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1
Podlecka, Marlena, Katarzyna Nowakowska-Domagała, Jan Czarnecki, and Łukasz Mokros. "The affective temperaments as a prognostic factor in the course of alcohol addiction – a key to enhance diagnoses and therapy?" Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 26, no. 3 (2024): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/app/186676.
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The paper outlines the role of affective temperaments, as defined by Akiskal, in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorders with a particular focus on the clinical course of addiction. Among affective temperaments, a cyclothymic temperament seems to play a key role in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorders, and have the greatest influence on the clinical course of addiction. A high cyclothymic score is associated with inter alia an earlier onset of drinking and alcohol dependence, a negative course of alcohol dependence, relapse and alcohol craving. The structure of affective temperaments is also a predictor of suicidal behavior and drug addiction in the alcohol addict population. Interest has been growing regarding the role of affective temperament in the development and course of alcohol dependence; however, further research in this area is needed. An understanding of the temperamental determinants of alcohol dependence in the affective dimension may significantly support diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Affective temperament profile may be suggestive of alcohol use disorders and may be a primary prognostic factor of craving and relapse, potential suicide, treatment motivation and the co-occurrence of drug dependence among patients with alcohol use disorder.
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Kaye, Miranda P., David E. Conroy, and Angela M. Fifer. "Individual Differences in Incompetence Avoidance." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 30, no. 1 (2008): 110–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.1.110.
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This study compared the fear of failure and perfectionism constructs by analyzing their latent structure as well as their motivational antecedents and consequences. College students (N = 372) enrolled in physical activity classes completed a battery of questionnaires assessing fear of failure, perfectionism, approach and avoidance motivational temperaments, and 2 × 2 achievement goals. Structural equation modeling revealed that responses were best summarized by two correlated factors representing perfectionistic strivings and concerns. Avoidance temperament was positively associated with both forms of incompetence avoidance; however, approach temperament was positively related only to perfectionist strivings. Perfectionistic concerns were positively related to the adoption of mastery-avoidance and performance-avoidance goals and negatively related to the adoption of mastery-approach goals. Perfectionistic strivings were positively associated with both approach goals. These results indicate that strivings to avoid incompetence can be distinguished with respect to their latent structure, temperamental antecedents, and motivational consequences.
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Wytykowska, Agata. "The Type of Temperament, Mood, and Strategies of Categorization." Journal of Individual Differences 33, no. 4 (2012): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000073.
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In Strelau’s theory of temperament (RTT), there are four types of temperament, differentiated according to low vs. high stimulation processing capacity and to the level of their internal harmonization. The type of temperament is considered harmonized when the constellation of all temperamental traits is internally matched to the need for stimulation, which is related to effectiveness of stimulation processing. In nonharmonized temperamental structure, an internal mismatch is observed which is linked to ineffectiveness of stimulation processing. The three studies presented here investigated the relationship between temperamental structures and the strategies of categorization. Results revealed that subjects with harmonized structures efficiently control the level of stimulation stemming from the cognitive activity, independent of the affective value of situation. The pattern of results attained for subjects with nonharmonized structures was more ambiguous: They were as good as subjects with harmonized structures at adjusting the way of information processing to their stimulation processing capacities, but they also proved to be more responsive to the affective character of stimulation (positive or negative mood).
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Etkalo, E. N., and L. A. Atramentova. "Type of temperament as a factor of formation of marriage structure of a population." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 26 (September 1, 2020): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v26.1245.
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Aim. To clarify the role of temperament in the formation of the marriage structure of the urbanized population. Methods. The type of temperament was determined using the G. Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPI). Results. 267 couples were examined. The age of men is 35-57 years old, the age of women is 33-55 years old. The entire survey was Kharkov residents - ethnic Ukrainians and Russians. Among the studied marriages, 105 (almost 40%) were endogamous in relation to temperament, 162 (60%) were exogamous. The actual number of endogamous marriages was greater, and exogamous less than the theoretically expected number in panmixia. All endogamous marriages turned out to be positively assortative, the indicator of marital assortativeness for various types of temperament was 17-25%. Conclusions. In endogamous marriages, only the effect of “attraction” was observed. In exogamous marriages, both statistical “attraction” and “repulsion” of temperaments are noted. The effect of "attraction/ repulsion" manifests itself in different ways in reciprocal marriages.
 Keywords: temperament, population, endogamy.
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Ateeque Ahmed, Sana Kauser, Osama Riyaz Ahmed, and Tasfiya Hakeem Ansari. "Parameters of Temperament (Mizaj) & Their Significance to Determine Human Temperament." International Journal of Research and Review 10, no. 10 (2023): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20231015.
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The concept of Mizaj (temperament) is existent for centuries. In Unani System of Medicine, temperament has a pivotal role in determination of the status of the individuals. An individual's temperament is determined via the somatic parameters relating to the individual's bone structure, muscle/fat mass and distribution, complexion, emotional profile, response to climatic conditions, dietary preferences, and a number of other features¹. Temperament has combining features of a person's physical and psychological attributes. So, it is responsible for personality features, and the tendency/risk factors towards particular disorders. Accordingly, temperament has significant role to assess the predisposition, diagnosis and treatment of innumerable diseases. Also, the individuals with diverse temperaments definitely differ in their physical and psychological features. Thus, their characterization is primarily based on these two things and their related attributes. In the present article the parameters of mizaj (temperament) according to different Unani scholars has been described in detail. Keywords: parameters of mizaj; temperament; Unani System of medicine; diagnosis of disease.
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Choi, Sunho, Hyeona Yu, Joohyun Yoon, et al. "Korean Validation of the Short Version of the TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire) in Patients with Mood Disorders." Medicina 59, no. 1 (2023): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010115.
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Background and Objectives: The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) is designed to assess affective temperaments. The short version of the TEMPS-A (TEMPS-A-SV) has been translated into various languages for use in research and clinical settings. However, no research has been conducted to validate the Korean version of the TEMPS-A-SV in patients with mood disorders. The goal of this study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of the TEMPS-A-SV in Korean mood disorder patients. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional retrospective study, a total of 715 patients (267 patients with major depressive disorder, 94 patients with bipolar disorder I, and 354 patients with bipolar disorder II) completed the Korean TEMPS-A-SV. Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega were used to assess the reliability. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was also performed. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to examine associations between the five temperaments. The difference in five temperament scores between the gender or diagnosis groups was analyzed, and the correlation between five temperament scores and age was tested. Results: The Korean TEMPS-A-SV displayed good internal consistency (α = 0.65–0.88, ω = 0.66–0.9) and significant correlations between the subscales except one (the correlation between hyperthymic and anxious). Using EFA, a two-factor structure was produced: Factor I (cyclothymic, depressive, irritable, and anxious) and Factor II (hyperthymic). The cyclothymic temperament score differed by gender and the anxious temperament score was significantly correlated with age. All the temperaments, except for irritable temperament, showed significant differences between diagnosis groups. Conclusions: Overall, the results show that the TEMPS-A-SV is a reliable and valid measurement that can be used for estimating Koreans’ affective temperaments. However, more research is required on affective temperaments and associated characteristics in people with mood disorders.
