Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Structure électronique ab initio'
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Mabrouk, Manel. "Structure électronique des couches minces organiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4343.
Full textThis thesis presents research work on self-organized metal-organic monolayers. We have theoretically investigated the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of two-dimensional TM-Pc (Pc: phthalocyanine) and TM-TCNB (TCNB: tetracyanobenzene) where TM is the transition metal for the 3d, 4d or 5d series. The calculations are performed by density functional theory taking into account the Hubbard term (DFT+U) using the VASP simulation code (Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package). In addition, the adsorption of the Fe-Pc molecule on the gold surface Au(111) was studied via SGGA and SGGA+U
Maatouk, Amira. "Étude de la croissance des nanotubes de carbone catalysée par le fer." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00788329.
Full textLandron, Sylvain. "Etude ab initio de la structure électronique des oxydes de cobalt NaxCoO2." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/273/.
Full text(The NaxCoO2 Cobalt oxides are compounds with many interesting properties. In this work we were particularly interested in two compounds of the family: firstly, the Na0. 3CoO2-1. 3H2O which presents a superconducting phase, secondly the x=0. 5 system which presents an insulator to metal phase transition at 52 K and a rich phase diagram as a function of temperature and magnetic field. Using ab initio calculations molecular spectroscopy methods applied on fragments embedded in an appropriate bath, we presented the determination of simple models as well as the evaluation of the effective interactions for these two interesting compounds. We also studied the cobalt 3d-shell splitting under the trigonal distortion observed in these compounds. This analysis led to reasons for which some results, like the ones issued of ligands field theory and some issued of density functional calculations, yield an orbital splitting in disagreement with experimental results
Vaugier, Loig. "Matériaux corrélés et structure électronique ab initio : interaction de hubbard et couplage de Hund." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EPXX0106.
Full textSabouri, Dodaran Amir Abbas. "Transition isolant-métal du Rb4C60 : équation d'état et structure électronique." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066297.
Full textSoret, Julien. "Etude de la structure électronique d’oxydes de cobalt à couches CoO2." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2013.
Full textLayered cobalt oxides compounds are built from CoO2 layers intercalated either by Na or Ni layers or by more complex structures. First studied for their high ionic conductivity, their interest was revived by the discovery of properties such as the supraconductivity in NaxCoO2 hydrated phases, puzzling magnetic phases and high thermoelectric power. In our work, we aimed at the determination of the fermi-level electrons degrees of freedom, responsible for the low energy physical properties, on three layered cobalt oxides : [Ca2CoO3]0. 62[CoO2], Na2/3CoO2 and CoO2. To reach this goal, wave function ab-initio calculations, taking correctly into account the strong electronic correlation, have been performed on fragments of the studied compounds. Local effective interactions between Femi-level electrons were determined and exchange coupling or Hubbard model parameters were evaluated
Gellé, Alain. "Etude ab initio de la structure électronique des composés d'oxyde de cuivre incommensurables : Sr14-xCaxCu24O41." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30285.
Full textHamade, Yaman. "Étude théorique de la structure électronique de AlBr, AlI, LuF et LuCl par les méthodes ab-initio." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10169.
Full textOur research concerns the theoretical study of the electronic structure of diatomic molecules such as Aluminum mono-halides AlX (X = Br,I) and Lutetium mono-halides LuX (X = F, Cl). The ab-initio methods are used for our study. These methods SCF, CASSCF (Complete Active-Space Self-Consistent Field) and interaction of configuration multi-reference MRCI with and without Davidson correction. These calculations are performed using the quantum chemistry software package MOLPRO, benefiting from the use of graphic interface GABEDIT. Our findings have consolidated the potential energy curves PECs, spectroscopic constants, including harmonic frequency ωe(cm-1), the internuclear distance at equilibrium Re(Å) and energy Te(cm-1) for a set of singlet and triplet electronic states in the representation 2s +1 Λ (+/-) (neglecting spin-orbit effects) for these four molecules. By comparison between our results and those contributed to the literature, we found a good agreement with a low percentage of error does not exceed 3% from the experimental value was considered as exact
Grisolía, Maricarmen. "Étude de structure électronique et de processus dynamiques de systèmes chimiques complexes." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1702/.
Full textThis work is about the theoretical study of several systems and some of their dynamical processes. First, we have applied different electronic structure calculation methods to the structural study of glass systems made of gallium, lanthanum and sulfur, whose physical properties have been observed to be improved by cesium chloride doping. We have confirmed that previously obtained experimental results are insufficient to explain this changes and that these studies must be completed by additional experiments. Particularly, our calculations have shown that pertinent informations could be obtained by studying these glasses by vibrational spectroscopy. Second, we have studied the compound Ag2V4O11 (SVO) by means of the Density Functional Theory (DFT). This compound is largely used as electrode material for lithium batteries. We have obtained results partly clarifying a controversy relative to the crystal structure of SVO, for which three different structures have been reported. We have then made an ab initio molecular dynamics study of the mobility of metallic ions in this system. Our results give useful informations for the understanding of the complex mechanism of lithium insertion on SVO. Lastly, we have studied a case of a system which is not under the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. We have simulated the tunneling process of a quantum particle evolving in a metastable potential well, and we have estimated its tunneling time, by means of an original semiclassical molecular dynamics method. The use of these ab initio calculation methods for the study of these three different cases has allowed us to evaluate their capacity to elucidate electronic structure problems and to describe physical-chemical phenomena existing in complex systems
Fahs, Hussein. "Prédictions de la structure électronique de molécules diatomiques composées d'atomes lourds." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10153.
Full textVan, Roekeghem Ambroise. "Electronic Coulomb Correlations in Transition Metal Pnictides." Palaiseau, École polytechnique, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EPXX0075.
Full textChauvin, Sophie. "Cobaltates in the high-doping regime : Insights from first-principles calculations and extended dynamical mean-field theory." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX110/document.
