Relevant bibliographies by topics / Structure and function of hind leg

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Academic literature on the topic 'Structure and function of hind leg'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Structure and function of hind leg"

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Yan, Jun, Ping Luo, Yao Wu, et al. "Morphological and genetic differences in legs of a polygamous beetle between sexes, Glenea cantor (Coleopter: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae)." PLOS ONE 19, no. 2 (2024): e0297365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297365.

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The legs of insects play an important role in their daily behaviour, especially reproduction. Entomologists have performed much research on the role of the leg in different behaviours of beetles, an important group in the insect family, but relatively little has been done to study the ultrastructure and transcriptome of their legs. Hence, we systematically studied the ultrastructure and gene expression of the leg of G. cantor, a polygynous beetle, and compared its male and female diversity. In this study, we found the fore-leg, mid-leg and hind-leg of the female were significantly longer than
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Konstantinov, Alexander S. "Possible living fossil in Bolivia: A new genus of flea beetles with modified hind legs (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini)." ZooKeys 592 (May 25, 2016): 103–20. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.592.8180.

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A new genus (Chanealtica) with three new species (C. cuevas, C. ellimon, and C. maxi) from Bolivia is described and illustrated. It is compared with Aphthonoides Jacoby, 1885, Argopistes Motschulsky, 1860, Metroserrapha Bechyne, 1958, Psylliodes Berthold, 1827 and Psyllototus Nadein, 2010. Remarkably, based on the available characters, among all the flea beetles, Chanealtica is mostly similar to an extinct genus Psyllototus. A discussion of diversity and function of the hind leg in flea beetles is provided.
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Ruan, Yongying, Alexander S. Konstantinov, Guanya Shi, et al. "The jumping mechanism of flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticini), its application to bionics and preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg." ZooKeys 915 (February 24, 2020): 87–105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.915.38348.

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Flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini) are a hyperdiverse group of organisms with approximately 9900 species worldwide. In addition to walking as most insects do, nearly all the species of flea beetles have an ability to jump and this ability is commonly understood as one of the key adaptations responsible for its diversity. Our investigation of flea beetle jumping is based on high-speed filming, micro-CT scans and 3D reconstructions, and provides a mechanical description of the jump. We reveal that the flea beetle jumping mechanism is a catapult in nature and is enabl
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Khuong, Tran Linh. "Design, Implementation and Analysis of 3D Printed Grasshopper Robot for Jumping Mechanism." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 28 (July 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.28.1.

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This scientific paper consists of the analysis of the grasshopper jumping mechanism through literature studies, manufacturing, analysis and experimentation to enhance the knowledge to the manufacturing and analyzing of the artificially developed grasshopper-like robots. The first step involved the understanding of the actual grasshopper mechanisms which was carried out by the dissection of actual grasshopper bodies to analyze the hind leg movements, actuating muscles and structured sizes of the involved organs. The next step involved the development structural of the prototype consisted of des
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Pankevych, V. V., U. D. Matolych, S. V. Ushtan, Z. P. Putko, and Yu B. Dmytryshyn. "Characteristics of Muscle Recovery under Experimental Post-Traumatic Contracture." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 5 (2021): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.05.110.

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The frequency of traumatic injuries of the maxillofacial area and the degree of their severity, have been increasing in recent years. The introduction of modern methods of treatment made it possible to improve the results of treatment and shorten its duration. Myogenic contractures develop as a complication after facial injuries, soft tissue injuries, in particular, masticatory muscles. The gastrocnemius muscle of a rat has the same striated structure as the pterygoideus medialis muscle of a person. The purpose of the work is to study the regeneration of striatal muscles with post-traumatic co
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Bodnar, P. Ya, Ya Ya Bodnar, T. V. Bodnar, and L. P. Bodnar. "Reorganization of the structural elements of the venous wall in oncogenic pathology." Reproductive health of woman 6 (July 30, 2021): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2708-8731.6.2021.244374.

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The objective: an identification of changes and reorganization of structural elements of the venous wall, their correlation with cancer processes in the organism; the establishment of the relationship between structural changes in the wall of the venous vessels and thrombosis, with the following complications; the determination of the necessity of the preventive measures to avoid complications. Materials and methods. Histological, submicroscopic and polarization data of the research of the veins of the hind limbs of 12 sexually mature nonlinear male rats weighing 170–180 g on the 30th day of c
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Kita, Masaki. "Bioorganic studies on the venom from duckbill platypus." Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, no. 6 (2012): 1317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-11-08-18.