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Travnik, Isadora de Castro, Daiana de Souza Machado, Luana da Silva Gonçalves, Maria Camila Ceballos, and Aline Cristina Sant’Anna. "Temperament in Domestic Cats: A Review of Proximate Mechanisms, Methods of Assessment, Its Effects on Human—Cat Relationships, and One Welfare." Animals 10, no. 9 (2020): 1516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091516.
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Temperament can be defined as interindividual differences in behavior that are stable over time and in different contexts. The terms ‘personality’, ‘coping styles’, and ‘behavioral syndromes’ have also been used to describe these interindividual differences. In this review, the main aspects of cat temperament research are summarized and discussed, based on 43 original research papers published between 1986 and 2020. We aimed to present current advances in cat temperament research and identify potential gaps in knowledge, as well as opportunities for future research. Proximate mechanisms, such as genetic bases of temperament, ontogenesis and developmental factors, physiological mechanisms, and relationships with morphology, were reviewed. Methods traditionally used to assess the temperament of cats might be classified based on the duration of procedures (short- vs. long-term measures) and the nature of data recordings (coding vs. rating methods). The structure of cat temperament is frequently described using a set of behavioral dimensions, primarily based on interindividual variations in cats’ responses toward humans and conspecifics (e.g., friendliness, sociability, boldness, and aggressiveness). Finally, cats’ temperaments have implications for human–animal interactions and the one welfare concept. Temperament assessment can also contribute to practical aspects, for example, the adoption of shelter cats.
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Kasprzak, Elżbieta, and Katarzyna Brzuszkiewicz. "Temperamental traits and life and job satisfaction." Polish Psychological Bulletin 43, no. 1 (2012): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10059-012-0004-7.
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Temperamental traits and life and job satisfaction The aim of this research project was to evaluate the impact of the temperamental traits and structure (as defined by Strelau's Regulative Theory of Temperament) on the level of life satisfaction and job satisfaction (interpreted according to Zalewska's Transactional Model of Quality of Life). The participants of the study were employees (N=199) having different jobs and from different workplaces. The results indicate that there exists a positive relationship between both types of satisfaction and activity and endurance as well as a negative relationship between the measures of satisfaction and emotional reactivity. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that activity and emotional reactivity are temperamental predictors of life satisfaction. The temperamental predictor of job satisfaction in the cognitive aspect is only activity, whereas in the case of job satisfaction in the emotional aspect - activity and endurance. The statistical analysis revealed that the temperament structure harmonising in the dimension of under-stimulation - over-stimulation has no correlation with any types of satisfaction.
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Trofimova, Irina N. "Exploration of the Benefits of an Activity-Specific Test of Temperament." Psychological Reports 105, no. 2 (2009): 643–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.105.2.643-658.
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The Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (STQ) was proposed by Rusalov in 1989 and subsequently tested in five languages. The questionnaire assesses four temperamental traits (Ergonicity, Plasticity, Tempo, and Emotionality) in three separate areas of activity: physical, verbal-social, and intellectual. The scales are all activity-specific. In 775 Canadian subjects, two temperament tests were compared, both developed on the basis of Pavlovian studies of the nervous system: the activity-specific approach (STQ) and the nonspecific Pavlovian Temperamental Survey (PTS). More significant sex differences were found on activity-specific scales of the STQ than on the nonspecific PTS scales. The pattern of correlations between the STQ scales and the time taken on an experimental task requiring a prolonged and intense word-assessment activity showed stronger correlations with the specific scales of the STQ measuring the dynamic aspects of social-verbal activity, and not with the PTS Strength of Excitation scale, which is based on a “general arousal” concept. The results supported the separation of temperament traits related to three different types of activities and opposed to “general arousal” theories of temperament.
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Rudnova, Natalia, and Dmitry Kornienko. "A contextual approach to the characteristics of a preschooler’s temperament: The role of the educational environment." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology 13, no. 4 (2023): 475–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2023.403.
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According to numerous past and contemporary studies, biological factors (such as matura- tion of the nervous system) and a number of environmental factors influence the develop- ment of temperament. It has been demonstrated that, among other environmental factors that influence the manifestation of temperamental characteristics, the relationships be- tween parents and children can be viewed as an indicator of the social environment. When a child transitions from the family environment to the educational environment, the quality of which is a significant element in the continued development of preschoolers, the child’s temperament characteristics begin to play an increasingly essential role in the process of socialization. In this regard, it is important to investigate whether there is a correlation between the characteristics of temperament and the structural and procedural aspects of the educational environment. According to previous studies, the characteristics of the edu- cational milieu are related to the temperamental characteristics of a child. More research has been conducted on the relationship between a child’s temperament and the procedural characteristics of the environment, i. e. the interactions and relationships between the child and the teacher. One of the principal conclusions is that this relationship is reciprocal: the teacher’s attitude toward the child influences the manifestation of temperamental traits, and the child’s temperament influences the quality of the relationship. The structure of the educational environment is also related to a child’s temperament; however, data on this re- lationship have been collected for a very long time and are extremely limited, necessitating further empirical research to validate the results obtained. This paper examines the rela- tionship between temperament and the parameters of the educational environment, taking into consideration its interactivity (M.Rothbart), the goodness of fit (A.Thomas, S.Chess), the niche picking (S. Scarr, C.McCarthy), the differential susceptibility hypothesis (B. Ellis), and sensitive periods of the development of temperament properties. The possibilities of considering children’s temperament into the implementation of educational programs in preschool institutions are discussed.
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Strelau, Jan, and Bogdan Zawadzki. "The Formal Characteristics of Behaviour‐Temperament Inventory (FCB‐TI): theoretical assumptions and scale construction." European Journal of Personality 7, no. 5 (1993): 313–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410070504.
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A psychometric study has been conducted with the aims of revising the structure of temperament as postulated by the Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT) and of constructing an inventory which corresponds to the RTT. A starting point for the study was the assumption that temperament refers to formal attributes of behaviour expressed in energetic and temporal characteristics. About 600 items covering 12 characteristics were generated. A study based on linguistic and itemmetric analysis allowed us to reduce the number of items representing the 12 characteristics to a 381‐item pool. This set of items served as the basis for distinguishing the temperamental traits and for constructing the inventory: the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour–Temperament Inventory (FCB‐TI). A thorough psychometric study and factor analysis of data obtained from over 2000 subjects (both genders, aged from 15 to 80 years) allowed us to distinguish six temperamental traits which have the status of first‐order factors. Among them, four–Sensory Sensitivity, Endurance, Emotional Reactivity, and Activity–refer to the energetic aspect of behaviour and two–Briskness and Perseverance–refer to the temporal characteristics. The FCB‐TI has satisfactory psychometric characteristics, including Cronbach alpha and stability measures. Studies have shown that the six FCB‐TI scales are replica across samples and refer to robust temperament dimensions.