Full textAs many other layered transition-metal oxides, sodium-doped cobaltates, NaxCoO2, present a rich phase diagram. They display numerous instabilities (magnetic, charge-order), originating most likely from electronic correlations. In this thesis, we focus on the case x=2/3, in the strong-doping limit (close to the band-insulating limit). An experimentally-observed charge disproportionation on the cobalt atoms makes this particular composition an interesting playground to study charge-correlation functions. The theoretical treatment of this system is difficult in several aspects. In order to capture electronic correlations, one needs to resort to advanced non-perturbative approaches. Also, the system is sensitive to its microscopic details, as encoded in the real electronic structure. This is why, in this thesis, we adopt model as well as ab initio approaches to address both these issues.We first study the effect of correlations at the model level, on a triangular lattice, specifically designed for the cobaltates. The interplay between local and non-local Coulomb interactions gives rise to charge fluctuations, which we capture using the Extended Dynamical Mean-Field Theory. We establish the phase diagram of our model as a function of local and non-local interactions. It displays a second-order phase transition between a homogeneous metallic phase, and a charge-ordered phase. We compute one and two-particle observables in the homogeneous phase, and we analyse how they are influenced by correlations. We show that our findings can be understood as a consequence of the strong doping. We find a region of the phase diagram where the static screened Coulomb interaction becomes negative. Finally, we show how to incorporate a non-local Fock term in the calculation of the self-energy, and how it influences the phase diagram and the physical observables.Next, in order to complement the model approach, we study the microscopic details of the real sodium-cobaltates by using Density-Functional Theory. We analyse the effect of oxygen hybridisation and electronic hopping processes on the band structure of cobalt-oxygen planes. We study the effects of sodium doping, crystal structure and magnetism, on the band structure of this material. Then, we compute the charge susceptibility from first principles in the independent-particle approximation and in the random-phase approximation. We use the insight gained from the model calculation to discuss these results.The comparison between the model and the ab initio calculations shows that these approaches are complementary. The model enables us to define the best approximations for the calculation of charge correlation functions. The ab initio calculations, and the detailed understanding of microscopic electronic processes are the prerequisite for a model that is both realistic and predictive
Mahmoud, Salman. "Étude théorique des molécules diatomiques BN, SiN et LaH, structure électronique et spectroscopie." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20080/document.
Full textIn the present work a theoretical investigation of the lowest molecular states of BN, SiN and LaH molecule, in the representation 2s+1Λ(+/-), has been performed via complete active space self-consistent field method (CASSCF) followed by multireference single and double configuration interaction method (MRSDCI). The Davidson correction noted as (MRSDCI+Q) was then invoked in order to account for unlinked quadruple clusters. The entire CASSCF configuration space was used as a reference in the MRCI calculation which has been performed via the computational chemistry program MOLPRO and by taking advantage of the graphical user interface Gabedit. Forty-two singlet, triplet, and quintet lowest electronic states in the 2s+1Λ(+/-) representation below 95000 cm-1 have been investigated of the molecule BN. While twenty-eight electronic states in the representation2s+1Λ(+/-)up to 70000 cm-1 of the SiN molecule have been investigated.On the other hand the Twenty four low-lying electronic states of LaH in the representation 2s+1Λ(+/-) below 35000 cm-1 have been studied by two different methods and by taking into consideration the spin orbit effect of the molecule LaH we give in the energy splitting of the eight electronic states. The potential energy curves (PECs) together with the harmonic frequency ωe, the equilibrium internuclear distance re, the rotational constants Be and the electronic energy with respect to the ground state Te have been calculated for the considered electronic states of BN, SiN and LaH molecule respectively. Using the canonical functions approach, the eigenvalues Ev, the rotational constants Bv ,the centrifugal distortion constants Dv and the abscissas of the turning points Rmin and Rmax have been calculated for electronic states up to the vibrational level v =51 for LaH molecule.Eighteen and Nine electronic states have been investigated here for the first time for the molecules of BN and SiN respectively, while for LaH, news results are performed for twenty three electronic states of LaH molecule and the spin-orbit effect of LaH molecule is given here for the first time. A comparison with experimental and theoretical data for most of the calculated constants demonstrated a very good accuracy. Finally, we expect that the results of our work should invoke further experimental investigations for these molecules. Our results have been published in Canadian journal of chemistry, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer and we have two other papers in preparation to submit
Vaugier, Loig. "Matériaux Corrélés et Structure Electronique ab initio : interaction de Hubbard et couplage de Hund." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00730441.
Full textMirguet, Claude. "Etude de nitrures de titane par EELS et calculs ab initio : application à l'identification de phases TiNx." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30189.
Full textThis work is a study of the electronic structure of titanium nitrides. The properties of these compounds depend on their chemical composition and atomic structure. Experimental analysis are performed by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and transmission electron microscopy. Energy Loss Near Edge Structure (ELNES) are interpreted by comparison with calculated spectra obtained with the ab initio codes FEFF8 and Wien2K. Modifications of the spectra are evaluated for non stoichiometric crystals and near stacking faults. The TiCxN1-x compounds are also studied. These results are used to identify different titanium nitride phases created by surface treatment of a titanium alloy. EELS analysis together with ab initio calculation enables us to identify the d-TiN and e-Ti2N phases and different TiNx compounds
Giraud-Girard, Jocelyne. "Etude ab-initio des agrégats ioniques de fluorure de sodium NanFn et NanFn-1 : structure et localisation électronique." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30176.
Full textTrambly, de Laissardière Guy. "Etude théorique de la structure électronique des matériaux quasicristallins." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10075.
Full textCrivello, Jean-Claude. "Contribution à l'étude des propriétés thermodynamiques et électroniques d'hydrures de composés de Haucke substitués." Paris 11, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010686.
Full textThis manuscript presents a combined experimental and theoretical contribution to the study of the substituted Haucke phase AB5. These compounds can reversibly absorb hydrogen under conditions of pressure and temperature satisfactory for many technological applications including hydrogen storage. The thermodynamic characterization of the solid-gas reaction was carried out for mono and polysubstituted compounds. In the respect of good conditions of growth (decomposition) of the hydride phase, we sought to determine the thermodynamic trajectories allowed during some various transformations. The experimental results showed that the rate of transformation and the hierarchy of the return-points memory are the only parameters allowing to draw a general law related to the irreversible character of hysteresis. These systems evolve in "static" mode, independent of the time and whatever the nature of host materials. Moreover, the effect of substitution elements on electronic properties has been studied using ab initio band structure calculations for the ANi5 (A=La, Y, Ca) and LaNi5-xMx compounds, where M is an element of the type s-p (Al, Si, Ge, Sn), of type s (Cu), or a transition metal (Mn, Fe, Co). While dissociating the structural effects, the role of the chemical interaction with hydrogen was analyzed. These results made it possible to identify the factors which control the stability of the hydrides and their maximum absorption capacity. The bulk moduli of these materials were calculated and their variation was discussed in relation to the properties of hydrogen absorption
Bordage, Amélie. "Propriétés spectroscopiques et structure électronique du vanadium dans des matériaux complexes : implications géologiques et technologiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00459909.
