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Journal articles on the topic 'Structured gratings'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Canning, John, Nathaniel Groothoff, Kevin Cook, Cicero Martelli, Alexandre Pohl, John Holdsworth, Somnath Bandyopadhyay, and Michael Stevenson. "Gratings in Structured Optical Fibres." Laser Chemistry 2008 (December 1, 2008): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/239417.

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Grating writing in structured optical fibres and their properties and applications are reviewed. To date, most gratings have been written in a straightforward manner into structured fibres containing a photosensitive germanosilicate step-index core. However, gratings have also been written directly into single material, structured silica fibres and into air-clad cores using two and higher-photon processes with both UV and near IR pulsed (nanosecond-femtosecond) light. Given the intrinsic-added functionality possible within a structured optical fibre, structured fibre gratings offer further capabilities for sensors, diagnostics, lasers, and devices.

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2

Yang, Yin Fei, Ye Cao, Zheng Rong Tong, and Xiu Feng Yang. "Experimental Study on Etched Micro-Structured Fiber Bragg Grating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 4061–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.4061.

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Here based on the combination of Comsol and the transmission matrix of Matlab, the spectrums of etched micro-structured gratings are simulated and two different modes of etched micro-structured fiber gratings are made in experiment. Etched micro-structured fiber grating is formed by using hydrofluoric acid (HF)-based wet chemical etching or femtosecond laser etching. This can reduce the clad layer along a standard grating partly or entirely and change the transmission feature of the grating. As a result, the thinner cladding layer changes the core propagation features and thus induces a phase delay on the guided mode, leading to the formation of a defect state inside the original grating band-gap in agreement with the phase shift grating theory. The defect state is mainly influenced by three parameters: the length and depth of the perturbation and the surrounding refractive index (SRI).

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3

Islam, Alif, Narottam Das, and Mohammad Mohiuddin Uzzal. "A Comprehensive Study on the Impact of Various Nano-gratings on MSM-PDs for Enhancement in the Light Absorption." AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v18i1.19.

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In this paper, we have analyzed metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors (MSM-PDs) with different nano-grating structures or shapes to improve the light absorption capacity into the device in details for high-speed communication systems and networks. The plasmonic-based MSM-PD structure demonstrates a significant improvement in light absorption capacity for the developed device compared to conventional MSM-PDs i.e., devices that have not employed the nano-gratings. The light absorption capacity of the device is varied with the variation of geometrical shapes and parameters of the nano-gratings, such as the nano-grating height, slit width and so on. These nano-grating structures are assisting in light transmission through the central slit (i.e., subwavelength apertures) efficiently, resulting in the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) as the incident photons interact with the nano-gratings/ nano-corrugations. This improved light transmission in the central slit along with excited SPPs results in resonant light absorption in the device. This means the light trapped inside the central slit is triggered by the SPPs to a higher order magnitude. This causes the light absorption enhancement for the device, i.e., more light is transmitted through the device instead of reflecting back to the surface. The simulation results demonstrated that the light absorption enhancement factor (LAEF) for these devices have improved dramatically due to the nano-gratings. For modeling and simulation of these devices, Opti-FDTD tool is used which is based on finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The application of these simulated devices is in the range of 800-850-nm. The simulation results are suitable for the design of nano-structured MSM-PDs that can be used in high-speed communication systems and sensor network systems.

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4

Pisco, Marco, Agostino Iadicicco, Stefania Campopiano, Antonello Cutolo, and Andrea Cusano. "Structured Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings." Journal of Lightwave Technology 26, no. 12 (June 2008): 1613–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2008.920597.

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5

Chen, Jin, Li Xin Tang, and Hui Long Chen. "A Novel Structured Light Pattern for One-Shot Shape Acquisition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 1191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.1191.

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This paper proposes a new one-shot grayscale structured lighting scheme to obtain depth data fast. Its key idea is to code the pattern using modulated sinusoidal gratings along two axes. The features used for matching are the fringe central lines of the vertical grating. The correlation of the intensity profiles is used to measure the similarity of features. Experimental results using a vision system with two cameras and a projector show that the proposed scheme is effective and efficient.

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6

Das, Narottam, Devanandh Chandrasekar, Mohammad Nur-E-Alam, and M. Masud K. Khan. "Light Reflection Loss Reduction by Nano-Structured Gratings for Highly Efficient Next-Generation GaAs Solar Cells." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 14, 2020): 4198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164198.

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This paper mainly focuses on increasing the conversion efficiency of GaAs solar cells by reducing the light reflection losses. The design of nano-structured gratings and their light trapping performance are modelled and optimised by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The sunlight directly impinges on the solar panel or cells, then a portion of the incident sunlight reflects back to the air from the surface of the panel, thus leading to a reduction in the light absorption capacity of the solar cells. In order to proliferate the light absorption capacity of solar cells nano-grating structures are employed, as they are highly capable of capturing the incident sunlight compared to a conventional (or flat type) solar cell, which results in generating more electrical energy. In this study, we design three different types of nano-grating structures, optimise their parameters and their performance in light capturing capacity. From the simulation results, we confirm that that it is possible to reduce light reflection losses up to 27%, by using the nano-grating structures, compared to conventional type solar cells. This reduction of reflection losses helps to improve the conversion efficiency of next-generation GaAs solar cells significantly for a sustainable green Earth.

