Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Structures cérébrales'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Structures cérébrales.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Peiffer, Elsa. "Implications des structures cérébrales profondes dans les apprentissages procéduraux." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO1T267.
Full textPitiot, Alain. "Segmentation Automatique des Structures Cérébrales s'appuyant sur des Connaissances Explicites." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001346.
Full textCaldairou, Benoît. "Contributions à la segmentation des structures cérébrales en IRM foetale." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00747860.
Full textLachmann, Frédéric. "Méthodes d'analyse d'images médicales pour la reconnaissance de structures cérébrales." Tours, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOUR3301.
Full textPitiot, Alain. "Segmentation automatique des structures cérébrales s'appuyant sur des connaissances cxplicites." Paris, ENMP, 2003. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001346.
Full textWe propose in this thesis an automated segmentation and registration system for medical images. We have focused on devisinga methodology where maximum use is made of the available a priori medical expertise. We approach the issue of boundary finding as a process of fitting a group of deformable templates to the contours of the target structures. Those templates evolve in parallel under the supervision of a series of rules derived from the analysis of both the template's dynamics and medical experience. We subject the templates to a variety of constraints also designed based on prior medical knowledge about the textural and shape properties of the target structures. Textural information is extracted by a non-linear classifier in the form of a 2-stage neural network whose hybrid architecture and dynamic learning phase help produce a better classification map. An original learning approach to the dense matching of n-D objects enables the introduction of prior knowledge in the computation of shape models for the target structures. We also introduce a novel shape descriptor, the observed transport descriptor, whose noise robustness and enhanced discriminating power make it a good candidate for our matching strategy. Finally, a more faithful model of the transformations induced by histological processes, the piecewise affine approach, allows the design of a biomedical registration algorithm better suited to the reconstruction of 3-D histological volumes, a first step towards hybrid combined MRI/histology atlases
Dufour, Alice. "Segmentation et modélisation des structures vasculaires cérébrales en imagerie médicale 3D." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAD050/document.
Full textAngiographie images are useful data for several tasks, e.g., diagnosis, pathology follow-up or surgery planning. However, due to low SNR (noise,artifacts), and complex semantic content (sparseness), angiographie image analysis is a time consurning and error prone task. These consideration have motivated the development of numerous vesse! filtering, segmentation, or modeling techinques.This thesis is organized around two research areas : the segmentation anù the moùeling. Segmentation of cerebral vascular networks from 3D angiographie data remains a challenge. Automation generally induces a high computational cost and possible errors, white interactive methods are hard to use due to the dimension and the complexity of images. This thesis presents a compromise between both approaches by using the concept of example-based segmentation. This strategy, which uses component-trees in a non-standard fashion, leads to promising results, when applied on cerebral MR angiographie data. The generation of cerebrovascular atlases remains a complex and infrequently considered issue. The existing approaches rely on information exclusively related to the vessels. This thesis investigate a new way, consisting of using both vascular and morphological information (i.e. Cerebral structures) to improve the accuracy and relevance of the obtaines vascular atlases. Experiments emphasize improvments in the main steps of the atlas generation process impacted by the use of the morphological information. An example of cerebrovascular atlas obtained from a dataset of MRAs acquired form different acquisition devices has been provided
Sarron, Jean-Claude. "Comportement mécanique des structures cérébrales sous hypergravité : modélisation par la méthode des éléments finis." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120024.
Full textLe, Goualher Georges. "Modélisation de structures anatomiques cérébrales pour l'aide à l'interprétation d'images médicales et à la fusion des données." Rennes 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REN10010.
Full textMartin, André. "Structures cérébrales et unité fonctionnelle de la conscience : la conscience à la lumière des découvertes scientifiques récentes." Montpellier 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON30035.
Full textPerrin, Gaëlle. "Le comportement maternel et la reconnaissance du jeune chez les ovins : structures cérébrales et processus mnésiques impliqués." Tours, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOUR4011.
Full textThe aim of this work is to investigate the brain sites involved in the onset and the maintenance of maternal behaviour as well as in selectivity, and to characterize the memory processes involved in offspring recognition (consolidation and reconsolidation). We showed the involvement of the MPOA and to a lesser extent of the BNST in maternal responsiveness, and the involvement of the cortical and the medial nuclei of the amygdala in recognition of the familiar lamb. We also showed the existence of a protein synthesis dependent process of reconsolidation of the lamb’s characteristics, but not of a protein synthesis dependent process of consolidation. Overall, these results indicate that maternal responsiveness and selectivity are controlled by distinct neural networks and that a social memory can undergo a reconsolidation process
Scherrer, Benoit. "Segmentation des tissus et structures sur les IRM cérébrales : agents markoviens locaux et coopératifs et formulation bayésienne." Grenoble INPG, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00361317.
Full textAccurate magnetic resonance brain scan segmentation is critical in a number of clinical and neuroscience applications. This task is challenging due to artifacts, low contrast between tissues and inter-individual variability that inhibit the introduction of a priori knowledge. In this thesis, we propose a new MR brain scan segmentation approach. Unique features of this approach include (1) the coupling of tissue segmentation, structure segmentation and prior knowledge construction, and (2) the consideration of local image properties. Locality is modeled through a multi-agent framework: agents are distributed into the volume and perform a local Markovian segmentation. As an initial approach (LOCUS, Local Cooperative Unified Segmentation), intuitive cooperation and coupling mechanisms are proposed to ensure the consistency of local models. Structures are segmented via the introduction of spatial localization constraints based on fuzzy spatial relations between structures. In a second approach, (LOCUS-B, LOCUS in a Bayesian framework) we consider the introduction of a statistical atlas to describe structures. The problem is reformulated in a Bayesian framework, allowing a statistical formalization of coupling and cooperation. Tissue segmentation, local model regularization, structure segmentation and local affine atlas registration are then coupled in an EM framework and mutually improve. The evaluation on simulated and real images shows good results, and in particular, a robustness to non-uniformity and noise with low computational cost. Local distributed and cooperative MRF models then appear as a powerful and promising approach for medical image segmentation
Lescaudron, Laurent. "Effets neuroanatomiques de l'alcoolisation chronique au niveau de structures cérébrales impliquées dans la mémoire : étude d'un modèle animal." Bordeaux 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR20203.
Full textKhotanlou, Hassan. "Segmentation 3D de tumeurs et de structures internes du cerveau en IRM." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003662.
Full textFouquier, Geoffroy. "Optimisation de séquences de segmentation combinant modèle structurel et focalisation de l'attention visuelle : application à la reconnaissance de structures cérébrales dans des images 3D." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00006074.
Full textAnsari, Asl Karim. "Mesure de couplage statistique entre signaux EEG : application à l'évaluation quantitative des relations fonctionnelles entre structures cérébrales en épilepsie." Rennes 1, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130596.
Full textBlouin, Jean-Sébastien. "La gestion intentionnelle ou réactive de mouvements simples synchronisés, étude en tomographie par émission de positrons des structures cérébrales impliquées." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60702.pdf.
