Academic literature on the topic 'Structure of Magnesium Gluconate'

Magnesium gluconate has the wide application for the prevention and treatment of hypomagnesemia. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of The Trivedi Effect® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing Treatment) on magnesium gluconate for the change in the structural properties and isotopic abundance ratio (PM+1/PM) using LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Magnesium gluconate was divided into two parts – one part was control, and another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect® - Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely by seven renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect® Treated sample. The LC-MS analysis of both the control and treated samples revealed the presence of the mass of the protonated magnesium gluconate at m/z 415 at the retention time of 1.53 minutes with almost similar fragmentation pattern. The relative peak intensities of the fragment ions of the treated sample were significantly altered compared with the control sample. The proton and carbon signals for CH, CH2 and CO groups in the proton and carbon NMR spectra were observed almost similar for the control and the treated samples. The isotopic abundance ratio analysis revealed that the percentage of the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+1/PM (2H/1H or 13C/12C or 17O/16O or 25Mg/24Mg) was significantly increased in treated sample by 80.38%, compared with the control sample. Briefly, 13C, 2H, 17O, and 25Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 416; 18O and 26Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 417 in the treated sample were significantly increased compared with the control sample. Thus, the treated magnesium gluconate could be valuable for designing better pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical formulations through its changed physicochemical and thermal properties, which might be providing better therapeutic response against various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, allergy, aging, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, and other chronic infections. The Trivedi Effect® treated magnesium gluconate might be supportive to design the novel potent enzyme inhibitors using its kinetic isotope effects.

Magnesium gluconate is a classical pharmaceutical/nutraceutical compound used as a magnesium ion source for the prevention and treatment of hypomagnesemia. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of The Trivedi Effect&reg; - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing Treatment) on magnesium gluconate for the change in the structural properties and isotopic abundance ratio (PM+1/PM and PM+2/PM) using LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Magnesium gluconate was divided into two parts &ndash; one part was control, and another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect&reg; - Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely by twenty renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect&reg; Treated sample. The LC-MS analysis of both the control and treated samples indicated the presence of mass of the protonated magnesium gluconate at m/z 415 at the retention time of 1.52 min and fragmentation pattern of the both sample were almost similar. The relative peak intensities of the fragment ions were significantly changed in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The proton and carbon signals for CH, CH2 and CO groups in the proton and carbon NMR spectra were observed almost similar for the control and the treated samples. The percentage change in the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+1/PM (2H/1H or 13C/12C or 17O/16O or 25Mg/24Mg) was significantly decreased in the treated sample by 17.51% compared with the control sample. Consequently, the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+2/PM (18O/16O or 26Mg/24Mg) in the treated sample was significantly increased by 79.44% compared to the control sample. Briefly, 13C, 2H, 17O, and 25Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 416; 18O and 26Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 417 in treated sample were significantly altered compared with the control sample. Thus, The Trivedi Effect&reg; Treated magnesium gluconate might be supportive to design the novel potent enzyme inhibitors using its kinetic isotope effects. Consequently, The Trivedi Effect&reg; Treated magnesium gluconate would be valuable for designing better pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical formulations through its changed physicochemical and thermal properties, which might be providing better therapeutic response against various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, allergy, aging, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, and other chronic infections. <strong>Source:</strong> https://www.trivedieffect.com/science/evaluation-of-the-impact-of-the-trivedi-effect-energy-of-consciousness-on-the-structure-and-isotopic-abundance-ratio-of-magnesium-gluconate-using-lc-ms-and-nmr-spectroscopy http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo?journalid=655&amp;doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20170501.12 &nbsp;

Magnesium gluconate is a classical pharmaceutical/nutraceutical compound used as a magnesium ion source for the prevention and treatment of hypomagnesemia. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of The Trivedi Effect&reg; - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing Treatment) on magnesium gluconate for the change in the structural properties and isotopic abundance ratio (PM+1/PM and PM+2/PM) using LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Magnesium gluconate was divided into two parts &ndash; one part was control, and another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect&reg; - Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely by twenty renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect&reg; Treated sample. The LC-MS analysis of both the control and treated samples indicated the presence of mass of the protonated magnesium gluconate at m/z 415 at the retention time of 1.52 min and fragmentation pattern of the both sample were almost similar. The relative peak intensities of the fragment ions were significantly changed in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The proton and carbon signals for CH, CH2 and CO groups in the proton and carbon NMR spectra were observed almost similar for the control and the treated samples. The percentage change in the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+1/PM (2H/1H or 13C/12C or 17O/16O or 25Mg/24Mg) was significantly decreased in the treated sample by 17.51% compared with the control sample. Consequently, the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+2/PM (18O/16O or 26Mg/24Mg) in the treated sample was significantly increased by 79.44% compared to the control sample. Briefly, 13C, 2H, 17O, and 25Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 416; 18O and 26Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 417 in treated sample were significantly altered compared with the control sample. Thus, The Trivedi Effect&reg; Treated magnesium gluconate might be supportive to design the novel potent enzyme inhibitors using its kinetic isotope effects. Consequently, The Trivedi Effect&reg; Treated magnesium gluconate would be valuable for designing better pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical formulations through its changed physicochemical and thermal properties, which might be providing better therapeutic response against various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, allergy, aging, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, and other chronic infections. https://www.trivedieffect.com/science/evaluation-of-the-impact-of-the-trivedi-effect-energy-of-consciousness-on-the-structure-and-isotopic-abundance-ratio-of-magnesium-gluconate-using-lc-ms-and-nmr-spectroscopy http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo?journalid=655&amp;doi=10.11648/j.ajbls.20170501.12