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7

Canning, John. "Properties of Specialist Fibres and Bragg Gratings for Optical Fiber Sensors." Journal of Sensors 2009 (2009): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/871580.

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The advent of optical fibres based on air holes running along their entirety opens up new directions in addressing various properties relevant to sensing, including the temperature/strain challenge of optical fibre sensors. This paper looks at the measurement challenges associated with temperature and strain, examines the potentially unique functionality structured fibre designs with and without gratings open up, and briefly describes some current research directions within conventional fibre and grating technologies.

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8

Haslinger, S. G., N. V. Movchan, A. B. Movchan, and R. C. McPhedran. "Transmission, trapping and filtering of waves in periodically constrained elastic plates." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468, no. 2137 (August 17, 2011): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2011.0318.

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The paper discusses properties of flexural waves in elastic plates constrained periodically by rigid pins. A structured interface consists of rigid pin platonic gratings parallel to each other. Although the gratings have the same periodicity, relative shifts in horizontal and vertical directions are allowed. We develop a recurrence algorithm for constructing reflection and transmission matrices required to characterize the filtering of plane waves by the structured interface with shifted gratings. The representations of scattered fields contain both propagating and evanescent terms. Special attention is given to the analysis of trapped modes which may exist within the system of rigid pin gratings. Analytical findings are accompanied by numerical examples for systems of two and three gratings. We show geometries containing three gratings in which transmission resonances have very high quality factors (around 35 000). We also show that controlled lateral shifts of three gratings can give rise to a transmission peak with a sharp central suppression region, akin to the phenomenon of electromagnetic-induced transparency.

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9

Wang, Ying, D. N. Wang, Minwei Yang, and C. R. Liao. "Asymmetric microhole-structured long-period fiber gratings." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 160, no. 1 (December 2011): 822–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.08.067.

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10

Groothoff, N., J. Canning, E. Buckley, K. Lyttikainen, and J. Zagari. "Bragg gratings in air–silica structured fibers." Optics Letters 28, no. 4 (February 15, 2003): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.28.000233.

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11

Xu, Yanping, and Xiaoyi Bao. "Micro-structured fibers and their applications in fiber-optic sensors and random fiber lasers." Canadian Journal of Physics 96, no. 4 (April 2018): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2017-0304.

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Micro-structured fibers are important devices that have drawn intensive attentions and proved to be powerful platforms for various applications over the past decades due to their remarkable merits and advantages, such as small footprint, immunity to electromagnetic interferences, light weight, high physical flexibility, and low cost. Modifications in optical fibers can be used as light-steering elements to excite and couple back different core and cladding modes and form various in-fiber structures, including in-line fiber interferometer, fiber micro-cantilever, fiber random gratings, and so on. These micro-structures, when applied as fiber-optic sensors in the presence of external disturbances, show high sensitivity in terms of the significant changes in the guided light features. Novel micro-structured bend-insensitive fiber-based in-line fiber interferometer and micro-cantilever have been proposed to realize both static and dynamic parameter measurements, including temperature, axial strain, surrounding refractive index, and vibration. We have also developed a novel fiber random grating along with a spectral correlation algorithm for simultaneous measurement of three static measurands. To move a step forward, random fiber lasers based on fiber random grating are achieved for either improving the laser performances or sensing applications of temperature, strain, and ultrasound measurements with high sensitivity.

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12

Zhao, C. Y., P. Y. Chen, and L. Zhang. "Numerical analysis of effective refractive index sensor based on slot micro-ring and Bragg grating." International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, no. 25 (October 10, 2019): 1950292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219502928.

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A novel design of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI)-based resonator based on slot micro-ring and Bragg gratings is presented. The corrugated Bragg gratings are structured on both sides of slot micro-ring waveguides. The variation of the effective refractive index is detected by monitoring the shift of the spectral of the resonator. The transmission spectrum and field distribution of the sensor structures are simulated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. With the combination of the Bragg gratings, the measurement range of the sensor significantly increases without the restriction of a free spectral range (FSR). Our proposed sensor design provides a promising candidate for on-chip integration with other silicon photonic element.

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13

Nikolaev, K. V., V. Soltwisch, P. Hönicke, F. Scholze, J. de la Rie, S. N. Yakunin, I. A. Makhotkin, R. W. E. van de Kruijs, and F. Bijkerk. "A semi-analytical approach for the characterization of ordered 3D nanostructures using grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 386–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519016345.

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Following the recent demonstration of grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence (GIXRF)-based characterization of the 3D atomic distribution of different elements and dimensional parameters of periodic nanoscale structures, this work presents a new computational scheme for the simulation of the angular-dependent fluorescence intensities from such periodic 2D and 3D nanoscale structures. The computational scheme is based on the dynamical diffraction theory in many-beam approximation, which allows a semi-analytical solution to the Sherman equation to be derived in a linear-algebraic form. The computational scheme has been used to analyze recently published GIXRF data measured on 2D Si3N4 lamellar gratings, as well as on periodically structured 3D Cr nanopillars. Both the dimensional and structural parameters of these nanostructures have been reconstructed by fitting numerical simulations to the experimental GIXRF data. Obtained results show good agreement with nominal parameters used in the manufacturing of the structures, as well as with reconstructed parameters based on the previously published finite-element-method simulations, in the case of the Si3N4 grating.

