Journal articles: 'Structures weberite'

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Cai, Lu, and Juan C. Nino. "Complex ceramic structures. I. Weberites." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 65, no. 3 (May 19, 2009): 269–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768109011355.

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The weberite structure (A 2 B 2 X 7) is an anion-deficient fluorite-related superstructure. Compared with fluorites, the reduction in the number of anions leads to a decrease in the coordination number of the B cations (VI coordination) with respect to the A cations (VIII coordination), thus allowing the accommodation of diverse cations. As a result, weberite compounds have a broad range of chemical and physical properties and great technological potential. This article summarizes the structural features of weberite and describes the structure in several different ways. This is the first time that the stacking vector and stacking angle are used to represent the weberite structure. This paper also discusses the crystallographic relationship between weberite, fluorite and pyrochlore (another fluorite-related structure). The cation sublattices of weberite and pyrochlore are correlated by an axial transformation. It has been shown that the different coordination environment of anions is due to the alternating layering of the AB 3 and A 3 B close-packed cation layers. A stability field of weberite oxides is proposed in terms of the ratio of ionic radius of cations and relative bond ionicity. In addition, a selection of weberite compounds with interesting properties is discussed.

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Kummer, S., W. Massa, and D. Babel. "Zur Struktur der Kupfer-Weberite Na2CuCrF7 und Na2CuFeF7 / Concerning the Structures of the Copper Weberites Na2CuCrF7 and Na2CuFeF7." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 43, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 694–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1988-0610.

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AbstractThe crystal structure of the compound Na-CuCrF7 (orthorhombic, a = 710.0, b = 1033.8, c = 751.8 pm, Z = 4) was refined in space group Pmnb to Rg= 0.028 (1545 independent reflections). The Jahn-Teller distortion of the CuF6 -octahedra (Cu-F = 191.1/193.8/212.4 pm. mean 199.1 pm) reduces the symmetry compared to the body-centered orthorhombic weberite type, to which it is otherwise closely related. The CrF6 -octahedra. interconnecting parallel chains of CuF6 -octahedra, are nearly undistorted (mean Cr-F = 190.6 pm). Na2CuFeF7 exhibits a supercell with a different structure (monoclinic, a = 2468.7, b = 734.7, c = 1245.2 pm, β = 99.29°, Z = 16). It may be interpreted as a new intermediate type between orthorhombic and trigonal weberites. Preliminary results obtained from refinement in space group A2/n (Rg = 0.076) are given and discussed (mean values Cu-F = 199 pm, Fe - F = 192 pm).

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Reading, J., C. S. Knee, and M. T. Weller. "Syntheses, structures and properties of some osmates(iv,v) adopting the pyrochlore and weberite structures." Journal of Materials Chemistry 12, no. 8 (June 14, 2002): 2376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b201410f.

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Subramanian, M. A., W. J. Marshall, R. D. Hoffmann, and A. W. Sleight. "Synthesis and Structure of Some MII/MIII Mixed Fluorides with Pyrochlore and Weberite Related Structures." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 61, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2006-0706.

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New NH4MIIMIIIF6 and MIIMIIIF5 ・ 2H2O compounds with the pyrochlore and weberite structures, respectively, are reported. Structures of NH4CoCrF6, AlZnF5 ・ 2H2O, and GaMnF5 ・ 2H2O were refined using X-ray diffraction data from single crystals. The structures of MgIIAlIIIF5 ・H2O and NH4MgIIAlIIIF6 were refined from powder X-ray diffraction data. Magnetic susceptibility data indicates antiferromagnetic ordering in NH4CoIIVIIIF6 at 7 K but no ordering in NH4CoIICrIIIF6 down to 4.2 K. Electrical conductivity presumably due to protons was observed in MgAlF5 ・ (H2O)2.

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WELSCH, M., and D. BABEL. "ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures of Na2CoFeF7 and a Second Modification of Na2CuFeF7: Another Weberite Variant." ChemInform 23, no. 32 (August 21, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199232008.

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Grey, Ian E. "Kagomé networks of octahedrally coordinated metal atoms in minerals: Relating different mineral structures through octahedral tilting." Mineralogical Magazine 84, no. 5 (September 17, 2020): 640–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2020.72.