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Fernandez, Riza M., and Celo I. Magallanes. "Locus of control, personality temperaments, and coping strategies of marine transportation students." Technium Social Sciences Journal 32 (June 9, 2022): 467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v32i1.6616.
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The globalization of the shipping industry necessitates improving maritime students' ability to operate under pressure. This descriptive-comparative-correlational study aims to determine 239 marine students' locus of control, personality temperaments, and stress-coping strategies. It examines correlations among the aforementioned variables, and differences in coping in terms of year level, family structure, religion, locus of control (LOC) and temperament. The findings indicate that there is a plenitude of externals and phlegmatics among maritime students. They used coping strategies moderately across all three coping categories, namely avoidance, emotion-oriented, and task-oriented approaches, which is most preferred. Family structure, religion, and LOC do not affect their coping abilities. Choleric students coped better than sanguine and melancholic students; second-year students coped better than first-year students. Moreover, there is a link between temperament and coping, but not between temperament and LOC, nor between LOC and coping. As for externals, students would tend to believe that life circumstances or outcomes in school or elsewhere are influenced by external forces. As restrained, and sensitive phlegmatics, suppressing feelings of stress leads to more susceptibility to physical and mental stress, requiring effective coping techniques. Thus, recognizing and understanding their locus of control and temperaments will help them cope with stress more successfully.
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Strelau, Jan. "The concept and status of trait in research on temperament." European Journal of Personality 15, no. 4 (2001): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.412.
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The aim of the paper is to show that research on temperament is inescapably bound with the concept of trait as applied in personality research. It is the individual differences approach on which temperament studies are based, and traits are the basic units by means of which these differences are described. Taking as a point of departure the definition of trait understood as a relatively stable and individual‐specific generalized tendency to behave or react in a certain way expressed in a variety of situations, the hypothetical status of temperament traits is discussed. Special attention is paid to states and behaviour by means of which temperament traits are inferred as well as to the biological and environmental determinants of these traits. Temperamental traits constitute only a part of the personality structure viewed from the perspective of individual differences and this perspective is only one of the many from which the complex nature of personality should be viewed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Mathesius, Jeff, Patrick Lussier, and Raymond Corrado. "Child and Adolescent Disposition Model: An Examination of the Temperament Factor Structure Within Early Childhood." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 61, no. 13 (2016): 1500–1526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16672931.
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Lahey and Waldman proposed a temperament theory of conduct disorder (CD). Critical is the hypothesized temperament structure in which three relatively uncorrelated temperament dimensions (i.e., negative emotionality, daring, prosociality) central to CD are theorized to emerge in early childhood. The validity of this hypothesized factor structure in early childhood is unknown. The current study seeks to fill this gap by examining Lahey and Waldman’s hypothesized temperament structure utilizing a Canadian sample ( n = 283) of preschoolers. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were performed to compare the hypothesized relatively uncorrelated temperament structure with two alternative models (i.e., correlated three-factor and single-factor structure). The CFA indicated that the temperament dimensions are present in early childhood and are relatively uncorrelated consistent with previous work at later developmental stages. Of importance, the findings highlighted key gender differences observable at 3 and 4 years of age. The theoretical implications are discussed.
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Presley, Rodney, and Roy P. Martin. "Toward a Structure of Preschool Temperament: Factor Structure of the Temperament Assessment Battery for Children." Journal of Personality 62, no. 3 (1994): 415–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00304.x.
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Latham, Melissa D., Paul Dudgeon, Marie B. H. Yap, et al. "Factor Structure of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire–Revised." Assessment 27, no. 7 (2019): 1547–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191119831789.
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Early adolescence (typically aged 9-15 years) is a period of dramatic developmental change, and individual differences in temperament is likely to be an important predictor of the success with which individuals negotiate this period of life. Moreover, early adolescent temperament cannot be adequately captured by measures designed for other age groups. This study examined the empirical validity of the proposed temperament factors of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire–Revised (EATQ-R) in a large representative sample of 2,453 early adolescents aged between 10 and 12 years of age, and compared it with models that include cross-loadings between items and first-order factors, as well as first- and second-order factors. Furthermore, the reproducibility of the factor structure established by using a cross validation approach. Adding cross-loadings to the EATQ-R fit the data substantially better, resulting in an overall good fit that the original EATQ-R model did not achieve. However, the conceptual interpretation of the first- and second-order factor structures were not substantially altered even with this addition of cross-loadings. Future research should establish the construct validity of the first- and second-order factors as measured by this empirically based factor structure.
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Sipowicz, Kasper, Kamila Łuczyńska, Bartłomiej Bąk, et al. "The Structure of Temperament in Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (2023): 2119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032119.
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The onset of schizophrenia symptoms usually occurs in early youth. As a result, the parents of these patients usually become their caregivers. The role of a caregiver for a person with schizophrenia is a considerable mental and physical burden. Therefore, an interesting issue is what motivates these people to take up this challenge. It is probable that, apart from the moral imperative or kinship, the factor determining this decision is the personality structure of the caregiver. The aim of our study was to compare the structure of temperament (according to the model of temperament as formal characteristics of behavior developed by Jan Strelau) in caregivers of young adults (age 18–25 years) with schizophrenia with the structure of temperament of parents of healthy young adults still living in the family home under their care. The study group consisted of 64 people (51 women), who were taking care of young adults (aged 18–25 years) with schizophrenia, while the control group (53 people, 42 women) consisted of parents of healthy adults still living in the family home. Both groups were asked to complete a questionnaire of the authors’ own design on their demographic data as well as The Formal Characteristics of Behavior—Temperament Inventory to assess the temperament traits. The results were given in the number of points obtained on average in each dimension. Both groups did not differ in terms of size and age, with women predominating. Caregivers of young adults with schizophrenia had higher values of briskness (43.22 ± 4.45 vs. 42.90 ± 3.98, p = 0.032), emotional reactivity (46.02 ± 4.39 vs. 41.01 ± 3.12, p = 0.012) and activity level (44.01.89 ± 4.15 vs. 37.59 ± 4.77, p = 0.022) compared to the control group. The remaining dimensions of temperament: perseverance, sensory sensitivity, rhythmicity, and endurance did not differentiate between the two groups. The temperament structure of caregivers of young people with schizophrenia differs from the temperament structure of caregivers of healthy adults. Caregivers of sick people have higher values of briskness, emotional reactivity, and activity level compared to the control group.
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Gülistan, Kızıleniş, та Aykıt Asiye. "The Possibility of the Change of Habits within the Framework of Temperament Theory in Ikhwān al-Ṣafā'". Eskiyeni 41 (20 вересня 2020): 515–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4055089.