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14

Castro, J. M., I. B. Djordjevic, and D. F. Geraghty. "Novel super structured Bragg gratings for optical encryption." Journal of Lightwave Technology 24, no. 4 (April 2006): 1875–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2006.871028.

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15

Goray, Leonid. "Absorption and scattering by structured interfaces in X-rays." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057752001440x.

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Promising achievements of resonance inelastic X-ray scattering and other spectroscopy studies in the range from hard X-ray to extreme ultraviolet require the development of exact tools for modeling energy characteristics of state-of-the-art optical instruments for bright coherent X-ray sources, space science, and plasma and superconductor physics. Accurate computations of the absorption and scattering intensity by structured interfaces in short wavelength ranges, i.e. realistic gratings, zone plates and mirrors, including multilayer-coated, are not widely explored by the existing methods and codes, due to some limitations connected, primarily, with solving difficult problems at very small wavelength-to-period (or to correlation length) ratios and accounting for random roughness statistics. In this work, absorption integrals and scattering factors are derived from a rigorous solution of the vector Helmholtz equations based on the boundary integral equations and the Monte Carlo method. Then, using explicit formulae (in quadratures), the author finds the absorption and scattering intensity of one- and bi-periodic gratings and mirrors, which may have random roughnesses. Examples of space and spectral power distributions for gratings and mirrors working in X-rays are compared with those derived using the usual indirect approach and well known approximations.

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16

Sun, Lu, Yong Zhang, Yu He, Hongwei Wang, and Yikai Su. "Subwavelength structured silicon waveguides and photonic devices." Nanophotonics 9, no. 6 (May 1, 2020): 1321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0070.

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AbstractSubwavelength structures such as subwavelength gratings (SWGs) and subwavelength metamaterials are capable of tailoring the optical properties of materials and controlling the flow of light at the nanoscale. The effective indices of the subwavelength structured strip and slab waveguides can be changed in a wide range by choosing an appropriate duty cycle or a filling factor of silicon, which provides an effective method to manipulate the optical field and achieve effective index matching for functional devices. Recent advances in nanofabrication techniques have made it possible to implement subwavelength structures in silicon strip and slab waveguides. Here we review various approaches used to design subwavelength structures and achieve exotic optical responses and discuss how these structures can be used to realize high-performance silicon photonic devices. Both one-dimensional SWG devices and two-dimensional subwavelength metamaterial devices are covered in this review, including subwavelength structure–based polarization handling devices, mode manipulation devices, and building blocks for integrated optical interconnects. Perspectives on subwavelength structured silicon photonic devices are also discussed.

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17

Sola, Daniel, Stephan Milles, and Andrés F. Lasagni. "Direct Laser Interference Patterning of Diffraction Gratings in Safrofilcon-A Hydrogel: Fabrication and Hydration Assessment." Polymers 13, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050679.

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Refractive index modification by laser micro-structuration of diffractive optical devices in ophthalmic polymers has recently been applied for refractive correction in the fields of optics and ophthalmology. In this work, Safrofilcon-A hydrogel, used as soft contact lenses, was processed by direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) to fabricate linear periodic patterns on the surface of the samples. Periodic modulation of the surface was attained under two-beam interference by using a Q-switched laser source with emission at 263 nm and 4 ns pulse duration. Features of processed areas were studied as a function of both the interference spatial period and the laser fluence. Optical confocal microscopy used to evaluate the topography of the processed samples showed that both structured height and surface roughness increased with laser fluence. Static water contact angle (WCA) measurements were carried out with deionized water droplets on the structured areas to evaluate the hydration properties of DLIP structures. It was observed that the laser structured areas induced a delay in the hydration process. Finally, microstructural changes induced in the structured areas were assessed by confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy showing that at low laser fluences the polymer structure remained almost unaltered. In addition, Raman spectra of hydrated samples recovered the original shape of areas structured at low laser fluence.

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18

He, Xin, Jinliang Jie, Junbo Yang, Yunxin Han, and Sen Zhang. "Using fine-structured gratings to implement mid-infrared dual-band absorbers." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 91, no. 2 (August 2020): 20501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2020200087.

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A dual narrowband absorber operating at mid-infrared (mid-IR) frequencies was numerically investigated. The structure consists of a fine-structured silicon grating on a gold film. Each unit cell of the fine-structured silicon grating is composed of two different silicon bars. When illuminated by a transverse-magnetic (TM) polarized plane wave, the absorber will create two absorption bands. At normal incidence, the two absorption bands have respective peak wavelengths of ∼3.864 µm and ∼3.994 µm, and respective bandwidths of ∼28 nm and ∼36 nm. The level of absorption can be higher than 0.998. It is shown that the two absorption bands are related to different silicon bars in each unit cell. Moreover, the physical origin of the two absorption bands is attributed to the different surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) modes excited in the absorber.

