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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Structural models'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Lievin-Lieven, Nicholas Andrew John. "Validation of structural dynamic models." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46413.

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2

Adhikari, Sondipon. "Damping models for structural vibration." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620975.

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3

Fonseca, Jose Manuel Rios. "Uncertainty in structural dynamic models." Thesis, Swansea University, 2005. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42563.

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Modelling of uncertainty increases trust in analysis tools by providing predictions with confidence levels, produces more robust designs, and reduces design cycle time/cost by reducing the amount of experimental verification and validation that is required. However, uncertainty-based methods are more complex and computationally expensive than their deterministic counterparts, the characterisation of uncertainties is a non-trivial task, and the industry feels comfortable with the traditional design methods. In this work the three most popular uncertainty propagation methods (Monte Carlo simulat

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4

Creamer, Nelson Glenn. "Identification of linear structural models." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53631.

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With a great amount of research currently being aimed towards dynamic analysis and control of very large, flexible structures, the need for accurate knowledge of the properties of a structure in terms of the mass, damping, and stiffness matrices is of extreme importance. Typical problems associated with existing structural model identification methods are: (i) non-unique solutions may be obtained when utilizing only free-response measurements (unless some parameters are fixed at their nominal values), (ii) convergence may be difficult to achieve if the initial estimate of the parameters is not

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5

Cerqueira, Pedro Henrique Ramos. "Structural equation models applied to quantitative genetics." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-05112015-145419/.

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Causal models have been used in different areas of knowledge in order to comprehend the causal associations between variables. Over the past decades, the amount of studies using these models have been growing a lot, especially those related to biological systems where studying and learning causal relationships among traits are essential for predicting the consequences of interventions in such system. Graph analysis (GA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) are tools used to explore such associations. While GA allows searching causal structures that express qualitatively how variables are cau

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6

Grafe, Henning. "Model updating of large structural dynamics models using measured response functions." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325047.

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7

Valeinis, Janis. "Confidence bands for structural relationship models." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2007/valeinis.

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8

De, Antonio Liedo David. "Structural models for macroeconomics and forecasting." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210142.

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This Thesis is composed by three independent papers that investigate<p>central debates in empirical macroeconomic modeling.<p><p>Chapter 1, entitled “A Model for Real-Time Data Assessment with an Application to GDP Growth Rates”, provides a model for the data<p>revisions of macroeconomic variables that distinguishes between rational expectation updates and noise corrections. Thus, the model encompasses the two polar views regarding the publication process of statistical agencies: noise versus news. Most of the studies previous studies that analyze data revisions are based<p>on the classical no

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9

Konarski, Roman. "Sensitivity analysis for structural equation models." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22893.pdf.

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10

Gungor, Murat Kahraman. "Structural models for large software systems." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU0NWQmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=3739.

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11

Westin, Lars. "Vintage models of spatial structural change." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi, 1990. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-73665.

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In the study a class of multisector network models, suitable for simulation of the interaction between production, demand, trade, and infrastructure, is presented. A characteristic feature of the class is a vintage model of the production system. Hence, the rigidities in existing capacities and the temporary monopolies obtainable from investments in new capacity at favourable locations are emphasized.As special cases, the class contains models in the modelling traditions of "interregional computable general equilibriunT, Hspatial price equilibrium**, "interregional input-output" and transporta

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12

Mosqueda, Gilberto 1974. "Interactive educational models for structural dynamics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50365.

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13

Thom, Howard Henry Zappe. "Structural uncertainty in cost-effectiveness models." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648265.

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14

Bruche, Max. "Structural models of corporate bond prices." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2419/.

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In 1974, Merton wrote a seminal paper that explained how the then recently presented Black-Scholes model could be applied to the pricing of corporate debt. Many extensions of this model followed. The family of models is sometimes referred to as the family of structural models of corporate bond prices. It has found applications in bond pricing and risk management, but appears to have a more mixed empirical record than the so-called reduced-form models (e.g. Duffie and Singleton 1999), and is often considered imprecise. As a consequence, it is often avoided in pricing and hedging applications. T

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15

Fernandes, Cristiano Augusto Coelho. "Non-Gaussian structural time series models." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1991. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1208/.

