Journal articles on the topic 'Structure diagram (SD)'

The unique features offered by wireless smart sensor networks (WSSN), including high integration, wireless communication, on-board computation, small in size, simple installation, and cost effectiveness, facilitate a new paradigm to structural health monitoring (SHM) for civil infrastructure. The paper is an example use of WSSN and the Illinois SHM Project toolsuite. An experimental study of modal analysis of a simply supported plate structure has been undertaken. The eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA) in conjunction with natural excitation technique (NExT) and stabilization diagram (SD) is used to extract the modal information, including natural frequency, damping ratio and mode shapes, from the ambient vibration test data. The results show that WSSN designed for SHM application utilizing a smart sensor platform suited to high-frequency, high-fidelity data acquisition and demanding data processing algorithms.

A spillway is a structure used to regulate the discharge flowing from hydraulic structures such as a dam. It also helps to dissipate the excess energy of water through the still basins. Therefore, it has a significant effect on the safety of the dam. One of the most serious problems that may be happening below the spillway is bed scouring, which leads to soil erosion and spillway failure. This will happen due to the high flow velocity on the spillway. In this study, an alternative to the conventional methods was employed to predict scour depth (SD) downstream of the ski-jump spillway. A novel optimization algorithm, namely, Harris hawks optimization (HHO), was proposed to enhance the performance of an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the SD. The performance of the new hybrid ANN-HHO model was compared with two hybrid models, namely, the particle swarm optimization with ANN (ANN-PSO) model and the genetic algorithm with ANN (ANN-GA) model to illustrate the efficiency of ANN-HHO. Additionally, the results of the three hybrid models were compared with the traditional ANN and the empirical Wu model (WM) through performance metrics, viz., mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of correlation (CC), Willmott index (WI), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and through graphical interpretation (line, scatter, and box plots, and Taylor diagram). Results of the analysis revealed that the ANN-HHO model (MAE = 0.1760 m, RMSE = 0.2538 m) outperformed ANN-PSO (MAE = 0.2094 m, RMSE = 0.2891 m), ANN-GA (MAE = 0.2178 m, RMSE = 0.2981 m), ANN (MAE = 0.2494 m, RMSE = 0.3152 m) and WM (MAE = 0.1868 m, RMSE = 0.2701 m) models in the testing period. Besides, graphical inspection displays better accuracy of the ANN-HHO model than ANN-PSO, ANN-GA, ANN, and WM models for prediction of SD around the ski-jump spillway.

Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) involves the managing of information, materials, cash flows, and collaboration among enterprises along the supply chain, integrating sustainable development goals. This research paper aims to determine challenges in SSCM adoption and to address related complexity using the system dynamics (SD) approach utilizing modeling and simulation techniques. This research identified challenges from the literature using content analysis. Causality among these identified challenges was determined using interviews and questionnaire surveys that led to the development of a causal loop diagram (CLD), which was used in the development of the SD model. Among the 19 shortlisted variables, CLD had IV reinforcing and II balancing loops. Moreover, CLD was used to build an SD model with two stocks, and a new stock named ‘project performance’ was added to envisage the cumulative impact of all stocks. The model was simulated for five years, and the results predict that the lack of top management commitment and corporate social responsibility adversely affects project performance. This implies that there is a need to improve numerous factors, in particular corporate social responsibility and top management commitment, which would lead to the adoption of SSCM, thus leading to a performance improvement for the construction industry (CI). The model was validated using boundary adequacy, structure, and parametric verification tests, which showed that the developed model is logical and approximately replicates the industry’s actual system. The research findings will help the CI practitioners to adopt sustainability principles in terms of the supply chain and will not only enhance productivity and performance but will also help in the minimization of delays, promote long-term relations, and reduce communication gaps and project complexities.

Dalam proses kegiatan akademik yang berjalan di SD PETRA CIKAMPEK saat ini banyak dilakukan dengan paper based atau menggunakan software Microsoft Excel sebagai pendukung berbagai kegiatan akademik yang dilakukan, sehingga memungkinkan proses tersebut kurang efektif dan sering terjadi kesalahan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menghasilkan sebuah website sistem informasi akademik sebagai media pengembangan sistem akademik dan mempermudah admin, guru atau bahkan siswa dalam meningkatkan sistem akademik pada sekolah. Dalam penelitian ini metode pengumpulan data menggunakan Metode observasi dan Studi Kepustakaan. Pendekatan yang digunakan pada pembuatan sistem ini yaitu model waterfall sebagai metode pengembangan perangkat lunak. Kebutuhan sistem pada pembuatan sistem informasi akademik ini diantaranya admin yang memiliki hak akses yang dapat melakukan proses input data master hingga proses data transaksi. Berbeda dengan hak akses pada guru, siswa dan pengguna baru memiliki menu masing-masing yang dapat diakses pada halaman dashboardnya. Perancangan program menggunakan rancangan database dalam bentuk gambar Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) dan Logical Record Structure (LRS) serta pembuatan database pada aplikasi MySQL dan bahasa pemograman yang digunakan berupa PHP framework Laravel.

Silymarin recognized for numerous activities, but the use is limited due to poor aqueous solubility, inefficient intestinal permeability, and low-erratic bioavailability. The aim of the current research was formulation of spray-dried nanoemulsion to enhance the solubility of silymarin. The nanoemulsion was prepared by aqueous titration method, spray died and characterized for thermal analysis by diffraction scanning calorimetry, crystallography analysis by x-ray diffraction, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy. The reconstitution properties were determining for droplet size, polydispersity index and microscopic structure. Optimized nanoemulsion composed of 15% v/v of oil, 33% v/v of Smix and 52% v/v of distilled water demonstrated lowest droplet size (52.4 ± 1.63 nm) and polydispersity index (0.112), optimum viscosity (23.37 ± 2.36 cps), maximum % transmittance (94.55), optimum cloud point (88°C) and cumulative % drug release (98.43%). The microscopic structure of spray-dried nanoemulsion after reconstitution in distilled water revealed spherical shape free from any aggregation. Spray-dried nanoemulsion demonstrated amorphous sate of silymarin after fabrication into solid state. The cumulative % release of silymarin was significantly higher than marketed conventional suspension (Limarin). The developed spray-dried nanoemulsion was robust and stable for a period of 3 months that could be recommended for oral administration of silymarin after further study. Solids are preferred over liquid dosage form; the formulation may offer better patient compliance over liquid nanoemulsion. In addition, the in-vitro cytotoxicity study revealed more cytotoxicity of SD-NE than plain silymarin against HepG2 cell line after 48 h of incubation. Moreover, the HepG2 cellular uptake silymarin was found to be substantially higher from NE when compared to the plain silymarin. Further, silymarin loaded SD-NE could be potential approach against hepatic cancer.
 Keywords: Silymarin, spray-dried nanoemulsion, dextran, phase diagram, solubility, stability

Recognizing the role of human factors engineering (HFE) in the development of medical devices and combination products that involve devices, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now requires human factors (HF) validations before market approval. Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring their products are safe and effective through the application of HFE. However, key stakeholders are still learning and developing capabilities to adapt to the regulatory component. Nonetheless, the lack of the corresponding HF capabilities hinders compliance with the FDA’s expectations, and though ultimate success. No known previous work has looked into FDA HF validation projects to assess the underlying factors and implications of failed submissions. Applying system dynamics (SD), a causal loop diagram (CLD) was developed. CLDs are useful for the exploration of the causal interactions among factors or variables, as well as the underlying feedback structure of a complex system. This work can serve to help manufacturers better understand the FDA’s HF requirement to enable overall product success. Further, with patient safety as a common goal, HF service providers (HFSPs) and regulators should be aware of the need to ensure the consistent quality of the HF element in premarket submissions.