Full textHoueto, Jean-Luc. "Rôle du dysfonctionnement des noyaux gris centraux dans la genèse des troubles du comportement : à propos de la stimulation des structures cérébrales profondes dans diverses affections neuropsychiatriques." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066147.
Full textLin, Xiangbo. "Knowledge-based image segmentation using deformable registration: application to brain MRI images." Reims, 2009. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00001121.pdf.
Full textThe research goal of this thesis is a contribution to the intra-modality inter-subject non-rigid medical image registration and the segmentation of 3D brain MRI images in normal case. The well-known Demons non-rigid algorithm is studied, where the image intensities are used as matching features. A new force computation equation is proposed to solve the mismatch problem in some regions. The efficiency is shown through numerous evaluations on simulated and real data. For intensity based inter-subject registration, normalizing the image intensities is important for satisfying the intensity correspondence requirements. A non-rigid registration method combining both intensity and spatial normalizations is proposed. Topology constraints are introduced in the deformable model to preserve an expected property in homeomorphic targets registration. The solution comes from the correction of displacement points with negative Jacobian determinants. Based on the registration, a segmentation method of the internal brain structures is studied. The basic principle is represented by ontology of prior shape knowledge of target internal structure. The shapes are represented by a unified distance map computed from the atlas and the deformed atlas, and then integrated into the similarity metric of the cost function. A balance parameter is used to adjust the contributions of the intensity and shape measures. The influence of different parameters of the method and comparisons with other registration methods were performed. Very good results are obtained on the segmentation of different internal structures of the brain such as central nuclei and hippocampus
Petit-Demoulière, Benoit. "Caractérisation des facteurs spatiaux-temporels et des structures cérébrales impliqués dans la tolérance aux benzodiazépines et dans la mémoire aversive, observées lors du test-retest des quatre plaques chez la souris." Nantes, 2007. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=3c881546-94c8-4ecc-8bae-ac363cf99af4.
Full textThis thesis aimed at discovering factors and cerebral structures implicated in the modification of the behaviour of mice, during re-exposure to a four-plate test. Aversive memory and one-trial tolerance (OTT) are observed during this retest. Aversive memory consists in a diminution of the number of accepted punished passages. « One-trial tolerance » is the abolishment of the anxiolytic-like effect of a drug in experimented mice. Diazepam, a usual benzodiazepine affected by OTT, is used in parallel with DOI, a 5-HT2A/2C agonist that keeps its anxiolytic-like activity during retest, in order to study this phenomenon. In the first study, spatial knowledge of the apparatus was found to be responsible of the OTT during retest. The aversive memory was linked also to punishments. The second study showed that 30 seconds of pretest were sufficient to observe OTT and aversive memory during retest. Moreover, aversive memory is effective immediately after the pretest. In the next study, local injections of DOI and of diazepam revealed that hippocampus was activated by DOI. Diazepam was active when injected into lateral nuclei of amygdala in naive mice, and into periaqueductal gray matter in experimented mice. A neuro-chemical study with HPLC revealed that serotonergic system was affected by the pretest in hippocampus and cortex. Dopaminergic system was modified in hypothalamus of experimented mice. To sum up, these results suggest that aversive memory and OTT seem triggered via different mechanisms, supported by different structures
Le, Guen Yann. "Etude en imagerie-génétique des asymétries des structures du lobe temporal : association de leurs caractéristiques propres à l'homme avec des données génétiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS268/document.
Full textThe asymmetrical structure of the temporal lobe has already been demonstrated. These structural asymmetries are often assumed to contribute to the human language lateralization. One noticeable asymmetry is the one of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) depth observed from birth in humans, but not in chimpanzee. In this thesis, we were interested in the genetic roots underlying this asymmetry. To this aim, we used automated extraction method of asymmetrical structures such as the sulcal roots or transverse gyri (so called plis de passage, PPs). First, we reproduced the STS rightward depth asymmetry in two large cohorts (HCP and UK Biobank) and we demonstrated that the left STS is more often interrupted by a PP than its counterpart. Second, the heritability estimates of depth and convexity of sulcal roots in the STS and the presence of PP are higher in the left hemisphere. This suggests asymmetric genetic cues contributing to the formation of these asymmetrical structures in the temporal lobe. In addition, we have shown that the functional activations in the angular gyrus have a significant shared genetic variance with the human cognitive performance. Finally, we have identified a cis-regulating region of the KCNK2, as being significantly associated with the width and cortical thickness of the brain sulci, which are features of brain ageing
Vallée, Alexandre. "Molecular thermodynamic aspects of dissipative structures in oncology, inflammatory and degenerative processes of Central Nervous System diseases." Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT1409.
Full textEnergy metabolism is the primary determinant of cellular viability. Diseases are the sites of numerous metabolic and energetic production abnormalities. Indeed, the altered cells are derived from exergonic processes and emit heat that flows to the surrounding environment. Many irreversible processes can occur through changing the rate of entropy production. This rate represents a thermodynamic quantity that measures these irreversible processes. Entropy rate is increased by several metabolic and thermodynamics abnormalities in brain tumors, inflammatory processes and neurodegenerative diseases. The research works of this thesis have demonstrated and highlighted the existence of a crosstalk between canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway and PPAR gamma which plays a major role in the reprogramming of cellular energy metabolism between oxidative phosphorylation, aerobic glycolysis and anaerobic glycolysis, of which the equilibrium point of crosstalk between these molecular pathways varies according to tumor, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. These diseases are dissipative structures, that exchange energy or matter with their environment. They are open systems, far-from the thermodynamic equilibrium that operate under non-linear regime evolving to non-stationary states. Far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics are notions driven by circadian rhythms. Indeed, circadian rhythms directly participate in regulating the crosstalk of the studied molecular pathways. This crosstalk represents an innovative therapeutic target, and molecular data usable for molecular imaging in both positive and differential diagnosis of these diseases
Provencher, David. "Imagerie de l'activité cérébrale : structure ou signal?" Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10472.
Full textAbstract : Imaging neural activity allows studying normal and pathological function of the human brain, while also being a useful tool for diagnosis and neurosurgery planning. Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are some of the most commonly used functional imaging modalities, both in research and clinic. Many aspects of cerebral structure can however influence the measured signals, so that they do not only reflect neural activity. Taking them into account is therefore of import to correctly interpret results, especially when comparing subjects displaying large differences in brain anatomy. In addition, maturation, aging as well as some pathologies are associated with changes in brain structure. This acts as a confounding factor when analysing longitudinal data or comparing target and control groups. Yet, our understanding of structure-signal relationships remains incomplete and very few studies take them into account. My Ph.D. project consisted in studying the impacts of cerebral structure on EEG and fMRI signals as well as exploring potential solutions to mitigate them. In that regard, I first studied the effect of age-related cortical thinning on event-related desynchronization (ERD) in EEG. Results allowed identifying a negative linear relationship between ERD and cortical thickness, enabling signal correction using regression. I then investigated how the presence of veins in a region impacts the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) response measured in fMRI following visual stimulation. This work showed that local venous density, which strongly varies across regions and subjects, correlates positively with the BOLD response amplitude and delay. Finally, I adapted a data clustering technique to improve the detection of activated cortical regions in fMRI. This method allows eschewing many problematic assumptions used in classical fMRI analyses, reducing the impacts of cerebral structure on results and establishing richer brain activity maps. Globally, this work contributes to further our understanding of structure-signal interactions in EEG and fMRI as well as to develop analysis methods that reduce their impact on data interpretation in terms of neural activity.