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This thesis aims to develop a class of state space models for non-Gaussian time series. Our models are based on distributions of the exponential family, such as the Poisson, the negative-binomial, the binomial and the gamma. In these distributions the mean is allowed to change over time through a mechanism which mimics a random walk. By adopting a closed sampling analysis we are able to derive finite dimensional filters, similar to the Kalman filter. These are then used to construct the likelihood function and to make forecasts of future observations. In fact for all the specifications here co

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16

Enache, Andreea. "Structural Econometrics for Game Theoretical Models." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0126.

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Cette thèse inclut quatre chapitres réunis autour d'un thème commun: les problèmes inverses dans les jeux stochastiques en information incomplète. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier l'identification et l'estimation d'un paramètre fonctionnel dans le contexte des variables inobservables, situation courante dès qu'il y a une asymétrie d'information. On cherche à retrouver la distribution des primitives dans des modèles d'enchères et de la théorie des contrats à partir des variables observées et du concept d'équilibre "Bayesian Nash Equilibrium". La méthodologie d'identification et d'estimat

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17

Gowrisankaran, Prabhakar. "Structural testbench development for DSP models." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01312009-063336/.

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18

Mihoci, Andrija. "Structural adaptive models in financial econometrics." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16597.

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Moderne statistische und ökonometrische Methoden behandeln erfolgreich stilisierte Fakten auf den Finanzmärkten. Die vorgestellten Techniken erstreben die Dynamik von Finanzmarktdaten genauer als traditionelle Ansätze zu verstehen. Wirtschaftliche und finanzielle Vorteile sind erzielbar. Die Ergebnisse werden hier in praktischen Beispielen ausgewertet, die sich vor allem auf die Prognose von Finanzmarktdaten fokussieren. Unsere Anwendungen umfassen: (i) die Modellierung und die Vorhersage des Liquiditätsangebotes, (ii) die Lokalisierung des ’Multiplicative Error Model’ und (iii) die Erb

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19

Haponchyk, Iryna. "Advanced models of supervised structural clustering." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/367746.

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The strength and power of structured prediction approaches in machine learning originates from a proper recognition and exploitation of inherent structural dependencies within complex objects, which structural models are trained to output. Among the complex tasks that benefited from structured prediction approaches, clustering is of a special interest. Structured output models based on representing clusters by latent graph structures made the task of supervised clustering tractable. While in practice these models proved effective in solving the complex NLP task of coreference resolution, in th

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20

Haponchyk, Iryna. "Advanced models of supervised structural clustering." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2018. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/2953/4/phd-thesis.pdf.

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The strength and power of structured prediction approaches in machine learning originates from a proper recognition and exploitation of inherent structural dependencies within complex objects, which structural models are trained to output. Among the complex tasks that benefited from structured prediction approaches, clustering is of a special interest. Structured output models based on representing clusters by latent graph structures made the task of supervised clustering tractable. While in practice these models proved effective in solving the complex NLP task of coreference resolution, in th

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21

Morris, Nathan J. "Multivariate and Structural Equation Models for Family Data." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1247004562.

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22

Gendron, Debbie. "Model stability under a policy shift : are DSGE models really structural?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24214/24214.pdf.

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23

Lovreta, Lidija. "Structural Credit Risk Models: Estimation and Applications." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9180.

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El risc de crèdit s'associa a l'eventual incompliment de les obligacions de pagament per part dels creditors. En aquest cas, l'interès principal de les institucions financeres és mesurar i gestionar amb precisió aquest risc des del punt de vista quantitatiu. Com a resposta a l'interès esmentat, aquesta tesi doctoral, titulada "Structural Credit Risk Models: Estimation and Applications", se centra en l'ús pràctic dels anomenats "models estructurals de risc de crèdit". Aquests models es caracteritzen perquè estableixen una relació explícita entre el risc de crèdit i diverses variables fonamental

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24

Jin, Shaobo. "Essays on Estimation Methods for Factor Models and Structural Equation Models." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-247292.