Magnesium gluconate is a classical pharmaceutical/nutraceutical compound used as a magnesium ion source for the prevention and treatment of hypomagnesemia. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of The Trivedi Effect® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing Treatment) on magnesium gluconate for the change in the structural properties and isotopic abundance ratio (PM+1/PM and PM+2/PM) using LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Magnesium gluconate was divided into two parts – one part was control, and another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect® - Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely by twenty renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect® Treated sample. The LC-MS analysis of both the control and treated samples indicated the presence of mass of the protonated magnesium gluconate at m/z 415 at the retention time of 1.52 min and fragmentation pattern of the both sample were almost similar. The relative peak intensities of the fragment ions were significantly changed in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The proton and carbon signals for CH, CH2 and CO groups in the proton and carbon NMR spectra were observed almost similar for the control and the treated samples. The percentage change in the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+1/PM (2H/1H or 13C/12C or 17O/16O or 25Mg/24Mg) was significantly decreased in the treated sample by 17.51% compared with the control sample. Consequently, the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+2/PM (18O/16O or 26Mg/24Mg) in the treated sample was significantly increased by 79.44% compared to the control sample. Briefly, 13C, 2H, 17O, and 25Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 416; 18O and 26Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 417 in treated sample were significantly altered compared with the control sample. Thus, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate might be supportive to design the novel potent enzyme inhibitors using its kinetic isotope effects. Consequently, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate would be valuable for designing better pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical formulations through its changed physicochemical and thermal properties, which might be providing better therapeutic response against various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, allergy, aging, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, and other chronic infections.

Magnesium gluconate is a classical pharmaceutical/nutraceutical compound used as a magnesium ion source for the prevention and treatment of hypomagnesemia. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of The Trivedi Effect® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing Treatment) on magnesium gluconate for the change in the structural properties and isotopic abundance ratio (PM+1/PM and PM+2/PM) using LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Magnesium gluconate was divided into two parts – one part was control, and another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect® - Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely by twenty renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect® Treated sample. The LC-MS analysis of both the control and treated samples indicated the presence of mass of the protonated magnesium gluconate at m/z 415 at the retention time of 1.52 min and fragmentation pattern of the both sample were almost similar. The relative peak intensities of the fragment ions were significantly changed in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The proton and carbon signals for CH, CH2 and CO groups in the proton and carbon NMR spectra were observed almost similar for the control and the treated samples. The percentage change in the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+1/PM (2H/1H or 13C/12C or 17O/16O or 25Mg/24Mg) was significantly decreased in the treated sample by 17.51% compared with the control sample. Consequently, the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+2/PM (18O/16O or 26Mg/24Mg) in the treated sample was significantly increased by 79.44% compared to the control sample. Briefly, 13C, 2H, 17O, and 25Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 416; 18O and 26Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 417 in treated sample were significantly altered compared with the control sample. Thus, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate might be supportive to design the novel potent enzyme inhibitors using its kinetic isotope effects. Consequently, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate would be valuable for designing better pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical formulations through its changed physicochemical and thermal properties, which might be providing better therapeutic response against various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, allergy, aging, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, and other chronic infections.