Mathieu, Cécile. "Structure et régulation de la glycogène phosphorylase cérébrale." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC159/document.
Full textGlycogen phosphorylase (GP) is the key enzyme for glycogen mobilization in cells. I human, this enzyme is found as three isoforms : liver GP (lGP), muscle GP (mGP) and brain GP (bGP). These three enzymes are allosteric enzymes, regulated by both the binding of allosteric effectors and phosphorylation. However, despite GPs are highly similar, bGP display distinguishing features. In addition, highly reactive cysteine residues are found in the primary sequence of bGP, suggesting that this enzyme might be regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). As a consequence, we investigated the molecular and cellular regulation of the bGP. First, we determined the crystal structure of this enzyme, so far unknown. These data revealed the structural bases of bGP regulation by its allosteric effectors, leading to the activation and the inactivation of the enzyme. We then focused on the regulation of bGP by H2O2, a model of ROS. Using biochemical and cellular approaches, we showed that H2O2 induces the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond in the AMP binding site of the enzyme, avoiding its regulation by the allosteric effectors, without affecting its regulation by phosphorylation. Under oxidative condition, this regulation, unique to the brain form of GP, allows a control of the glycogenolysis through phosphorylation only. Finally, we demonstrated that electrophilic compounds from the environment (pesticides) might divert the redox regulation of bGP, leading to the alteration of glycogen metabolism which could participate to the development of neurodegenerative diseases
Jenatton, Rodolphe. "Normes Parcimonieuses Structurées : Propriétés Statistiques et Algorithmiques avec Applications à l'Imagerie Cérébrale." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00673326.
Full textAït-Ali, Laure Soraya. "Analyse spatio-temporelle pour le suivi de structures évolutives en imagerie cérébrale multi-séquences." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S145.
Full textGallardo, Diez Guillermo Alejandro. "Construction et comparaison de parcellisations structurelles cérébrale par imagerie de diffusion." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4233/document.
Full textUnderstanding how brain connectivity is organized, and how this constrains brain functionality is a key question of neuroscience. The advent of Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) permitted the in vivo estimation of brain axonal connectivity. In this thesis, we leverage these advances in order to: study how the brain connectivity is organized; study the relationship between brain connectivity, anatomy, and function; find correspondences between structurally-defined regions of different subjects, and infer connectivity in the presence of a brain’s pathology. We present three major contributions. Our first contribution is a model for the long-range axonal connectivity, and an efficient technique to divide the brain in regions with homogeneous connectivity. Our parceling technique can create both single-subject and groupwise structural parcellations of the brain. The resulting parcels are in agreement with anatomical, structural and functional parcellations extant in the literature. Our second contribution is a method to find correspondence between structural parcellations of different subjects. Based on Optimal Transport, it performs significantly better than the state-of-the-art ones. Our third contribution is a multi-atlas technique to infer the location of white-matter bundles in patients with a brain pathology. As existent techniques, our approach aggregates spatial information from healthy subjects, our novelty is to weight such information with the diffusion image of the patient. We show that our technique achieves better results than the non-weighted methods
Cuingnet, Rémi. "Contributions à l’apprentissage automatique pour l’analyse d’images cérébrales anatomiques." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112033/document.
Full textBrain image analyses have widely relied on univariate voxel-wise methods. In such analyses, brain images are first spatially registered to a common stereotaxic space, and then mass univariate statistical tests are performed in each voxel to detect significant group differences. However, the sensitivity of theses approaches is limited when the differences involve a combination of different brain structures. Recently, there has been a growing interest in support vector machines methods to overcome the limits of these analyses.This thesis focuses on machine learning methods for population analysis and patient classification in neuroimaging. We first evaluated the performances of different classification strategies for the identification of patients with Alzheimer's disease based on T1-weighted MRI of 509 subjects from the ADNI database. However, these methods do not take full advantage of the spatial distribution of the features. As a consequence, the optimal margin hyperplane is often scattered and lacks spatial coherence, making its anatomical interpretation difficult. Therefore, we introduced a framework to spatially regularize support vector machines for brain image analysis based on Laplacian regularization operators. The proposed framework was then applied to the analysis of stroke and of Alzheimer's disease. The results demonstrated that the proposed classifier generates less-noisy and consequently more interpretable feature maps with no loss of classification performance
Garnier, Aurélie. "Dynamiques neuro-gliales locales et réseaux complexes pour l'étude de la relation entre structure et fonction cérébrales." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066562/document.
Full textA current issue in neuroscience is to elaborate computational models that are able to reproduce experimental data recorded with various imaging methods, and allowing us to study the relationship between structure and function in the human brain. The modeling objectives of this work are two scales and the model analysis need the development of specific theoretical and numerical tools. At the local scale, we propose a new ordinary differential equations model generating neuronal activities. We characterize and classify the behaviors the model can generate, we compare the model outputs to experimental data and we identify the dynamical structures of the neural compartment underlying the generation of pathological patterns. We then extend this approach to a new neuro-glial mass model: a bilateral coupling between the neural compartment and a new one modeling the impact of astrocytes on neurotransmitter concentrations and the feedback of these concentrations on neural activity is developed. We obtain a theoretical characterization of these feedbacks impact on neuronal excitability by formalizing the variation of a bifurcation value as a problem of optimization under constraint. Finally, we propose a network model, which node dynamics are based on the local neuro-glial mass model, embedding a neuronal coupling and a glial one. We numerically observe the differential propagations of information according to each of these coupling types and their cumulated impact, we highlight qualitatively distinct patterns of neural and glial activities of each node, and link the transitions between behaviors with the dynamical structures identified in the local models
Psomiades, Marion. "Altérations cérébrales structurales et fonctionnelles spécifiques des hallucinations auditives résistantes chez les patients atteints de schizophrénie." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1218.