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This thesis which consists of four papers is concerned with estimation methods in factor analysis and structural equation models. New estimation methods are proposed and investigated. In paper I an approximation of the penalized maximum likelihood (ML) is introduced to fit an exploratory factor analysis model. Approximated penalized ML continuously and efficiently shrinks the factor loadings towards zero. It naturally factorizes a covariance matrix or a correlation matrix. It is also applicable to an orthogonal or an oblique structure. Paper II, a simulation study, investigates the properties

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25

Azeredo, Daniela Rita Charrua Cabral de. "Structural models to estimate financial institution´s default probability." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7898.

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Mestrado em Finanças<br>Neste estudo procurámos, no âmbito do Modelo de Merton (1973), determinar a Distância ao Incumprimento (DD) para uma amostra de bancos Ibéricos. Através da especificação de três diferentes Barreiras de Imcumprimento (DB), foi possivel obter diferentes resultados, sublinhando a importância da DB para output do modelo. Durante a crise, o risco de liquidez foi atenuado pelas políticas de cedência de liquidez levadas a cabo pelo BCE. As definições usadas para db1 e db2, diferem na forma como são tratados os emprestimos do BCE, permitindo implementar um procedimento assent

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26

VIGLIETTI, ANDREA. "Low Fidelity and High Fidelity Structural Models for Hybrid Composite Aircraft Structures." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2710182.

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This thesis extends advanced one-dimensional models derived from the use of the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF) to a High-Fidelity modeling approach, which has been used to perform analyses of multi-component aeronautical structures guaranteeing a proper description of each component regarding geometry and material. Static analyses and free vibration analyses have been performed to validate the current CUF model for the studies of structures, which present multi-component nature, sweep angle and non-prismatic shape; subsequently, its capabilities have been exploited to investigate different

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27

Chiesa, Matteo. "Linking advanced fracture models to structural analysis." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1593.

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<p>In this study a link between local material models and structural analysis is outlined. An ”<i>ad hoc</i>” element formulation is used in order to connect complex material models to the finite element framework used for structural analysis. An improved elasto-plastic line spring finite element formulation, used in order to take cracks into account, is linked to shell elements which are further linked to beam elements. In this way one obtain a global model of the shell structure that also accounts for local flexibilities and fractures due to defects. An important advantage with such an appro

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28

Valdivieso, Ercos. "Essays on structural models in corporate finance." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62508.

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This thesis contains two essays in Structural Corporate Finance. The first essay studies the effect of asset redeployability on the cross-section of firms’ financial leverage and credit spreads. Particularly, I show that in the data firms’ ability to sell assets — captured by a novel measure of asset redeployability — correlates positively with financial leverage, and negatively with credit spreads. At odds with traditional notions of asset redeployability, I show that these predictions remain even after controlling for proxies of creditors’ recovery rates. To understand these empirical findin

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29

Chen, Yiwen Superfine Richard. "Probing protein structural dynamics using simplified models." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1093.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 27, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Physics and Astronomy." Discipline: Physics and Astronomy; Department/School: Physics and Astronomy.

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30

Samal, Mahendra Kumar. "Nonlocal damage models for structural integrity analysis." kostenfrei, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-33369.

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31

Jung, Sunho. "Regularized structural equation models with latent variables." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66858.

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In structural equation models with latent variables, maximum likelihood (ML) estimation is currently the most prevailing estimation method. However, the ML method fails to provide accurate solutions in a number of situations including those involving small sample sizes, nonnormality, and model misspecification. To over come these difficulties, regularized extensions of two-stage least squares estimation are proposed that incorporate a ridge type of regularization in the estimation of parameters. Two simulation studies and two empirical applications demonstrate that the propos

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32

Xiao, Yongling. "Flexible marginal structural models for survival analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107571.