Full textSottile, Francesco. "Fonctions de réponse des semi-conducteurs et des isolants : de l'équation de Bethe-Salpeter à la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité dépendante du temps." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007531.
Full textPinek, Damir. "Exploration de la structure électronique des carbures nanolamellaires Mn+1AXn." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021GRALI009.
Full textThe Mn+1AXn, or “MAX” phases, where M is an early transition metal, A belongs to group 13-16 and X is C or N, are a class of nano-layered compounds that triggered strong interest from the material science community for their unique combinations of metal-like and ceramic-like properties. It render them highly desirable for high temperature and extreme conditions applications. They are also precursors for MXENES, a whole family of two dimensional carbides, notably sought for energy storage developments.Despite MAX phases’ attractiveness regarding a wide range of applications, some of their fundamental features are yet to be fully understood , especially when it comes to the relationships between their electronic structure, anisotropies and transport properties.The scope of this work is to shed light on these relationships, firstly by providing the first direct mapping of the electronic state of MAX phases. The methodology followed to experimentally determine the morphology of the electronic states (e.g. Band structure and Fermi surface) of several phases is extensively described. The outputs of Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments carried out on single crystals grown in Grenoble are consistently compared with the output of density functional theory (DFT) calculations.This methodology is firstly applied to Cr2AlC, V2AlC and Ti3SiC2. The relation between the detailed electronic structure of MAX phases and their transport or thermopower coefficients is exposed for both Ti3SiC2 and Cr2AlC.Then, a rigid band model that describes the electronic structure of all M2AC, or “211” MAX phases is given with great details.Finally, we present our latest results on a recently discovered MAX phase derivative: Mo4Ce4AlC3, which exhibit both ferromagnetism and Kondo lattice behavior at low temperature
Serra, Raphaël. "Moments magnétiques et structure électronique au voisinage des interfaces : étude par spectroscopie de pertes d'énergie d'électrons et calculs ab-initio." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/607/.
Full textThe magnetic moment of iron atoms is considerably modified close to the interfaces. The electron energy lost spectroscopy (EELS) allows the study of the electronic structure with a spacial resolution at the nanometer scale. Particularly the threshold L2,3 of transition metal can bring information concerning local variations of the magnetic moment. In fact, there is a relationship between the intensity ratio I(L3)/I(L2) measured at the threshold of iron and the magnetic moment of this atom. However the relation that bring together these two quantities is not obvious but the studies carried on compounds and alloys containing iron showed empiric evidences that the intensity ratio I(L3)/I(L2) varies in a monotone way with the magnetic moment of iron atom. In this work, we were interested in the variation of the intensity ratio I(L3)/I(L2) induced by the interfaces in three different epitaxial systems containing tin iron layers. Those systems are different, one from each other, by the atomic and/or chemical structure at the interface in close proximity to the iron layer. In addition, for each of these systems we studied the influence of the thickness of the iron layer on the electronic and magnetic structure using ab-initio methods. The variations of the intensity ratio of the threshold L2,3 induced by the interfaces are correlated to the magnetic moment variations of the iron atoms which are calculated for each systems by ab-initio methods
Chanier, Thomas. "Propriétés magnétiques et structure électronique des semi-conducteurs magnétiques dilués de type II-VI." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00363983.
Full textL'étude ab initio des couplages d'échange entre deux ions magnétiques premiers voisins montre l'insuffisance de la fonctionnelle LSDA (approximation de la densité locale polarisée en spin) pour décrire l'état fondamental des DMS. Grâce à la LSDA+U, qui prend en compte la corrélation forte des électrons des couches 3d des métaux de transition par une correction de type Hubbard, on obtient des constantes d'échange d-d antiferromagnétiques (AFM) de l'ordre de quelques meV pour les composés à base de Co et Mn non-dopés électriquement. Le dopage de type p permet d'obtenir des températures de Curie ferromagnétiques (FM) de l'ordre de 100 K. Les valeurs LSDA+U des couplages d'échange sp-d N\alpha (N\beta) entre électrons (trous) de la bande de conduction (de valence) et impuretés magnétiques sont FM (AFM) de l'ordre de 0.1 eV (-1 eV). Un modèle analytique de la structure électronique des DMS montre la présence d'un état localisé séparé de la bande de valence dans les composés à base de ZnO (N\beta fortement AFM) due à l'hybridation forte entre les états 3d de l'impureté magnétique et la bande de valence.
L'état fondamental des lacunes neutres isolées dans les semi-conducteurs II-VI est examiné par une combinaison de calculs ab initio et analytiques. On montre que la lacune de Zn dans ZnO porte un spin S=1 en accord avec l'expérience. Dans les autres composés II-VI moins ioniques, cet état triplet est quasi-dégénéré avec un état singulet de spin nul. Les lacunes d'anions sont non-magnétiques.
Baranek, Philippe. "Approche ab initio des propriétés dynamiques en milieu cristallin : constantes élastiques et phonons Mg2Si, transitions de phase dans KNbO3." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-175.pdf.
Full textMichels, Yves. "Reconstruction tomographique d'objets déformables pour la cryo-microscopie électronique à particules isolées." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAD031/document.
Full textSingle particle cryo-electron microscopy is a technique that allows to estimate the 3D structure of biological complex. The construction of the 3D volume is performed by computerized tomography applied on a set of projection images from transmission electron microscope. Existing tomographic reconstructionalgorithms allow us to visualize molecular structure with a resolution around one angstrom. However the resolution is degraded when the molecules are deformable. This thesis contributes to the development of signal processing method in order to take into account the deformation information of the observed object for the ab initio tomographic reconstruction. The main contributions of this thesis are the estimation of projection parameters based on non-linear dimensionreduction, the false edges detection in neighborhood graphs to improve noise robustness of dimension reduction methods, and tomographic reconstruction based on a parametric model of the volume
Betranhandy, Emmanuel. "Proposition et études ab initio des stabilités relatives de nouveaux matériaux par géomimétisme structural : modélisation des propriétés physico-chimiques." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010964.