Full textAuditory hallucinations (AH) are present in 70% to 80% of patients with schizophrenia and are resistant to pharmacological treatments in 25% of cases. These symptoms induce significant distress in patients and predict a bad prognosis. In this work we have highlighted cerebral alterations specific to AH in patients suffer from schizophrenia. In a first study, using DTI method, we showed that patients with schizophrenia and AH have an arcuate fasciculus integrity, reflected by the measurement of fractional anisotropy (FA) greater than the one measured in patients with schizophrenia without AH. In a second study, using MRS method, we showed an increase of NAA level measured in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the right hemisphere in patients with schizophrenia and AH compared to the DLPFC in the left hemisphere and compared to patients with schizophrenia and without AH. Moreover, in these two studies we showed an association between AH severity and the arcuate fasciculus integrity in the left hemisphere and an association between AH severity and NAA levels in the right DLPFC. Finally, in our last study, we quantified BDNF levels using ELISA method and showed an association between peripheral BDNF level, a marker of neuronal plasticity, and NAA levels in the right DLPFC, marker of neuronal metabolism, in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. These results show that there is a specific pathophysiology of AH in patients with schizophrenia and highlight the importance of stratifying patients on the basis of their predominant symptoms in future pathophysiological studies of schizophrenia
Quelven, Isabelle. "Pharmacologie intégrée et activité cérébrale des récepteurs NPFF1 et NPFF2." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30201.
Full textCachia, Arnaud. "Modèles statistiques morphométriques et structurels du cortex pour l'étude du développement cérébral." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001246.
Full textNempont, Olivier. "Modèles structurels flous et propagation de contraintes pour la segmentation et la reconnaissance d'objets dans les images : application aux structures normales et pathologiques du cerveau en IRM." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005269.
Full textCosmelli, Diego. "Des montagnes et des vallées : Perception consciente et structure dynamique de l'intégration cérébrale chez l'être humain dans l'expérience de rivalité binoculaire." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EPXX0006.
Full textRedon, Sylvia. "Variations structurales du génome et pathologies humaines : recherche de nouveaux marqueurs génétiques impliqués dans les ischémies cérébrales du sujet jeune." Thesis, Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0006.
Full textThe use of locus-specific array-CGH (Comparative Genomic Hybridization) has allowed us to detect largerearrangements in three pathologies of our laboratory: cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis andhemochromatosis. We successfully observed new pathological CNV (Copy Number Variations) in theCFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator) gene and characterized complex eventsin PRSS1 (Protease Serine 1) and HFE (Hemochromatosis) genes, showing that the use of thistechnique is possible even in regions with high sequence homologies.We also confirmed that hypertension, migraine, tobacco and drugs are high significant risk factors forischemic strokes (IS) in young population (under 40 years) (OR=35, 3.8, 4 and 2.8, respectively). Then,we tried to identify new genetic susceptibility loci using a pangenomic approach. Among the 98 copynumber polymorphisms (CNP) observed, an interstitial NOTCH2 deletion is candidate for a protective rolein IS (OR=0.11 [0.01-0.87] ; p=0.013 before Bonferonni correction). We also observed approximately 400uncommon CNV, two of them being particularly reccurent in patients: a 22q13.31 duplication containingCRELD2 (cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2) and AGL12 (asparagine-linked glycosylation 12, alpha-1, 6-mannosyltransferase) genes (p=0.02) and a Xq28 deletion localised in the 5’ region of the VBP1 (vonHippel-Lindau binding protein 1) gene (p=0.04). We also applied a candidate-gene approach onNOTCH2, ALOX5AP (5-lipoxygenase activating protein) and coagulation genes (Factor II, Factor VLeiden and MTHFR). A significant association was found for the C677T in the MTHFR gene (5,10-methyltetrahydrofolate) and young ischemic strokes (OR=2.39, p=0.02 for TT genotype). In conclusion,this study confirmed the implication of environmental and genetic factors in ischemic strokes before 40years and suggests new genetic risk factors for IS
Flasque, Nicolas. "Detection et representation de structures tubulaires 3d. Application a l'angiographie par resonance magnetique." Caen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CAEN2001.
Full textSuprano, Ilaria. "Étude de la connectivité cérébrale par IRM fonctionnelle et de diffusion dans l’intelligence." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1282.
Full textThe idea that intelligence is embedded not only in specific brain regions, but also in efficient brain networks has grown up. Indeed, human brain organization is believed to rely on complex and dynamic networks in which the communication between cerebral regions guarantees an efficient transfer of information. These recent concepts have led us to explore the neural bases of intelligence using both advanced MRI techniques in combination with graph analysis. On one hand, advanced MRI techniques, such as resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) and diffusion MRI (dMRI) allow the exploration of respectively the functional and the structural brain connectivity while on the other hand, graph theory models allow the characterization of brain networks properties at different scales, thanks to global and local metrics. The aim of this thesis is to characterize the topology of functional and structural brain networks in children and in adults with an intelligence quotient higher (HIQ) than standard levels (SIQ). First, we focused our attention on a children population with different cognitive characteristics. Two HIQ profiles, namely homogeneous (Hom-HIQ) and heterogeneous HIQ (Het-HIQ), have been defined based on clinical observations and Intelligence Quotient (IQ) sub-tests. Using resting-state fMRI techniques, we examined the functional network topology changes, estimating the "hub disruption index", in these two HIQ profiles. We found significant topological differences in the integration and segregation properties of brain networks in HIQ compared to SIQ children, for the whole brain graph, for each hemispheric graph, and for the homotopic connectivity. These brain networks changes resulted to be more pronounced in Het-HIQ subgroup. Finally, we found significant correlations between the graph networks’ changes and the full-scale IQ, as well as some intelligence subscales. These results demonstrated for the first time, that different HIQ profiles are related to a different neural substrate organization. Then, the structural brain network connectivity, measured by dMRI in all HIQ children, were significantly different than in SIQ children. Also, we found strong correlations between the children brain networks density and their intelligence scores. Furthermore, several correlations were found between integration graph metrics suggesting that intelligence performances are probably related to a homogeneous network organization. These findings demonstrated that intelligence neural substrate is based on a strong white matter microarchitecture of the major fiber-bundles and a well-balanced network organization between local and global scales. This children population was finally studied using a memory-word task of fMRI. Significant changes were observed between both HIQ and SIQ groups. This study confirms our hypothesis that both HIQ profiles are characterized by a different brain activity, with stronger evidences in Het-HIQ children. Finally, we investigated both functional and structural connectivity in a population of adults HIQ. We found several correlations between graph metrics and intelligence sub-scores. As well as for the children population, high cognitive abilities of adults seem to be related brain structural and functional networks organization with a decreased modularity. In conclusion, the sensitivity of graph metrics based on advanced MRI techniques, such as rs-fMRI and dMRI, was demonstrated to be very helpful to provide a better characterization of children and adult HIQ, and further, to distinguish different intelligence profiles in children
Gastrein, Philippe. "Courant H et rythmes 0 dans les structures corticales : un exemple du rôle des courants intrinsèques dans l'organisation temporelle de l'activité de réseau." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20665.