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Venomous mammals are rare, and only a few species in the orders Insectivora and Monotremata produce toxic venom. Among them, the duckbill platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is one of the two venomous Australian mammals. The adult male platypus carries a spur on each hind leg, which it uses to inject competitors with poison. However, the structure and function of the poison’s active compounds are still imcompletely characterized. We found that crude platypus venom produced potent Ca2+influx in human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells. Guided by this assay, we identified 11 unique peptides, including p
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P.Ya., Bodnar, Bodnar Ya.Ya., Bodnar T.V., and Bodnar L.P. "Reorganization of the structural elements of the venous wall in oncogenic pathology." Reproductive Health of Woman 6 (July 30, 2021): 32–37. https://doi.org/10.30841/2708-8731.6.2021.244374.

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<strong>The objective:</strong>&nbsp;an identification of changes and reorganization of structural elements of the venous wall, their correlation with cancer processes in the organism; the establishment of the relationship between structural changes in the wall of the venous vessels and thrombosis, with the following complications; the determination of the necessity of the preventive measures to avoid complications. <strong>Materials and methods.</strong>&nbsp;Histological, submicroscopic and polarization data of the research of the veins of the hind limbs of 12 sexually mature nonlinear male
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Nelson, C. E., B. A. Morgan, A. C. Burke, et al. "Analysis of Hox gene expression in the chick limb bud." Development 122, no. 5 (1996): 1449–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.5.1449.

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The vertebrate Hox genes have been shown to be important for patterning the primary and secondary axes of the developing vertebrate embryo. The function of these genes along the primary axis of the embryo has been generally interpreted in the context of positional specification and homeotic transformation of axial structures. The way in which these genes are expressed and function during the development of the secondary axes, particularly the limb, is less clear. In order to provide a reference for understanding the role of the Hox genes in limb patterning, we isolated clones of 23 Hox genes e
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Colville, Jonathan F., Mike D. Picker, and Richard M. Cowling. "Feeding ecology and sexual dimorphism in a speciose flower beetle clade (Hopliini: Scarabaeidae)." PeerJ 6 (June 20, 2018): e4632. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4632.

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The relationship between feeding ecology and sexual dimorphism is examined in a speciose South African monkey beetle clade. We test whether feeding and mating at a fixed site (embedding guild) is associated with greater levels of sexual dimorphism and possibly sexual selection than species using unpredictable feeding resources (non-embedding guild). Sexual dimorphism was measured using a point scoring system for hind leg and colour across the two feeding guilds for &gt;50% of the regional fauna. Quantification of hind leg dimorphism using a scoring system and allometric scaling were used to id
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Book chapters on the topic "Structure and function of hind leg"

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Kilic Safak, Nazire, and Zekiye Karaca Bozdag. "Lower Limb Muscles." In Clinical Anatomy of Muscle a Hand Book for Healthcare Professionals. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053358862.9.

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The thigh (femur) is the first fixed segment of the free lower side and extends to the knee. The upper limit is in front of the groin, indicated posteriorly by the line of the plica glutealis. The lower limit is the line passing 4 cm (or 2 fingers) proximal to the base of the patella. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone and is attached to the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. It is examined in 4 parts: superior, inferior, anterior and posterior. It prevents the tendon of the quadriceps muscle from rubbing against the knee joint and increases the angle of insertion of the muscle. Th
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Schutt, William A., and Nancy B. Simmons. "Quadrupedal Bats: Form, Function, and Evolution." In Functionaland Evolutionary Ecology of Bats. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154726.003.0008.

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Abstract Although bats (Chiroptera) are unique among mammals because of their ability to fly, they also exhibit quadrupedal locomotion during a variety of nonflight behaviors. This chapter concerns the evolution, morphology, and behavior associated with quadrupedal locomotion in bats. Although many bat families contain members that exhibit some degree of quadrupedal locomotion, we concentrate on three groups of bats that exhibit extensive quadrupedal behavior: vampire bats (Phyllostomidae: Desmodontinae); naked bulldog bats, Cheiromeles (Molossidae); and the New Zealand short-tailed bat, Mysta
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Willoweit, Dietmar. "The Holy Roman Empire as a Legal System." In Legislation and Justice. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198205463.003.0007.