Magnesium gluconate is a classical pharmaceutical/nutraceutical compound used as a magnesium ion source for the prevention and treatment of hypomagnesemia. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of The Trivedi Effect® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing Treatment) on magnesium gluconate for the change in the structural properties and isotopic abundance ratio (PM+1/PM and PM+2/PM) using LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Magnesium gluconate was divided into two parts – one part was control, and another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect® - Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely by twenty renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect® Treated sample. The LC-MS analysis of both the control and treated samples indicated the presence of mass of the protonated magnesium gluconate at m/z 415 at the retention time of 1.52 min and fragmentation pattern of the both sample were almost similar. The relative peak intensities of the fragment ions were significantly changed in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The proton and carbon signals for CH, CH2 and CO groups in the proton and carbon NMR spectra were observed almost similar for the control and the treated samples. The percentage change in the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+1/PM (2H/1H or 13C/12C or 17O/16O or 25Mg/24Mg) was significantly decreased in the treated sample by 17.51% compared with the control sample. Consequently, the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+2/PM (18O/16O or 26Mg/24Mg) in the treated sample was significantly increased by 79.44% compared to the control sample. Briefly, 13C, 2H, 17O, and 25Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 416; 18O and 26Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 417 in treated sample were significantly altered compared with the control sample. Thus, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate might be supportive to design the novel potent enzyme inhibitors using its kinetic isotope effects. Consequently, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate would be valuable for designing better pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical formulations through its changed physicochemical and thermal properties, which might be providing better therapeutic response against various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, allergy, aging, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, and other chronic infections.

Magnesium gluconate is a classical pharmaceutical/nutraceutical compound used as a magnesium ion source for the prevention and treatment of hypomagnesemia. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of The Trivedi Effect® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing Treatment) on magnesium gluconate for the change in the structural properties and isotopic abundance ratio (PM+1/PM and PM+2/PM) using LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Magnesium gluconate was divided into two parts – one part was control, and another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect® - Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely by twenty renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect® Treated sample. The LC-MS analysis of both the control and treated samples indicated the presence of mass of the protonated magnesium gluconate at m/z 415 at the retention time of 1.52 min and fragmentation pattern of the both sample were almost similar. The relative peak intensities of the fragment ions were significantly changed in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The proton and carbon signals for CH, CH2 and CO groups in the proton and carbon NMR spectra were observed almost similar for the control and the treated samples. The percentage change in the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+1/PM (2H/1H or 13C/12C or 17O/16O or 25Mg/24Mg) was significantly decreased in the treated sample by 17.51% compared with the control sample. Consequently, the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+2/PM (18O/16O or 26Mg/24Mg) in the treated sample was significantly increased by 79.44% compared to the control sample. Briefly, 13C, 2H, 17O, and 25Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 416; 18O and 26Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 417 in treated sample were significantly altered compared with the control sample. Thus, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate might be supportive to design the novel potent enzyme inhibitors using its kinetic isotope effects. Consequently, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate would be valuable for designing better pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical formulations through its changed physicochemical and thermal properties, which might be providing better therapeutic response against various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, allergy, aging, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, and other chronic infections.

Magnesium gluconate is a classical pharmaceutical/nutraceutical compound used as a magnesium ion source for the prevention and treatment of hypomagnesemia. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of The Trivedi Effect® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing Treatment) on magnesium gluconate for the change in the structural properties and isotopic abundance ratio (PM+1/PM and PM+2/PM) using LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Magnesium gluconate was divided into two parts – one part was control, and another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect® - Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely by twenty renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect® Treated sample. The LC-MS analysis of both the control and treated samples indicated the presence of mass of the protonated magnesium gluconate at m/z 415 at the retention time of 1.52 min and fragmentation pattern of the both sample were almost similar. The relative peak intensities of the fragment ions were significantly changed in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The proton and carbon signals for CH, CH2 and CO groups in the proton and carbon NMR spectra were observed almost similar for the control and the treated samples. The percentage change in the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+1/PM (2H/1H or 13C/12C or 17O/16O or 25Mg/24Mg) was significantly decreased in the treated sample by 17.51% compared with the control sample. Consequently, the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+2/PM (18O/16O or 26Mg/24Mg) in the treated sample was significantly increased by 79.44% compared to the control sample. Briefly, 13C, 2H, 17O, and 25Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 416; 18O and 26Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 417 in treated sample were significantly altered compared with the control sample. Thus, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate might be supportive to design the novel potent enzyme inhibitors using its kinetic isotope effects. Consequently, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate would be valuable for designing better pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical formulations through its changed physicochemical and thermal properties, which might be providing better therapeutic response against various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, allergy, aging, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, and other chronic infections.

Magnesium gluconate is a classical pharmaceutical/nutraceutical compound used as a magnesium ion source for the prevention and treatment of hypomagnesemia. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of The Trivedi Effect® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing Treatment) on magnesium gluconate for the change in the structural properties and isotopic abundance ratio (PM+1/PM and PM+2/PM) using LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Magnesium gluconate was divided into two parts – one part was control, and another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect® - Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely by twenty renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect® Treated sample. The LC-MS analysis of both the control and treated samples indicated the presence of mass of the protonated magnesium gluconate at m/z 415 at the retention time of 1.52 min and fragmentation pattern of the both sample were almost similar. The relative peak intensities of the fragment ions were significantly changed in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The proton and carbon signals for CH, CH2 and CO groups in the proton and carbon NMR spectra were observed almost similar for the control and the treated samples. The percentage change in the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+1/PM (2H/1H or 13C/12C or 17O/16O or 25Mg/24Mg) was significantly decreased in the treated sample by 17.51% compared with the control sample. Consequently, the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+2/PM (18O/16O or 26Mg/24Mg) in the treated sample was significantly increased by 79.44% compared to the control sample. Briefly, 13C, 2H, 17O, and 25Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 416; 18O and 26Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 417 in treated sample were significantly altered compared with the control sample. Thus, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate might be supportive to design the novel potent enzyme inhibitors using its kinetic isotope effects. Consequently, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate would be valuable for designing better pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical formulations through its changed physicochemical and thermal properties, which might be providing better therapeutic response against various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, allergy, aging, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, and other chronic infections.