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AbstractKagomé nets of corner-connected triangles of atoms occur in diverse minerals, from the {111} anion arrays in perovskite-group minerals to natural metallic alloys like auricupride, AuCu3, to the cation layers in atacamite-group minerals. We review here two- and three-dimensional kagomé networks in minerals where the kagomé node atoms are octahedrally coordinated in hexagonal tungsten bronze (HTB) arrays. Octahedral tilting, coupled with capping of the apical anions of the triangular groupings of octahedra in the HTB layers, gives rise to several important mineral groups, including pyrochlores, alunite-supergroup minerals, zirconolite and weberite polytypes and spinel-group minerals, as a function of the magnitude and type of the octahedral tilting.

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Welsch, Matthias, and Dietrich Babel. "Die Kristallstrukturen von Na2CoFeF7 und einer zweiten Modifikation von Na2CuFeF7: Eine weitere Weberit-Variante / The Crystal Structures of Na2CoFeF7 and a Second Modification of Na2CuFeF7: Another Weberite Variant." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 47, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1992-0513.

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The monoclinic weberites Na2CoFeF7 (a = 1262.2(10), b = 736.0(4), c = 2451.6(20) pm, β = 99.71(5)°) and a second modification of Na2CuFeF7 (a = 1244.4(2), b = 734.3(1), c = 2467.2(5) pm, β = 99.27(3)°), crystallize isotypically in space group C 2/c, Ζ = 16. The structure is an intermediate type between orthorhombic and trigonal weberites, characterized by pairs ofparallel chains of octahedra [MF4F2/2]3- (M = Co, Cu) which run in turn along [110] and [110]. The average distances are Fe-F = 192 pm in the [FeF63- octahedra of both compounds. Considerable splitting of distances occurs in the [CoF6- octahedra (av. Co-F = 201 pm), and by Jahn-Teller distortion even more in those of [CuFJ4- (av. Cu-F = 199 pm). One of the copper surroundings is (pseudo)tetragonally elongated (av. 209/194 pm), the other exhibits an unusual splitting into three long and three short bonds (av. 204/193 pm) in meridional positions. Some structural relations are discussed.

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Clark, L., M. Albino, V. Pimenta, J. Lhoste, I. da Silva, C. Payen, J. M. Grenèche, V. Maisonneuve, P. Lightfoot, and M. Leblanc. "Strong magnetic exchange and frustrated ferrimagnetic order in a weberite-type inorganic–organic hybrid fluoride." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2149 (May 27, 2019): 20180224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0224.

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We combine powder neutron diffraction, magnetometry and 57 Fe Mössbauer spectrometry to determine the nuclear and magnetic structures of a strongly interacting weberite-type inorganic–organic hybrid fluoride, Fe 2 F 5 (H taz ). In this structure, Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ cations form magnetically frustrated hexagonal tungsten bronze layers of corner-sharing octahedra. Our powder neutron diffraction data reveal that, unlike its purely inorganic fluoride weberite counterparts which adopt a centrosymmetric Imma structure, the room-temperature nuclear structure of Fe 2 F 5 (H taz ) is best described by a non-centrosymmetric Ima 2 model with refined lattice parameters a = 9.1467(2) Å, b = 9.4641(2) Å and c = 7.4829(2) Å. Magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements reveal that strong antiferromagnetic exchange interactions prevail in Fe 2 F 5 (H taz ) leading to a magnetic ordering transition at T N = 93 K. Analysis of low-temperature powder neutron diffraction data indicates that below T N , the Fe 2+ sublattice is ferromagnetic, with a moment of 4.1(1) µ B per Fe 2+ at 2 K, but that an antiferromagnetic component of 0.6(3) µ B cants the main ferromagnetic component of Fe 3+ , which aligns antiferromagnetically to the Fe 2+ sublattice. The zero-field and in-field Mössbauer spectra give clear evidence of an excess of high-spin Fe 3+ species within the structure and a non-collinear magnetic structure. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mineralomimesis: natural and synthetic frameworks in science and technology’.

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Laligant, Y., G. Ferey, G. Heger, and J. Pannetier. "Ordered Magnetic Frustration. XI. Refinement of the Crystal and Frustrated Magnetic Structures of the Direct Weberite Na2NiCrF7 by Neutron Powder Diffraction." Zeitschrift f�r anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 553, no. 10 (October 1987): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19875531019.

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Laligant, Y., M. Leblanc, J. Pannetier, and G. Ferey. "Ordered magnetic frustration. IV. The two magnetic structures of the inverse weberite Fe2F5(H2O)2: an example of the thermal evolution of the frustration character." Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 19, no. 8 (March 20, 1986): 1081–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/19/8/007.