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19

Babbitt, Wm Randall, and Thomas W. Mossberg. "Optical waveform processing and routing with structured surface gratings." Optics Communications 148, no. 1-3 (March 1998): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(97)00610-x.

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20

Cusano, A., A. Iadicicco, D. Paladino, S. Campopiano, A. Cutolo, and M. Giordano. "Micro-structured fiber Bragg gratings. Part I: Spectral characteristics." Optical Fiber Technology 13, no. 4 (October 2007): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2006.10.009.

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21

Gatti, D., T. T. Fernandez, S. Longhi, and P. Laporta. "Temporal differentiators based on highly-structured fibre Bragg gratings." Electronics Letters 46, no. 13 (2010): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2010.3569.

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22

Ni, Mingli, Guannan Chen, Hongwei Sun, Haiyan Peng, Zhifang Yang, Yonggui Liao, Yunsheng Ye, Yingkui Yang, and Xiaolin Xie. "Well-structured holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals by employing acrylamide and doping ZnS nanoparticles." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 1, no. 2 (2017): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6qm00003g.

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23

Boland, Miguel A., Edward A. K. Cohen, Seth R. Flaxman, and Mark A. A. Neil. "Improving axial resolution in Structured Illumination Microscopy using deep learning." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2199 (April 26, 2021): 20200298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0298.

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Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) is a widespread methodology to image live and fixed biological structures smaller than the diffraction limits of conventional optical microscopy. Using recent advances in image up-scaling through deep learning models, we demonstrate a method to reconstruct 3D SIM image stacks with twice the axial resolution attainable through conventional SIM reconstructions. We further demonstrate our method is robust to noise and evaluate it against two-point cases and axial gratings. Finally, we discuss potential adaptions of the method to further improve resolution. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (part 1)’.

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24

Kempa, Thomas J., D. Kwabena Bediako, Sun-Kyung Kim, Hong-Gyu Park, and Daniel G. Nocera. "High-throughput patterning of photonic structures with tunable periodicity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 17 (April 13, 2015): 5309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504280112.

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A patterning method termed “RIPPLE” (reactive interface patterning promoted by lithographic electrochemistry) is applied to the fabrication of arrays of dielectric and metallic optical elements. This method uses cyclic voltammetry to impart patterns onto the working electrode of a standard three-electrode electrochemical setup. Using this technique and a template stripping process, periodic arrays of Ag circular Bragg gratings are patterned in a high-throughput fashion over large substrate areas. By varying the scan rate of the cyclically applied voltage ramps, the periodicity of the gratings can be tuned in situ over micrometer and submicrometer length scales. Characterization of the periodic arrays of periodic gratings identified point-like and annular scattering modes at different planes above the structured surface. Facile, reliable, and rapid patterning techniques like RIPPLE may enable the high-throughput and low-cost fabrication of photonic elements and metasurfaces for energy conversion and sensing applications.

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25

Iadicicco, A., S. Campopiano, D. Paladino, A. Cutolo, and A. Cusano. "Micro-structured fiber Bragg gratings: optimization of the fabrication process." Optics Express 15, no. 23 (2007): 15011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.015011.

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26

Chen Peng, 陈鹏, 王荣 Wang Rong, 蒲涛 Pu Tao, 朱英勋 Zhu Yingxun, 卢麟 Lu Lin, 郑吉林 Zheng Jilin, and 杨庆 Yang Qing. "Double Band En/Decoder Based on Super Structured Fiber Bragg Gratings." Chinese Journal of Lasers 36, no. 5 (2009): 1124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl20093605.1124.

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27

Fadakar Masouleh, Farzaneh, Narottam Das, and Seyed Rozati. "Nano-Structured Gratings for Improved Light Absorption Efficiency in Solar Cells." Energies 9, no. 9 (September 19, 2016): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en9090756.

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Cusano, A., A. Iadicicco, D. Paladino, S. Campopiano, A. Cutolo, and M. Giordano. "Micro-structured fiber Bragg gratings. Part II: Towards advanced photonic devices." Optical Fiber Technology 13, no. 4 (October 2007): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2006.10.010.

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29

He, Xin, Jinliang Jie, Junbo Yang, Ying Chen, Yunxin Han, and Sen Zhang. "Suppressing the unwanted resonance mode in a metal-insulator-metal structure using fine-structured gratings." Optics Express 27, no. 11 (May 13, 2019): 15298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.015298.

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30

ZHANG, GUOQUAN, FANG BO, FENG GAO, RONG DONG, YANFEI TU, and JINGJUN XU. "SLOW AND FAST LIGHTS WITH MOVING AND STATIONARY REFRACTIVE INDEX GRATINGS IN SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 05 (February 20, 2008): 447–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208038788.