Magnesium gluconate is a classical pharmaceutical/nutraceutical compound used as a magnesium ion source for the prevention and treatment of hypomagnesemia. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of The Trivedi Effect® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing Treatment) on magnesium gluconate for the change in the structural properties and isotopic abundance ratio (PM+1/PM and PM+2/PM) using LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Magnesium gluconate was divided into two parts – one part was control, and another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect® - Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely by twenty renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect® Treated sample. The LC-MS analysis of both the control and treated samples indicated the presence of mass of the protonated magnesium gluconate at m/z 415 at the retention time of 1.52 min and fragmentation pattern of the both sample were almost similar. The relative peak intensities of the fragment ions were significantly changed in the treated sample compared with the control sample. The proton and carbon signals for CH, CH2 and CO groups in the proton and carbon NMR spectra were observed almost similar for the control and the treated samples. The percentage change in the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+1/PM (2H/1H or 13C/12C or 17O/16O or 25Mg/24Mg) was significantly decreased in the treated sample by 17.51% compared with the control sample. Consequently, the isotopic abundance ratio of PM+2/PM (18O/16O or 26Mg/24Mg) in the treated sample was significantly increased by 79.44% compared to the control sample. Briefly, 13C, 2H, 17O, and 25Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 416; 18O and 26Mg contributions from (C12H23MgO14)+ to m/z 417 in treated sample were significantly altered compared with the control sample. Thus, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate might be supportive to design the novel potent enzyme inhibitors using its kinetic isotope effects. Consequently, The Trivedi Effect® Treated magnesium gluconate would be valuable for designing better pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical formulations through its changed physicochemical and thermal properties, which might be providing better therapeutic response against various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, allergy, aging, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, and other chronic infections.

Cellular metals are a relatively new class of engineering materials that can be fabricated with either a random or controlled cellular structure. A controlled cellular structure allows the precise control of the pore geometry and hence subsequent material properties that can be important for some applications such as orthopathic implants. Recently the interest in using magnesium (Mg) as a biodegradable implant in the body has been growing rapidly. However, current methods for fabricating cellular magnesium typically results in a random arrangement of the cellular structure. A novel processing method is developed for the preparation of cellular metals with controlled open-cellular architectures. In particular, this process has been developed for magnesium due to the difficulties associated with powder processing. The fabrication routine utilises a multistage inverse templating technique implemented with assistance of a rapid prototyping (RP) technique. Rapid prototyped polymer performs of desired architectures were infiltrated using a specially designed slurry of NaCl. Removal of the polymer resulted in an accurate negative NaCl template that could be infiltrated with liquid metal using low pressure die casting. Subsequently, the template material is removed, resulting in a controlled cellular structure within Mg. Prior to metal infiltration, the compressive modulus, strength, grain growth and microstructure of the NaCl structure with and without sintering was examined using compression testing and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). For the EBSD analyses a new sample preparation technique for the micro porous samples had to be developed for use in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The NaCl and the cellular metal were evaluated using SEM and micro-computed tomography (µ-CT). Furthermore, the relationship between the original CAD model and the final NaCl pore morphology was investigated were the surfaces of the RP scaffold and the NaCl template were analysed and compared to the as-cast Mg.