Full textAwali, Slim. "Dynamique de relaxation électronique d’un atome métallique déposé sur agrégat d’argon." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112013/document.
Full textThis thesis is a study on the interaction between electronically excited atomic states and a non-reactive environment. We have theoretically and experimentally studied situations where a metal atom (Ba or K) is placed in a finite size environment (argon cluster). The presence of the medium affects the electronic levels of the atom. On the other side, the excitation of the atom induces a relaxation dynamics of the electronic energy through the deformation of the cluster. The experimental part of this work focuses on two aspects : the spectroscopy and the dynamics. In both cases a first laser electronically excites the metal atom and the second ionizes the excited system. The observable is the photoelectron spectrum recorded after photoionization and possibly information on the photoion which are also produced. This pump/probe technique, with also two lasers, provide the ultrafast dynamic when the lasers pulses used are of ultrashort (60 fs ). The use of nanosecond lasers leads to resonance spectroscopic measurement, unresolved temporally, which give information on the position of the energy levels of the studied system. From a theoretical point-of-view, the excited states of M-Ar_n were calculated at the ab initio level, using large core pseudo-potential to limit the active electrons of the metal to valence electrons. The study of alkali metals (potassium) is especially well adapted to this method since only one electron is active. The ab-initio calculation and a Monte-Carlo simulation where coupled to optimize the geometry of the KAr_n (n = 1-10) cluster when K is in the ground state of the neutral and the ion, or excited in the 4p or 5s state. Calculations were also conducted in collaboration with B. Gervais (CIMAP, Caen) on KAr_n clusters having several tens of argon atoms. Absorption spectra were also calculated. From an experimental point-of-view, we were able to characterize the excited states of potassium and barium perturbed by the clusters. In both cases a binding ∏-state, and an anti-binding ∑ -state were observed. In the case of potassium, we observered that the excitation on the ∑ -state leads to the ejection of the metal within 1-2 ps while for barium, the excited state relaxes mainly on the ∏-state within 6 ps and does not followed by an ejection. The interpretation of these results uses the structures and potential calculated. A similar study was conducted on the DABCO molecule deposited argon cluster. Instead of K and Ba, the first excited state of this molecule is a diffuse isotropic state, which gives a specific relaxation to the photoinduced dynamics
Festa, Floriane. "Etude expérimentale et théorique de la structure électronique de l'aluminium en conditions extrêmes par spectroscopie d'absorption X." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00904122.
Full textGellé, Alain. "Étude ab initio de la structure électronique des composés d'oxyde de cuivre incommensurables Sr(14-x)Ca(x)Cu(24)O(41)." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00124312.
Full textLe travail méthodologique propose une généralisation et systématisation du calcul du potentiel de Madelung ainsi qu'une simplification de la méthode de calcul ab-initio permettant un gain de ressources sans perte de précision.
L'étude des composés Sr(14-x)Ca(x)Cu(24)O(41) (x=0 et x=13.6) montre l'influence des modulations structurales incommensurables des deux sous-systèmes (chaînes et échelles de spins) sur la physique de basse énergie des composés (dimérisation, ordre anti-ferromagnétique). Des modèles t-J+V ont été déterminés à partir des calculs ab-initio en fonction des paramètre incommensurables.
Arenal, de la Concha Raúl. "Synthèse de nanotubes de nitrure de bore : études de la structure et des propriétés vibrationnelles et électroniques." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112017.
Full textThis research work concerns the study of the boron nitride nanotubes (BN-NTs). Their conditions of production by laser vaporization have been optimized and we have analyzed the various mechanisms involved in the synthesis process. We present a detailed characterisation study of the synthesis products, obtained by Transmission Electron Microscopy (high-resolution mode (HRTEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS)) and by means of Raman (visible range) and infrared (IR) spectroscopies. Product composition and analysis have been determined: different boron based compounds and other impurities are also identified. We have performed a nanometric chemical characterization. These results, combined with phase diagram analysis and information obtained from the synthesis work (temperature, B and N sources) strongly support our proposed phenomenological NT growth mechanism. This model considers the solubility, solidification and segregation phenomena of the different elements present in the liquid boron drop. We have also performed a study of the following NT properties: (1) vibrational: measurements using Raman (pre-resonant, UV range) and micro-IR spectroscopies, obtained on the sample regions rich in NTs, provide us with spectra that we can attribute to the NTs. These results are discussed in comparison with ab initio calculations and the zone-folding method. (2) Electronic: via EELS measurements in the low-loss region (0-50 eV). The different excitations obtained have been interpreted using the continuum dielectric model. The optical gap of the NTs found to be close to 5,8-5,9 eV, independent on the number of layers or radii of the tubes
Koçak, Aysegül Begüm. "Nouveaux concepts théoriques pour la conception d'inferfaces d'oxydes avec des propiétés exotiques pour l'électronique et la spintronique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI033/document.