The problem of constructing parsers from syntax diagrams with multiport components (SD) is solved. An algorithm for constructing a parser based on the GLL algorithm is proposed, which results in the compact representation of the input chain parse forest. The proposed algorithm makes it possible to build parsers based on the SD of an arbitrary structure and does not require preliminary SD transformations. We introduce the concepts of “inference tree” and “parsing forest” for SD and describe the data structures used by the parser, such as a graph-structured stack, a parser descriptor, and a compact representation of the parsing forest. The algorithm for constructing parsers based on SD is described and an example of parser constructing is given.

Groundwater, a crucial natural resource on a global scale, plays a significant role in Texas, impacting various essential ecosystem services either directly or indirectly. Despite efforts of state- and community-level regulations and conservation efforts, there is an ongoing trend of declining groundwater levels in the state of Texas. In this study, we utilized the systems thinking and system dynamics modeling approach to better understand this problem and investigate possible leverage points to achieve more sustainable groundwater resource levels. After conceptualizing a causal loop diagram (CLD) of the underlying feedback structure of the issue (informed by the existing literature), a small system dynamics (SD) model was developed to connect the feedback factors identified in the CLD to the stocks (groundwater level) and flows (recharge rate and groundwater pumping) that steer the behaviors of groundwater systems across time. After completing model assessment, experimental simulations were conducted to evaluate the current state relative to simulated treatments for improved irrigation efficiency, restricted pumping rates, cooperative conservation protocols among users, and combination strategy (of all treatments above) in the long-term. Results showed that groundwater stress (and the associated repercussions on related ecosystem service) could be alleviated with a combination strategy, albeit without complete groundwater level recovery.

Developing Green Building (GB) is one of the most effective measures to save energy and reduce carbon emissions in the world. To promote the development of green building, it is necessary to analyze driving factors and contribution through the analysis for relationship between regional economy and green building. Therefore, based on the system dynamic(SD) theory, this paper constructs the structure model of the stock flow diagram, including the regional economic subsystem, social subsystem, government support subsystem and green building subsystem. Among the model, Guangdong province, as the most prosperous province of economic development with the largest numbers of certified green buildings in China, has been chosen to show the influence level of their relationship. Through simulation, results can be easily shown that development of GB can make contributions to the field of local economy, however, also be limited by the regional condition, including policy incentive, regional economic, technological, etc. We can also find that direct contribution to the GDP the Green Building made can reach about 2.47 ‰, and 9.23 ‰ indirectly. If the current level of regional production is stable, it can be found that each additional 10,000 square meters of green area building may produce about ¥018.2 million for economy. On the contrary, that the regional economy investment in fixed assets increased by ¥1 million can stimulate 0.001648 million square meter demand of GB. Additionally, employment opportunities directly or indirectly have also been considered.

Intelligent lower-limb prosthesis appears in the public view due to its attractive and potential functions, which can help amputees restore mobility and return to normal life. To realize the natural transition of locomotion modes, locomotion mode classification is the top priority. There are mainly five steady-state and periodic motions, including LW (level walking), SA (stair ascent), SD (stair descent), RA (ramp ascent), and RD (ramp descent), while ST (standing) can also be regarded as one locomotion mode (at the start or end of walking). This paper mainly proposes four novel features, including TPDS (thigh phase diagram shape), KAT (knee angle trajectory), CPO (center position offset) and GRFPV (ground reaction force peak value) and designs ST classifier and artificial neural network (ANN) classifier by using a user-dependent dataset to classify six locomotion modes. Gaussian distributions are applied in those features to simulate the uncertainty and change of human gaits. An angular velocity threshold and GRFPV feature are used in the ST classifier, and the artificial neural network (ANN) classifier explores the mapping relation between our features and the locomotion modes. The results show that the proposed method can reach a high accuracy of 99.16% ± 0.38%. The proposed method can provide accurate motion intent of amputees to the controller and greatly improve the safety performance of intelligent lower-limb prostheses. The simple structure of ANN applied in this paper makes adaptive online learning algorithms possible in the future.

The graph of the average mathematics scores from 2021-2023 shows that the material for recognizing diagrams in 2023 received an average score of 60. Meanwhile, the KKM value for the material for recognizing diagrams is 62. So it can be concluded that the material for recognizing diagrams is below the KKM value. This research uses the method development of ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, evaluation). framework used in instructional design to develop and implement effective learning programs. This method has 5 structured and flexible parts. At the quiz test stage of the application for grade 1 students at SDN 2 Gondangslamet. Get the results of the increase in value compared to the previous daily value. The design of interactive learning media regarding the introduction of diagrams uses Adobe Animate CC 2020 software for design, CorelDraw as an asset creation for the interactive media application for the introduction of diagrams. The research method uses ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation), data collection techniques use observation, interviews, literature studies, questionnaires. b. The results of the questionnaire and tests, the results of the questionnaire showed a result of 86% and were included in the "Very Good" category in terms of design, text material and can make it easier for users to use the interactive learning media application for introducing diagrams. Then the assessment test shows an increase in scores based on interactive testing.

The article considers a new approach to the management of reserves and factors of sustainable advanced development of the socio-natural and economic space of the agro-industrial complex, and rural territories (SPES of the agro-industrial complex and ST) in the context of global challenges and threats. The author's model of "loops" ("spirals") of the expanded reproduction of quality reserves and sustainable development of the SPEP of the agroindustrial complex and ST and the schematic diagram of the management system of reserves and factors of the SPEP of the agroindustrial complex and ST are presented. For the first time, the reserves and factors of cyclical sustainable and outstripping development of the agricultural and agricultural SPES in connection with the implementation of agro-industrial policy, as well as the use of reserves of the circular economy in the process of implementing the concept of the agricultural and agricultural SPES are considered. The substantiation of "advanced import substitution" as the most important reserve of the SD of the SPEP of the agro-industrial complex and ST is given, the issues of compromises and synergy as a reserve in the concept of development management are considered. In connection with the global cyclical nature of spatial development, an original model "Tree of reserves for managing the development of socio-natural and economic space of the agro-industrial complex and rural areas" has been developed and presented. Special attention is paid to the reserves of "Advancing compromises" and "Reducing negative synergy as mechanisms and technologies for managing the development of socio-natural and economic space of the agro-industrial complex and rural areas." It is proposed to consider circular agroeconomics as an integrated agro-industrial socio-natural-economic restorative and transformative system. The necessity of developing a long-term program for the modernization of the management of the socio-natural and economic space of the agro-industrial complex and rural areas on the basis of a new technological structure and a set of measures to ensure the advanced sustainable development of agro-food and infrastructure systems, clusters and other integrative formations is substantiated.