<p>Cold chamber high pressure die casting, (HPDC), is an important commercial process for the production of complex near net shape aluminium and magnesium alloy castings. The work presented in the thesis was aimed at investigating the microstructure formation in this type of casting. The solidification characteristics related to the process and the alloys control the formation of grains and defects. This again has a significant impact on the mechanical properties of the castings.</p><p>The investigations were carried out mainly using the AM60 magnesium alloy and the A356 aluminium alloy. Two different casting arrangements were used: the cold chamber HPDC and the gravity die casting methods, which allowed for different flow and solidification conditions. The microstructures in the castings were investigated using optical microscopy, image analysis, scanning electron microscopy, electron back scatter diffraction measurements and electron probe microanalysis.</p><p>In the HPDC experiments, the shot sleeve solidification conditions were investigated primarily by changing the melt superheat on pouring. This significantly affected the microstructures in the castings. The fraction of externally solidified crystals (ESCs) was consistently found to be largest near the gate in both the AM60 and the A356 die castings. This was attributed to the inherent shot sleeve solidification conditions and the flow set up by the plunger movement. When the superheat was increased, a lower fraction of ESCs was found in the castings. Furthermore, a high superheat gave ESCs with branched dendritic/elongated trunk morphology whilst a low superheat generated coarser and more globular ESCs, both in the AM60 and the A356 castings. The ESCs typically segregated towards the central region of the cross sections at further distances from the gate in the die castings.</p><p>When a thin layer of thermal insulating coating was applied on the shot sleeve wall in the production of AM60 die castings, it nearly removed all ESCs in the castings. Using an A356 alloy, (and no shot sleeve coating), with no Ti in solution gave a significantly lower fraction of ESCs, whereas AlTi5B1 grain refiner additions induced an increase in the fraction of ESCs and a significantly finer grain size in the castings. The formation of globular ESCs was enhanced when AlTi5B1 grain refiner was added to the A356 alloy.</p><p>In controlled laboratory gravity die casting experiments, typical HPDC microstructures were created by pouring semi-solid metal into a steel die: The ESCs were found to segregate/migrate to the central region during flow, until a maximum packing, (fraction of ESCs of ~35-40%), was reached. The extent of segregation is determined by the fraction of ESCs, and the die temperature affects the position of the ESCs. The segregation of ESCs was explained to occur during flow as a result of lift forces.</p><p>The formation of banded defects has also been studied: the position of the bands was affected by the die temperature and the fraction of ESCs. Based on the nature of the bands and their occurrence, a new theory on the formation of defect bands was proposed: During flow the solid distribution from the die wall consists of three regions: 1) a solid fraction gradient at the wall; 2) a low solid fraction region which carries (3) a network of ESCs. A critical fraction solid exists where the deformation rate exceeds the interdendritic flow rate. When the induced stress exceeds the network strength, deformation can occur by slip, followed by liquid flow. The liquid flow is caused by solidification shrinkage, hydrostatic pressure on the interior ESC network, and gaps forming which draw in liquid.</p>

We report here a study of a specific doublet of de Haas-van Alphen frequencies in pure Mg and very dilute Mg(Cd) alloys with the magnetic field aligned with the c-axis. The work involved three stages. First, the use of extremely strain-free crystals, temperatures down to 40 millidegree Kelvin, large amplitude modulation, and the fast Fourier transform allowed the components of this doublet to be well resolved. This resolution allowed measurement of the changes in the cross-sectional area as a function of magnetic field orientation to verify the assignment of this doublet to the cap and monster arm junction at the top of the Brillouin zone. Third, with the magnetic field aligned with the c-axis, the splitting of this doublet offered a direct and sensitive indication of any symmetry breaking changes in the 0001 Fourier component of the ionic lattice potential in Mg upon the introduction of Cd. C. B. Friedberg's analysis of his electron interference lineshape data from the quantum interferometer in Mg had indicated that the energy of this band gap should increase by 40% with the introduction of 15 ppm Cd. Our data indicate that any change in the energy of the band gap must be at least three orders of magnitude smaller than that indicated by Friedberg. Our data are, in fact, consistent with there being no changes in the electronic band structure or the Fermi surface of Mg(Cd) alloys (with up to 0.02% (At) Cd), from that of pure Mg.