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Abstract The early modern state did not develop in Germany, as it did in other European countries, out of a whole nation, but out of the territories of princes, which were connected with each other as part of the Empire through common institutions, and whose political independence was therefore restricted. In order to comprehend the process of creating a state in Germany, it is therefore necessary to take the structures of the Empire into account. It then becomes clear that the mechanisms of jurisdiction, which elsewhere played a decisive role in cementing the state authority, performed essent
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Saputra, Azhar Aulia, and Naoyuki Kubota. "A Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm for Neuro-Locomotion of a Legged Robot With Malfunction Compensation." In Global Perspectives on Robotics and Autonomous Systems. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7791-5.ch001.

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Dynamic quadruped locomotion implies high-intensity integration toward environmental factors and requires considering the information from sensory feedback. The authors represent CPG-based locomotion model with sensorimotor coordination. They build an efficient integration between motor and sensory neurons that can generate dynamic behavior, especially in locomotion coordination during leg malfunction. They emphasize an optimization strategy to optimize the interconnection structure of CPG-based locomotion model. They use a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm to optimize the synaptic weight
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Felix, David, and Ranjit Sau. "On the Revenue Potential and Phasing in of the Tobin Tax." In The Tobin Tax. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195111804.003.0010.

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Abstract The recent surge of interest in James Tobin’s 1978 proposal to tax global foreign exchange transactions is producing two distinct clusterings of tax and revenue estimates, each assigning a different primary function to the tax. If the tax is taken purely as a source of funding for the United Nations and its peacekeeping functions (for example, Walker 1993) or for financing the social development and environ mental proposals emanating from recent UN summit conferences (for example, d’ Orville and Najman 1995), estimates have moderate revenue goals and thus work with very low tax rates.
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Carroll, Scott P., and Patrice Showers Corneli. "The Evolution of Behavioral Norms of Reaction as a Problem in Ecological Genetics: Theory, Methods, and Data." In Geographic Variation in Behavior. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195082951.003.0007.

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Behavior, like other phenotypic traits, varies as a function of genes and environment. Variation occurs at all demographic levels, within individuals over time, between individuals, and between populations and species. Whether variation is important will depend on the behavior and its context. For example, whether a bird scratches its head by extending a leg above or below the adjacent wing may not have profound fitness consequences, although species differences in this character may shed light on phylogenetic relationships (e.g., Wallace 1963; Simmons 1964). In contrast, other behaviors, such
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Conference papers on the topic "Structure and function of hind leg"

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Paiva, Gavin, Trent Guess, and Mohammad Kia. "Generating Parameters of a Multi-Body Meniscus Model From Experimental Data." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19623.

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The meniscus is a crucial anatomical structure in the mechanics of vertebrate hind legs [3]. Menisci function primarily by distributing the tibio-femoral contact forces, and thereby reducing the stress in the articular cartilage of the knee joint. As the meniscus is a flexible body that undergoes large strains, it is typically ignored in rigid-body biomechanical simulations. One documented method of including this factor in the multi-body framework is to represent the menisci as discrete bodies connected by linear 6-axis spring and damper elements [2]. The difficulty arises in determining the
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Hayati, Hasti, Paul Walker, Terry Brown, Paul Kennedy, and David Eager. "A Simple Spring-Loaded Inverted Pendulum (SLIP) Model of a Bio-Inspired Quadrupedal Robot Over Compliant Terrains." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87134.

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To study the impact of compliant terrains on the biomechanics of rapid legged movements, a well-known spring loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model is deployed. The model is a three-degrees-of-freedom system (3 DOF), inspired by galloping greyhounds competing in a racing condition. A single support phase of hind-leg stance in a galloping gait is taken into consideration due to its primary function in powering the greyhounds locomotion and higher rate of musculoskeletal injuries. To obtain and solve the nonlinear second-order differential equation of motions, the Lagrangian method and MATLABb R2
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Esmailzadeh, E., and A. Goodarzi. "Robust Stability and Dynamic Analysis of a Special Type of Floating Offshore Structure." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/de-23227.

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Abstract A comprehensive dynamic model of a catenary anchor leg mooring system has been developed and the governing equations of notion were derived. The equations of motion are found to be nonlinear parametric ordinary differential ones of the order two. The necessary and sufficient conditions, for the existence of a stable periodic response of this system, were found using the Green’s function and Schauder’s fixed-point theorem. The validity of the assumptions has been fully demonstrated with a few case studies. Results obtained from the dynamic modeling reiterate the presence of inherently
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Li, Zhang, Yuegang Tan, Liu Hong, Jaspreet Singh Dhupia, Shun Zeng, and Linkao Huang. "A Single Leg Model With a Novel Variable Stiffness Element Based on the Dynamics Analysis and its Dynamic Characteristics." In ASME 2017 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2017-5057.