Full textDer durch Hyperpolarisation aktivierte, kationische Einwärtsstrom (H-Strom) ist in die zeitliche Organisation neuronaler Aktivität involviert. Wir zeigen, dass der H-Strom die Synchronisation und die Regelmäßigkeit der Theta-Oszillationen im Hippocampus und im Neocortex in vitro verbessert. Er beeinflußt die Theta-Oszillationen durch die Vorgabe einer intrinsischen elektrischen Resonanz, desweiteren durch die Genauigkeit der Aktionspotentialausl ¨osung sowie durch die Kopplung zwischen den postsynaptischen Potentialen und der Aktionspotentialausl¨osung. Die Kinetik des H-Stromes wird durch cAMP moduliert. Wir zeigen, dass die Steigerung der synaptischen Aktivität eine Steigerung der intrazellulären cAMP-Konzentration verursacht, welche die oszillierende Netzwerkaktivität regulieren könnte. Diese Ergebnisse veranschaulichen die Schlüsselrolle eines intrinsischen Stromes wie der IH in der zeitlichen Organisation einer Netzwerkaktivität von Nervenzellen wie die kortikale Theta-Oszillationen. Unsere Studium läßt uns vorschlagen, dass die Modulation der kinetischen Eigenschaften des H-Stromes hierbei wie ein Frequenzstimmer wirken
The hyperpolarisation-activated current (h-current) is involved in the temporal organisation of neuronal activity. We show that h-current enhances synchronisation and regularity of theta oscillations in the hippocampus and in the neocortex in vitro. It locks theta oscillations via intrinsic resonance and enhanced temporal spiking fidelity. Kinetics of h-current is modulated by cAMP. We show that increased synaptic activity evokes an increase in intracellular cAMP concentration which could regulate network activity oscillations. These results illustrate the key role of an intrinsic current in the temporal organisation of neuronal network activity. The modulation of h-current kinetics can act as a frequency tuner
Desfeux, Arnaud. "Stratégies anti-apoptotiques dans les structures corticales au cours du développement : apport des siARNs dans les greffes neuronales et dans l’excitotoxicité." Rouen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ROUES014.
Full textApoptosis plays a crucial role in a number of physiological and pathological processes taking place in the nervous system, such as neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative diseases. The intracellular pathways of apoptosis are numerous, but they are extremely well conserved among different cell types and animal species. In particular, several apoptotic pathways have been found to be dependent on BCL-2 family proteins. Transplantation of neuronal precursor cells into the central nervous system could represent a powerful therapeutic approach against neurodegenerative diseases. Unfortunately, numerous cells die shortly after transplantation, predominantly due to caspase-dependent apoptosis. In the present PhD thesis, we hypothesized that a precise characterization of the apoptotic mechanisms leading to the death of a neuronal precursor would provide molecular tools to control its life/death decision. In particular, the in vivo siRNA strategy would be useful to transiently repress the expression of apoptotic genes and to favour the transplantation and the functional integration of neuronal precursors. Objectives of this project consisted in testing this hypothesis in two models: the immature cerebellar and cerebral cortices. Based on previous results, the mitochondrial pathway appears to play a key role in apoptosis of immature cerebellar granule cells. In a first study, we researched if BAX repression was sufficient i) to block apoptosis of this type of precursors and ii) to favor the survival of cerebellar precursors transplanted in the immature cerebellar cortex. In a first step, we found that C2-ceramide, a pro-apoptotic factor, was capable to induce BAX expression both in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. In vitro, tests using cerebellar precursors demonstrated that the Bax-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) could reduce apoptotic death and caspase-3 cleavage within the first 24 h. In a second step, BrdU-labelled precursors were subjected to transfection procedure with or without siRNA introduction before using for transplantation. Twenty-four hours after, the allografted cells containing siRNA showed significantly reduced level of caspase-3 cleavage and the volume of the implants was almost two fold higher than in the case of empty-transfected precursors. These data evidence an important role of BAX in life/death decision of grafted immature granule cells and suggest that RNA interference strategy may be applicable for maintaining precursor survival within the critical first hours after their transplantation. The continuation of this thesis consisted in determining if the in vivo siRNA strategy would be applied in a pathological context. Based on the thematic of the laboratory, we focused our experiments in the model “excitotoxicity and the developing mice cerebral cortex” which, by some aspects, is representative of brain injuries in human newborns. Hypoxia-ischemia constitutes a serious complication in preterm and newborn infants which can lead to white matter and/or cortical damages. Numerous reports indicated that the massive release of glutamate represents a major process leading to cell death and because of its high permeability towards calcium, the ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor is thought to play an important role in the development of excitotoxic lesions in neonates. Nevertheless, despite numerous evidences in favour of a pivotal role of glutamate in the development of cortical lesions in newborns, deleterious and pro-apoptotic effects of NMDA antagonists have been also described. The objectives of the second study were i) to characterize the effect of MK801, a NMDA antagonist, on cell death in a model of mice neonate cerebral slices and ii) to identify the cell types affected by MK801. We found that, depending of the layers, a same concentration of NMDA exerts both excitotoxic but also anti-apoptotic effects in the cortex of neonate mice. In layer VI, NMDA excitotoxicity is associated with a sustained calcium mobilization in neurons and necrosis. In contrast, in immature layers II-IV, NMDA is anti-apoptotic and this effect is associated with a transient calcium mobilization in neurons. On the contrary, MK801 is a potent activator of caspase-3 in immature layers II-IV and it affects GABAergic interneurons. Apoptotic action of MK801 induces BAX expression, collapse of the mitochondrial potential and activation of caspase-9. In vivo BAX siRNA and a caspase-9 inhibitor abrogate the MK801-induced apoptosis and the formation of pyknotic nuclei. Ketamine, an anaesthetic with NMDA antagonist properties mimics the apoptotic effects of MK801. These data revealed a dual effect of glutamate on survival of immature and mature GABAergic neurons and suggested that ketamine may induce apoptosis of immature GABAergic neurons. In conclusion, the present results obtained in the immature cerebellar cortex indicate that a blockade of apoptosis by using the siRNA strategy favour the survival of grafted precursors. In an excitotoxic environment, the data obtained in the immature cerebral cortex reveal that a same concentration of NMDA exerts opposite effects on life/death decision depending of the cortical layer considered. In addition, MK801, an NMDA antagonist, is a potent pro-apoptotic factor for GABAergic neurons. In perspectives, we planned to transpose the « siGraft » approach from the cerebellar cortex to the immature cerebral cortex in order to characterize the functional integration of transplanted GABAergic neurons in a lesional context
Faget-Agius, Catherine. "Etude des bases neurales structurales et fonctionnelles des troubles cognitifs et de la qualité de vie dans la schizophrénie par imagerie cérébrale multimodale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5050/document.