The building sector holds significant potential to mitigate climate change by adopting the circular economy. However, its transition is impeded by fragmented stakeholder engagement arising from complex socio-organisational dynamics. To address this, this article adopted the system dynamics (SD) modelling tool, which enables structured visualisation of the system while exploring and assessing stakeholder dynamics. The three-stage methodological approach includes the following: problem identification, building on the author’s prior publication, which identified the variables and their direct relationships; system conceptualisation, where the causal loop diagram was developed, followed by the identification of feedback loops, construction of the stock-flow diagram, and ultimately the SD model to capture indirect relationships; and model optimisation, which calibrated the SD model based on real-world circular building scenarios. The results revealed the stakeholder dynamics through their associated concerns. The results indicated that leveraging stakeholder dynamics within the complex system could foster collective action from fragmentation to enable the effective circular economy transition. This article proposes general and phase-specific actions tailored to each stakeholder, offering a structured framework for coordinated decision-making. These actions help bridge the gap between theory and practice, facilitating the sector’s transition from its current linear model toward a more collaborative and circular approach to climate change mitigation.

Tunnel construction is characterized by its large scale, long periods and vulnerability to environmental impact, which pose great challenges to tunnel construction safety. In order to analyze the coupling mechanism of tunnel construction safety risks and assess these risks, we conducted a study on the coupling evaluation of these risks in order to improve tunnel construction safety risk management. By analyzing 150 accident cases related to tunnel construction safety, an N-K model (natural killing model) was constructed to quantify the risk level of each coupling form from four aspects—personnel risk factors, equipment risk factors, environmental risk factors and management risk factors—and the SD (system dynamics) causality diagram was used to construct risk element conduction paths and identify the key influencing factors of different coupling forms. The research results show that with the increase in risk coupling factors, the risk of tunnel construction safety accidents also increases; weak personnel safety awareness, aging and wear of equipment, poor operating environment and construction site management chaos are the key risk factors whose prevention needs to be focused on. The related research results can provide a new method for decision makers to assess tunnel construction safety risks and enrich the research on tunnel construction safety risk management.

Abstract This paper introduces an Enhanced Sequence Diagram (ESD) as the basis for a structured framework for the functional analysis of complex multidisciplinary systems. The ESD extends the conventional sequence diagrams (SD) by introducing a rigorous functional flow-based modelling schemata to provide an enhanced basis for model-based functional requirements and architecture analysis in the early systems design stages. The proposed ESD heuristics include the representation of transactional and transformative functions required to deliver the use case sequence, and fork and join nodes to facilitate analysis of combining and bifurcating operations on flows. A case study of a personal mobility device is used to illustrate the deployment of the ESD methodology in relation to three common product development scenarios: (i) reverse engineering, (ii) the introduction of a specific technology to an existent system; and (iii) the introduction of a new feature as user-centric innovation for an existing system, at a logical design level, without reference to any solution. The case study analysis provides further insights into the effectiveness of the ESD to support function modelling and functional requirements capture, and architecture development. The significance of this paper is that it establishes a rigorous ESD-based functional analysis methodology to guide the practitioner with its deployment, facilitating its impact to both the engineering design and systems engineering communities, as well as the design practice in the industry.

Demographic and economic aspects of the pension system in Poland —a dynamic modelling approachThe paper considers a hypothesis that some dynamic features of the Polish national and public pension system follow typical mental, generic and archetypal models, as a result of many demographic, macroeconomic, political and also global factors, particularly closed-loop feedback relations with delays and amplifi cations. There are some important messages in the paper for social insurance policies design, structures and management, the meaning of data mining and collection, and for model refi nement with modelling approaches in a systems’ thinking way. The shortcomings of national social insurance systems in dealing more eff ectively with upstream social insurance risk prevention in the population are systemic and include also a postulate to empower members of the population in order to involve them in their own, entrepreneurial downstream care. The paper contains a system dynamics SD point of view, as a method of macroscopic, continuous simulation modelling, to surface and explain some cycles and discrepancies between demography, policies, as well as the system’s aspects of the national pension system. The conceptual, formal and simulation model presented in the paper, followed by some experiments’ results, applies the SD method approach with causal loop diagrams CLD and stock-and-fl ow diagrams SFD, displaying delays, amplifi cations and structure cycle dynamics in the national pension system. Further research should concentrate on the detailed analysis of additional modelling requirements in order to conduct more profound multi-factor experiments to forecast and evaluate contemporary national politics, and to test some new concepts in social insurance.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a model for complex interconnected structure of various factors interacting with delay in order to identify the most important factors influencing and influenced by delay based on their interrelations. Design/methodology/approach Reviewing literature and interviewing with local experts selected from the Iranian construction industry, top 58 delay factors were identified and categorized into six major groups. The interrelations among these factors were, then, modeled using the system dynamics (SD) approach. The resulting causal loop diagrams obtained from SD were used subsequently for identifying the most significant factors influencing and influenced by delay through the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. The impact of factors on each other was finally determined based on the opinions of 63 experts selected from the Iranian community of consultants, contractors, and clients. Findings According to the analysis, eight out of the 58 factors were identified as the most influencing factors on delay, and nine factors were found to be the most influenced factors by delay in the field of delay analysis. The study also concluded that factors related to labors are the most important and influential factors. In addition, factors related to client were the most influencing factors and external-related factors were the least important ones. At the end, some recommendations to reduce variation of delay in the construction projects are presented as well. Originality/value Considering the interconnected structure of the factors, the paper identifies the most important factors interacting with time delay in construction projects.

In this paper, the midspan deflection of a beam bridge with vehicles passing through the bridge successively is investigated. The midspan deflection can be modeled as the vibration trace of smooth-and-discontinuous (SD) oscillator by considering the mode of the first order and up-and-down vibration. The nonlinear behaviors of the established model are studied and presented. KAM (Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser) structures on the Poincaré section are constructed for the driven system without dissipation with generic KAM curve and a series of resonant points and the surrounding island chains connected by chaotic orbits. Introducing a series of complete elliptic integrals of the first and the second kind, the response curves of the system are detected, to which the effects of parameters are revealed. The relevant dynamics is depicted under external excitation exhibiting period leading to chaos. The efficiency of the bifurcation diagrams obtained in this paper is demonstrated via numerical simulations.