En plus d’être l’intermédiaire entre l’ADN et les protéines, l’ARN est impliqué dans plusieurs processus biologiques : régulation et expression des gènes (riboswitches, ARNm et ARNt) ou encore catalyse (ribozymes). La fonction de chaque ARN est liée à sa structure et à sa dynamique de repliement. Des cations tel que le magnésium se lient à l’ARN et peuvent être essentiels au bon repliement et à la stabilité de ces structures. L’obtention de détails structuraux et thermodynamiques sur l’interaction avec le magnésium a donc une grande importance dans la compréhension de la relation structure-fonction. La première partie de ce travail a consisté en la caractérisation des équilibres de liaison entre le magnésium et des motifs d’ARN modèles, appelés « kissing complexes », par spectrométrie de masse native (SM). Grâce à la SM, il est possible de distinguer les stoechiométries de liaison du magnésium. Le travail présenté ici a permis l’élaboration d’une méthode pour quantifier chaque espèce en prenant en compte la distribution d’adduits non-spécifiques. Afin d’aller plus loin dans la localisation du magnésium, nous avons utilisé la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (SM/SM). Nous avons également étudié le comportement des complexes d’ARN en phase gazeuse en utilisant la spectrométrie de mobilité ionique (SMI), avec pour but de détecter des changements de conformation dus à la liaison de cations ou ligands. Contrairement à ce qui était anticipé, nous avons démontré que les duplexes d’ADN et ARN ainsi que les « kissing complexes » subissaient une compaction significative en phase gazeuse aux états de charge initialement obtenus par SM native, ce qui pourrait cacher l’effet des cations. Notre travail a montré comment la spectrométrie de masse peut apporter de nouvelles indications sur les stoechiométries et affinités entre ARN et cations, et discute de certaines limitations quant à l’utilisation de techniques en phase gazeuse pour explorer les structures en solution<br>Besides being the molecular intermediate between DNA and proteins, RNA can have many other functions such as gene regulation (riboswitches), gene expression (mRNA and tRNA) or catalysis (ribozymes). RNA function is linked to its structure and its folding dynamics. Cations such as magnesium bind to RNA and are in some instances essential for proper folding and for stability. The need of structural and thermodynamic details about Mg2+ interactions is then of upmost importance in the study of the structurefunction relationships. The first part of our work consists in characterizing the binding equilibria between magnesium and RNA model motifs, called kissing complexes, using native mass spectrometry (MS). MS makes it possible to distinguish individual binding stoichiometries, and the present work consisted in developing a method to quantify each species, taking into account the contribution of nonspecific adducts. We also explored how tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) could further help localizing magnesium ions. Further, we explored the structures of RNA complexes in the gas phase using ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMMS), with the aim to detect shape changes upon cation or ligand binding. But in contrast with anticipations, we found that DNA and RNA duplexes as well as RNA kissing complexes undergo a significant compaction at charge states naturally produced by native ESI-MS, which may hide the effect of cations. Our work showcases how mass spectrometry can bring novel information on RNA-cation binding stoichiometries and affinities, but also discusses some limitations of a gas-phase method to probe solution structures

The Materials Genome Initiative was announced by the White House in June of 2011, and is a multi-agency initiative which calls the materials community to find ways to discover, develop, manufacture, and deploy advanced materials systems faster and more cost-efficiently. Currently, the amount of time it takes to discover and develop a new material system, optimize its properties, integrate it in to a system, certify that system, and develop the manufacturing capability so that it can be deployed in a commercial component takes at least 20 years. Since this trend holds regardless of the material system in question, the implication is that it is the process by which we as a community move through these seven steps, which causes the lengthy timeline. Historically, the discovery, development, and property optimization of a material system relies heavily on deep scientific knowledge, intuition and trial-and-error physical experimentation. Therefore much of the design and testing of materials in these early stages is currently performed through time-consuming and repetitive experimental and characterization feedback loops. Some of these feedback loops could be eliminated in the property optimization step with improved powerful and accurate computational modeling tools. However, while the ability of computational models to be used in this way is not new, models that have been developed in this space have consistently underperformed. Oftentimes, these models fail because they fail to accurately account for the various physical and chemical mechanisms that are driving the system, or because they fail to account for all of the variables which must be included. Here we propose a standard method of communication for these relationships in the form a process-structure-property-performance map, which leverages the known knowledge database of the material system to clearly and visually communicate the relevant variables and their various relationships in a defined materials design space. Such a map is developed here for high-strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys, which offer a good example of a material system which could benefit from such a standard. This class of alloys, which are typically utilized in aircraft components, have been incorporated in commercial components for nearly 75 years, and due to its long history is a well characterized and well developed system that is highly suited to this kind of examination. In Part I of this work, we develop this standard by first examining the known knowledge database in this system to deduce what the important process, microstructure, and mechanical property variables are that are of interest. Once these variables and the relationships between them are identified, they are organized into a PSPP map according to a proposed set of steps, and can act as a visual standard that can clearly communicate critical information about the mechanisms of the system. For example, if a model developed within this system does not include a variable or a mechanism depicted within the map, it can be used to communicate the ways in which the model will be constrained. Similarly, when experimental data is collected within this space the map can be used to clearly communicate which variables in the space were held constant, which variables were tracked and accurately measured, and if any variables were unaccounted for. This information can help to communicate what situations the data can be used in, and how the space that the experimental data can be used in is constrained. In Part II of this work, we vary multiple parameters within the high-strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu system defined in Part I, and attempted to track and measure as many of the variables within the space as possible using commonly available testing and characterization methods. In tackling such a large project in the complicated materials system of high-strength wrought Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys, we are able to understand which current testing and characterization methods are well suited to tracking these variables when the number of test specimens becomes quite large and when variability among those specimens is involved. We are also able to identify opportunities for future work in this area, which could be focused on improving our ability to implement projects of the scope that is required here. In addition to evaluating the feasibility of the various measurement and characterization methods, the raw data and the analyzed results for this work are cataloged in an associated data repository and have been made available for use in future work in this and other areas.