Full textWe conducted a multimodal neuroimaging approach combining the study of working memory activation with fMRI, the study of microstructural abnormalities associated with impaired QoL using MTI and the study of the functional brain substrate of QoL using SPECT. We aimed to characterize structural and functional neural basis of cognitive impairment and QoL in schizophrenia. We secondarily aimed to test the predictive value of cognitive impairment and QOL for the evolution and functioning in schizophrenia.First, we explored brain activation during a working memory task between patients with short disease duration and patients with long disease duration. We found a functional reorganization in patients with long schizophrenia duration having brain hyperactivations relative to short schizophrenia duration patients. Secondly, we investigated and compared microstructural abnormalities in patients with preserved Qol and impaired QoL. We showed that patients with impaired QoL had more microstructural changes in brain regions affected by the disease process of schizophrenia.Finally, we studied the neural substrate of QoL in schizophrenia. We reported that brain regions involved in cognitions, emotional information processing and social cognition underlie the different QoL dimensions in schizophrenia. On the one hand, our findings suggest that a functional reorganization in the working memory neural network plays a compensatory role in the schizophrenia course. On the other hand, our results suggest that QoL could be the early expression of brain abnormalities induced by the disease process of schizophrenia
Malagurski, Brigitta. "Signatures neurales de l'abolition et de la récupération de conscience à partir du coma." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30039/document.
Full textThe aim of the present thesis was to characterize the functional and structural neural correlates of acute consciousness abolition induced by severe brain injury and identify early neural signatures of long-term neurological recovery. To do so, we studied brain-injured patients, recruited in the acute stage of coma, using resting-state functional and structural MRI. Our findings indicated a global topological brain reorganization in coma patients, reflected in dedifferentiated and less resilient high-order resting-state functional networks, paralleled with a loss of long-range fronto-parietal connections. On a regional level, we found a complex pattern of voxel-wise decrease and increase in functional connection density between the posteromedial cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex, regions previously described to have a critical role in conscious processing. These connection density patterns seemed to permit outcome prediction in patients, assessed three months post-coma. Furthermore, the multi-modal MRI analysis demonstrated a significant association between antero-posterior functional connectivity and structural integrity, providing further insights into the pathological underpinning of conscious processing
Treserras, Sébastien. "Études sur la connectivité cérébrale : aspects méthodologiques et applications au cerveau au repos, à la motricité et à la lecture." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1244/.
Full textThe cerebral connectivity implemented in functional neuroimagery, allows to better understand the relations between cortical areas. Two approaches may be used to study these relations: functional and effective connectivity. The present thesis deals about both theory of these methods and theirs applications to various cognitive situations using fMRI. Functional connectivity was chosen to study modification of cerebral activity during the transition from the resting to an activated state. We showed that two networks (resting state network and motor system network) that were independent during the resting state happened to be connected during a movement readiness state. This result suggests that default-mode network plays a role triggering the cognitive network dedicated to perform the task (motor). Effective connectivity was used to describe influences among brain regions. We applied structural equation modeling (SEM) on two different studies: one focused on motor learning and the other on the reading skill. For the first one, we showed that different learning strategies correspond to different modulation of connexions between solicited areas; for the second one we demonstrated that the linguistic load of presented items wad correlated with the connexion weight between Broca area and the left superior parietal lobule. As well as methodologic aspect, this thesis work confirms the potential of an cerebral connectivity analysis in functional neuroimagery studies
Bollmann, Yannick. "Emergence of functional and structural cortical connectomes through the developmental prism." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/191113_BOLLMANN_844bezee521trbla166eo565zm_TH.pdf.
Full textCortical neurons are generated throughout an extended embryonic period. Recent studies indicate that the cells originating from the earliest stages of neurogenesis are critically involved in coordinating neuronal activity, instructing network maturation throughout large cortical areas. The first part of my work was building and mining brain cell atlases and connectomes. I first characterized the brain-wide structural connectome of early-born glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, fluorescently labeled according to their date of birth (genetic fate-mapping approach). Using light-sheet microscopy on cleared brains, I quantify the distribution of both populations in the whole brain to create an Atlas.The second part of my work was the characterization of GABAergic neurons functional connectome and the characterization of hub cells in the developing barrel cortex in vivo. By using transgenic mice lines expressing the calcium indicator GCaMP6s, we follow the maturation and the functional dynamics of the network during the two first postnatal weeks using two-photon imaging. The characteristically heavy-tailed distribution of functional connections between neurons that we observed, strongly suggest the presence of hub neurons. Using two-photon calcium imaging and holographic-optogenetic stimulation we entangle the necessary and sufficient conditions of how GABAergic neurons contribute to and synchronize network activity as acting as hub neuron in the barrel cortex
Romand-Monnier, Margaux. "Functional and structural brain adaptations to changing and uncertain environments in humans." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7117.
Full textIn a world characterized by stochasticity, volatility and ambiguity, efficiently adapting to the environment uncertainty is absolutely crucial. Such adaptation takes place over a continuum of timescales; from the tens of milliseconds necessary for neurons to modulate firing rates, to the weeks allowing structural brain changes, to the millennia needed for the complex reorganization of the brain anatomy and function like the one observed in primate evolution. In this thesis, we tackle brain adaptations to uncertain and changing environments at two different timescales. First, we investigate the fast and short-term brain functional modulations allowing adaptive decision-making behaviour in response to sudden changes in the environment. In a two-armed bandit task comprising various levels of volatility, we show that a simple inference model assuming stable external contingencies but with computation imprecisions following the psychophysical Weber law, hereafter inference noise model, performs virtually as well as the optimal Bayesian adaptive process inferring the volatility of the environment. We also establish that this inference noise model better accounts for human behavioural performance in changing environments than the optimal Bayesian one. Using model-based fMRI analyses, we show that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activations, previously associated with the volatility inferred from the optimal Bayesian model, rather reflect inference noise. Our results suggest that humans ability to adapt in a changing environment partly stem from Weber-structured inferential noise rather than from complex probabilistic inference of the environment volatility. In the second part of this work, we study how slow and long-lasting brain structural adaptations, also known as brain plasticity, go along with adaptive behaviour in new and uncertain environments at a scale of weeks. To investigate this issue, brain structural MRIs were obtained for a 44-year-old male subject, who left his regular life environment for four one-month expeditions in extremely challenging and harsh environmental conditions. Physical challenges stemmed from trekking in extreme temperatures and degrees of humidity. In addition, the subject faced great emotional and social challenges resulting from social deprivation, as he spent these expeditions in complete social isolation. Comparison of structural images before and after expeditions using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis revealed significant changes of gray matter (GM) density in well-known regions involved in motor functions, perception, higher cognition and social cognition networks. This longitudinal case study findings show that brain structural adaptations go beyond the well-known and characterized plasticity associated with learning, by revealing brain changes in response to environmental demands, rather than task demands. This suggests that brain plasticity can happen when the environment over- or under-solicits specific functions, beyond the repetition of specific tasks. These findings are based on a single subject data, and future research should investigate whether this structural plasticity generalises to the population
Florent, Vincent. "Etude de la communication de l’hypothalamus avec la périphérie chez l’Homme : répercussions sur l’activité métabolique cérébrale et le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique Hypothalamic structural and functional imbalances in anorexia nervosa." Thesis, Lille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUS031.