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Matsumoto, Ushio, Takafumi Ogawa, Satoshi Kitaoka, Hiroki Moriwake, and Isao Tanaka. "First-Principles Study on the Stability of Weberite-Type, Pyrochlore, and Defect-Fluorite Structures of A23+B24+O7 (A = Lu3+–La3+, B = Zr4+, Hf4+, Sn4+, and Ti4+)." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 124, no. 37 (August 24, 2020): 20555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c05443.

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Santos-Silva, Antônio, and Antonio Carvalho Neto. "Uma análise weberiana da gestação das estruturas de dominação em sindicatos." Revista de Administração da UFSM 13, no. 1 (March 29, 2020): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1983465928977.

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This paper presents the report of a survey that aimed to investigate the role of union leaders in gestation structures of domination in Brazilian unions adopting an interpretative Weberian analysis. Weberian concepts, such as domination, social relation and legitimacy were articulated to explain, in a qualitative approach, the internal social relations within trade unions. The exploratory analysis of 26 interviews conceded by trade union leaders allowed the identification of five groups of orders that constitute maxims and rules of action among the union leaders. This paper focuses on the documental analysis of 115 documents looking for evidence of the domination structures genesis. The documents revealed that these structures go back to the trade union training process, especially from the decade 1970s. The data analysis was structured in five groups of orders: ethics; political repression; ideology; mistrust between parts; and validity of laws. The study concluded by the pertinence of the adoption of the interpretative Weberian approach to explain the action of administrative staff (as in Weber, the influential individuals on the decision making process within the organization) related to the making and preservation of the structures of domination, confirming the Weberian theory.

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DAHLKE, P., and D. BABEL. "ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures of the Weberites Na2CuScF7 and Na2ZnAlF7." ChemInform 26, no. 1 (August 18, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199501006.

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Hilmy, Masdar. "Radical Islamism as a Mode of Production." TEOSOFI: Jurnal Tasawuf dan Pemikiran Islam 9, no. 1 (June 2, 2019): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/teosofi.2019.9.1.81-108.

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This article attempts to provide a breakthrough which I call mode of production theory. This theory will be employed to analyze the contemporary phenomenon of radical Islamism. The mode of production theory is meant to bridge the two clashing theoretical paradigms in social sciences and humanities, i.e., Weberian and Marxian. Despite its bridging nature, the paper argues that the two cannot be merged within one single thread. This is because each paradigm has its own epistemological basis which is irreconcilable to one another. Mostly adapted from Marx’s theory, the current theory of the mode of production covers five interrelated aspects, namely social, political, economic, cultural, and symbolic structures. If Marx’s mode of production theory heavily relies on a material and economic basis, the theory used in this paper accommodates cultural and symbolic structures that are Weberian in nature. Although the two paradigms can operate together, the strength of structure (Marxian) overpowers the strength of culture (Weberian). This paper further argues that such cultural-based aspects as ideology, norms, and values play as mobilizing factors under a big schematic dominant structure in the rise and development of the radical Islamist groups.

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Boisot, Max. "Moving to the Edge of Chaos: Bureaucracy, IT and the Challenge of Complexity." Journal of Information Technology 21, no. 4 (December 2006): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jit.2000079.

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Bureaucracies in the Weberian mould, whether of the state or corporate type, are rational-legal structures organized to deliver order, stability and predictability. Early developments in information and communication technologies (ICTs) appeared set to deliver such an outcome. Yet the new economy turns out to be more ‘distributed’ than had originally been expected. What is the nature of the challenge that this poses for bureaucracies? To address this question, the paper first presents a conceptual framework, the Information-Space or l-Space, which allows us to explore the relationship between how knowledge is structured and how it flows within and between populations of agents. The paper then examines what cultural and institutional challenges the new ICTs pose for both state and corporate bureaucracies, confronted as they are with the complexities of an increasingly distributed social order.

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Demmke, Christoph. "Public Administration Reform over Time – Did Change Lead to a More Effective Integrity Management?" Central European Public Administration Review 18, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17573/cepar.2020.2.01.

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The following discussion adds to the discourse regarding the relationship between public administration reform and ethics policies. In this theoretical paper, a narrative is employed that re-reads the old Weberian model as a model of ‘institutional integrity’, which is slowly replaced by a public management concept that focuses on individual integrity. Whereas the Weberian concept defined institutional integrity as a quality of institutions, more recent management concepts define institutional integrity as a quality of public officers within institutions. This also explains why the current focus of attention is ever more on individuals (as the main cause for unethical conduct) and the bad-person model of integrity. An alternative framing of this paper is about ‘institutional ethics’ over time. During the last decades, we are moving from an institutional, but mechanical and rigid Weberian model, to an individual, but more fluid New Public Management model. We are moving towards a version of institutional integrity that tries to use new behavioural mechanism to get back to some Weberian virtues, without its structures and technical focus. This novel ‘integrity management’ movement is really all about filling the gaps left by New Public Management doctrines. However, the reform of integrity management also develops into a specialised, sophisticated and professionalised ethics bureaucracy. Trends are towards ever more broader and stricter integrity requirements. Still, ethics policies are ineffective and shortcomings in implementing integrity policies are neglected.