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Ikhwān al-Ṣafā’ is a philosophical community that emerged in Basra in the 4th (H)/10th century. This community conducts its activities in the form of secret meetings and conversations. <em>Rasā</em>’<em>il Ikhwān al-Ṣafā</em>’, which consists of 52 treatises whose author or authors have been kept secret, belong to them. It is thought that <em>Risālat al-jāmi‘a</em> which is the essence and summary of these treatises belongs to them. Although this community is Shiite, its treatises have become the handbooks of Shiite Ismaili groups. <em>Rasā</em>’<em>il Ikhwān al-Ṣafā</em>’ have an encyclopedic content. There is information on many branches of science from mathematics to metaphysics, from geography to astrology in the <em>Rasā</em>’<em>il</em>. It is said that by some researchers the primary theme in <em>Rasā</em>’<em>il</em> is morality. Ikhwān al-Ṣafā’ expresses the mission of <em>Rasā</em>’<em>il</em> as a purification in the religious and moral field and they believe that the way to do this is philosophy. There are also various speculations that the <em>Rasā</em>’<em>il</em> have some kind of political propaganda. However, in the aspect of our study, <em>Rasā</em>’<em>il</em> are scientific works with a rich content in the field of moral philosophy. It is clear that the theory of temperament (mizaj) has an important place in the moral philosophy of Ikhwān al-Ṣafā’. The subject of this study is the possibility of change of natures within the framework of temperament theory in <em>Rasā</em>’<em>il Ikhwān al-Ṣafā</em>’. In the dictionary, temperament (mizaj) means mixture, and as a concept, it expresses the mixing ratio of akhlāṭ arba<em>‘</em>a that constitutes the physical structure of human beings. Body fluids (blood, sputum, black bile and yellow bile), which are the basic building blocks of the human body, are called akhlāṭ arba<em>‘</em>a. According to Ikhwān al-Ṣafā’, each of these body fluids should be present in the body in equal amounts. The difference or imbalance between the amounts of these fluids affects the physical health status. Temperament is a medical theory in terms of its effects on physical health. It has a central place in the medical understanding of Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna. Galen was the first to evaluate temperament as a moral theory. Galen said that the temperament of the body also affects the morality and nature of the human being. He explained this relationship between the physical structure of human and his spiritual structure through his nafs (soul) and quwwāt al-nafs (faculties of soul). The theory of temperament expresses the connection between the physical and metaphysical aspects of human beings. Because of this connection, the relationship of temperament with its nafs and quwwāt al-nafs is important. According to Ikhwān al-Ṣafā’, vegetative and animal quwwāt (forces) have a direct relationship with the mood of the temperament body. There is an indirect relationship between the nâtık (reasonable) quwan and the temperament of the body. This relationship between the temperament of the body and quwwāt al-nafs is reciprocal and continuous. In this respect, a change in the temperament balance of the body also affects the actions of the quwwāt al-nafs. The acts of the nafs constitute the morality and nature of the human being. Balance of nafs in its actions is called virtue; opposite of this called vice. Since the virtue of human actions depends on the moderation of quwwāt al-nafs, the moderation of the temperament in relation to the nafs is also important at this point. The relationship between temperament and quwwāt al-nafs is an important issue addressed in this study. In the moral philosophy of Ikhwān al-Ṣafā’, the temperaments are discussed in two parts. These are natural habits and acquired habits. Natural habits are the habits that human beings have from birth and those that settle in their nature in childhood. Acquired habits are habits acquired later. In the <em>Rasā</em>’<em>il</em>, it is mentioned that natural habits are shaped according to the temperament of the body, climatic and geographical structure, the effects of astrological situations, and education and social environment. Since temperament plays a role in shaping human nature, it has a direct effect on natural habits. In this framework, people have four types of nature. These are dry, wet, cold, and hot natures. Although these are expressed with the concept of nature in <em>Rasā</em>’<em>il</em>, they also refer to temperament types. Due to the ever-changing balance of temperament and its relationship with quwwāt al-nafs, it has an effect on the acquisition of new habits. In this respect, temperament has an indirect effect on acquired habits. Therefore, temperament both shapes natural habits and is effective in the change of these habits. In this context, the role of temperament in changing habits becomes important. Temperament was sometimes seen as an obstacle in terms of the change of natural habits and the acquisition of new habits, and it was defined as an unchangeable established structure. However, according to Ikhwān al-Ṣafā’, temperament is a factor that makes this change possible, rather than being an obstacle at this point. In this study, the possibility of changing natural habits is discussed within the framework of temperament theory. While the first part of the article mentions the theory of temperament, in the second part, the possibility of change of habits discussed in the context of temperament theory.
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Trofimova, Irina, and Julie Christiansen. "Coupling of Temperament with Mental Illness in Four Age Groups." Psychological Reports 118, no. 2 (2016): 387–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294116639430.
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Studies of temperament profiles in patients with mental disorders mostly focus on emotionality-related traits, although mental illness symptoms include emotional and nonemotional aspects of behavioral regulation. This study investigates relationships between 12 temperament traits (9 nonemotionality and 3 emotionality related) measured by the Structure of Temperament Questionnaire and four groups of clinical symptoms (depression, anxiety, antisociality, and dominance-mania) measured by the Personality Assessment Inventory. The study further examines age differences in relationships among clinical symptoms and temperament traits. Intake records of 335 outpatients and clients divided into four age groups (18–25, 26–45, 46–65, and 66–85) showed no significant age differences on depression scales; however, the youngest group had significantly higher scores on Anxiety, Antisocial Behavior, Dominance, and Thought Disorders scales. Correlations between Personality Assessment Inventory and Structure of Temperament Questionnaire scales were consistent with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, descriptors showing strong concurrent validity. Several age differences on temperament scales are also reported. Results show the benefits of differentiation between physical, social-verbal, and mental aspects of activities, as well as differentiation between dynamical, orientational, and energetic aspects in studying mental illness and temperament.
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Tymosiewicz, Piotr. "I MODELLI TEORICI SUL TEMPERAMENTO ADULTO." Teologiczne Studia Siedleckie XVI, no. 2019 (2020): 200–223. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3702425.
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Models of adult temperament Temperament is considered the most biological and stable part of one’s personality. Cognition and understanding of your own temperament seems to be essential for good functioning in interpersonal relationships. This article analyzes the selected theoretical models of an adult persons temperament. It presents temperament models developed by such outstanding psychologists as Eysenck, Gray, Zuckerman and Mehrabian. In addition, the article presents the temperament theory of polish researcher Jan Strelau.
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Jackson, Dylan B. "The interplay between early language and temperamental difficulties in the prediction of severe antisocial behavior among males." Journal of Criminal Psychology 7, no. 2 (2017): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-11-2016-0037.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether early language deficits increase the risk of severe antisocial behavior among male children, and whether this association varies as a function of negative temperament during infancy. Design/methodology/approach Data are derived from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort. Both survey methods and direct observations were employed to obtain the data. Logistic regression was used to examine the research questions at hand. Findings Male children with oral vocabulary and grammatical/syntactic deficits during the toddler years exhibited more frequent antisocial behavior across home and school settings during kindergarten, relative to boys without language deficits. However, this relationship was limited to males who manifested negative temperament/affect during their infancy, as reported on by both parents and independent raters. Originality/value Prior research on language, temperament, and antisocial behavior has generally overlooked the potential for these early-life risk factors for subsequent offending to interact with each other. The findings of the present study suggest that early intervention and prevention efforts should account for ways in which individual temperamental differences can structure behavioral responses to cognitive challenges.