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We reviewed the recent progress on slow and fast lights in solids at room temperature based on moving and stationary refractive index gratings. A dispersive photorefractive phase coupling associated with moving gratings results in slow and fast lights. In principle, such phase-coupling-induced slow and fast lights can be observed in any nonlinear wave mixing process with a dispersive phase coupling effect. The slow and fast lights in the stationary gratings are also discussed. One advantage of the stationary gratings is the possibility to engineer the dispersion slope of the grating through designing the grating structure and parameters. As an example, we show that the dispersion slope of the gratings is enhanced significantly by stratifying a series of identical volume index gratings with homogeneous optical buffer layers sandwiched between every two neighboring grating layers. The slow and fast lights, therefore, can be controlled more effectively in such specifically designed grating structures than in the homogeneous gratings. Another advantage is the high transparency of the slow and fast lights with appropriate grating structure and parameters. Issues such as the pulse broadening effect and the pulse distortion are addressed. The slow and fast light techniques have many important potential applications such as optical delay lines and optical buffers.

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31

Shimizu, Yuki, Woo Jae Kim, So Ito, and Wei Gao. "Form Error Characterization of Reflective-Type Gratings." Key Engineering Materials 523-524 (November 2012): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.523-524.859.

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A form error characterization of a reflective-type scale grating, which is used in three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) encoders for position measurement of a planar motion stage, is presented. The scale grating has a micro-structured surface, the pitch of which is 1 µm in both X- and Y- direction. The periodic pattern on the scale grating generates diffracted beams when a laser beam incidents to the grating surface. The ±1st order diffracted beams from the grating contain information about the stage motions of not only X- or Y- directional in-plane displacement but also Z-directional out-of-plane displacement, and are therefore able to be utilized for multi-axis position detection. Accuracies of the position detection are mainly determined by a period deviation and a Z-directional out-of-flatness of the scale grating. The form error characterization of the grating is possible by using Fizeau interferometer, although the form error of a reference mirror in the Fizeau interferometer still remains as a measurement error in the form of the measured scale grating. In this paper, a new method was proposed to evaluate the form error characterization of the scale grating for the 3-DOF encoder, while eliminating the form error of the reference mirror in the Fizeau interferometer.

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32

Tian, Zhenhua, Lingyu Yu, Xiaoyi Sun, and Bin Lin. "Damage localization with fiber Bragg grating Lamb wave sensing through adaptive phased array imaging." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 1 (February 19, 2018): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718755572.

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Fiber Bragg gratings are known being immune to electromagnetic interference and emerging as Lamb wave sensors for structural health monitoring of plate-like structures. However, their application for damage localization in large areas has been limited by their direction-dependent sensor factor. This article addresses such a challenge and presents a robust damage localization method for fiber Bragg grating Lamb wave sensing through the implementation of adaptive phased array algorithms. A compact linear fiber Bragg grating phased array is configured by uniformly distributing the fiber Bragg grating sensors along a straight line and axially in parallel to each other. The Lamb wave imaging is then performed by phased array algorithms without weighting factors (conventional delay-and-sum) and with adaptive weighting factors (minimum variance). The properties of both imaging algorithms, as well as the effects of fiber Bragg grating’s direction-dependent sensor factor, are characterized, analyzed, and compared in details. The results show that this compact fiber Bragg grating array can precisely locate damage in plates, while the comparisons show that the minimum variance method has a better imaging resolution than that of the delay-and-sum method and is barely affected by fiber Bragg grating’s direction-dependent sensor factor. Laboratory tests are also performed with a four–fiber Bragg grating array to detect simulated defects at different directions. Both delay-and-sum and minimum variance methods can successfully locate defects at different positions, and their results are consistent with analytical predictions.

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33

Kazanskiy, N. L., and P. G. Serafimovich. "Cloud Computing for Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis." Advances in Optical Technologies 2012 (July 2, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/398341.

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Design and analysis of complex nanophotonic and nanoelectronic structures require significant computing resources. Cloud computing infrastructure allows distributed parallel applications to achieve greater scalability and fault tolerance. The problems of effective use of high-performance computing systems for modeling and simulation of subwavelength diffraction gratings are considered. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) is adapted to cloud computing environment. In order to accomplish this, data flow of the RCWA is analyzed and CPU-intensive operations are converted to data-intensive operations. The generated data sets are structured in accordance with the requirements of MapReduce technology.

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34

Peterhänsel, Sandy, Maria Laura Gödecke, Valeriano Ferreras Paz, Karsten Frenner, and Wolfgang Osten. "Detection of overlay error in double patterning gratings using phase-structured illumination." Optics Express 23, no. 19 (September 8, 2015): 24246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.024246.

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Heinzmann, U. "X-ray gratings and projection lithography by means of laterally structured multilayers." Journal de Physique III 4, no. 9 (September 1994): 1625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp3:1994229.

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36

Kuittinen, Markku, Jari Turunen, and Pasi Vahimaa. "Rigorous analysis and optimization of subwavelength-structured binary dielectric beam deflector gratings." Journal of Modern Optics 45, no. 1 (January 1998): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500349808231675.

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KUITTINEN, JARI TURUNEN PASI VAHIMA, MARKKU. "Rigorous analysis and optimization of subwavelength-structured binary dielectric beam deflector gratings." Journal of Modern Optics 45, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095003498152211.

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38

Paladino, Domenico, Agostino Iadicicco, Stefania Campopiano, and Andrea Cusano. "Not-lithographic fabrication of micro-structured fiber Bragg gratings evanescent wave sensors." Optics Express 17, no. 2 (January 15, 2009): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.001042.