Full textThis thesis theoretically studies structural and electronic properties of perovskite manganese oxide superlattices by means of ab-initio calculations.Lanthanum manganese oxides, given with the generic formula La1−xAxMnO3 (LAMO) (A a divalent element), are an important class of perovskite manganese oxides due to their various exotic properties, such as giant and colossal magnetoresistance effect, rich phase diagrams with respect to doping, temperature or external fields, and intinsic large Curie temperature. These properties can be exploited in many potential technological applications such as spin valves or spin injectors. Controlling the properties of these materials can be done through deposition as thin films or as building blocks in superlattices. When x = 1/3, bulk La1−xAxMnO3 is ferromagnetic and metallic due to the double-exchange mechanism in the Mn 3d shell. When Mn is in a mixed valence state, the eg orbitals (dx2-y2 and dz2) are partially occupied, and can delocalize on neighboring Mn atoms only if the latter are ferromagnetically aligned. In very thin films, since the direction perpendicular to the substrate, c, is only a few unit cell thick, only in-plane (ab) interactions are important for the thermodynamic properties. By acting on the LAMO layer geometry, one can thus maximize the dx2-y2 occupancy and increase the magnetic exchange and related Curie temperature.Our aim was thus to design new materials with desired 3d orbital order so that to ensure desired magnetic properties.In this thesis, we worked on two types of superlattices. The first one was made of two undoped antiferromagnetic manganese oxides LaMnO3 and SrMnO3, i.e. [LaMnO3]n/[SrMnO3]m superlattices. We investigated the magnetic ground state for different n and m values in order to explain suprising experimental results. The second type of superlattices is composed of metallic LAMO layers with alternated insulating layers. Indeed, the superlattices with metal-insulator interfaces have a great potential in spin valves applications. Thus, we first considered the ferromagnetic-metallic/ferroelectric-insulating [LAMO]3/[BTiO3]3 superlattices (A= Sr or Ba, B=Ba or Pb) where the magnetic properties are reduced due to delocalization of dz2 electrons at the interface from Mn to Ti. In such superlattices, we clarified the role of the polarization of the ferroelectric layers and the role of the antiferrodistortive motions in the manganite layers. In order to prevent the delocalization taking place at the interface, we designed another superlattice with metallic-insulator interface where we replaced the insulator (BTiO3) with a simple oxide (BO); that is [LAMO]n/[BO]p superlattices (A= Sr or Ba, B=Ba, Sr or Mg and n=3 or 6, p=6 or 2). Within this new superlattice, we successully managed to promote dx2-y2 orbital occupancies at the interfaces which ensures a large magnetic moment at the interfaces and an expected large Curie temperature. We also showed the weak correlation between electrical conductivity and orbital ordering
Pradines, Barthélémy. "Structure électronique et propriétés magnétiques statiques et dynamiques d'alliages d'Heusler partiellement désordonnés et d'hétérostructures tout-Heusler." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30171/document.
Full textThe Heusler alloy family contains several compounds considered to be prime candidates to be integrated as magnetic electrode into high-?performance spintronic devices. Some of these alloys indeed exhibit high Curie temperatures, have been predicted theoretically to be half-?metallic, and display a low Gilbert damping parameter. Nevertheless, the experimental results are generally less convincing than those reported numerically. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the ab initio study of hypotheses that are usually used to explain the differences between experimental and theoretical results. Calculations, based on the density functional theory, are then used to understand the impact of structural defects (partial chemical disorders, tetragonal deformation, vacancies) on the static and dynamic electronic and magnetic properties of Co-?based bulk full-Heusler alloys (Co2MnSi, Co2MnSn, Co2MnAl et Co2FeAl). In the second part of this thesis we propose to study, with the same numerical tools, the physical characteristics of "all-Heusler" heterostructures promising for spintronics and rare in the literature. We have focused on the variations of electronic properties in the vicinity of the "half-metal/insulator" (Fe2TiSi/Co2MnSi, CoTiAs/Co2MnSi) or "half-metal/non-magnetic metal" (Fe2VAl/Co2MnSi, RhNiSi/Co2MnSi) interfaces composing the studied multilayers. The obtained results highlight the interest of these structures for spintronic devices such as spin valves or magnetic tunnel junctions
Rinskopf, Nathalie. "Etude ab initio des effets de corrélation et des effets relativistes dans les halogénures diatomiques de métaux de transition." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210678.
Full textPour étudier ces molécules, nous avons appliqué une procédure de calcul à deux étapes qui permet de tenir compte des effets de corrélation électronique et des effets relativistes. Dans la première étape, nous avons réalisé des calculs CASSCF/ICMRCI+Q de grande taille qui tiennent compte de l'énergie de corrélation et introduisent des effets relativistes scalaires. Dans la deuxième étape, le couplage spin-orbite est traité par la "state interacting method" implémentée dans le logiciel MOLPRO. Nous avons développé des stratégies de calcul basées sur ces méthodes de calcul et adaptées aux différentes molécules ciblées. Ainsi, pour les molécules NbCl et TaCl, nous avons utilisé des pseudopotentiels relativistes scalaires et spin-orbite, tandis que pour la molécule NiF, nous avons réalisé des calculs tous électrons.
Nous avons d'abord testé la stratégie de calcul sur les cations Nb+ et Ta+. Ensuite, nous avons calculé pour la première fois les structures électroniques relativiste scalaire et spin-orbite des molécules NbCl (de 0 à 17000 cm-1) et TaCl (de 0 à 23000 cm-1). A l'aide de ces données théoriques, nous avons interprété les spectres expérimentaux en collaboration avec Bernath et al. Nous avons proposé plusieurs attributions de transitions électroniques en accord avec l'expérience mais nos résultats théoriques ne nous ont pas permis de les attribuer toutes. Néanmoins, nous avons mis en évidence une série d'autres transitions électroniques probables qui pourraient, à l'avenir, servir à l'interprétation de nouveaux spectres mieux résolus.
Outre son intérêt expérimental, cette étude a permis de comparer les structures électroniques des molécules isovalencielles VCl, NbCl et TaCl, mettant en évidence des différences importantes.
L'élaboration d'une nouvelle stratégie de calcul pour décrire les systèmes contenant l'atome de nickel représentait un véritable défi en raison de la complexité des effets de corrélation électronique. Notre stratégie de calcul a consisté à introduire ces effets en veillant à réduire au maximum la taille des calculs qui devenait considérable.
Nous l'avons testée sur l'atome Ni et appliquée ensuite au calcul des structures électroniques relativiste scalaire et spin-orbite de la molécule NiF entre 0 à 2500 cm-1. Nous avons obtenus des résultats qui corroborent l'expérience.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Dridi, Zoulikha. "Les propriétés structurales et électroniques des alliages AlxGa1-xN, InxGa1-xN, et InxAl1-xN : étude par la méthode ab initio des ondes planes augmentées avec linéarisation et potentiel total." Caen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CAEN2076.
Full textMagné, Damien. "Synthèse et structure électronique de phases MAX et MXènes." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2284/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is at first to study the electronic structure of bidimensional titanium carbide systems, belonging to the MXene family and also to synthesize thin films of such new materials to characterize their properties. The study of the electronic structure has been performed for the Ti3C2T2 MXene with a special attention to the T surface groups by using a combination of electron energy loss spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. This study, focused on both valence and core electrons excitations, enabled the identification of the surface group localization, their influence on the MXene electronic structure as well as their chemical nature. The limits of our TEM-based study is also discussed in view of irradiation phenomena which induce the loss of hydrogen atoms. The synthesis of a MXene thin film requires, beforehand, that of a MAX phase thin film: we opted for Ti2AlC, the precursor for the Ti2C MXene. The MAX phase thin film synthesis was carried out by ex-situ annealing of a multilayer layers. X-ray diffraction experiments and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy observations show that a highly textured Ti2AlC thin film is obtained above 600°C after the formation, at 400°C, of a metastable solid solution. Finally, by using the same process for V2AlC, we demonstrate that the initial phase orientation plays a key role for the texture of the thin film so obtained
Ouazzani-Taïb, Taïeb. "Calcul ab initio Hartree-Fock de la structure géométrique et électronique de surfaces de chalcogénures alcalins et alcalino-terreux : approche de l'hydrogène atomique." Pau, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PAUU3001.