Construction processes are complex and dynamic. Like its other components, the construction supply chain (CSC) involves multiple stakeholders requiring varying levels of information sharing. In addition, the intensity and diversity of information in CSCs require dexterous management. Studies reveal that information complexity can be reduced using collaborative technologies (CTs). However, the barriers to information management (IM) hinder the CTs’ adoption process and cause complexity in CSCs. This research identifies barriers to IM and factors affecting the adoption of CTs in developing countries. In order to understand and address complexity, the system dynamics (SD) approach is adopted in this study. The aim is to investigate if SD can reduce information complexity using CTs. Causal loop diagrams (CLDs) were developed to understand the relationship between the IM barriers and CT adoption factors. The SD model, when simulated, highlighted three main components, i.e., complexity, top management support, and trust and cooperation, among others, as factors affecting the adoption of CTs. Addressing these factors will reduce information complexity and result in better IM in construction projects.

This study focuses on obtaining such damage probability curves based on representative Inter-layer seismic isolation buildings (ILSIB) in China metropolis using whole spectral indicator. 30 corrected random earthquake waves are selected to represent the variability in ground motion. Dynamic time history analysis is used to analyze the random sample of structures. Random damage scatter diagrams based on different spectral indexes are all achieved. Index of damage probability based Sd indicator is most precise in all the spectral indexes because of the least coefficient of variation. Fragility in Y axis is more serious than in X axis through careful analysis.

The discourse surrounding digital transformation (DT) and sustainable development (SD) is pervasive in contemporary business and organizational operations, with both processes considered indispensable for sustainability. The success or failure of these endeavors hinges significantly on factors such as the behavior and skill sets of individuals within organizations. Thus, the purpose of the paper is twofold: to investigate the perceptions of organizations on digital transformation and sustainable development with regards to skills and education, and, secondly, to use the insights from these perceptions as a starting point for the use of systems thinking as a tool that could assist in achieving these states. To achieve the objective, a research effort was conducted that included desktop research, interviews with experts, and the development of a survey that was disseminated across Europe with questions on digital transformation and sustainable development. Finally, a general causal loop diagram was designed, illustrating the processes of digital transformation and sustainable development within organizations from a top-down view. The study reveals commonalities between DT and SD, recognizing both processes as advantageous with shared deficiencies in specific skill sets. It highlights a synergistic relationship between initiating DT and fostering SD activities. Furthermore, the research underscores the temporal aspects of these processes, acknowledging delayed positive effects and immediate implementation costs that challenge decision-makers to balance long-term benefits with short-term viability. In conclusion, the exploration emphasizes the dynamic nature of DT and SD, urging continual attention to the evolving landscape and the imperative for a shared understanding within organizational contexts.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore scenario development (SD) as a method for engaging known challenges in collaborative research projects, i.e. SD is the construct under investigation. Design/methodology/approach Criticism of the dominant, rational approach to project management (PM) and its underlying hypotheses highlights a considerable PM research gap for research projects (research problem). The authors undertake a six-step constructive research approach to investigate if SD (the construct) constitutes a fruitful method to support the management of collaborative research projects. A two-part literature review summarizes known challenges in collaborative research projects and introduces the history and application of SD methodology. The work includes participatory action research (PAR) in two case studies, constituting a qualitative research method. Findings The authors found the SD method to be useful for structuring and analyzing intuitive project processes. However, using SD in the management of single projects presents some fundamental challenges. SD, like PM, struggles with issues related to myopic decisions, a “predict and provide” attitude with clear aspects of path dependency in the project front-end as well as inconsistent and/or missing identification of success criteria among different stakeholders. Research limitations/implications This paper does not provide any comprehensive, normative account of scenario techniques or compare SD with other foresight and future studies methods. Although PAR is in itself a research method that demands systematic description and execution, the focus of this paper is the overall constructive research approach. Practical implications The paper offers a broadened repertoire of methods to describe and analyse project stakeholder situations (collaborative aspects) and to structure and balance the need for both rational and intuitive project processes (research aspects). The SD method also supports development of graphical storylines and facilitates the use of influence diagrams, event trees and cost/benefit analysis. Originality/value Although PM literature contains several references to SD, the practical application of SD at single-project level has, to the authors’ knowledge, never been described in the PM literature.

System dynamics (SD) is a complex systems modeling and simulation approach with wide ranging applications in various science and engineering disciplines. While subject matter experts lead most of the model building, recent advances have attempted to bring system dynamics closer to fast growing fields such as data sciences. This may prove promising for the development of novel support methods that augment human cognition and improve efficiencies in the model building process. A few different directions have been explored recently to support individual modeling stages, such as the generation of model structure, model calibration and policy optimization. However, an integrated approach that supports across the board modeling process is still missing. In this paper, a prototype integrated modeling support system is presented for the purpose of supporting the modelers at each stage of the process. The proposed support system facilitates data-driven inferring of causal loop diagrams (CLDs), stock-flow diagrams (SFDs), model equations and the estimation of model parameters using computational intelligence (CI) techniques. The ultimate goal of the proposed system is to support the construction of complex models, where the human power is not enough. With this goal in mind, we demonstrate the working and utility of the proposed support system. We have used two well-known synthetic reality case studies with small models from the system dynamics literature, in order to verify the support system performance. The experimental results showed the effectiveness of the proposed support system to infer close model structures to target models directly from system time-series observations. Future work will focus on improving the support system so that it can generate complex models on a large scale.

Abstract: Flat shape is one of the subjects in mathematics taught by elementary school students. However, studying the material for flat shapes, students memorize the formulas for the circumference and area of flat shapes. Thus, students feel less interested in learning flat construction material. The purpose of this study was to design and create math learning media for grade 5 elementary school with the subject matter of flat structures using Augmented Reality (AR). The research method uses the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) with the stages of concept, design, material collecting, assembling, testing and distribution. System modeling uses UML (usecase, activity, Sequence Diagram). The results of the study have been made flat learning media with features of flat learning media applications consisting of scan markers, info, exits, flat shape objects, explanations, content of flat shape material, formula calculations and application user guides. This learning media can help elementary students class V to get to know flat shapes and calculate the area of flat wake objectsAbstrak: Bagun datar merupakan salah satu pokok bahasan pada mata pelajaran matematika yang diajarkan siswa Sekolah Dasar. Namun, mempelajari materi bagun datar, siswa menghafal rumus keliling dan luas bangun datar. Sehingga, siswa merasa kurang tertarik untuk mempelajari materi bagun datar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk merancang dan membuat media pembelajaran matematika kelas 5 SD materi pokok bagun datar dengan menggunakan Augmented Reality (AR). Metode penelitian menggunakan Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) dengan tahapan dengan tahapan concept, design, material collecting, assembling, testing dan distribution. Pemodelan sistem menggunakan UML (usecase, activity, Sequence Diagram). Hasil penelitian telah dibuat Media pembelajaran bangun datar dengan Fitur-fitur aplikasi media pembelajaran bangun datar terdiri dari scan marker, info, exit, objek bangun datar, penjelasan, isi materi bagun datar, perhitungan rumus dan panduan pengguna aplikasi Media pembelajaran ini bisa membantu siswa SD kelas V untuk mengenal bangun datar dan menghitung luas objek bangun datar