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Richter, Jörg, Sven Brändström, and Tom Przybeck. "Assessing Personality: The Temperament and Character Inventory in a Cross-Cultural Comparison between Germany, Sweden, and the USA." Psychological Reports 84, no. 3_suppl (1999): 1315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1315.
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In this study the American, Swedish, and German versions of the Temperament and Character Inventory were compared based on samples of 300 healthy volunteers each, which had been carefully matched for age and sex. The analyses indicate a high agreement for scores on the temperament and character dimensions and subscales across the samples. Exceptions include minor differences that appear to be due to cultural variations, differences in sampling methods, and of some minor difficulties with two subscales (Exploratory Excitability and Self-acceptance) as well as defining the Persistence factor as an independent dimension of Temperament. The subscales yielded similar internal consistencies, correlational structure, factor structures, and high factor congruence coefficients. The results indicate a cross-cultural transferability of the Temperament and Character dimensions of the inventory. Also, the validity and stability of the seven-factor model of personality, as suggested by Cloninger, is supported.
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Kotelnikova, Yuliya, Thomas M. Olino, Daniel N. Klein, Sarah V. M. Mackrell, and Elizabeth P. Hayden. "Higher and Lower Order Factor Analyses of the Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire." Assessment 24, no. 8 (2016): 1050–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191116639376.
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The Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire (TMCQ) is a widely used parent-report measure of temperament. However, neither its lower nor higher order structures has been tested via a bottom-up, empirically based approach. We conducted higher and lower order exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) of the TMCQ in a large ( N = 654) sample of 9-year-olds. Item-level EFAs identified 92 items as suitable (i.e., with loadings ≥.40) for constructing lower order factors, only half of which resembled a TMCQ scale posited by the measure’s authors. Higher order EFAs of the lower order factors showed that a three-factor structure (Impulsivity/Negative Affectivity, Negative Affectivity, and Openness/Assertiveness) was the only admissible solution. Overall, many TMCQ items did not load well onto a lower order factor. In addition, only three factors, which did not show a clear resemblance to Rothbart’s four-factor model of temperament in middle childhood, were needed to account for the higher order structure of the TMCQ.
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Naerde, Ane, Espen Roysamb, and Kristian Tambs. "Temperament in Adults-Reliability, Stability, and Factor Structure of the EAS Temperament Survey." Journal of Personality Assessment 82, no. 1 (2004): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8201_12.
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Sanson, Ann, Margot Prior, Elio Garino, Frank Oberklaid, and Jill Sewell. "The structure of infant temperament: Factor analysis of the revised infant temperament questionnaire." Infant Behavior and Development 10, no. 1 (1987): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-6383(87)90009-9.
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Bipp, Tanja, Ad Kleingeld, and Karen van Dam. "Approach and Avoidance Temperament." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 33, no. 3 (2017): 196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000285.
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Abstract. In four studies, we investigated the factorial structure and the construct and predictive validity of the approach-avoidance temperament questionnaire (ATQ; Elliot & Thrash, 2010 ) for attitudes and behavior at work. In Study 1 (N = 395 university students), we showed that a Dutch translation of the ATQ can be best described by a two-factorial structure. In Study 2 (N = 295 senior-year students), we documented approach and avoidance temperament as predictor of students’ career adaptability and engagement. In Study 3 (N = 103 employees), we demonstrated that approach and avoidance temperament have incremental predictive validity for work engagement beyond goal orientation (three-dimensional model). In Study 4 (N = 93 employees), approach temperament was positively related to peer ratings of job performance, independent of achievement goals (four-dimensional model). Overall, we showed that individual differences in terms of a predisposition for the orientation and reaction to positive/negative stimuli across situations can be used to increase our understanding of behavior at work. Our results support the practical utility of approach and avoidance temperament for work settings.
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Iwawaki, Saburo, Christopher Hertzog, Karen Hooker, and Richard M. Lerner. "The Structure of Temperament among Japanese and American Young Adults." International Journal of Behavioral Development 8, no. 2 (1985): 217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548500800207.
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To assess the generalizability of the structure of temperament, identified among American young adult samples, to similarly-aged groups in another culture, 304 Japanese college students (59.5% males) were studied. The Japanese responses to the Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS) were compared to those of the American sample studied by Lerner, Palermo, Spiro and Nesselroade (1982) through the use of confirmatory factor analytic procedures. The major results were that evidence for: (1) the five factors present on the DOTS in the American sample (i.e., the factors of Activity, Attention Span/Distractibility, Adaptability/Approach-Withdrawal, Rhythmicity, and Reactivity) were identified also among the Japanese; but that (2) large cultural differences in the Adaptability/Approach-Withdrawal dimension existed. Results are discussed in regard to methodological issues in establishing cross-cultural measurement equivalence and in regard to future research on adult temperament.
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Rothbart, Mary K. "Temperament, Development, and Personality." Current Directions in Psychological Science 16, no. 4 (2007): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00505.x.
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Understanding temperament is central to our understanding of development, and temperament constructs are linked to individual differences in both personality and underlying neural function. In this article, I review findings on the structure of temperament, its relation to the Big Five traits of personality, and its links to development and psychopathology. In addition, I discuss the relation of temperament to conscience, empathy, aggression, and the development of behavior problems, and describe the relation between effortful control and neural networks of executive attention. Finally, I present research on training executive attention.
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Trofimova, I. "Taxonomy of psychopathology based on a neurochemical framework." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (2023): S146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.363.
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IntroductionTemperament and mental illness are considered to be variations along the same continuum of imbalance in the neurophysiological regulation of behaviour.ObjectivesThis presentation presents the benefits of constructivism approach to psychiatric taxonomies.MethodsThe presentation reviews findings in neurochemistry that link temperament traits in healthy individuals and symptoms of psychiatric disorders to complex relationships between neurotransmitter systems.ResultsSpecialization between neurotransmitter systems underlying temperament traits is analyzed here from a functional ecology perspective that considers the structure of adult temperament corresponding to the functional structure of human activities. In contrast to a more popular search for neuroanatomic biomarkers of psychopathology and temperament traits in healthy individuals, this presentation focuses on neurochemistry-based biomarkers. The roles of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, noradrenalin), as well as the roles of acetylcholine, neuropeptides and opioid receptor systems in the regulation of specific dynamical properties of behaviour are summarized within the neurochemical Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET) model (Table 1) (Trofimova & Robbins, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2016, 64, 382-402; Trofimova, Neuropsychobiology, 2021, 80(2), 101-133).Image 2:ConclusionsThe FET framework allows having a neurochemistry-based structure of a taxonomy that can classify both, healthy bio-psychological traits and symptoms of psychopathology. The presentation will give examples of how the FET framework can be used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Kotelnikova, Yuliya, Thomas M. Olino, Sarah V. M. Mackrell, Patricia L. Jordan, and Elizabeth P. Hayden. "Structure of observed temperament in middle childhood." Journal of Research in Personality 47, no. 5 (2013): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2013.04.013.