Full textEating behavior and energy homeostasis depend on the hypothalamic integration of peripheralsignals of different natures, metabolic and hormonal. This continuous dialogue between theperiphery and the brain is essential for maintaining the energy homeostasis and thus allows abalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure. Despite this regulated system,significant variations in weight can occur and there is then an imbalance in the energybalance. The origin of this disorder is complex, multifactorial, with a behavioral componentexplaining the eating disorder. The implication of the hypothalamus in these pathologies islittle studied and in particular its communication with the periphery. In fact, the mechanismsfor hormonal transport through the median eminence, the real gateway to the brain, are faultyin the obese subject. The role of tanycytes in the transport of these signals, like leptin, is nowwell demonstrated. These specialized glial cells form a bridge between the blood vessels andthe central nervous system and control the access of peripheral hormones. However, recentdata show that a transport route within the tanycytes is faulty, which can be the source ofresistance to the passage of these signals, and lead to a possible eating disorder, from anorexiato obesity.During my thesis, I first examined how the activation of certain hypothalamic regionsinvolved in the regulation of food intake in response to hunger evolved in a population ofpatients suffering from restrictive anorexia nervosa or in lean constitutional patients usingmetabolic MRI techniques. We were able to demonstrate that the glutamatergic tonus wasaltered in the anorexic patient even though the activation of glutamatergic neurons in thehypothalamic arcuate nucleus and the lateral hypothalamic area, two regions essential for theregulation of food intake, causes a loss of appetite in mice fed ad libitum. In addition, wewere able to show that the number of nerve fibers passing through the hypothalamic arcuatenucleus was considerably reduced in the anorexic patient, this nucleus being considered as theleader of homeostatic regulation. Conversely, the lateral hypothalamic area contains muchless nerve fibers in thin constitutive and anorexic patients reflecting a character specific to theleanness phenotype. Finally, volume analyzes revealed variations in the hypothalamicultrastructure, variations correlated with the weight of the subjects.Then, mirroring anorexia, we wanted to better understand the phenomenon of hormonalresistance to leptin in the obese subject. For this I designed a study with the aim ofhighlighting both changes in imaging as in anorexia nervosa, but also neuro-hormonal,metabolism, and eating behavior in the obese subject, in the resulting from metformintreatment. This treatment improves the passage of leptin through the tanycytes of the midbasalhypothalamus in an obese mouse model. Recruitment for this second study is underway.All of these data demonstrate for the first time structural and functional anomalies of thehypothalamic ultrastructure in vivo in the anorexic mental patient, with hopefully the futuredemonstration of these anomalies in the obese subject in order to allow a better understandingof the mechanism of leptin resistance in these patients
Wirsich, Jonathan. "EEG-fMRI and dMRI data fusion in healthy subjects and temporal lobe epilepsy : towards a trimodal structure-function network characterization of the human brain." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5040.
Full textThe understanding human brain structure and the function patterns arising from it is a central challenge to better characterize brain network pathologies such as temporal lobe epilepsies, which could help to improve the clinical predictability of epileptic surgery outcome.Brain functioning can be accessed by both electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), while brain structure can be measured with diffusion MRI (dMRI). We use these modalities to measure brain functioning during a face recognition task and in rest in order to link the different modalities in an optimal temporal and spatial manner. We discovered disruption of the network processing famous faces as well a disruption of the structure-function relation during rest in epileptic patients.This work broadened the understanding of epilepsy as a network disease that changes the brain on a large scale not limited to a local epileptic focus. In the future these results could be used to guide clinical intervention during epilepsy surgery but also they provide new approaches to evaluate pharmacological treatment on its functional implications on a whole brain scale
Villemonteix, Thomas. "Hétérogénéité neuropsychologique et corrélats structurels du trouble déficit de l'attention / hyperactivité." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05T014/document.
Full textPrevious models of Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) such as Barkley’s or Brown’s conceptualized ADHD as essentially a developmental impairment of executive function. Against this view, it is now recognized that ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder, involving multiple deficits and multiple neuronal pathways. Despite this current theoretical framework, most structural brain imaging studies in ADHD have compared groups of children with ADHD with typically developing children, without trying to identify subgroups within the diagnostic category. This approach has yielded heterogeneous findings, possibly due to inter-studies variations in the type and number of comorbidities, the percentage of medicated participants included, the number of girls included, and/or methodological and statistical differences. Patients participating in these studies were also often exposed to methylphenidate, and potential medication effects on grey matter volumes are still unclear in certain brain regions such as the frontal lobe, despite a therapeutic action involving the preferential activation of catecholamine neurotransmission within the prefrontal cortex. In this thesis, we used voxel-based morphometry to study the influence of two important risk factors for the development of comorbid conditions in ADHD. The first of these two factors was gender, and the second a genetic polymorphism of the Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene known to put children with ADHD at risk for developing a conduct disorder (Val158Met). We also compared grey matter volumes in children with ADHD exposed to methylphenidate, never-medicated children with ADHD and typically developing children. These experimental studies were part of a more general discussion of ADHD neuropsychological and neurobiological heterogeneity. In our study exploring the influence of gender on the structural correlates of ADHD, we report for the first time a gender-by-diagnosis interaction, with grey matter volume differences in boys and girls with ADHD in midline cortical structures, involved in emotional regulation and part of the default mode network. We propose that these differences may contribute to explain why girls with ADHD more often develop inattentive and internalizing symptoms, whereas externalizing symptoms are predominant in boys with ADHD. In our study investigating the effects of Val158Met in ADHD, we report the first evidence of a COMT-related genetic modulation of ADHD-related grey matter volume alterations. Indeed, children with ADHD at higher risk for developing a conduct disorder (children homozygotes for the Val158 allele) presented increased grey matter volumes in the caudate nucleus when compared with typically developing children, whereas children carrying a Met158 allele presented with decreased grey matter volumes in the right inferior frontal cortex, a region known for its key role in attention. Finally, we measured grey matter volumes in medicated children with ADHD, never-medicated children with ADHD and typically developing children using both whole-brain voxel-based morphometry and automated tracing procedures in chosen regions of interest. We document potential methylphenidate-related grey matter volume normalization and deviation in previously unexplored frontal and temporal regions, and report a positive association between treatment history and grey matter volume in the nucleus accumbens, a key region for reward processing. Our first two experimental studies therefore contribute to a better understanding of the influence of important sources of within-category heterogeneity, while the third helps clarifying the potential confounding effect of medication exposure in previous structural brain imaging studies in ADHD
Allene, Camille. "Structure-fonction des patrons d'activité séquentiels des réseaux corticaux au cours du développement postnatal chez le rongeur." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22120/document.
Full textDeveloping cerebral structures generate spontaneous synchronous neuronal activity patterns which are sequencially express during the first postnatal week in rodent. Does this sequence of activity pattens participate in process of neuronal network maturation ? We follow the dynamic of network activity using biphoton calcium imaging and electrophysiological recordings of targeted neurons. We describe the sequence of activity pattern in developing neocortex the we show that the first activity pattern of this sequence, the SPA, common to hippocampus and neocortex, has specific morpho-physiological properties, different from the ones of the next activity pattern : the GDPs. Moreover, the majority of SPA cells integrate the synaptic network of GDPs in few days. These results bring direct evidences that sequential activity patterns during development participate in the neuronal network maturation
Guyard, Audrey. "Retentissement du handicap de l'enfant sur la vie familiale." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00798912.