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Rackwitz, Maike, Thurid Hustedt, and Gerhard Hammerschmid. "Digital transformation: From hierarchy to network-based collaboration? The case of the German “Online Access Act”." der moderne staat – Zeitschrift für Public Policy, Recht und Management 14, no. 1-2021 (June 15, 2021): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/dms.v14i1.05.

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To unlock the full potential of ICT-related public sector innovation and digital transformation, governments must embrace collaborative working structures and leadership, is commonly argued. However, little is known about the dynamics of such collaborations in contexts of hierarchy, silo cultures, and procedural accountability. A widely voiced but empirically insufficiently substantiated claim is that bringing cross-cutting digital endeavours forward requires more lateral, network-based approaches to governance beyond traditional Weberian ideals. We test this claim by shedding light on three distinct challenges (complexity, risk, and power imbalance) encountered when implementing the specific collaborative case of the German Online Access Act (OAA) and by examining how they have been addressed in institutional design and leadership. Our analysis, which combines desk research and semi-structured expert interviews, reveals that flexible, horizontal approaches are on the rise. Taking a closer look, however, vertical coordination continues to serve as complementary means to problem-solving capability.

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PESCHEL, B., and D. BABEL. "ChemInform Abstract: The Crystal Structures of the Vanadium Weberites Na2MIIVIIIF7 (MII: Mn, Ni, Cu) and of NaVF4." ChemInform 29, no. 6 (June 24, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199806005.

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Evans, Peter, and James Rauch. "Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of "Weberian" State Structures on Economic Growth." Journal of Economic Sociology 7, no. 1 (2006): 38–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1726-3247-2006-1-38-60.

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Evans, Peter, and James E. Rauch. "Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of "Weberian" State Structures on Economic Growth." American Sociological Review 64, no. 5 (October 1999): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2657374.

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Chen, Lin, Jun Guo, Yuke Zhu, Mingyu Hu, and Jing Feng. "Features of crystal structures and thermo‐mechanical properties of weberites RE 3 NbO 7 (RE=La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) ceramics." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 104, no. 1 (September 24, 2020): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.17437.

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Courpasson, David. "Managerial Strategies of Domination. Power in Soft Bureaucracies." Organization Studies 21, no. 1 (January 2000): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840600211001.

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This paper discusses the emergence and reinforcement of organizational political regimes based on domination and centralization in French organizations. Domination and power are old concepts in organizational sociology, but the confrontation of two well-known approaches to politics in organizations, that of Weber and that of Crozier, suggests that an `archaic' notion such as domination is still very useful for understanding how business leaders `govern' organizations today. Based on empirical studies, the paper proposes that organizations should be seen as `soft bureaucracies', in which centralization and entrepreneurial forms of governance are combined. Thus, choosing a Weberian point of view, this paper simultaneously describes organizations as `structures of domination' and as `structures of legitimacy'. It defends the idea that, in spite of the success of the network form utopia, the re-emergence of bureaucracies is a sign that organizations are more and more politically centralized and governed.

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Khachaturian, Rafael. "Bringing What State Back In? Neo-Marxism and the Origin of the Committee on States and Social Structures." Political Research Quarterly 72, no. 3 (October 5, 2018): 714–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912918804450.

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This article examines the interdisciplinary movement to “bring the state back in,” advanced during the 1980s by the Committee on States and Social Structures. Drawing on the Committee’s archives at the Social Science Research Council, I show that its influential neo-Weberian conception of the state was developed in dialogue with earlier neo-Marxist debates about the capitalist state. However, its interpretation of neo-Marxism as a class reductive and functionalist variant of “grand theory” also created a narrative that marginalized the latter’s contributions to the literature on the state. This displacement had lasting consequences, for while neo-Marxist approaches had provided a critical perspective on the relationship between the social sciences and the state, the Committee’s narrative had a depoliticizing effect on this subject matter. Reconstructing this moment both recovers the forgotten influence of the New Left and neo-Marxist scholarship on postwar political science and sociology, and elaborates on the contested history of the state as a political concept.