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Hrebinnyk, S. M. "THE STRUCTURE OF TEMPERAMENT WITHIN HUMAN INTERSUBJECTIVITY." Habitus, no. 43 (2022): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2663-5208.2022.43.20.
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Zdanowicz, Paula, Zbigniew Włodzimierz Pasieka, Radosław Wujcik, Piotr Jarosław Kamola, Adam Jerzy Białas, and Tadeusz Pietras. "Structure of Patients’ Temperament Traits as a Risk Factor for Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)." Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 10 (2025): 3414. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103414.
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Introduction: Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are chronic respiratory illnesses frequently accompanied by anxiety and depression. These psychological symptoms often go undetected due to their overlap with somatic complaints. According to the regulatory theory of temperament (RTT), biologically based temperament traits may influence emotional responses to chronic illness. This study examined whether RTT-defined temperament traits predict depression and anxiety severity in patients with asthma and/or COPD. Material and Methods: The study included 210 adult patients with asthma and/or COPD recruited from a university hospital and pulmonology clinics. Individuals with a prior history of mental illness were excluded. Participants completed three validated questionnaires: the Formal Characteristics of Behavior–Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Additional demographic and clinical data were collected. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the predictive value of six temperament traits for depression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. A significance threshold of α = 0.05 was used in all statistical tests. Results: Temperament structure significantly predicted all three mental health outcomes: depression (R2 = 0.37), state anxiety (R2 = 0.45), and trait anxiety (R2 = 0.35). Briskness negatively correlated with all outcomes, while emotional reactivity showed a positive correlation. No significant associations were found for the remaining four traits. Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors were not significant predictors. Conclusions: Temperament traits, particularly briskness and emotional reactivity, significantly influence depression and anxiety severity in asthma and COPD. Temperament assessment may serve as a low-cost, telemedicine-compatible tool to identify at-risk patients and support integrated, personalized care.
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Schmidt, Nicole L., Rebecca J. Brooker, Ian C. Carroll, et al. "Longitudinal Research at the Interface of Affective Neuroscience, Developmental Psychopathology, Health and Behavioral Genetics: Findings from the Wisconsin Twin Project." Twin Research and Human Genetics 22, no. 4 (2019): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2019.55.
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AbstractThe Wisconsin Twin Project comprises multiple longitudinal studies that span infancy to early adulthood. We summarize recent papers that show how twin designs with deep phenotyping, including biological measures, can inform questions about phenotypic structure, etiology, comorbidity, heterogeneity, and gene–environment interplay of temperamental constructs and mental and physical health conditions of children and adolescents. The general framework for investigations begins with rich characterization of early temperament and follows with study of experiences and exposures across childhood and adolescence. Many studies incorporate neuroimaging and hormone assays.
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Richter, Jörg, Sven Brändström, Habib Emami, and Mehdi Ghazinour. "An Iranian (Farsi) Version of the Temperament and Character Inventory: A Cross-Cultural Comparison." Psychological Reports 100, no. 3_suppl (2007): 1218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.4.1218-1228.
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The Temperament and Character Inventory is a widely used personality questionnaire. It was developed to measure the four temperament dimensions of Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence, as well as three character dimensions, such as Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-transcendence, described in Cloninger's unified biosocial theory of personality. In a sample of 300 Germans, 300 Swedes, and 316 Iranian subjects, a factorial structure analysis using the Procrustes rotation method showed the structure of personality to be generally equivalent across cultures. Noteworthy cultural differences between the overall Asian and European subjects reflected by the data were observed in various Temperament and Character dimensions. Seemingly, there are cultural differences in the expression of the various personality facets that require a replacement of many items in the Iranian version. The Temperament and Character Inventory is sensitive to age, sex, and cultural differences in personality.
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Strelau, Jan. "The concept of temperament in personality research." European Journal of Personality 1, no. 2 (1987): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410010205.
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The place of temperament in personality research has been broadly discussed taking into account different understandings of both concepts ‐ temperament and personality. Temperament may be regarded as (a) one of the elements of personality, (b) as a synonym of personality, and (c) as a phenomenon with its own specificity, not belonging to the structure of personality. Taking the latter position as a starting point, the author discusses five aspects in which temperament and personality differ: (a) the determinants of development, (6) the developmental stage in which temperament and personality are thought to be shaped, (c) the populations to which they refer, (d) the degree to which they are saturated with contents of behaviour, and (e) the role both personality and temperament play in integrating behaviour. It is concluded that the phenomena in which both concepts differ are not as strongly opposed as they are complementary.
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Amerio, Andrea, Luca Magnani, Carlo Castellani, et al. "The Expression of Affective Temperaments in Cystic Fibrosis Patients: Psychopathological Associations and Possible Neurobiological Mechanisms." Brain Sciences 13, no. 4 (2023): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13040619.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the association between Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and affective temperaments, considering the relevance of ionic balances in neural excitability, as a possible neurobiological basis for temperamental expression. A cross-sectional study involving 55 adult CF patients was conducted. Sociodemographic, clinical and therapeutic characteristics, temperamental and personality dispositions and depressive and anxiety symptoms were evaluated through standardized semi-structured and structured interviews. The majority of the enrolled CF patients were receiving Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) therapy (72.7%), and most of them had hyperthymic temperament predominance (29.1%). Different TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire) dimensions were not associated with the type of CF phenotype-related mutation or with the use of CFTR-modulator therapy. However, a tendency towards irritability was noted in patients not undergoing CFTR modulator therapy (6.7 ± 4.72 vs. 4.7 ± 4.33; p = 0.13). In light of the limitations imposed by the cross-sectional nature of the study, a hyperthymic temperament was found to be protective against current or lifetime psychopathologic events, whereas the other temperaments were associated with positive psychopathological anamnesis. Based on the measurement of temperament profiles and the study of their associations with clinically relevant variables, we argue that subjecting CF patients to such a temperament assessment could prove beneficial in the transition towards integrated and personalized care.
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Sleddens, Ester F. C., Sheryl O. Hughes, Teresia M. O'Connor, et al. "The Children's Behavior Questionnaire very Short Scale: Psychometric Properties and Development of a One-Item Temperament Scale." Psychological Reports 110, no. 1 (2012): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/08.10.21.pr0.110.1.197-217.
