impossíveis tais pesquisas. Esta dissertação realiza uma abordagem historiográfico-linguistica que busca interpretar a produtividade teórica da obra Semântica estrutural, escrita por Algirdas Julien Greimas, um dos linguisticas que defenderam com maior veemência a relevância e a legitimidade do exame acerca da significação. Tal diretriz se justifica graças à pertinência dessa obra no cenário da linguística, evidenciada nos vários textos que a tratam como um divisor de águas nos estudos da linguagem. A semântica estrutural foi publicada pela primeira em francês (1966), trata-se de um texto revelador de vários aspectos concernentes às idéias existentes nesse período relacionadas à significação. Greimas viveu durante o período que, talvez, tenha sido o mais produtivo para os estudos da linguagem no século XX. Basta lembrar que nesse intervalo foram publicadas as obras: Cursos de linguistica geral (Ferdinand de Saussure), Prolegômenos a uma teoria da linguagem (Louis Hjelmslev), muito tempo na França, epicentro da ebulição de várias discussões teóricas relativas à linguagem e à língua. Porém, seus escritos não circularam apenas nesse país, chegaram a vários outros, inclusive no Brasil, onde a Semântica estrutural passou a fazer parte de muitas bibliografias de artigos, dissertações e teses. A respectiva obra causou alterações no contexto das pesquisas acerca da significação que repercutiram além do âmbito próprio da semântica linguística, tanto no que se diz respeito ao objeto a significação e não mais o signo, quanto no que se refere ao médico, que se diferenciava drasticamente dos utilizados, até entaõ, em linguística.
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Götze, Michael, Thomas Weskott, Cornelia Endriss, Ines Fiedler, Stefan Hinterwimmer, Svetlana Petrova, Anne Schwarz, Stavros Skopeteas, and Ruben Stoel. "Information structure." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2227/.
Full textAbstract:
The guidelines for Information Structure include instructions for the annotation of Information Status (or ‘givenness’), Topic, and Focus, building upon a basic syntactic annotation of nominal phrases and sentences. A procedure for the annotation of these features is proposed.
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Smellie, David John. "Data structures for inference systems using linguistic rules." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253013.
Full text
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Lee, Chia-ying (Chia-ying Jackie). "Discovering linguistic structures in speech : models and applications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/93065.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 169-188).
The ability to infer linguistic structures from noisy speech streams seems to be an innate human capability. However, reproducing the same ability in machines has remained a challenging task. In this thesis, we address this task, and develop a class of probabilistic models that discover the latent linguistic structures of a language directly from acoustic signals. In particular, we explore a nonparametric Bayesian framework for automatically acquiring a phone-like inventory of a language. In addition, we integrate our phone discovery model with adaptor grammars, a nonparametric Bayesian extension of probabilistic context-free grammars, to induce hierarchical linguistic structures, including sub-word and word-like units, directly from speech signals. When tested on a variety of speech corpora containing different acoustic conditions, domains, and languages, these models consistently demonstrate an ability to learn highly meaningful linguistic structures. In addition to learning sub-word and word-like units, we apply these models to the problem of one-shot learning tasks for spoken words, and our results confirm the importance of inducing intrinsic speech structures for learning spoken words from just one or a few examples. We also show that by leveraging the linguistic units our models discover, we can automatically infer the hidden coding scheme between the written and spoken forms of a language from a transcribed speech corpus. Learning such a coding scheme enables us to develop a completely data-driven approach to creating a pronunciation dictionary for the basis of phone-based speech recognition. This approach contrasts sharply with the typical method of creating such a dictionary by human experts, which can be a time-consuming and expensive endeavor. Our experiments show that automatically derived lexicons allow us to build speech recognizers that consistently perform closely to supervised speech recognizers, which should enable more rapid development of speech recognition capability for low-resource languages.
by Chia-ying (Jackie) Lee.
Ph. D.
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Wagers, Matthew Webb. "The structure of memory meets memory for structure in linguistic cognition." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8580.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Linguistics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Mugane, John Muratha 1962. "Bantu nominalization structures." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289011.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation studies Bantu nominalizations drawing evidence primarily from Gikuyu and Bantu languages already in the literature. Gikuyu provides a very rich system of deverbal nouns which brings to the fore issues regarding word and phrase composition of deverbal elements, and the lexical integrity of words. Bantu nominalizations have received little attention in the literature in works such as Myers (1987), Kinyalolo (1991), Bresnan and Mchombo (1995). A very striking aspect of nominalized verbs in Gikuyu, (and Bantu) is that they bear both noun morphology (noun class marking), and verbal morphology (both inflectional and derivational). Deverbal nouns are many in Bantu languages and can not be taken to be idiosyncratic elements, without attempting to discover whether they are subject to principles that explain their large variety and numbers. In this study it is apparent that deverbal nouns do encapsulate the properties of nouns and verbs simultaneously. Upon nominalization Gikuyu shows that we get a set intersection of the properties of N and those of V. These properties are maintained from the sub-lexical level to the phrasal level. I propose that when the sub-lexical source of these nominalizations is established, it becomes apparent why deverbal nouns exhibit split category or mixed category status. This study also employs tests to check distributional and behavioral properties of all the items under scrutiny. I show that there are N/V ambiguous elements (infinitive/gerunds) and a family of mixed N/V elements whose category type can not be uniquely determined. Split and mixed category items challenge conventional premises of analysis which require every word to be associated to some unique category type. I have utilized the idea of Extended Heads in Grimshaw (1991) and Bresnan (1996) and the theory of Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) of Bresnan (1982), to account for the distinction between pure, split, and mixed category elements. Central to the analysis is the association of affixal information on words directly to grammatical function without first relating the affixes to category and projection.
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Dipper, Stefanie, Michael Götze, Manfred Stede, and Tillmann Wegst. "ANNIS : a linguistic database for exploring information structure." Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/843/.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of our first version
of the database "ANNIS" ("ANNotation of Information Structure").
For research based on empirical data, ANNIS provides a uniform environment
for storing this data together with its linguistic annotations.
A central database promotes standardized annotation, which facilitates
interpretation and comparison of the data. ANNIS is used through a
standard web browser and offers tier-based visualization of data and
annotations, as well as search facilities that allow for cross-level and
cross-sentential queries. The paper motivates the design of the system,
characterizes its user interface, and provides an initial technical evaluation
of ANNIS with respect to data size and query processing.
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Fiorentino, Robert D. "Lexical structure and the nature of linguistic representations." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3896.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Linguistics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Yamangil, Elif. "Rich Linguistic Structure from Large-Scale Web Data." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11162.
Full textAbstract:
The past two decades have shown an unexpected effectiveness of Web-scale data in natural language processing. Even the simplest models, when paired with unprecedented amounts of unstructured and unlabeled Web data, have been shown to outperform sophisticated ones. It has been argued that the effectiveness of Web-scale data has undermined the necessity of sophisticated modeling or laborious data set curation. In this thesis, we argue for and illustrate an alternative view, that Web-scale data not only serves to improve the performance of simple models, but also can allow the use of qualitatively more sophisticated models that would not be deployable otherwise, leading to even further performance gains.Engineering and Applied Sciences