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This paper presents a bio-inspired dynamic leg model with a novel variable stiffness element to create a normal body motion during stance phase. The variable stiffness in the model is implemented through structure-controlled stiffness. It allows to decouple the stiffness from joint motion, which makes the stiffness a independent variable. Sensitivity of leg model to the variable stiffness element is investigated through dynamics analysis. Because of the decoupled structure of dynamics equations, the deflection of ankle joint related to variable stiffness element is planned based on generalized
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Banik, A. K., and T. K. Datta. "Stochastic Response and Stability Analysis of Single Leg Articulated Tower." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37032.

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The stationary response and asymptotic stability in probability of an articulated tower under random wave excitation are investigated. The articulated tower is modelled as a SDOF system having stiffness nonlinearity, damping nonlinearity and parametric excitation. Using a stochastic averaging procedure and Fokker-Plank-Kolomogorov equation (FPK), the probability density function of the stationary solution is obtained for random sea state represented by a P-M sea spectrum. The method involves a Van-Der-Pol transformation of the nonlinear equation of motion to convert it to the Ito’s stochastic
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Crawford, Anthony L., and Dean B. Edwards. "Implementing Fuzzy Logic in the Control of a Biologically Inspired Robotic Cat Leg." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49785.

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This research discusses the implementation of a fuzzy logic control system to drive the movement of a simplified cat leg model. The system’s movement in this paper addresses a planar motion where the model experiences a fixed horizontal velocity and a harmonic vertical displacement. The fuzzy logic (FL) controller applies membership functions to fuzzify the position and velocity errors and applies height defuzzification to generate the time dependant forcing function for the system’s horizontal and vertical governing equations. A PID controller is also applied as a benchmark for this research.
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Moiseev, S. A., S. M. Ivanov, R. V. Shamilov, and I. Yu Dolgova. "Skeletal muscle interaction synergetic effects during a complex acyclic motor action performing." In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-153-156.

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The study showed the sambo wrestlers’ muscle synergies’ spatial-temporal structure, extracted using the PCA method. We considered the individual periods of the "leg grabbing" throw coordination structure. It was revealed the electrical activity of extensive synergies changes depending on registered muscular efforts values, typical for different periods of the performed movement. The synergetic effects of skeletal muscle interaction demonstrate plasticity, manifested in typical patterns of spatial and temporal activation of revealed muscle synergies, which ensures reliable control of motor func
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Caruntu, Dumitru I., Ricardo Moreno, and Robert Freeman. "Knee Muscle and Ligament Forces During Drop Landing Exercise." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70982.

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This work investigates the human leg muscle and ligaments forces during a drop-landing exercise. An inverse dynamics 2-D model of human leg is used on this ballistic task in order to predict these forces. The model consists of three bony structures, namely femur, tibia, and patella. The joints of the model are the knee joint and the hip joint. The ligamentous structure of the knee includes the two cruciate ligaments, Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL), and the two collateral ligaments, Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) and Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL
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Kizghin, Dilmurat A., and Carl A. Nelson. "Optimal Design of a Parallel Robot for Dental Articulation." In 2019 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2019-3209.

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A dental articulator is a mechanical device used to simulate the relative position and motion between the upper and lower jaw when testing dental work or dental treatments (implants or bridges). Typically, it can be adjusted to approximate patient-specific jaw kinematics. However, the use of dental articulators is essentially a trial-and-error method in order to fine-tune fit and function of the dental work. In this paper we propose a robotic articulator suitable for reproducing tracked movements of the patient’s jaw. Based on an asymmetric-leg parallel structure, dimensional synthesis is perf
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Ma, Baisong, Zhengqiang Miao, Yaping Zhuang, and Weili Hou. "Study on Measures During Loss of Normal Feedwater Accident for AP1000 NPP in Lower Power Operation." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16122.

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Abstract If an accident occurred in a plant in lower power operation, a series of problems could be caused by low residual heat and excessive removal capability of heat sinks. Taking a real accident as example, this paper discussed how to deal with loss of normal feedwater in AP1000 NPP during lower power operation. The level of Steam Generators (SG) will be rapidly reduced in case of Main Feedwater loss, and Startup Feedwater pump will start. If the reactor is not shut down immediately, the Startup Feedwater will not be enough to prevent SG level from falling, and automatic reactor trip will
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