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Uddin, Shahzad, Kelum Jayasinghe, and Shaila Ahmed. "Scandals from an island: Testing Anglo-American corporate governance frameworks." critical perspectives on international business 13, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 349–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-09-2016-0036.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an account of banking scandals in relation to corporate governance (CG) failures in an emerging economy, arguing that Anglo-American ideas of CG are misplaced in traditional settings. Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders. Observations of annual general meetings (AGMs) and the personal working experience of one of the researchers, along with documentation, provided triangulating data on CG practices. Findings The authors have found that both of the banks studied had adopted CG practices contrary to the expectations of the Sri Lankan CG codes. Key features of CG practices that emerged from their investigations of these two scandals are ineffectual central bank regulations, familial boards of directors, ceremonial board meetings, biased auditing practices and manipulative AGMs, relying on traditional structures of accountability centred around families, kin and social networks. Research limitations/implications The authors argue, drawing on Weber (1958, 1961, 1968, 1978), that the traditionalist culture mediates the process of rationality in bank governance codes and regulatory frameworks Therefore, practices fall far short of expectations. Originality/value The paper builds on the extended critique of shareholder-centric CG models and their transferability to alien contexts. It contributes to the CG studies calling for more appreciation of the need to move beyond the conventional view of CG problems as simply down to conflicts of interests. The authors complement and advance the decoupling debate in CG studies drawing on the Weberian notion of traditionalism.

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Ladich, Friedrich. "Acoustic communication and the evolution of hearing in fishes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1401 (September 29, 2000): 1285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0685.

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Fishes have evolved a diversity of sound–generating organs and acoustic signals of various temporal and spectral content. Additionally, representatives of many teleost families such as otophysines, anabantoids, mormyrids and holocentrids possess accessory structures that enhance hearing abilities by acoustically coupling air–filled cavities to the inner ear. Contrary to the accessory hearing structures such as Weberian ossicles in otophysines and suprabranchial chambers in anabantoids, sonic organs do not occur in all members of these taxa. Comparison of audiograms among nine representatives of seven otophysan families from four orders revealed major differences in auditory sensitivity, especially at higher frequencies (> 1kHz) where thresholds differed by up to 50 dB. These differences showed no apparent correspondence to the ability to produce sounds (vocal versus non–vocal species) or to the spectral content of species–specific sounds. In anabantoids, the lowest auditory thresholds were found in the blue gourami Trichogaster trichopterus , a species not thought to be vocal. Dominant frequencies of sounds corresponded with optimal hearing bandwidth in two out of three vocalizing species. Based on these results, it is concluded that the selective pressures involved in the evolution of accessory hearing structures and in the design of vocal signals were other than those serving to optimize acoustic communication.

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Webster, Gary S. "Stratification, Normative Discontinuity and Metaphor: Archaeology of the Middle Ground." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11, no. 2 (October 2001): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774301000129.

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Normative discontinuity is little studied by archaeologists although its importance for understanding diachronic phenomena like social stratification is obvious. Cognitive research provides the ground for a Weberian theory of normative change as the outcome of contestations between competing social myths. These conflicts arise from incongruities between metaphorically-structured conceptualizations of social reality and experienced social reality. To facilitate the archaeological inference of normative change, a typology of generative rules is suggested by which normative concepts might be expressed as substantive metaphors. The methodology is applied to a pilot study of temporal covariation in pottery design imagery within three major ceramic traditions of late Nuragic Sardinia. When ‘read’ as substantive metaphorical expressions of past social experiences, late Nuragic ceramic imagery suggests a coherent set of normative concepts ‘structured’ in terms of a central ontological metaphor of the general ‘vessel-as-social-landscape’ type. Moreover, variations in that material imagery make sense in terms of normative changes conducive to the emergence of class relations.

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Gustafsson, Nils, and Noomi Weinryb. "The populist allure of social media activism: Individualized charismatic authority." Organization 27, no. 3 (February 22, 2019): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508419828565.

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This article argues that the type of individualized social media activism that has been conceptualized as ‘connective action’ has affinities to populism, and may have detrimental consequences for democratic procedures and the bureaucratic structures that enable them. We trace the normative allure of individualized digital engagement to the libertarian roots of techno-utopianism and argue that this, in combination with a form of mobilization fueled by digital enthusiasm, has potentially dire democratic and organizational consequences. Digital enthusiasm generated on social media platforms entails self-infatuation, here conceptualized as a form of individualized charismatic authority in the Weberian sense. This individualized form of charismatic authority is fundamentally focused on personalized engagement, and simultaneously interconnected through the technological affordances of social media platforms. If individualized charismatic authority becomes institutionalized as a legitimate and predominant manner of organizing, it may have large-scale implications for societal organizing at large by promoting populism. In sum, we argue that digital enthusiasm not only provides democratic opportunities for protest and contention in civil society, but that the fickleness of the individualized charismatic authority it generates may also put democratic procedures and respect for bureaucratic structures at risk.