Full textCharaf, Eddin Azzam. "Theoretical study of the stability and the mobility of noble gas atoms in silicon and silicon carbide." Poitiers, 2011. http://theses.univ-poitiers.fr/9742/2011-Charaf-Eddin-Azzam-These.pdf.
Full textThe properties of a noble gas atom (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) interacting with a silicon or a cubic silicon carbide matrix have been determined using first-principles numerical simulations and a saddle points searching technique, in order to better understand the first steps of the formation of extended defects such as bubbles in these materials. Hence, we have obtained the most stable configurations, interstitials in a perfect crystal and complexes in presence of mono and divacancies, as well as their formation energies. In a second step, our simulations have allowed us to determine the migration mechanisms of noble gas interstitials and of complexes, and the associated activation energies, in the case of silicon. In particular, we propose a new exchange mechanism for the migration of a noble gasdivacancy complex. In all cases, most of our results can be explained by a sterical effect ensueing from the inert character of noble gas, with few exceptions for He. Finally, the mechanisms allowing for a He and Ne atom to enter or escape an already formed bubble in silicon, have been computed taking into account the influence of pressure and temperature into the bubble. These works revealed the permeability of the silicon surface, and indicate that the internal pressure for a He-filled bubble ranges from 3 to 6 GPa, in agreement with experiments
Delange, Pascal. "Many-electron effects in transition metal and rare earth compounds : Electronic structure, magnetic properties and point defects from first principles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX040/document.
Full textThe topic of this thesis is the first-principles theory of the electronic structure of materials with strong electronic correlations. Tremendous progress has been made in this field thanks to modern implementations of Density Functional Theory (DFT). However, the DFT framework has some limits. First, it is designed to predict ground state but not excited state properties of materials, even though the latter may be just as important for many applications. Second, the approximate functionals used in actual calculations have more limited validity than conceptually exact DFT: in particular, they are not able to describe those materials where many-electron effects are most important.Since the 1990's, different many-body theories have been used to improve or complement DFT calculations of materials. One of the most significant non-perturbative methods is Dynamical Mean-Field Theory (DMFT), where a lattice model is self-consistently mapped onto an impurity model, producing good results if correlations are mostly local. We briefly review these methods in the first part of this thesis. Recent developments on DMFT and its extensions were aimed at better describing non-local effects, understanding out-of-equilibrium properties or describing real materials rather than model systems, among others. Here, we focus on the latter aspect.In order to describe real materials with DMFT, one typically needs to start with an electronic structure calculation that treats all the electrons of the system on the same footing, and apply a many-body correction on a well-chosen subspace of orbitals near the Fermi level. Defining such a low-energy subspace consistently requires to integrate out the motion of the electrons outside this subspace. Taking this into account correctly is crucial: it is, for instance, the screening by electrons outside the subspace strongly reduces the Coulomb interaction between electrons within the subspace. Yet it is a complex task, not least because DFT and DMFT are working on different observables. In the second part of this thesis, we discuss low-energy models in the context of the recently proposed Screened Exchange + DMFT scheme. In particular, we study the importance of non-local exchange and dynamically-screened Coulomb interactions. We illustrate this by discussing semi-core states in the d10 metals Zn and Cd.In the third and last part, we use the methods described above to study the electronic structure of three fundamentally and technologically important correlated materials. First, we discuss the physics of point defects in the paramagnetic phase of bcc Fe, more precisely the simplest of them: the monovacancy. Surprisingly for such a simple point defect, its formation energy had not yet been reported consistently from calculations and experiments. We show that this is due to subtle but nevertheless important correlation effects around the vacancy in the high-temperature paramagnetic phase, which is significantly more strongly correlated than the ferromagnetic phase where DFT calculations had been done.Second, we study the metal-insulator phase transition in the metastable VO2 B phase. We show that this transition is similar to that between the conventional rutile and M2 VO2 phases, involving both bonding physics in the dimer and an atom-selective Mott transition on the remaining V atoms. Motivated by recent calculations on SrVO3, we study the possible effect of oxygen vacancies on the electronic structure of VO2.Finally, we propose a scheme beyond DFT for calculating the crystal field splittings in rare earth intermetallics or oxides. While the magnitude of this splitting for the localized 4f shell of lanthanides does not typically exceed a few hundred Kelvin, it is crucial for their hard-magnetic properties. Using a modified Hubbard I approximation as DMFT solver, we avoid a nominally small but important self-interaction error, stressing again the importance of carefully tailored low-energy models
Ibrahim, Fatima. "Theoretical study of electronic structure and magnetism in materials for spintronics." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAE003/document.
Full textThe future of the spintronics technology requires developing functional materials with remarkable magnetic properties. The aim of this thesis is to understand the physics of functional materials proposed for spintronic applications using ab-initio density functional simulations. We investigated the properties of two different functional materials. We first studied the magnetoelectric gallium ferrite GFO. The dependence of the different properties on the iron concentration has been demonstrated and discussed. The optical spectra were calculated and compared to the experimental once suggesting high levels of iron disorder. In the second part, we demonstrated a highly spin polarized hybrid interface formed between manganese phthalocyanine and cobalt surface in agreement with photoemission experiments. The formation of this spinterface was described by different hybridization mechanisms in each spin channel. This high spin polarization is coordinated with induced magnetic moments on the molecular sites
Arfaoui, Mounir. "Étude structurale et électronique des sites de fixation de biomolécules par modélisation ab-initio de spectres d'absorption des rayons X." Paris 6, 2008. https://hal.science/tel-04469788.