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In longitudinal studies, both treatments and covariates may vary throughout the follow-up period. Time-dependent (TD) Cox proportional hazards (PH) models can be used to model the effect of time-varying treatments on the hazard. However, two challenges exist in such modeling. First, accurate modeling of the effects of TD treatments on the hazard requires resolving the uncertainty about the etiological relevance of treatments taken in different time periods. The second challenge arises in the presence of TD confounders affected by prior treatments. By assuming the absence of the other challenge

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33

Purewsuren, Zazral. "Sovereign risk and structural credit risk models." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.577690.

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This thesis is an analysis of sovereign default using option pricing models. The first part of the thesis applies the structural credit risk models of Gapen, Gray, Lim and Xiao, (GGLX) and Karmann and Maltritz (KM) to 25 countries accounting for about 75% of global GDP. The GGLX model underestimates sovereign spread and hence the probability of default. This confirms one of the main criticisms of structural credit risk models when applied to corporate default. By contrast, the estimates produced by the KM are far too high; the estimated probability of default is almost one in some cases. The s

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34

Haworth, H. "Structural models of credit with default contagion." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437010.

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Multi-asset credit derivatives trade in huge volumes, yet no models exist that are capable of properly accounting for the spread behaviour of dependent companies. In this thesis we consider new ways of incorporating a richer and more realistic dependence structure into multi-firm models. We focus on the structural framework in which firm value is modelled as a geometric Brownian motion, with default as the first hitting time of an exponential default threshold. Specification of a dependence structure consisting of a common driving influence and firm-specific inter-company ties allows for both

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35

Feng, Xudong. "Structural and functional models for methane monooxygenase." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28003.

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36

Ciraki, Dario. "Dynamic structural equation models : estimation and interference." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2937/.

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The thesis focuses on estimation of dynamic structural equation models in which some or all variables might be unobservable (latent) or measured with error. Moreover, we consider the situation where latent variables can be measured with multiple observable indicators and where lagged values of latent variables might be included in the model. This situation leads to a dynamic structural equation model (DSEM), which can be viewed as dynamic generalisation of the structural equation model (SEM). Taking the mismeasurement problem into account aims at reducing or eliminating the errors-in-variables

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37

Kwan, Tan Hwee. "Robust estimation for structural time series models." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2809/.

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This thesis aims at developing robust methods of estimation in order to draw valid inference from contaminated time series. We concentrate on additive and innovation outliers in structural time series models using a state space representation. The parameters of interest are the state, hyperparameters and coefficients of explanatory variables. Three main contributions evolve from the research. Firstly, a filter named the approximate Gaussian sum filter is proposed to cope with noisy disturbances in both the transition and measurement equations. Secondly, the Kalman filter is robustified by carr

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38

Zeileis, Achim, Friedrich Leisch, Christian Kleiber, and Kurt Hornik. "Monitoring structural change in dynamic econometric models." SFB Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2002. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1296/1/document.pdf.

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The classical approach to testing for structural change employs retrospective tests using a historical data set of a given length. Here we consider a wide array of fluctuation-type tests in a monitoring situation - given a history period for which a regression relationship is known to be stable, we test whether incoming data are consistent with the previously established relationship. Procedures based on estimates of the regression coefficients are extended in three directions: we introduce (a) procedures based on OLS residuals, (b) rescaled statistics and (c) alternative asymptotic boundaries

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39

Oberst, Michael Karl. "Counterfactual policy introspection using structural causal models." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124128.

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This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 97-102).<br>Inspired by a growing interest in applying reinforcement learning (RL) to healthcare, we introduce a procedure for performing qualitative introspection and `debugging' of models and policies. In particular, we make us

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40

Codd, Casey L. "Nonlinear Structural Equation Models: Estimation and Applications." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1301409131.