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Vidal, Nuno Carlos de Fragoso. "The historical-sociological matrix and ethos at the heart and strength of MPLA’s modern Angola." Tempo 25, no. 1 (April 2019): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/tem-1980-542x2018v250108.

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Abstract: Proximate to a Weberian perspective, this article argues that the resilience of the Angolan regime is mainly owed to an ethos structured on top of a specific socio-cultural historical matrix (minority at start), evolving since the 16th century. Such matrix was structured on a prevailing Weltanschauung (world and national vision), that has been progressively self-presented, self-assumed, imposed/assimilated as national and modern within a project of identity and power hegemony, even though still and constantly ridden by several internal contradictions and tensions. Dynamics of this process is central to understand the intricacies of the relationship between rulers and ruled, evolving identities as well as the still significant social support to the party in power after more than four decades in the government. The regime’s resilience lays on such ethos in support of hegemonic power and identity project, above and beyond the president and all his political management abilities, beyond the central instrumentality of the national oil company (SONANGOL), beyond the media spotlight on influential names surrounding the presidency, including the president’s men, generals, and beyond authoritarianism.

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Schulz, Carsten-Andreas. "Hierarchy salience and social action: disentangling class, status, and authority in world politics." International Relations 33, no. 1 (October 16, 2018): 88–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117818803434.

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Hierarchy is a persistent feature of international politics. Existing accounts recognize that there are many ways in which actors can stand in relation to one another. Yet they struggle to make sense of this complexity. This study considers Max Weber’s contribution to understanding international hierarchy. It discusses three ideal types of stratification based on the distribution of capabilities (class), estimations of honor and prestige (status), and command relationships (authority). Following the neo-Weberian approach, these dimensions matter because they make social action intelligible. Furthermore, Weber clarifies how class and status are connected and how these two dimensions relate to authority through the process of ‘social closure’. The study concludes that scholars who focus exclusively on authority structures miss the fact that authority typically derives from other forms of stratification: although based on different logics of social stratification, class and status hierarchies often coalesce into (legitimate) authority.

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Wedel, Janine R. "From Power Elites to Influence Elites: Resetting Elite Studies for the 21st Century." Theory, Culture & Society 34, no. 5-6 (July 10, 2017): 153–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276417715311.

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The dominant theory of elite power, grounded in Weberian bureaucracy, has analyzed elites in terms of stable positions at the top of enduring institutions. Today, many conditions that spawned these stable ‘command posts’ no longer prevail, and elite power thus warrants rethinking. This article advances an argument about contemporary ‘influence elites’. The way they are organized and the modus operandi they employ to wield influence enable them to evade public accountability, a hallmark of a democratic society. Three cases are presented, first to investigate changes in how elites operate and, second, to examine varying configurations in which the new elites are organized. The cases demonstrate that influence elites intermesh hierarchies and networks, serve as connectors, and coordinate influence from multiple, moving perches, inside and outside official structures. Their flexible and multi-positioned organizing modes call for reconsidering elite theory and grappling with the implications of these elites for democratic society.

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Biaya, Tshikala K. "Le pouvoir ethnique. Concept, lieux d'énonciation et pratiques contre l'État dans la modernité africaine." Anthropologie et Sociétés 22, no. 1 (September 10, 2003): 105–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/015524ar.

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Résumé RÉSUMÉ Le pouvoir ethnique. Concept. lieux de pouvoir et pratiques contre l'État dans la modernité africaine. Analyse comparée des Mourides ISénégal) et Luba (Congo-Zaïre) La crise multiforme africaine est avant tout une crise de l'État moderne et exogène comme matrice d'individualisation. Analysée sous l'angle des pratiques et d'une rationalité endogènes, elle révèle la mise en place d'une formalité des pratiques et l'existence d'une culture politique ethnique. Dès la colonisation, ces deux phénomènes, en s'étayant l'un sur l'autre, ont construit et renforcé le pouvoir ethnique, ses structures organisationnelles et ses pratiques, un contre-pouvoir étatique dans la société postcoloniale. Les études de cas des pouvoirs mouride (Sénégal) et luba (Congo-Kinshasa) indiquent combien le modèle weberien de l'État moderne n'est pas une panacée et que son paradigme « État - société civile » et sa conceptualisation actuelle empêchent de penser autrement l'état et les réalités politiques et historiques en Afrique dans l'histoire universelle et la globalisation. Mots-clés : Biaya. ethnicité. contre-pouvoir. État moderne, société civile, mourides. Luba

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Backovic, Vera. "Dominant research approaches to gentrification process." Sociologija 58, no. 3 (2016): 372–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1603372b.