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Little research has been conducted on the psychometrics of the very short scale (36 items) of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire, and no one-item temperament scale has been tested for use in applied work. In this study, 237 United States caregivers completed a survey to define their child's behavioral patterns (i.e., Surgency Negative Affectivity, Effortful Control) using both scales. Psychometrics of the 36-item Children's Behavior Questionnaire were examined using classical test theory, principal factor analysis, and item response modeling. Classical test theory analysis demonstrated adequate internal consistency and factor analysis confirmed a three-factor structure. Potential improvements to the measure were identified using item response modeling. A one-item (three response categories) temperament scale was validated against the three temperament factors of the 36-item scale. The temperament response categories correlated with the temperament factors of the 36-item scale, as expected. The one-item temperament scale may be applicable for clinical use.
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Gartstein, Maria A., Helena R. Slobodskaya, and Irina A. Kinsht. "Cross-cultural differences in temperament in the first year of life: United States of America (US) and Russia." International Journal of Behavioral Development 27, no. 4 (2003): 316–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250244000344.
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Cross-cultural differences in temperament were evaluated for Russian ( N = 90) and US ( N = 90) samples of infants. Significant differences in levels of temperament characteristics, and the structure of temperament, were anticipated. Age and gender differences evaluated for the Russian sample were expected to be consistent with those reported for US infants. The Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised, a recently developed parent-report assessment tool, was utilised with both samples. Differences between these cultures were evaluated for 14 dimensions of temperament: activity level, smiling/laughter, fear, distress to limitations, duration of orienting, soothability, vocal reactivity, high and low intensity pleasure, falling reactivity, affiliation/cuddliness, perceptual sensitivity, sadness, and approach. Significant differences between Russian and US infants emerged for six of the IBQ-R scales. Parents of infants in the US reported higher levels of smiling/laughter, high and low intensity pleasure, perceptual sensitivity, and vocal reactivity, whereas Russian infants’ scores were higher for distress to limitations. Correlation matrix comparison procedure and exploratory factor analysis indicated differences in the structure of temperament for the two cultural groups. Age differences observed for the Russian infants were generally consistent with those reported for a US sample; gender differences did not emerge in this study.
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Yu, Hyeona, Joohyun Yoon, Chan Woo Lee, et al. "Korean Validation of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire." Psychiatry Investigation 19, no. 9 (2022): 729–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2022.0089.
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Objective The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) has been validated in more than 30 languages and is noted for its broad application in research and clinical settings. This study presents the first attempt to examine the reliability and validity of the TEMPS-A in Korea.Methods A total of 540 non-clinical participants completed the Korean TEMPS-A, which was adapted from the original English version via a comprehensive translation procedure. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s α, and associations between temperaments were examined using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed, and differences in TEMPS-A scores between the gender- and age-based groups were examined using Kruskal-Wallis analysis.Results The Korean TEMPS-A exhibited excellent internal consistency (0.70–0.91) and significant correlations between subscales. EFA resulted in a two-factor structure: Factor I (depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious) and Factor II (hyperthymic). Gender and age group differences were observed.Conclusion Overall, our results suggest that TEMPS-A is a reliable and valid measure of affective temperaments for the Korean population. This study opens new possibilities for further research on affective temperaments and their related traits.
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Siekańska, Małgorzata, and Andrzej Sękowski. "Job satisfaction and temperament structure of gifted people." High Ability Studies 17, no. 1 (2006): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13598130600947127.
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Wachs, Theodore D., Ernesto Pollitt, Santiago Cueto, and Enrique Jacoby. "Structure and cross-contextual stability of neonatal temperament." Infant Behavior and Development 27, no. 3 (2004): 382–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2004.02.001.
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MULDER, ROGER T., and PETER R. JOYCE. "Temperament and the structure of personality disorder symptoms." Psychological Medicine 27, no. 1 (1997): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004114.
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This paper attempts to construct a simplified system for the classification of personality disorders, and relates this system to normally distributed human personality characteristics. One hundred and forty-eight subjects with a variety of psychiatric diagnoses were evaluated using the SCID-II structured clinical interview for personality disorders. A four-factor solution of personality disorder symptoms was obtained and we labelled these factors ‘the four As’ : antisocial, asocial, asthenic and anankastic. The factors related to the four temperament dimensions of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), but less closely to Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) dimensions. The four factors were similar to those identified in a number of studies using a variety of assessment methods and this lends some credibility to our findings. It suggests that a more parsimonious set of trait descriptors could be used to provide simpler, less overlapping categories that retain links with current clinical practice. In addition, these factors can be seen as extremes of normally distributed behaviours obtained using the TPQ questionnaire.
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Ahadi, Stephan A., Mary K. Rothbart, and Renmin Ye. "Children's temperament in the US and China: similarities and differences." European Journal of Personality 7, no. 5 (1993): 359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410070506.
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We report the results of research investigating temperamental characteristics of children in the People's Republic of China and the US using a parent‐report instrument, the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), defining temperament as individual differences in emotional, motoric, and attentional reactivity and self‐regulation. Subjects were 624 6‐ to 7‐year‐old children, from Shanghai and the north‐western region of the US. The 15 CBQ scales were factored for both samples, employing a principal axis factor analysis with an oblique rotation. Our findings indicated considerable similarity of factor structure in the two cultures, obtaining three factors labelled Surgency, Negative Affect, and Attentional Self‐Regulation or Effortful Control. Differences across cultures were also found, with Surgency and Effortful Control scores being relatively higher than Negative Affect in the US sample and Negative Affect being relatively higher than Surgency and Effortful Control in the Chinese sample. Gender differences were also found to vary across cultures. Our findings are congruent with a view of underlying cultural similarities in temperamental variability across these cultures, influenced over time by the children's culturally varied experience.
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Ruch, Willibald, Alois Angleitner, and Jan Strelau. "The Strelau Temperament Inventory—Revised (STI‐R): Validity studies." European Journal of Personality 5, no. 4 (1991): 287–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410050403.
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This study examines the construct validity of the revised version of the Strelau Temperament Inventory (STI‐R) and the short scale (STI‐RS), which were introduced by Strelau, Angleitner, Bantelmann and Ruch (1990). Hypotheses about the relationship between the content scales of the STI‐R, viz. Strength of Excitation (SE), Strength of Inhibition (SI), and Mobility (MO) of CNS properties, and (a) other personality/temperament dimensions referring to the level of arousal, (b) selected temperament inventories, and (c) selected personality scales are derived and tested in a total of four samples with altogether 420 Ss. The inventories investigated include, among others, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire—Revised (EPQ‐R), Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS), the I.7 Impulsiveness Questionnaire (I.7), the Affect‐Intensity‐Measure (AIM), the EASI, the Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (STQ), and the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS‐R). In general, the hypotheses regarding the place of the STI‐R in the temperament and personality domain were confirmed. A factor analysis of the STI‐R, EASI, and DOTS‐R yielded five factors: Emotional Stability, Rhythmicity, Activity/Tempo, Sociability, and Impulsivity versus Impulse Control.