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41

Kim, Yookyung. "Compressed Sensing Reconstruction Using Structural Dependency Models." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/238613.

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Compressed sensing (CS) theory has demonstrated that sparse signals can be reconstructed from far fewer measurements than suggested by the Nyquist sampling theory. CS has received great attention recently as an alternative to the current paradigm of sampling followed by compression. Initial CS operated under the implicit assumption that the sparsity domain coefficients are independently distributed. Recent results, however, show that exploiting statistical dependencies in sparse signals improves the recovery performance of CS. This dissertation proposes model-based CS reconstruction techniques

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42

Pfleger, Phillip Isaac. "Exploring Fit for Nonlinear Structural Equation Models." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7370.

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Fit indices and fit measures commonly used to determine the accuracy and desirability of structural equation models are expected to be insensitive to nonlinearity in the data. This includes measures as ubiquitous as the CFI, TLI, RMSEA, SRMR, AIC, and BIC. Despite this, some software will report these measures when certain models are used. Consequently, some researchers may be led to use these fit measures without realizing the impropriety of the act. Alternative fit measures have been proposed, but these measures require further testing. As part of this thesis, a large simulation study was

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43

Consolini, Laura. "Structural glass between design, tests and models." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/241923.

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La ricerca svolta si è configurata come indagine sul vetro strutturale. Il vetro è un materiale nuovo nel campo dei materiali strutturali, in quanto fino a poco tempo fa veniva utilizzato solo in finestrature e/o facciate continue. Invece negli ultimi anni si è visto che il vetro è sempre più utilizzato per parti direttamente strutturali, quali pavimentazioni, scale, balaustre, pensiline, coperture, ecc. In questi casi il vetro deve comportarsi come un materiale da costruzione a tutti gli effetti, quale il calcestruzzo armato o l'acciaio. Guardandolo da questo punto di vista, si vede co

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44

Bridgett, Stephen John. "Detail suppression of stress analysis models." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387980.

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45

Preacher, Kristopher J. "The Role of Model Complexity in the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1054130634.

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46

Hang, Huajiang Engineering &amp Information Technology Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Prediction of the effects of distributed structural modification on the dynamic response of structures." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. Engineering & Information Technology, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44275.

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The aim of this study is to investigate means of efficiently assessing the effects of distributed structural modification on the dynamic properties of a complex structure. The helicopter structure is normally designed to avoid resonance at the main rotor rotational frequency. However, very often military helicopters have to be modified (such as to carry a different weapon system or an additional fuel tank) to fulfill operational requirements. Any modification to a helicopter structure has the potential of changing its resonance frequencies and mode shapes. The dynamic properties of the modifie

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47

Falzon, Christopher. "Pattern solver for the static and dynamic analysis of framework models /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1985. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12315588.

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48

Bogle, S. M. "Linear structural models in statistics and their applications." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.353806.

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49

Robinson, Emma Claire. "Characterising population variability in brain structure through models of whole-brain structural connectivity." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/5875.

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Models of whole-brain connectivity are valuable for understanding neurological function. This thesis seeks to develop an optimal framework for extracting models of whole-brain connectivity from clinically acquired diffusion data. We propose new approaches for studying these models. The aim is to develop techniques which can take models of brain connectivity and use them to identify biomarkers or phenotypes of disease. The models of connectivity are extracted using a standard probabilistic tractography algorithm, modified to assess the structural integrity of tracts, through estimates of white

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50

Mirjalili, Vahid. "Modelling the structural efficiency of cross-sections in limited torsion stiffness design." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99780.

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Most of the current optimization techniques for the design of light-weight structures are unable to generate structural alternatives at the concept stage of design. This research tackles the challenge of developing an optimization method for the early stage of design. The main goal is to propose a procedure to optimize material and shape of stiff shafts in torsion.<br>Recently introduced for bending stiffness design, shape transformers are presented in this thesis for optimizing the design of shafts in torsion. Shape transformers are geometric parameters defined to classify shapes and to model

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