‘Probing the Earth with isotopes’ shows how, using isotopes, we have come to understand the structure and behaviour of the Earth. The outer few tens of kilometres are divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust, the sub-surface is divided into the mantle and the core. From the base of the crust to about 2,800 km depth, the Earth is rocky and composed of minerals like olivine and pyroxene that are rich in magnesium, iron, and calcium. From about 2,800 km to about 5,100 km depth the outer core is liquid. The remaining 1,200 km or so to the centre of the Earth is solid metal.

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b &lt;1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur &gt; tibia &gt; humerus &gt; 4 metacarpal&gt; 3 metacarpal&gt; 3 metatarsal &gt; 4 metatarsal &gt; rib&gt; fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) &lt;III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) &lt;femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) &lt;III metacarpal (107.2 kg) &lt;femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) &lt;III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) &lt;III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P&lt;0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race&gt; line 990&gt; Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) &lt;III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) &lt;femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P&lt;0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P&lt;0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P &lt;0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P &lt;0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) &lt;III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) &lt;femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P &lt;0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)&gt; line 990 (5.13 mm)&gt; Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) &lt;III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) &lt;femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P&lt;0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P&lt;0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) &lt;III metacarpal bone (33.86) &lt;femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.

Abstract Aluminum and magnesium are prone to surface attack (dark stains) when exposed to aqueous alkaline conditions. Surface active phosphorus and other chemistries have been employed in the industry to passivate these surfaces and prevent staining. Phosphonate and phosphate chemistries have been shown to be effective in controlling surface corrosion. The current work explores alkyl phosphates and investigates how structure impacts the efficacy of the corrosion inhibition. Corrosion inhibition is related not only to the ability of the phosphate to interact with the nonferrous surface, but also the solubility of the additive in the formulation. Magnesium machining processes are further complicated by hydrogen evolution from the reaction of magnesium and high alkalinity water. The prevention of hydrogen evolution was also investigated. Performance was measured relative to industry phosphate and phosphonate controls.

Abstract A sacrificial magnesium anode cathodic protection system has been installed to provide corrosion protection to an underground steel reinforced concrete structure. The system was installed to abate the development of corrosion on steel reinforcing bars that were left exposed to soil and water as a result of concrete placement difficulties. The system has been in service for a period of five months and excellent performance. This paper reports on the design, installation, materials used, and system performance for the period in service.

Abstract Phosphonate scale inhibitors (SIs) applied in downhole squeeze applications may be retained in the near-well formation through adsorption and/or precipitation mechanisms. In this paper, we focus on the properties of precipitated “mixed” calcium and magnesium phosphonate complexes formed by nine common phosphonate species. By “mixed”, we mean anionic SI bound to both calcium and magnesium divalent cations, i.e. the complex SI_Can1_Mgn2 is formed where n1 and n2 are the stoichiometric coefficients for Ca and Mg, respectively. The stoichiometry (n1 and n2 or the Ca2+/P and Mg2+/P molar ratios) in various precipitates is established experimentally and the effect of solution pH on the molar ratios of Ca2+/P and Mg2+/P in the precipitate is determined. Static precipitation tests were carried out varying the amounts of Ca2+ and Mg2+ present in the system at test temperatures ranging from 20°C to 95°C, at a fixed [SI] = 2,000ppm. The solution molar ratio of Mg2+/Ca2+ was varied but the ionic strength of each test solution was kept constant. In addition, tests were also carried out with (i) only Ca2+ and SI present, and (ii) only Mg2+ and SI present. The molar ratios of Ca2+/P and Mg2+/P in the solid precipitates were determined by assaying for Ca2+, Mg2+ and P in the supernatant liquid under each test condition by ICP spectroscopy (Cao, Mgo and Po are known, but they are also measured experimentally). We show experimentally that the molar ratios of precipitated Ca2+/P and Mg2+/P (or Ca2+/SI and Mg2+/SI) depends on the nature of the SI (i.e. how many M2+ binding sites there are per molecule); solution pH; the relative magnitude of the SI binding constants to Ca2+ and Mg2+ at the test pH; and the solution molar ratio of Mg2+/Ca2+; for all phosphonates tested. It is found that, as pH increases, the combined molar ratio of Ca2+/P+Mg2+/P, i.e. n1+n2 in the SI_Can1_Mgn2 complex increases up to a theoretical maximum, depending on the chemical structure of the phosphonate. Our findings are consistent with proposed phosphonate SI−Ca2+-complex structures which were presented and discussed in two SPE technical papers (SPE 155114, 2012 and SPE 164051, 2013).