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39

Butt, Muhammad Ali. "Numerical investigation of a small footprint plasmonic Bragg grating structure with a high extinction ratio." Photonics Letters of Poland 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i3.1042.

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In this paper, miniaturized design of a plasmonic Bragg grating filter is investigated via the finite element method (FEM). The filter is based on a plasmonic metal-insulator-metal waveguide deposited on a quartz substrate. The corrugated Bragg grating designed for near-infrared wavelength range is structured on both sides of the waveguide. The spectral characteristics of the filter are studied by varying the geometric parameters of the filter design. As a result, the maximum ER and bandwidth of 36.2 dB and 173 nm is obtained at λBragg=976 nm with a filter footprint of as small as 1.0 x 8.75 µm2, respectively. The ER and bandwidth can be further improved by increasing the number of grating periods and the strength of the grating, respectively. Moreover, the Bragg grating structure is quite receptive to the refractive index of the medium. These features allow the employment of materials such as polymers in the metal-insulator-metal waveguide which can be externally tuned or it can be used for refractive index sensing applications. The sensitivity of the proposed Bragg grating structure can offer a sensitivity of 950 nm/RIU. We believe that the study presented in this paper provides a guideline for the realization of small footprint plasmonic Bragg grating structures which can be employed in filter and refractive index sensing applications. Full Text: PDF ReferencesJ. W. Field et al., "Miniaturised, Planar, Integrated Bragg Grating Spectrometer", 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe and European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC), Munich, Germany, 2019, CrossRef L. Cheng, S. Mao, Z. Li, Y. Han, H.Y. Fu, "Grating Couplers on Silicon Photonics: Design Principles, Emerging Trends and Practical Issues", Micromachines, 11, 666 (2020). CrossRef J. Missinne, N. T. Beneitez, M-A. Mattelin, A. Lamberti, G. Luyckx, W. V. Paepegem, G. V. Steenberge, "Bragg-Grating-Based Photonic Strain and Temperature Sensor Foils Realized Using Imprinting and Operating at Very Near Infrared Wavelengths", Sensors, 18, 2717 (2018). CrossRef M. A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "Numerical analysis of a miniaturized design of a Fabry–Perot resonator based on silicon strip and slot waveguides for bio-sensing applications", Journal of Modern Optics, 66, 1172-1178 (2019). CrossRef H. Qiu, J. Jiang, P. Yu, T. Dai, J. Yang, H. Yu, X. Jiang, "Silicon band-rejection and band-pass filter based on asymmetric Bragg sidewall gratings in a multimode waveguide", Optics Letters, 41, 2450 (2016). CrossRef M. A. Butt, S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy, "Optical elements based on silicon photonics", Computer Optics, 43, 1079-1083 (2019). CrossRef N. L. Kazanskiy, S.N. Khonina, M.A. Butt, "Plasmonic sensors based on Metal-insulator-metal waveguides for refractive index sensing applications: A brief review", Physica E, 117, 113798 (2020). CrossRef L. Lu et al, "Mode-Selective Hybrid Plasmonic Bragg Grating Reflector", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 22, 1765-1767 (2012). CrossRef R. Negahdari, E. Rafiee, F. Emami, "Design and simulation of a novel nano-plasmonic split-ring resonator filter", Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 32, 1925-1938 (2018). CrossRef M. Janfaza, M. A. Mansouri-Birjandi, "Tunable plasmonic band-pass filter based on Fabry–Perot graphene nanoribbons", Applied Physics B, 123, 262 (2017). CrossRef C. Wu, G. Song, L. Yu, J.H. Xiao, "Tunable narrow band filter based on a surface plasmon polaritons Bragg grating with a metal–insulator–metal waveguide", Journal of Modern Optics, 60, 1217-1222 (2013). CrossRef J. Zhu, G. Wang, "Sense high refractive index sensitivity with bragg grating and MIM nanocavity", Results in Physics, 15, 102763 (2019). CrossRef Y. Binfeng, H. Guohua, C. Yiping, "Design of a compact and high sensitive refractive index sensor base on metal-insulator-metal plasmonic Bragg grating", Optics Express, 22, 28662-28670 (2014). CrossRef A.D. Simard, Y. Painchaud, S. Larochelle, "Small-footprint integrated Bragg gratings in SOI spiral waveguides", International Quantum Electronics Conference Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe, IEEE, Munich, Germany (2013). CrossRef C. Klitis, G. Cantarella, M. J. Strain, M. Sorel, "High-extinction-ratio TE/TM selective Bragg grating filters on silicon-on-insulator", Optics Letters, 42, 3040 (2017). CrossRef J. Ctyroky et al., "Design of narrowband Bragg spectral filters in subwavelength grating metamaterial waveguides", Optics Express, 26, 179 (2018). CrossRef M.A. Butt, N.L. Kazanskiy, S.N. Khonina, "Hybrid plasmonic waveguide race-track µ-ring resonator: Analysis of dielectric and hybrid mode for refractive index sensing applications", Laser Phys., 30, 016202 (2020). CrossRef M. A. Butt, N.L. Kazanskiy, S.N. Khonina, "Label-free detection of ambient refractive index based on plasmonic Bragg gratings embedded resonator cavity sensor", Journal of Modern Optics, 66, 1920-1925 (2019). CrossRef N. L. Kazanskiy, M.A. Butt, Photonics Letters of Poland, 12, 1-3 (2020). CrossRef Z. Guo, K. Wen, Q. Hu, W. Lai, J. Lin, Y. Fang, "Plasmonic Multichannel Refractive Index Sensor Based on Subwavelength Tangent-Ring Metal–Insulator–Metal Waveguide", Sensors, 18, 1348 (2018). CrossRef