Purpose The causal relationships between factors related to building information modelling (BIM) adoption in the Thai architectural and engineering design industry are presented. A model is proposed to explain and forecast the adoption behaviours in the industry. This paper aims to define and compare policies for the adoption of BIM using a company case study. Design/methodology/approach The system dynamics (SD) approach was used. Four companies were selected as case studies for formulating a causal loop diagram. One of the companies was chosen for collecting the quantitative data for the SD model simulation during a ten-month study period. Tests of model validation were conducted for confirmation of, and confidence in, the model. Findings An SD model was formulated for studying BIM adoption. Four policies of BIM adoption were defined to compare with the normal operating business for the company and used as the case study. The quantitative outputs of the SD model revealed that BIM training was the best choice to optimise company performance. Research limitations/implications The case studies comprised architectural and engineering design companies in Thailand; therefore, the findings may not be generalisable to other Thai construction organisations or to other countries. Practical implications The methodology and findings can be used as guidelines for other organisations or countries that are considering BIM adoption to improve their operations. Originality/value The paper highlights the optimum policy for BIM adoption to achieve efficient and effective implementation.

From the perspective of universal design, signs should be easy to understand for all users. In Japan, tourist information signs have become increasingly multilingual in recent years as the number of tourists from other countries has increased. However, it is not clear whether the current signs are comprehensible to both Japanese and non-Japanese speakers. In this study, field and questionnaire surveys on signs were conducted in Matsue City, a regional city in Japan, and the evaluations of Japanese and non-Japanese speakers were compared. In the field survey, a caption evaluation method was used to evaluate the visual environment, and in the questionnaire survey, the SD method was used to evaluate the signs obtained in the field survey. The results indicated that non-Japanese speakers were more likely to focus on signs, and signs with diagrams and maps were evaluated more positively. In addition, the evaluation structure of signs was found to consist of four elements: “Harmonicity”, “Clarity”, “Visibility”, and “Comprehensibility”. “Harmonicity” was indicated to be as important as “Clarity” and “Visibility”. These results suggest that the replacement of text with diagrams on signs contributes to the improvement of impressions and is particularly effective for non-Japanese speakers.

A method was proposed to estimate vehicle-to-vehicle travel time variability (TTV) at the link and network levels of the entire freeway network. Standard deviation (SD) of travel time rate (TTR) was selected for the TTV. Models estimating the TTV were developed through a Tobit model using a left-censored limit. For the analysis of impact factors on TTV including day-to-day, the model included various types of variables: density, occupancy, traffic flow, link lengths, lane count, speed limits, rainfall amount, crash indicator, weekend indicator, and holiday indicator. According to the exploration and modeling results, TTR and its SD (vehicle-to-vehicle and day-to-day) have a statistical positive significant relationship at the link and network levels. Furthermore, it was confirmed that there is network fundamental diagram (NFD) at the network level. According to the modeling results, an increase in the number of lanes and speed limits, and crash occurrence, raises vehicle-to-vehicle and day-to-day TTV. However, TTV decreases if the link length is long. A high rainfall amount would reduce vehicle-to-vehicle TTV, but raise day-to-day TTV. Weekends and holidays increase vehicle-to-vehicle TTV but diminish day-to-day TTV. Finally, a linear regression model between TTV and TTR at the network level was developed. Through the relationship between the linear regression model and NFD, it is possible to develop new traffic management strategies and algorithms optimizing the vehicle-to-vehicle TTV at the network level. The developed vehicle-to-vehicle TTV models can be applied to validate the mobility improvement potential of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication applications on a segment, corridor, and regional scale.

Due to the increased globalization and the disruptions caused by pandemics, supply chains (SCs) are becoming more complex in all industries. Such increased complexities of the SCs bring in more risks. The construction industry is no exception; its SC has been disrupted in line with its industrial counterparts. Therefore, it is important to manage the complexities in integrating SC risks and resilient capabilities (RCs) to enable a resilient SC in construction. This study investigated the complexity involved in the dynamics of effects between organizations’ SC risks and RCs to overcome disruptive events. Past researchers investigated how to improve the performance of construction projects, regardless of the complexities and interdependencies associated with the risks across the entire SC. However, the system dynamics (SD) approach to describe the diversity of construction SCs under risks has received limited attention indicating a research gap pursued by this study. This work aimed to analyze and establish interconnectivity and functionality amongst the construction SC risks and RCs using systems thinking (ST) and SD modeling approach. The SD technique is used to assess the complexity and integrated effect of SC risks on construction projects to enhance their resilience. The risks and RCs were identified by critically scrutinizing the literature and were then ranked through content analysis. Questionnaire surveys and expert opinions (involving 10 experts) helped develop causal loop diagrams (CLDs) and SD models with simulations to assess complexity qualitatively and quantitatively within the system. Research reveals that construction organizations are more vulnerable to health pandemics, budget overruns, poor information coordination, insufficient management oversight, and error visibility to stakeholders. Further, the most effective RCs include assets visibility, collaborative information exchange, business intelligence gatherings, alternative suppliers, and inventory management systems. This research helps industry practitioners identify and plan for various risks and RCs within their organizations and SCs. Furthermore, it helps understand trade-offs between suitable RCs to abate essential risks and develop preparedness against disruptions to improve organizational policymaking, project efficiency, and performance.

Construction is a resource-intensive industry where a circular economy (CE) is essential to minimize global impacts and conserve natural resources. A CE achieves long-term sustainability by enabling materials to circulate along the critical supply chains. Accordingly, recent research has proposed a paradigm shift towards CE-based sustainability. However, uncertainties caused by fluctuating raw material prices, scarce materials, increasing demand, consumers’ expectations, lack of proper waste infrastructure, and the use of wrong recycling technologies all lead to complexities in the construction industry (CI). This research paper aims to determine the enablers of a CE for sustainable development in the CI. The system dynamics (SD) approach is utilized for modeling and simulation purposes to address the associated process complexity. First, using content analysis of pertinent literature, ten enablers of a CE for sustainable development in CI were identified. Then, causality among these enablers was identified via interviews and questionnaire surveys, leading to the development of the causal loop diagram (CLD) using systems thinking. The CLD for the 10 shortlisted enablers shows five reinforcing loops and one balancing loop. Furthermore, the CLD was used to develop an SD model with two stocks: “Organizational Incentive Schemes” and “Policy Support.” An additional stock (“Sustainable Development”) was created to determine the combined effect of all stocks. The model was simulated for five years. The findings show that policy support and organizational incentive schemes, among other enablers, are critical in implementing a CE for sustainable development in CI. The outcomes of this study can help CI practitioners to implement a CE in a way that drives innovation, boosts economic growth, and improves competitiveness.