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The intention of this paper is to systematize different explications of the process of gentrification. Simply put, gentrification is the process of changing built structures (buildings or their functions) in urban areas, which tracks changes in the social characteristics of the neighborhood. Ideal type it is possible to distinguish a pioneer and profitable gentrification. In a pioneer gentrification future tenants themselves adapt working and living space whereby they gentrify the neighborhood. In the case of profitable gentrification investors and construction companies build residential buildings which are intended for members of the (new) middle class (service and/or creative class). In studying this process there are two basic approaches: neo-Marxist and neo-Weberian approach. The basis of this division is whether the explanations of gentrification starts with structural changes that create space and assets that are suitable for gentrification; or proceeds from the actions (selection) of actors who create or use gentrified areas.

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GONZÁLEZ, FRANCISCO E., and DESMOND KING. "The State and Democratization: The United States in Comparative Perspective." British Journal of Political Science 34, no. 2 (March 1, 2004): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123404000018.

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In this article we defend the importance of the concept of ‘stateness’ in scholarly understanding of political democratization. We argue that because processes of political democratization in different spatio-temporal settings often share important similarities they are therefore comparable. We investigate this proposition by comparing the process of American political democratization with those of other liberal democracies, old and new. We review extant accounts of the historical process of American democratization – including those addressing American exceptionalism, class structures, multiple traditions, social movements, and international pressures – before presenting an alternative comparative account based on the idea of stateness. Attention to stateness problems defined along legal, bureaucratic and ideological dimensions and derived from both the classic Weberian perspective on the state and the more recent ‘third wave’ of democratization theory help to place the long American experience of democratization in comparative perspective. This finding illuminates some of the common political challenges in the construction of liberal democracies, old and new.

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Ambarwati, Wiwid, Gustiana Anwar Kambo, and Muhammad Muhammad. "The Violation of Bureaucracy at Local Election in Gowa South Sulawesi: Based on Weberian and Marxism Concept." ARISTO 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ars.v8i2.2452.

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State civil apparatus has mobilized by a pair of the candidate, Ichsan Yasin Limpo and Andi Mudzakkar (IYL-Cakka) on the 2018 South Sulawesi Local Election in Gowa was very structured and massive. That case is proved by the victory of Them in Gowa around 68.38 percent. The support from Gowa's society for the nominating process is 260 650 IYL-Cakka identity. Based on the result of administrative verification showed that 0.5 percent are civil state apparatus's identity and the result of factual verification is 1.53 percent. Meanwhile, the state civil Also apparatus supported them with symbols of the candidate. It’s proved by a report of 37 cases of neutrality violation to the South Sulawesi Provincial of the General Election Supervisory. This research method used a descriptive case study approach. The Data on this research used primary and secondary data. The data were collected from several methods: observation, interviews, and documentary. The result of this study indicated resources that supported instruction to them have consisted of two categories: 1) the instruction to the collected identity cards and 2) the instruction to used symbols. The identity cards were collected by three elements: the winning team for IYL-Cakka, the Headman and their staffs, and the other elements (agricultural extension workers and educators). The instruction to used symbols created has been done with the group in social media for all of the government head offices and created the formal regular meetings outside the Gowa (like as benchmarking).

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Ambarwati, Wiwid, Gustiana Anwar Kambo, and Muhammad Muhammad. "The Violation of Bureaucracy at Local Election in Gowa South Sulawesi: Based on Weberian and Marxism Concept." ARISTO 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ars.v8i2.2460.

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State civil apparatus has mobilized by a pair of the candidate, Ichsan Yasin Limpo and Andi Mudzakkar (IYL-Cakka) on the 2018 South Sulawesi Local Election in Gowa was very structured and massive. That case is proved by the victory of Them in Gowa around 68.38 percent. The support from Gowa's society for the nominating process is 260 650 IYL-Cakka identity. Based on the result of administrative verification showed that 0.5 percent are civil state apparatus's identity and the result of factual verification is 1.53 percent. Meanwhile, the state civil Also apparatus supported them with symbols of the candidate. It’s proved by a report of 37 cases of neutrality violation to the South Sulawesi Provincial of the General Election Supervisory. This research method used a descriptive case study approach. The Data on this research used primary and secondary data. The data were collected from several methods: observation, interviews, and documentary. The result of this study indicated resources that supported instruction to them have consisted of two categories: 1) the instruction to the collected identity cards and 2) the instruction to used symbols. The identity cards were collected by three elements: the winning team for IYL-Cakka, the Headman and their staffs, and the other elements (agricultural extension workers and educators). The instruction to used symbols created has been done with the group in social media for all of the government head offices and created the formal regular meetings outside the Gowa (like as benchmarking).