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Wang, Houxiao, Wei Zhou, Er Ping Li, and Rakesh Ganpat Mote. "Butterfly-Inspired 2D Periodic Tapered-Staggered Subwavelength Gratings Designed Based on Finite Difference Time Domain Method." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/740984.

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The butterfly-inspired 2D periodic tapered-staggered subwavelength gratings were developed mainly using finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, assisted by using focused ion beam (FIB) nanoscale machining or fabrication. The periodic subwavelength structures along the ridges of the designed gratings may change the electric field intensity distribution and weaken the surface reflection. The performance of the designed SiO2gratings is similar to that of the corresponding Si gratings (the predicted reflectance can be less than around 5% for the bandwidth ranging from 0.15 μm to 1 μm). Further, the antireflection performance of the designedx-unspaced gratings is better than that of the correspondingx-spaced gratings. Based on the FDTD designs and simulated results, the butterfly-inspired grating structure was fabricated on the silicon wafer using FIB milling, reporting the possibility to fabricate these FDTD-designed subwavelength grating structures.

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Jalali, Mandana, Hamid Nadgaran, and Daniel Erni. "Semiperiodic Ultra-Broadband Double-Grating to Improve c-Si Thin-Film Solar Cell’s Optical Absorption, through Numerical Structural Optimization." Crystals 9, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9050264.

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Plasmonic gratings provide effective photon management techniques in thin-film solar cells, capable of extending the optical thickness of the solar cell’s active layer. However, the ultra-broadband nature of such application makes an optimal design of the grating structure quite challenging, since a fully periodic grating operates only in specific spectral ranges. To achieve a more broadband design, semiperiodicity is introduced, which, due to having controllable disorder, is an apt solution in broadband optical applications. In this work, semiperiodic double gratings as a broadband photon management technique are introduced in order to improve the optical absorption of c-Si thin-film solar cells, and optimized through numerical structural optimization. Physical parameters of both front and back gratings are determined taking the spectrally integrated optical absorption as the figure of merit and subsequently a semiperiodic double grating is established through adding defects to the fully periodic structure. It is shown that such semiperiodic structure is capable of enhancing the spectrally integrated optical absorption 88.6 % compared to a reference structure without gratings.

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Wang, J., X. J. Peng, and Chun Wei Yuan. "Periodic Structure of Blaze Grating in Abalone Shell." Key Engineering Materials 288-289 (June 2005): 669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.288-289.669.

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Periodic structures, such as photonic crystals and gratings, offer the ability to control light propagation and produce structural colors (not produced by pigments). Structural colors are quite widespread in nature, such as in opals and some animals. The abalone shells attract much attention due to its fracture resistant. In present work, we report on the microstructure of the surface area in where the iridescence color appears found in abalone shell shows a groove structure of blaze grating. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of its iridescent layer show layers of platelets. The abalone shell has a statistically regular arranged tile structure. This specific tile structure serves as a two-dimensional grating to cause the iridescence phenomenon. Unlike opals, the iridescence color of the abalone shells is not directional due to the two-dimensional arrangement of the reflection grating structure and the convex shape of the tiles.

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43

Bartelt, Hartmut. "Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Sensor Arrays." Advances in Science and Technology 55 (September 2008): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.55.138.

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Fiber Bragg gratings have found widespread application in sensor systems, e. g. for temperature, strain or refractive index measurements. The concept of fiber Bragg gratings allows also in a simple way the realisation of arrays of such sensors. The development of such optical fiber sensor systems often requires special fibers and grating structures which may go beyond more conventional Bragg grating structures in typical communication fibers. Concerning fibers there is, for example., a need of achieving fiber gratings in small diameter fibers and fiber tapers as well as in microstructured fibers. Special fiber grating structures are of interest e.g. in the visible wavelength range, which requires smaller spatial structures compared to more conventional gratings in the near infrared wavelength region. Examples for such modern developments in fiber Bragg grating technology for sensor applications will be presented and discussed.

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Zhu Yingxun, Wang Rong, Pu Tao, Xie Jialin, Chen Peng, and Zheng Jilin. "Orthogonal Quaternary Phase OCDMA En/Decoder Based on Super Structured Fiber Bragg Gratings." Acta Optica Sinica 28, no. 4 (2008): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos20082804.0653.

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45

Wei, Xiaotong, Tao Wei, Hai Xiao, and Y. S. Lin. "Nano-structured Pd-long period fiber gratings integrated optical sensor for hydrogen detection." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 134, no. 2 (September 2008): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.06.018.

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46

Luft, Caroline D. B., Alan Meeson, Andrew E. Welchman, and Zoe Kourtzi. "Decoding the future from past experience: learning shapes predictions in early visual cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 9 (May 2015): 3159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00753.2014.