Sustainable development (SD) is of prime importance in the present world, where resources are depleting fast and causing conflicts among nations to control essential resources. Since the construction industry (CI) consumes most of these resources, Construction Sustainability (CS) is a key focus of SD. Among the three pillars of sustainability, i.e., economic, environmental, and social, the first two have been amply addressed by researchers. However, the social aspects have been neglected or under-researched so far. The current research humbly attempts to fill this gap. Accordingly, a System Dynamics Model (SDM) has been developed to address this issue. After a comprehensive literature review, questionnaire survey, content analysis, and gathering the opinions of ten experts from CI, 11 key factors of social CS were identified. Using the system thinking approach, a causal loop diagram (CLD) was developed to assess the intensity and polarity of these factors. The CLD encompassed eight reinforcing loops and one balancing loop. Based on the CLD, an SDM was developed and simulated over 3 years. Primarily, the SDM had two stocks: “Government support for sustainable construction” and “Stakeholder awareness and knowledge”. An additional stock named “Construction Sustainability” was added to observe the combined effect of the system. The results showed that CS increased over time. The CLD and resulting SDM help in understanding the complex interaction of the social CS factors and thereby addressing the associated complexity of the effects of these varied factors on a project. Such knowledge can be valuable for anyone dealing with projects where social factors play a significant role. The proposed SDM provides a structured approach to understanding and visualizing the intricate relationships and feedback loops within a social system, aiding in more effective decision making and problem solving.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify perspective and feasible combinations of the existing revenue-driven methods with still more pervasive features of knowledge-based management and green management in hotel industry. The authors believe that the key path to success is in even closer, that is, daily personal orientation on customers, specifically on their satisfaction in both functional and emotional dimensions. Design/methodology/approach A research prototype of competitiveness modelling framework can be fully implemented in accordance with the methodology, proposed by Mitroff and Kilmann (1978). The key output of our conceptual modelling stage was causal loop diagram, showing relations among internal variables and determining overall dynamics of analyzed problem. In the implementation phase, the authors adopted system dynamics (SD) paradigm, which composes system behaviour from parametrically adjustable temporal accumulation of levels of internal resources. These resources (stocks) can be both quantitative (money, employees, services) and qualitative (trust, motivation, quality). After parameterization and validation, SD models are used for the analysis of real-world situations. Findings With the resultant interactive SD model, the authors designed and tested several scenarios, comparing the purely revenue-oriented hotel management with its customers-oriented and organizational knowledge-supported enhancement. The authors’ experiments showed that the proposed extension can contribute to the overall performance up to 15 per cent. According to the experimental findings, the primary reasons for the improvement are higher ratio of regularly returning customers and improved efficiency of internal processes as a result of continuous organizational learning. Originality/value So far, hotel managers use mainly simple analytic and planning tools, which cannot cover the practical complexity of surrounding market and internal processes. In comparison with purely revenue-based principles, advanced managerial practices, considering also qualitative and human-related matters, require additional viewpoints. The authors enhanced the hospitality domain with the introduction of dynamic hypotheses – feasible explanations of temporal behaviour of complex structures.

Objective: to investigate feasibility of using ultrasonography (US) to evaluate structural changes of salivary glands (SG) in patients with Sjögren's disease (SD).Material and methods. The study included 159 patients who were examined in V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology from 2016 to 2022 who met V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology 2001, and/or ACR 2012, and/or ACR/EULAR 2016 criteria for SD, and who had not previously received immunosuppressive therapy. All patients underwent a comprehensive classical examination (ophthalmological, dental, immunological) to diagnose SD. Disease activity was determined using ESSDAI index. US of the parotid gland (PG) and submandibular SGs was performed using a GE LOGIQ 9 device, and the images obtained were scored according to the OMERACT SGUS scoring system (SGUS SS).Results and discussion. All SGUS SS scores statistically significantly correlated (p<0.05) with mouth sicca symptoms, enlargement of PG, ESSDAI activity index, presence of lymphohistiocytic infiltrate and focus score in labial SG biopsy, and parenchymatous parotitis according to sialography. No significant correlation was found with the results of sialometry. There was a significant correlation between the changes detected by US and sialography (r=0.422; p=0.001). Considering the data obtained, the consistency of the results of the different examination methods was analyzed. Bland-Altman diagrams were created to reflect the dependence of the differences between the results of US and sialography. At various stages of the comparison, not all data points were within the standardized range. In addition, 5% of the parameters were not within the interval of two standard deviations. The Bland-Altman analysis revealed a systematic discrepancy indicating a low degree of agreement between the two methods for determining structural changes in SG. According to the ROC analysis, sensitivity of ultrasound was 94% and specificity 51%. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.787 (95% confidence interval 0.700–0.875).Conclusion. SG US and sialography are not interchangeable, but complement each other in the assessment of SG structure. SG US is a safer and non-invasive method of SG examination that does not require contrast agent administration and is likely to play an important role in the dynamic monitoring of patients during the therapy. However, sialography is a more accurate method of diagnostics and assessment of the extent of SG lesions.

Background: Medical students are in a huge pressure due to their academic syllabus. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between anxiety and academic performance among private medical college.Methodology: This cross sectional study was done in private medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh and 3rd and 4th year medical student were included. Data was collected by using semi structured Socio-demographic questionnaire and Burn Anxiety Inventory scale and Checklist. Finally all data and results were analyzed using latest version of SPSS software. For descriptive statistics means, medians, SD and range will be calculated as required. Data will be presented in frequency table, bar, pie and scattered diagram as per need. Statistical test chi-square test were used and p<0.05 was consider to be statistically significant.Results: A total number of 200 medical students were studied after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among them 87.0% were Muslim; 98.0% were unmarried; 83.0% were in nuclear family; family member of 42.5% respondents had 4 to 6 persons; monthly income of 64.7% respondents were less than 50,000 Taka; 47.0% of the respondents’ father occupation was businessman. In 1st profession examination 68.0% in Anatomy, 73% in Physiology, 76% in Biochemistry were passed in anatomy. In 1st professional exam, students suffered from moderate to extreme anxiety were passed 78% and referred 22% as well as suffered from minimal to mild anxiety were passed 43% and referred 57% in Physiology. So there was strong association between the two variables (p<0.05).Conclusion: Three fifth of the students are suffered from moderate anxiety level and those who are suffered moderate to extreme anxiety passed more and their class attendance are good.Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research 2018;5(2):68-72