Full textMetalloproteins use the chemical properties of their active site, a transition metal, to carry out a wide range of biological processes. A detailed description of the geometry around these sites is a prerequisite for understanding their mode of operation and ultimately synthesizing therapeutic molecules. The XANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) is a spectroscopy capable of providing a fine local description around the absorbing atom. Using ab-initio modeling of XANES spectra, we show that it is possible to discriminate between structural models obtained by high-resolution X-ray diffraction. The calculation method based on density functional theory uses a plane wave basis. We applied it to analyze the iron site in different derivatives of myoglobin and the cobalt site in methyl-cobaloxime, a model compound for vitamin B12. Special attention is paid to the description of the electronic states involved in the chemical bond through the K pre-edge region of the metal
Bugnet, Matthieu. "Synthèse, structure électronique et comportement sous irradiation aux ions de films minces de phases MAX." Poitiers, 2011. http://theses.univ-poitiers.fr/23902/2011-Bugnet-Matthieu-These.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this work is to synthesize model materials (epitaxial thin films) of ternary ceramics called MAX phases, in order to study their behavior under ion irradiation. To follow the microstructural modifications induced by ion irradiation, we used electron energy loss spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy in addition to X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The growth of Cr2AlC and Cr2GeC epitaxial thin films was achieved by magnetron sputtering whereas the synthesis of textured Ti2AlN layers was obtained by high temperature plasma nitriding of multilayers with an average stœchiometry Ti2:Al1:N1. The electronic structure of unirradiated films of de Cr2AlC, Cr2GeC, Ti2AlC, Ti3AlC2 and Ti2AlN was then characterized. Experimental spectra were interpreted from ab initio simulations. This study shows that structural information may be obtained from fine structures of core electron excitation edges. After irradiation, the study of the C-K and Al-K near-edge fine structures in Ti3AIC2 evidences that Ti6C octahedra layers are very resistant to irradiation damage and on the contrary, aluminium layers are strongly disordered. A similar behavior is suggested for Ti2AlC, Ti2AlN and also partly for Cr2AlC. Though titanium based materials are still crystalline after irradiation at high fluence, chronium based compounds rapidly amorphize. It is evidenced that the initial crystalline structure is recovered after post-irradiation annealing
Bastardis, Roland. "Dérivations et extractions de hamiltoniens modèles pour l'étude de composés à propriétés électroniques remarquables." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/82/.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to identify the microscopic mechanisms responsible for the macroscopic of molecular and crystalline magnetic compounds. A first part is devoted to the explicitly correlated ab initio methods allowing the study of such compounds. We propose an original method to introduce the dynamical polarization effects though a series of constrained SCF calculations. Then we show how the embedded cluster method combined with the effective Hamiltonian theory makes possible the rational and controlled extraction of model Hamiltonians likely to reproduce the macroscopic properties. We are interested in the isotropic deviations from Heisenberg behavior and propose a new Hamiltonian including a three-body operator susceptible to change the collective properties. The following chapter compares the capabilities of the double exchange, Heisenberg and Hubbard Hamiltonians to reproduce the chemical physics of doped-manganites. It is shown that the physics of a Hubbard Hamiltonian is contained in the simpler double exchange and Heisenberg Hamiltonians, in the case of a Mn dimer bridged by an oxygen, and that the energy expressions obtained from these last two Hamiltonians are analytically identical. Finally, we show that only a double exchange Hamiltonian, taking account both non-Hund state effects and a Heisenberg antiferromagnetic contribution, accurately describes the microscopic physics of these compounds
Brière, Benjamin. "Propriétés optiques de matériaux à fortes corrélations électroniques en conditions extrêmes." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4020/document.
Full textMaterials with strongly correlated electrons belong to the most intriguing systems in condensed matter physics due to their great variety of properties discovered during the last decades such as high temperature superconductivity, molecular conductors and colossal magnetoresistance. During this thesis, two types of strongly correlated materials have been studied: the quadruple perovskite EuCu3fe4Oi2 and the molecular conductors [Au(Et-thiazdt)2J. EuCu3Fe4Oi2 undergoes a metal to insulator transition at low temperature (240K), and [Au(Et-thiazdt)2J goes from a Mott insulator to a correlated metal state under high pressure. Infrared microspectroscopy measurements allowed us to probe the low energy electrodynamic of these systems. Ab-initio calculations were also used to understand the mechanisms of the transitions and the role of electronic correlations in the material
Wallet, Adrien. "Étude de la structure électronique des exciplexes alcalin-hélium : aplications aux molécules LiHe, NaHe et RbHe." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10176/document.
Full textUp to now, alkali-helium diatomic molecules have been the subject of theoretical investigations on the modelization of dark dwarf atmospheres. Since few years, they are also involved in the interpretation of the formation of alkali dimer in helium nanodroplets, the alkali dimer being formed in a triplet excited state. Despite these recent activities, the electronic structure of these molecule remains quite unknown and difficult to study both experimentally and theoretically since the dissociation energy of the ground state is seen to be lower than 2 cm-1 (0.5cm-1500cm-1) and humps are found for the lowest and highly excited states. Both results are compared with available data and is seen to be very satisfying. Most of these predictions could be used in alkali dimer spectroscopy experiments in helium nanodroplets
Bouissou, Thomas. "Modélisation de la structure électronique et de la spectroscopie de chromophores solvatés par un agrégat de gaz rare." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1215/.
Full textThe work introduced in the present thesis is a first contribution to the investigation of the electronic structure of the Ca2Arn system. The first part reports the ab initio calculations of the electronics states of the calcium dimer. The calculations highlight the very rich nature of the electronic spectrum of Ca2 : interaction between singly and doubly excited states, role of zwitterionic states. More than 70 electronics states have been investigated and characterized via the determination of their spectroscopic constants. The transition dipole moments from the ground state have also been determined. These calculations confirm previous theoretical and experimental results available in the literature (electronic transitions below 20 000 cm-1) and extend the spectral knowledge up to 35 000 cm-1 above the ground state. In a second step, a Diatomics-In-Molecules model has been designed to describe the interaction between Ca2 electronic excited an argon atoms. This model is expressed in a basis of Valence Bond configurations. The parameterization of the DIM Hamiltonian is achieved a diabatization of the electronic states of Ca2 and CaAr fragments. After determining the structural properties of Ca2Arn clusters in their ground state, we have achieved Monte-Carlo simulations to investigate their visible absorption spectra from the ground state
BAUD, Stéphanie. "Croissance de nanofils métalliques en présence d'une pointe et étude des propriétés physiques associées." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010835.