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Trofimova, I. "Integrating the Findings from Boundary Sciences for Development of the DSM/ICD Classifications." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.249.
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IntroductionTemperament and mental illnesses are considered to be varying degrees along the same continuum of imbalance in the neurophysiological regulation of behavior. Mental disorders are linked to specific patterns in the relationships between neurotransmitters and between brain structures. Similar links were found for temperament traits. Development of DSM and ICD classifications might benefit therefore from an integration between psychiatry, functional neurochemistry and differential psychology.ObjectivesTo describe the neurochemical systems underlying mental disorders and temperament traits in healthy adults.MethodsFindings in neurochemistry, neuropsychology, differential psychology and psychopathology are compared to the traits described in various temperament models. This analysis is summarized in the perspective of the neurochemical functional ensemble of temperament (FET) model.ResultsNeurochemical correlates for 12 main dynamical aspects of behavior are presented as a systemic framework that follows a universal functional structure of human actions described in kinesiology, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry and clinical neuropsychology. The role of monoamine systems (serotonin, dopamine, noradrenalin), acetylcholine, GABA/glutamate, neuropeptide and opioid receptor systems are linked to regulation of specific dynamical properties of behavior in a systematic way. Several insights for the structure of the classification of mental disorders from the perspective of the FET model are proposed.ConclusionsAn integration of research in neurochemistry and psychopathology of behavior with differential psychology based on healthy samples can bring new insights for future versions of DSM and ICD classifications of mental disorders. Such integration does not follow either dimensionality or categorical approach but instead is based on functional ecology of human behavior.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Strelau, Jan, and Bogdan Zawadzki. "The Formal Characteristics of Behaviour—Temperament Inventory (FCB—TI): Validity studies." European Journal of Personality 9, no. 3 (1995): 207–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410090304.
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A psychometric study has been conducted with the aim of testing the validity of the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour—Temperament Inventory (FCB—TI). FCB—TI has been constructed to measure six temperament traits according to the Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT): Briskness, Perseverance (referring to the temporal aspect of behavior), Sensory Sensitivity, Emotional Reactivity, Endurance, and Activity (referring to the energetic characteristics of behaviour). These traits have been compared with other temperament as well as personality dimensions. The following measures were used: PTS, EAS—TS, DOTS—R, EPQ—R, SSS—V, 16PF, and NEO‐FFI. The study was conducted on samples consisting of over 1500 subjects with satisfactory balanced gender ratio (about 50 per cent), and with a broad range of age (from 15 to 77 years), representing a variety of professions and educational levels. The correlational and factor analytic findings are presented; these show high theoretical validity of the FCB—TI scales, except the Sensory Sensitivity scale. In the discussion some conclusions concerning the revision of the structure of temperament have been suggested.
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Lee, Soo Jin, Soo Hyun Park, and Han Chae. "Biopsychological structure of Yin-Yang using Cloninger’s Temperament model and Carver and White’s BIS/BAS scale." PeerJ 4 (May 18, 2016): e2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2021.
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Introduction. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychological structure of Yin-Yang based on the Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) in relation to Carver and White’s Behavior Inhibition/Behavior Activation System (BIS/BAS) Scale and Cloninger’s temperament model of the West.Methods. A total of 188 university students were classified as high (30%), middle (40%), and low (30%) groups based on their SPQ score and their differences in Cloninger’s temperaments and BIS/BAS subscales were analyzed using analysis of covariance after controlling the sex. Correlation among SPQ, Cloninger’s four temperaments and BIS/BAS subscales was also examined.Results. Significant differences in BAS (F= 11.703,p< .001), Novelty-Seeking (F= 4.945,p< .01), and Harm-Avoidance (F= 10.912,p< .001) were observed between high and low SPQ score groups after controlling for sex. The SPQ showed significant correlation with BAS (r= 0.303), Novelty-Seeking (r= 0.225), and Harm-Avoidance (r= − 0.273). However, BIS showed no significant differences between SPQ groups, and did not show correlation with the SPQ.Discussion. The current study demonstrated that Yin-Yang has similarities with and disparities from the Western tradition and may be examined with objective instruments. We showed that the emotionality of the East which is defined as mobility of emotion, not emotional instability as traditionally defined in Western theories, is pivotal for understanding the nature of emotion in the East. Suggestions are made for cross-cultural psychobiological study of the East and West.
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Rusalov, V. M. "Object-related and communicative aspects of human temperament: A new questionnaire of the structure of temperament." Personality and Individual Differences 10, no. 8 (1989): 817–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(89)90017-2.
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Anjum, Wahida. "Temperament and Attachment as a Predictor of Romantic Love among Adults." Peshawar Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (PJPBS) 2, no. 1 (2016): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32879/pjpbs.2016.2.1.91-105.
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 Objectives of the present study were to find out the relationship among the composite scores of temperament, attachment and perception of romantic love among adults in Lahore, Pakistan. Urdu translated version of the Structure of Temperament Questionnaire-Compact (Trofimova, 2010), the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins, 1996), and the Perception of Romantic Love Scale (Anjum & Batool) was administered on the N = 500 participants (was justified and calculated online through A-prior sample size (Soper, 2016) with the age range of 19 to 60 (M = 20.06, SD = 5.63). Results showed highly significant positive relationship among the composite scores of temperament, attachment and perception of romantic love. Findings also revealed that the temperament, attachment, education, and the experience of romantic love were the significant predictors of perception of romantic love. Implications of the study were discussed in the cultural context of Lahore, Pakistan.
 
 
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Lenzenweger, Mark F., and John B. Willett. "Does change in temperament predict change in schizoid personality disorder? A methodological framework and illustration from the Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders." Development and Psychopathology 21, no. 4 (2009): 1211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409990125.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPersonality disorders (PDs) have been thought historically to be enduring, inflexible, and set in psychological stone relatively firmly; however, empirical findings from recent prospective multiwave longitudinal studies establish otherwise. Nearly all modern longitudinal studies of personality disorder have documented considerable change in PDs over time, suggesting considerable flexibility and plasticity in this realm of psychopathology. The factors and mechanisms of change in the PDs remain essentially opaque, and this area of PD research is just beginning to be probed using candidate predictors of change, such as personality systems. In this report, we investigate whether change in temperament dimensions (emotionality, activity, and sociability) predicts change in schizoid personality disorder. We present a latent growth framework for addressing this question and provide an illustration of the approach using data from the Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders. Schizoid personality disorder was assessed using two different methodologies (structured psychiatric interview and self-report) and temperament was assessed using a well-known psychometric measure of temperament. All constructs were measured at three time points over a 4-year time period. To analyze these panel data, we fitted a covariance structure model that hypothesized simultaneous relationships between initial levels and rates of change in temperament and initial levels and rates of change in schizoid personality disorder. We found that rates of change in the core temperament dimensions studied do not predict rates of change in schizoid personality over time. We discuss the methodological advantages of the latent growth approach and the substantive meaning of the findings for change in schizoid personality disorder.