Inequalities in exposure to a health-promoting local food environment have been implicated in the generation of inequalities in diet-related behaviours and outcomes, including obesity and diabetes. Increasingly, poor diet and diet-related disease have been characterised as an emergent property of a complex system and, as such, the drivers of poor diet may be better understood by using a complex system perspective. In this study, we describe a participatory approach for understanding the system drivers of unhealthy food consumption. System dynamics (SD) was used to identify, understand, and visualise the elements of the neighbourhood food retail system that influence individuals’ eating behaviour. Group Model Building (GMB), undertaken online with stakeholders (n = 11), was used to funnel existing knowledge and evidence on urban food environments and to build a conceptual system map of the local food retail environment inclusive of the drivers that influence the decision to purchase and consume meals that are high in fat, salt, and sugar (HFSS), and calories. The GMB was organised as a knowledge elicitation process involving a questionnaire, a workbook, and a structured workshop. The GMB generated a comprehensive causal loop diagram (CLD) of the retail environment inclusive of the drivers that influence the decision to purchase and consume unhealthy meals. The CLD was designed around two main variables (i) exposure to food outlets and (ii) food consumption. The system map built during the Group Model Building session linked exposure to food outlets with the possibility to purchase and consume unhealthy meals. The effectiveness of this link will be tested in an Agent-Based model. The conceptual model illustrates the complexity of the factors responsible for inequalities in unhealthy eating. The GMB approach provides a basis for building an agent-based model for local authorities to characterise their food retail environment, uncover potential leverage points for interventions and test them ‘in silico’ in a virtual environment.

This study aims to find empirical information about the effect of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK), and Technology Integration Self Efficacy (TISE) on Teacher Readiness for Online Learning (TROL). This study uses a quantitative survey method with path analysis techniques. This study measures the readiness of kindergarten teachers in distance learning in Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia with a sampling technique using simple random sampling involving 105 teachers. Empirical findings reveal that; 1) there is a direct positive effect of Technology Integration Self Efficacy on Teacher Readiness for Online Learning; 2) there is a direct positive effect of PACK on Teacher Readiness for Online Learning; 3) there is a direct positive effect of Technology Integration Self Efficacy on TPACK. If want to improve teacher readiness for online learning, Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) must be improved by paying attention to Technology Integration Self Efficacy (TISE).
 Keywords: TROL, TPACK, TISE, Early Childhood Education
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Purpose This study aims to focus on building a conceptual closed-loop vaccine supply chain (CLVSC) to decrease vaccine wastage and counterfeit/fake vaccines. Design/methodology/approach Through a focused literature review, the framework for the CLVSC is described, and the system dynamics (SD) research methodology is used to build a causal loop diagram (CLD) of the proposed model. Findings In the battle against COVID-19, waste management systems have become overwhelmed, which has created negative environmental and extremely hazardous societal impacts. A key contributing factor is unused vaccine doses, shown as a source for counterfeit/fake vaccines. The findings identify a CLVSC design and transshipment operations to decrease vaccine wastage and the potential for vaccine theft. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to establishing a pandemic-specific VSC structure. The proposed model informs the current COVID-19 pandemic as well as potential future pandemics. Social implications A large part of the negative impact of counterfeit/fake vaccines is on human well-being, and this can be avoided with proper CLVSC. Originality/value This study develops a novel overarching SD CLD by integrating the epidemic model of disease transmission, VSC and closed-loop structure. This study enhances the policymakers’ understanding of the importance of vaccine waste collection, proper handling and threats to the public, which are born through illicit activities that rely on stolen vaccine doses.

AbstractSustainability is a paramount concern for manufacturing companies, necessitating the adoption of sustainable production and circular economy strategies. However, quantifying these sustainability efforts remains a formidable challenge due to the absence of a standardized framework, consequently hindering the development of effective strategies. This study presents a framework comprising 39 indicators, each accompanied by a descriptive calculation method, recommended units, and a suggested trend. These indicators were meticulously selected through a comprehensive literature review and refined via expert consensus during semi‐structured interviews. To establish a tangible connection between the operational world of companies and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), we employ a visualization tool – the Sankey diagram. This diagram unravels the intricate links between the selected indicators and the SDGs. Both contributions provide manufacturers with a clear roadmap to quantify and align their actions with broader global objectives.

Abstract Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), the most common inherited cardiac condition, is mainly caused by pathogenic variants in sarcomeric genes. Alpha tropomyosin gene (TPM1) account for a small percentage (1–5%) of HCM cases with ∼20 relevant variants described so far related to this condition. However, TPM1–hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is thought to be associated with high rates of heart failure and sudden death (SD). Purpose To describe the phenotype and genotype of a cohort of adult and pediatric patients with HCM and variants in TPM1 followed up in an inherited cardiovascular disease program of a national reference center. Methods Patients with HCM and TPM1 variants potentially related to the phenotype were retrospectively identified. Genetic test was performed by next generation sequencing panels or clinical exome. Clinical data, any need of intervention (obstruction relief, device implantation, heart transplant) and major adverse cardiovascular events were collected from medical records. We performed co-segregation studies whenever possible. Predictive models in order to support the possible pathogenicity of the variants were also applied. Results We identified 13 individuals (54% females) from 11 families with HCM and variants in TPM1. 12 patients had phenotype and one was a carrier. 5 out of 12 patients (42%) were diagnosed before the age of 12 years, all with severe phenotype. The most frequent pattern was asymmetric septal hypertrophy, with a mean thickness of the septum of 22 mm (range 14–37). 4 cases were obstructive, of which 3 required surgical myectomy. 4 patients required an implanted cardiac defibrillator (ICD), all in childhood. One was in secondary prevention after an aborted SD in a 12-year-old girl. 3 appropriate therapies were recorded in 2 patients during follow-up. A girl underwent heart transplantation at the age of 12 because of angina at rest. At last evaluation 67% were symptomatic, with 3 patients in functional class II and 5 patients in functional class III-IV/IV. 8 missense variants in TPM1 were identified in the 11 families (table 1). All variants are described in Clinvar as variants of unknown significance (VUS). They appear at a very low frequency (<0.01%) or are absent in general population and predictive models of protein structure and functionality (PreditProtein) indicate an impact on the structure of the protein, supporting their possible pathogenicity. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the variants position within TPM1 gen. Cossegregation data and the presence of the same variant in non_related families allowed us to reclassify 4 variants as “likely pathogenic”. Conclusion This study provides cosegregation data and “in silico” analysis of the potential functional impact of several TPM1 variants, supporting their pathogenicity. In our cohort, HCM related to TMP1 variants is associated with high penetrance (92%), early onset and poor clinical course in childhood and youth. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. Figure 1