Full textLiu, Yan. "In-vivo evaluation of brain structure in preterm neonates at term-equivalent time: contribution of diffusion tensor imaging and probabilistic tractography." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209726.
Full textThe most widely used imaging technique for studying neonatal brain is cranial ultrasound that can be performed at bedside and detects major brain abnormalities (hemorrhage, infarctions, cysts, dilatation of the lateral ventricles). However, it has a poor sensitivity for non-cystic or diffuse white matter abnormalities (WMA), the most common form of white matter injury in preterm infants. In comparison to ultrasound, MR (magnetic resonance) imaging has been reported to be superior in detecting WMA and is considered as an essential modality for imaging the neonatal brain. The standard sequences (e.g. T1-, T2-weighted imaging) are routinely performed for assessing not only brain anatomy, but also for evaluating brain lesions. Nevertheless, ¡§conventional MR imaging¡¨ has been criticized because it is limited in qualitative assessment and it does not provide information on the extent of specific white matter pathways injuries.
Currently, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) enables more detailed exploration of white matter microstructure. Furthermore, DTI is now the best in vivo technique capable of delineating white matter pathways and quantifying microstructural changes not visible on conventional MR imaging. Diffusion tensor tractography allows the reconstruction of the principal white matter fibers. Moreover, it also provides diffusion indices like fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), longitudinal diffusivity (£f//), transverse diffusivity (£f¢r) that help assess the changes in fiber tracts, even before myelination becomes histologically evident.
Structural MR imaging studies performed in neonates are scarce. A number of essential questions are still under debate, concerning the normal white matter structure, as well as premature brain injury. First, left language lateralization and right handedness are complex phenomena incompletely understood and the question rises whether structural lateralization already exist in healthy preterm neonates at term-equivalent age. Second, it is of interest to know whether gender-related structural differences exist in healthy preterm neonates. Finally, in the assessment of preterm brain injury, the relationship between WMA on conventional imaging and altered diffusion indices in fiber tracts is still unclear. Therefore, the aims of the thesis were to investigate the brain structure in a population of preterm neonates at term-equivalent age by DTI and probabilistic tractography.
The first part of this thesis (Study I and Study II) was devoted to the study of white matter structural characteristics in healthy preterm neonates. Previous studies have shown that structural asymmetries in language and motor related fibers are present in adults and in infants (Dubois et al. 2009; Westerhausen et al. 2007). Our hypothesis was that these structural asymmetries are already present in preterm neonates at term-equivalent age. In Study I, DTI and probabilistic tractography were performed and we found volume and microstructural asymmetries in the language related parieto-temporal superior longitudinal fasciculi (SLF), in the motor related corticospinal tract (CST) and in the motor part of the superior thalamic radiation (STR) as well. In Study II, we found that compared to boys, girls have larger relative tract volumes and an advanced maturation in language and motor related fiber tracts.
The second part of this thesis (Study III) investigated whether WMA on conventional MR imaging are related to abnormalities within the fiber tract microstructures. WMA were classified as normal, mild, moderate and severe according to Woodward¡¦s classification (Woodward et al. 2006). Woodward and colleagues studied a large population (167 infants) of preterm infants at term equivalent age with MRI. They demonstrated that WMA were important predictors of neurological outcomes by comparing their results with the neurological outcomes of those infants at corrected age of two. We found that compared to neonates with no abnormalities, infants with mild abnormalities have significantly higher ƒÜ¢r in the right CST, the left anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), the left sensory STR and bilateral motor STR. Those findings might be related to injuries of premyelinating oligodendrocytes resulting in subsequent failure of both development and ensheathment of axons. Considering that those fiber tracts connect important cortical zones, microstructural changes in those fiber tracts might be responsible for the later neurodevelopment deficits in motor and cognitive functions.
We concluded that structural asymmetries and gender differences in motor and language related fibers are present in healthy preterm neonates at term-equivalent age well before the development of speech and hand preference. Structural asymmetries and gender differences have to be considered in neonatal white matter assessment. Finally, altered DTI indices are associated with WMA on conventional MR imaging in preterm neonates. Our results suggest that disrupted premyelination is the major correlate with WMA rather than axonal pathology. Non-invasive DTI and tractography constitute an additional tool for the assessment of white matter injuries, as it could provide more adequate diagnostic information on brain microstructure in preterm neonates at term-equivalent age.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Lo, Van Amanda. "Study of the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and a structured phospholipid containing DHA on physiological and pathological conditions of neurogenesis in vitro." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI005/document.
Full textDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is an essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). It is specifically enriched in the brain and the retina and it is required for visual acuity, proper brain development and cerebral functions. While DHA deficiency in the brain was shown to be linked to the emergence of cerebral diseases (i.e. Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease), studies showed that a dietary intake of omega-3 PUFA could prevent or attenuate neurologic disturbances linked with ageing or neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, it is primary to deliver DHA efficiently to the brain. Targeting the brain with DHA might offer great promise in developing new therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases. The French host laboratory previously synthesized a stabilized form of lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA, which is main vector of DHA transportation to the brain, of structure 1-acetyl,2-docoshexaenoyl-glycerophosphocholine, patented and named AceDoPC®. Injection of AceDoPC or DHA after experimental ischemic stroke showed that both molecules also had neuroprotective effects. These potential neuroprotective effects are expected to be due, in part, to DHA conversion into oxygenated metabolites. This study aims to investigate the beneficial effects of DHA and its derived metabolites either unesterified or esterified within structured phospholipids on a model of neurogenesis in vitro under physiological or pathological conditions. The first objective of this work was then to synthesize the DHA-containing structured phospholipid AceDoPC®, DHA oxygenated derivative protectin DX (PDX) and a novel structured phospholipid of protectin: 1-acetyl,2-protectinDX-glycerophosphocholine (AceDoxyPC). The second objective was to investigate the effects of DHA, AceDoPC and PDX on neurogenesis using an in vitro model of neurogenesis, namely cultures of neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs) derived from the adult mouse brain under physiological or pathological conditions (ischemic conditions). Following this, the third objective of this work was to identify the mechanisms involved in such response to stress induced under pathological conditions. Synthesis of the novel structured phospholipid AceDoxyPC was successfully performed by double enzymatic lipoxygenation of AceDoPC and identification of the product was possible using advanced techniques of liquid chromatography (LC)/electrospray ionization (/ESI)/mass spectrometry (/MS). Future studies on this potential neuroprotective molecule transporter are to be investigated in the near future. Neurogenesis study of cell cultures with AceDoPC showed enhanced neurogenesis compared to addition of unesterified DHA or vehicle control, especially under pathological conditions. Preliminary studies of the potential mechanisms involved in neuroprotection hinted that AceDoPC neuroprotective and regenerative effects might be due in part to its anti-oxidative effects