Abstract The corrosion behaviour of magnesium alloys is not substantially comparable to other light metal alloys, it is more similar to that of steels. Voluminous reaction products, formed in neutral electrolytes, leads to a diffusion controlled dissolution on the surface of the underlying magnesium alloy. Therefore, influences from structure and alloying are suppressed very strongly. In alkaline environments, passivation occurs as a result of the formation of a hydroxide layer on the magnesium surface. Therefore, differences in the corrosion behaviour between the alloys are hardly detectable. Measurable effects can only be detected using very "aggressive" corrosion conditions. Presently used methods do not adequately take into account the specific character of the corrosion of magnesium alloys. The application of electrochemical noise offers the possibility of a simple and sensitive assessment of the corrosion susceptibility of magnesium alloys. Due to the high sensitivity of this measurement procedure it is also possible to carry out examinations under more practical conditions.

Abstract Magnesium is widely used as anode material for the potable water tanks in the offshore structures due to its excellent corrosion protection performance. However, Mg anodes installed in the PWT sometimes corrode with an abnormally high corrosion rate, leading to pH increase and H2 accumulation in the tanks. In this study, we investigated the influences of PW treatment chemicals (NaClO, CaCl2 and NaHCO3) on the corrosion behavior of Mg anode to ascertain the cause of excessive corrosion. Corrosion of Mg is facilitated with increase in the concentration of NaClO, CaCl2 and NaHCO3. Because OH− and H2 are generated as products of Mg corrosion reaction, the higher corrosion rate results in the higher change of solution pH and hydrogen evolution rate. Thus, solution pH and hydrogen evolution rate increases with concentration of NaClO, CaCl2 and NaHCO3. Especially, concentration of CaCl2 and NaHCO3 has significant effects on the corrosion rate of Mg compared to NaClO concentration. The results suggest that overdosing of the treatment chemicals can cause the abnormal degradation of Mg anodes, leading to pH increase and H2 accumulation in the PWTs. To prevent the degradation of Mg anode, chemical injection rate should be controlled within the normal injection range.

Abstract Within the past two years bi-metallic anodes have become commercially available for offshore use. These anodes consist of a thin layer of high potential magnesium cast and anchored on to one face of an aluminum-based anode. High current output from the magnesium enables rapid polarization of the structure. Calcareous films formed on the structure during rapid polarization can significantly reduce maintenance current density requirements and the amount of aluminum anode material required for the service life of the structure. This paper presents the results of 7,000 hour field tests that were conducted to evaluate the performance of full-scale bi-metallic anodes (Mg layer on Al+In+Zn) on a deep water production jacket installed in the Gulf of Mexico. Results of current output measurements and potential measurements of the structure to reference electrodes are compared between bi-metallic anodes and aluminum anodes (Al+In +Zn) at water depths of -37.5 and -105 meters. Initial current output from the bi-metallic anodes was over double that from the aluminum anodes. The bi-metallic anodes were found to be a cost effective means to rapidly polarize a structure.

Bone has a remarkable ability to regenerate and heal itself when damaged. Most minor injuries heal naturally over time, but when the defects are larger, they require a substrate to support the cell growth and guide the repair process. Bone grafting is currently done by using either an autograft, where the substrate is harvested from a suitable donor site within the patient’s body; or an allograft, where the substrate is harvested from a cadaver. However, both techniques have significant drawbacks. In autografting, significant complications tend to arise from donor site morbidity. In allografting, the issues are the risk of disease transmission, and the logistical difficulties in the local or even global matching process for donor tissue. A third approach, employing tissue-engineered scaffold materials, provides superior performance by helping to restore bone tissue functions during regeneration and by subsequent resorption of the graft material as new bone tissue forms. These bioactive scaffolds are porous and made of natural materials that are capable of harboring growth factors, drugs, genes, or stem cells. The objectives of this research are to synthesize biofunctional composite scaffold materials, based on chitosan (CS) and magnesium (Mg), for use in bone regeneration and to measure their physiochemical properties. Scaffolds were fabricated from the aqueous dispersions of starting materials by subsequent freezing and phase separation by the lyophilization process. A CS solution was prepared by dissolving CS in 2 % (v/v) acetic acid solution, whereas carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) was dissolved in deionized water. The concentrations of CS and CMC (in a constant 1:1 weight ratio) ranged between 2% and 5 %. Various dry weight percentages of Mg gluconate (MgG) were added to the scaffolds by dissolving the MgG solution in the CS/CMC. SEM imaging showed the scaffolds to possess uniform porosity with a pore size distribution range of 100–150 μm. Micro CT analysis showed that the pores were distributed throughout the scaffold’s entire volume and they were highly interconnected. Compressive strengths of up to 340 kPa and compressive moduli of up to 5 MPa were obtained for these fabricated scaffolds. When introduced into a cell culture medium, these scaffolds were found to remain intact, retaining their original three-dimensional frameworks and ordered porous structures maintaining sufficient mechanical strength. These observations provide a new effective approach for preparing scaffold materials suitable for bone tissue engineering.