AbstractIn the context of gas processing and carbon sequestration, an adequate understanding of the solubility of acid gases in ionic liquids (ILs) under various thermodynamic circumstances is crucial. A poisonous, combustible, and acidic gas that can cause environmental damage is hydrogen sulfide (H2S). ILs are good choices for appropriate solvents in gas separation procedures. In this work, a variety of machine learning techniques, such as white-box machine learning, deep learning, and ensemble learning, were established to determine the solubility of H2S in ILs. The white-box models are group method of data handling (GMDH) and genetic programming (GP), the deep learning approach is deep belief network (DBN) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) was selected as an ensemble approach. The models were established utilizing an extensive database with 1516 data points on the H2S solubility in 37 ILs throughout an extensive pressure and temperature range. Seven input variables, including temperature (T), pressure (P), two critical variables such as temperature (Tc) and pressure (Pc), acentric factor (ω), boiling temperature (Tb), and molecular weight (Mw), were used in these models; the output was the solubility of H2S. The findings show that the XGBoost model, with statistical parameters such as an average absolute percent relative error (AAPRE) of 1.14%, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.002, standard deviation (SD) of 0.01, and a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.99, provides more precise calculations for H2S solubility in ILs. The sensitivity assessment demonstrated that temperature and pressure had the highest negative and highest positive affect on the H2S solubility in ILs, respectively. The Taylor diagram, cumulative frequency plot, cross-plot, and error bar all demonstrated the high effectiveness, accuracy, and reality of the XGBoost approach for predicting the H2S solubility in various ILs. The leverage analysis shows that the majority of the data points are experimentally reliable and just a small number of data points are found beyond the application domain of the XGBoost paradigm. Beyond these statistical results, some chemical structure effects were evaluated. First, it was shown that the lengthening of the cation alkyl chain enhances the H2S solubility in ILs. As another chemical structure effect, it was shown that higher fluorine content in anion leads to higher solubility in ILs. These phenomena were confirmed by experimental data and the model results. Connecting solubility data to the chemical structure of ILs, the results of this study can further assist to find appropriate ILs for specialized processes (based on the process conditions) as solvents for H2S.

AbstractMicromagnetic modeling allows the systematic study of the effects of particle size and shape on the first‐order reversal curve (FORC) magnetic hysteresis response for magnetite particles in the single‐domain (SD) and pseudo‐single domain (PSD) particle size range. The interpretation of FORCs, though widely used, has been highly subjective. Here, we use micromagnetics to model randomly oriented distributions of particles to allow more physically meaningful interpretations. We show that one commonly found type of PSD particle—namely the single vortex (SV) particle—has far more complex signals than SD particles, with multiple peaks and troughs in the FORC distribution, where the peaks have higher switching fields for larger SV particles. Particles in the SD to SV transition zone have the lowest switching fields. Symmetrical and prolate particles display similar behavior, with distinctive peaks forming near the vertical axis of the FORC diagram. In contrast, highly oblate particles produce “butterfly” structures, suggesting that these are potentially diagnostic of particle morphology. We also consider FORC diagrams for distributions of particle sizes and shapes and produce an online application that users can use to build their own FORC distributions. There is good agreement between the model predictions for distributions of particle sizes and shapes, and the published experimental literature.

PurposeThe more contemporary views on managing projects recommend stakeholder engagement as an important part of the process. Challenges have been reported when attempting to involve project stakeholders in a construction project due to the complexity of the processes. In projects such as refurbishment projects, the efforts to incorporate end users' needs and preferences into spatial environmental functions increase the complexity of stakeholder engagement during the journey of the project. This paper presents a unique technique used to integrate different tools within the system enquiry methodology in modelling the project stakeholder engagement process for refurbishment projects.Design/methodology/approachAiming to address the problem, system dynamics (SD) has been selected as the most suitable method for modelling the dynamic behaviour of this complex system over time. A tool known as a rich picture diagram (RPD) is proposed as the precursor of the development of a causal loop diagram (CLD) to facilitate a more holistic abstraction for applicable solutions. An example of a single case study involving the refurbishment of a higher education building project is presented to explain the analysis undertaken in the process of developing the CLD that models the dynamic behaviour within end-user stakeholder engagement.FindingsThis paper demonstrates the complementarity capabilities of the soft and hard systems of enquiry in modelling stakeholder's dynamics within the refurbishment construction contexts. The RPD soft system tool was found useful to congregate diverse stakeholder expressions and experiences of a complex system in a holistic manner. Subsequently, the development of the CLD was fully guided by the information and relationship captured and presented in the RPD to yield a representative system model. Furthermore, this paper also reports the dynamics of the actors, situations, events and their inter-relationship found in the presented refurbishment project.Originality/valueThis paper enriches the techniques within the system enquiry methodology by integrating hard and soft system tools for dynamic process modelling purposes. This is particularly achieved by utilizing the RPD as the precursor of SD that provides a useful way for researchers and stakeholders to fully understand the dynamics and develop robust systemic interventions to optimize end-user stakeholder engagement during the journey of refurbishment projects, particularly of higher education buildings.

The objective of this article is to present and illustrate an educational engineering approach relating to the use of structure (SD), activity (AD) and Vee (V) diagrams in the design and modeling of educational scenarios. in alignment with a model of hybrid pedagogical approach: explicit - by discovery strongly requested recently in the practices of distance and online education. We first analyze the basic pedagogical approach of distance education, then we present and illustrate how to use these diagrams in scriptwriting.

AbstractResponding to growing calls for system dynamics (SD) research to engage with structural racism, this article examines the barriers that Black farmers in New York State face and explores values‐based public institutional food procurement (VBFP) as one possible solution for overcoming these barriers. Combining a qualitative data analysis with causal loop diagrams, this analysis reveals that ongoing structural racism generates (1) structural disconnects between Black farmers' and public institutions' supply chains that inhibit their integration; and (2) procurement policies that create new, rather than addressing existing, barriers for Black farmers. VBFP initiatives' potential to support Black farmers is thus dependent upon dismantling structural racism. In addition, this article advances SD supply chain research by examining one effort to align supply chains with social and environmental values and demonstrates how causal loop diagrams, with their emphasis on system structure, reveal why values‐based supply chain efforts in general often struggle. © 2024 System Dynamics Society.

In this paper, a new vibro-impact bistable oscillator by installing an adjustable rigid wall to one side of the smooth–discontinuous (SD) oscillator, is constructed to analytically and numerically reveal its unique global dynamic characteristics. In the unperturbed case, there exist complex unilateral homoclinic structures transversal intersecting, grazing and nonintersecting with the impact boundary due to the adjustability of the rigid constraint. When weak vicious damping, weak periodic excitation and impact energy dissipation are considered, the influences of the adjustable rigid constraint and the evolutions from coexisting periodic orbits to chaos are analyzed through bifurcation diagrams, phase diagrams and Poincaré map and basins of attraction. As the position of the impact boundary moves, the orbits graze multiple times with the boundary, causing period-doubling bifurcations and presenting some new impacting periodic orbits and disconnected chaotic attractors. The vibro-impact SD oscillator also gradually loses stability due to the rapid migration of attractors among coexistence orbits.