Full textCRIVELLO, Jean-Claude. "Contribution à l'étude des propriétés thermodynamiques et électroniques d'hydrures de composés de Haucke substitués." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010686.
Full textLa caractérisation thermodynamique de la réaction solide-gaz a été réalisée pour des composés mono et polysubstitués. Dans le respect de bonnes conditions de croissance (décomposition) de la phase hydrure, nous avons cherché à déterminer les trajectoires thermodynamiques permises au cours des différentes transformations. Nous avons démontré expérimentalement que l'état d'avancement et la hiérarchie des points mémoires sont les seuls paramètres permettant de décrire une loi de comportement liée au caractère irréversible de l'hystérésis. Ces systèmes évoluent en mode « statique », indépendant du temps et quelle que soit la nature du composé hôte.
De plus, l'étude par méthode ab initio de la structure électronique a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle des éléments de substitution ANi5 (A=La, Y, Ca) et LaNi5-xMx, où M est un élément de type s-p (Al, Si, Ge, Sn), de type s (Cu), ou un élément de transition (Mn, Fe, Co). Tout en dissociant l'aspect géométrique, le rôle de l'interaction chimique avec l'hydrogène a été analysé. Ces résultats ont permis d'identifier les facteurs qui contrôlent la stabilité des hydrures et leur capacité maximum d'absorption. Les modules de rigidité de ces matériaux ont été calculés et leur variation a été discutée en relation avec les propriétés d'absorption d'hydrogène
Gimbert, Florian. "Structure électronique et propriétés magnétiques de nanostructures et superéseaux Co/Ni(111)." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1681/.
Full textMaterials with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are interesting for high density magnetic recording. Among these materials, Co/Ni multilayers are promising because they can also be used as magnetic electrodes in spin valves, the magnetic configuration of which can be modified by spin torque effect using a low intensity spin polarised electric current. The aim of this thesis is to study the electronic structure of Co/Ni(111) multilayers from DFT calculations. We first described the localized electron states which can exist in these nanostructures: Shockley states at the surface of these multilayers or quantum-well states in Co layer grown on a Ni substrate or buried between two thick Ni layers. In a second step, we interpreted the magnetic anisotropy of Co/Ni(111) multilayers in terms of electron states. We calculated the magnetic anisotropy energy of Co/Ni(111) multilayers to select the systems with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. We analyzed the magnetic anisotropy in terms of the anisotropy of the orbital magnetic moments of the atoms in the multilayers, according to the model developed by Patrick Bruno. The comparison between the magnetic moments calculated ab initio and measured by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) has also been performed
Cheik, Njifon Ibrahim. "Modélisation des modifications structurales, électroniques et thermodynamiques induites par les défauts ponctuels dans les oxydes mixtes à base d'actinides (U,Pu)O2." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0356/document.
Full text(U,Pu)O2 (commonly called MOX) is currently used as nuclear fuel in pressurized water reactors with a Pu content of around 10 wt.%, and is envisaged as the reference fuel in Generation IV sodium fast reactors (SFR) with a Pu content of around 25 wt.%. Under operation, (U,Pu)O2 is submitted to fission reactions which generate a large quantity and variety of point defects, as well as fission products. By migrating, point defects and gaseous fission products can aggregate into nano-voids, dislocations and fission gas bubbles, which lead to the modification of the fuel microstructure. Therefore, a better description of the fuel behaviour at the atomic scale, and especially of the elementary mechanisms involved in the diffusion of point defects and fission products, is necessary to refine the models used in the fuel performance codes used to simulate the behaviour of fuels at the macroscopic scale. We use electronic structure calculations based on the DFT+U method combined with the occupation matrix control scheme (OMC) to investigate (U,Pu)O2 properties for various Pu contents. Static energy minimizations and ab initio molecular dynamics were used. We have first determined bulk structural, electronic and thermodynamics properties of (U,Pu)O2. We then studied the stability of point defects in (U,Pu)O2 and (U,Ce)O2, as well as the structural and electronic modifications induced by these point defects, in (U,Pu)O2 and the common experimental surrogate (U,Ce)O2. Finally, the fission gas (Kr and Xe) and helium (He) trapping and solubility in (U,Pu)O2 matrix are investigated
Badaut, Vivien. "Approche couplée chimique, spectroscopique et de modélisation ab initio à la réactivité de surface : application à la rétention des anions par la sidérite." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112305.
Full textAmong the many radionuclides contained in high-level nuclear waste, 79Se was identified as a potential threat to the safety of long term underground storage. However, siderite (FeCO3) is known to form upon corrosion of the waste container, and the impact of this mineraI on the fate of selenium was not accounted for. Ln this work, the interactions between selenium oxianions - selenate and selenite - and siderite were investigated. To this end, both experimental characterizations (solution chemistry, X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy - XAS) and theoretical studies (ab initio modelling using Density Functional Theory - DFT) were performed. Selenite and selenate (≤ 10 to the power of -3 M) retention experiments by siderite suspensions (75 g/L) at neutral pH in reducing glovebox (5 % H2) showed that selenite is quantitatively immobilized by siderite after 48 h of reaction time, when selenate is only partly immobilized after 10 days. Ln the selenite case, XAS showed that immobilized selenium is initially present as Se(IV) probably sorbed on siderite surface. After 10 days of reaction, selenite ions are quantitatively reduced and form poorly crystalline elementary selenium. Selenite retention and reduction kinetics are therefore distinct. On the other hand, the fraction of immobilized selenate retained in the solid fraction does not appear to be significantly reduced over the probed timescale (10 days). For a better understanding of the reduction mechanism of selenite ions by siderite, the properties of bulk and perfect surfaces of siderite were modelled using DFT. We suggest that the properties of the valence electrons can be correctly described only if the symmetry of the fundamental state electronic density is lower than the experimental crystallographic symmetry. We then show that the retention of simple molecules as O2 or H2O on siderite and magnesite (10-14) perfect surfaces (perfect cleavage plane, whose surface energy is the lowest according to DFT) can be modelled with good agreement with the literature. Finally, the modelling of selenite surface complexes on magnesite is performed with and without hydration. These results confirm that selenite should be quantitatively reduced as elementary selenium in presence of siderite, and therefore should not contribute to the overall radiotoxicity of the storage. On the contrary, selenate is seems not to be significantly immobilized nor reduced in presence of siderite