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Learning the structure of the environment is critical for interpreting the current scene and predicting upcoming events. However, the brain mechanisms that support our ability to translate knowledge about scene statistics to sensory predictions remain largely unknown. Here we provide evidence that learning of temporal regularities shapes representations in early visual cortex that relate to our ability to predict sensory events. We tested the participants' ability to predict the orientation of a test stimulus after exposure to sequences of leftward- or rightward-oriented gratings. Using fMRI decoding, we identified brain patterns related to the observers' visual predictions rather than stimulus-driven activity. Decoding of predicted orientations following structured sequences was enhanced after training, while decoding of cued orientations following exposure to random sequences did not change. These predictive representations appear to be driven by the same large-scale neural populations that encode actual stimulus orientation and to be specific to the learned sequence structure. Thus our findings provide evidence that learning temporal structures supports our ability to predict future events by reactivating selective sensory representations as early as in primary visual cortex.

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Li, Yiming, Xinghua Qu, Fumin Zhang, and Yuanjun Zhang. "Separation method of superimposed gratings in double-projector structured-light vision 3D measurement system." Optics Communications 456 (February 2020): 124676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2019.124676.

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48

Pereira, João S., and Henrique J. A. Silva. "Error probability upper bound for perfect sequences implemented with super‐structured fibre Bragg gratings." IET Signal Processing 8, no. 4 (June 2014): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-spr.2012.0384.

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49

Kaliberda, M. E., L. M. Lytvynenko, and S. A. Pogarsky. "OPERATOR METHOD IN THE PROBLEM OF THE H-POLARIZED WAVE DIFFRACTION BY TWO SEMI-INFINITE GRATINGS PLACED IN THE SAME PLANE." Radio physics and radio astronomy 26, no. 3 (September 14, 2021): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/rpra26.03.239.

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Purpose: Problem of the H-polarized plane wave diffraction by the structure, which consists of two semi-infinite strip gratings, is considered. The gratings are placed in the same plane. The gap between the gratings is arbitrary. The purpose of the paper is to develop the operator method to the structures, which scattered fields have both discrete and continuous spatial spectra. Design/methodology/approach: In the spectral domain, in the domain of the Fourier transform, the scattered field is expressed in terms of the unknown Fourier amplitude. The field reflected by the considered structure is represented as a sum of two fields of currents on the strips of semi-infinite gratings. The operator equations are obtained for the Fourier amplitudes. These equations use the operators of reflection of semi-infinite gratings, which are supposed to be known. The field scattered by a semi-infinite grating can be represented as a sum of plane and cylindrical waves. The reflection operator of a semi-infinite grating has singularities at the points, which correspond to the propagation constants of plane waves. Consequently, the unknown Fourier amplitudes of the fi eld scattered by the considered structure also have singularities. To eliminate these latter, the regularization procedure has been carried out. As a result of this procedure, the operator equations are reduced to the system of integral equations containing the integrals, which should be understood as the Cauchy principal value and Hadamar finite part integrals. The discretization has been carried out. As a result, the system of linear equations is obtained, which is solved with the use of the iterative procedure. Findings: The operator equations with respect to the Fourier amplitudes of the field scattered by the structure, which consists of two semi-infinite gratings, are obtained. The computational investigation of convergence has been made. The near and far scattered fields are investigated for different values of the grating parameters. Conclusions: The effective algorithm to study the fields scattered by the strip grating, which has both discrete and continuous spatial spectra, is proposed. The developed approach can be an effective instrument in solving a series of problems of antennas and microwave electronics. Key words: semi-infinite grating, operator method, singular integral, hypersingular integral, regularization procedure

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Zhang, Yun Dong, Jin Li, Han Yang Li, and Ping Yuan. "The Optical Response of Trapezoidal Comb-Like Nanostructures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 2816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.2816.

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Metal nanostructures can be used to control light transmission on the nanometer scale. In this paper, we propose a ladder-type comb-like metal nano-grating structure, based on optical filtering properties of the comb-like nanostructures and surface plasmon resonance effect of the metal nano-structures. The comb part of the structure is the silver nano-grating with the width of 20nm and a depth difference of 5nm between the adjacent gratings. We use the 532nm CW laser as the incident light source to study the reflective properties of the P polarized light and calculate the reflected power spectrum of the structure in three different parameters, which are the silver nano-grating, the silver-air nano-grating (silver grating are separated by air) and silver-SiO2 nano-grating. The experimental results show that the light wave oscillation modes are closely related to the comb-like structure parameters (including the depth and width) on the power spectrum. Meanwhile, we also draw conclusions that different intervention media does not change the position of the light wave oscillation modes, but only a significant effect on the reflection intensity of the different modes. Furthermore, we also noted that the depth of silver nano-gratings can affect the position of the resonance peak. As the waveguide depth of the silver nano-gratings increasing, the spacing of different modes’ oscillation peak is becoming larger. Based on the finding, we can modulate the light wave oscillation modes in a very wide spectral range. The results of this paper will promote the development of the optical filter, light wave mode selection and random laser excitation.

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