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36

Ambarwati, Wiwid, Gustiana Anwar Kambo, and Muhammad Muhammad. "The Violation of Bureaucracy at Local Election in Gowa South Sulawesi: Based on Weberian and Marxism Concept." ARISTO 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ars.v8i2.2474.

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State civil apparatus has mobilized by a pair of the candidate, Ichsan Yasin Limpo and Andi Mudzakkar (IYL-Cakka) on the 2018 South Sulawesi Local Election in Gowa was very structured and massive. That case is proved by the victory of Them in Gowa around 68.38 percent. The support from Gowa's society for the nominating process is 260 650 IYL-Cakka identity. Based on the result of administrative verification showed that 0.5 percent are civil state apparatus's identity and the result of factual verification is 1.53 percent. Meanwhile, the state civil Also apparatus supported them with symbols of the candidate. It’s proved by a report of 37 cases of neutrality violation to the South Sulawesi Provincial of the General Election Supervisory. This research method used a descriptive case study approach. The Data on this research used primary and secondary data. The data were collected from several methods: observation, interviews, and documentary. The result of this study indicated resources that supported instruction to them have consisted of two categories: 1) the instruction to the collected identity cards and 2) the instruction to used symbols. The identity cards were collected by three elements: the winning team for IYL-Cakka, the Headman and their staffs, and the other elements (agricultural extension workers and educators). The instruction to used symbols created has been done with the group in social media for all of the government head offices and created the formal regular meetings outside the Gowa (like as benchmarking).

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Nolte, Sharon H. "Women's Rights and Society's Needs: Japan's 1931 Suffrage Bill." Comparative Studies in Society and History 28, no. 4 (October 1986): 690–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500014171.

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The history of women is different from that of men. Women's history is the highlighting of the cultural construction of gender, the ways in which “men” and “women” are defined in considerable autonomy from biological males and females. The culturally constructed gender system interacts with a society's political system in ways that are just beginning to be explored.1 At the same time, scholars also find their definitions of national states to be in flux. Criticizing both Weberian and Marxist traditions of analysis of the state, Charles Bright and Susan Harding have stressed the open-ended, continuous, and contingent interplay between state structures and initiatives on the one hand, and social movements on the other.2 It is an auspicious time to reconsider the relationships between women and the state in cross-cultural perspective. Here I will examine the women's suffrage movement in Japan (1919–31 ) in its political context in order to encourage comparison with other women's suffrage movements, and to re-examine the interwar Japanese state from the viewpoint of one of its least-studied challengers.

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Radford, C. A., J. C. Montgomery, P. Caiger, P. Johnston, J. Lu, and D. M. Higgs. "A novel hearing specialization in the New Zealand bigeye, Pempheris adspersa." Biology Letters 9, no. 4 (August 23, 2013): 20130163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0163.

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The New Zealand bigeye, Pempheris adspersa , is a nocturnal planktivore and has recently been found to be an active sound producer. The rostral end of the swim bladder lies adjacent to Baudelot's ligament which spans between the bulla and the cleithrum bone of the pectoral girdle. The aim of this study was to use the auditory evoked potential technique to physiologically test the possibility that this structure provides an enhanced sensitivity to sound pressure in the bigeye. At 100 Hz, bigeye had hearing sensitivity similar to that of goldfish (species with a mechanical connection between the swim bladder and the inner ear mediated by the Weberian ossicles) and were much more sensitive than other teleosts without ancillary hearing structures. Severing Baudelot's ligament bilaterally resulted in a marked decrease in hearing sensitivity, as did swim bladder puncture or lateral line blockage. These results show that bigeye have an enhanced sensitivity to sound pressure and provide experimental evidence that the functional basis of this sensitivity represents a novel hearing specialization in fish involving the swim bladder, Baudelot's ligament and the lateral line.

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Braimah, Frederick, and Andrew I. OHWONA. "The ‘Locals’ and Local Government Bureaucracy: Implication on the Attainment of Developmental Goals in Nigeria." INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF RURAL AND COMMUNITY STUDIES 3, no. 1 (July 5, 2021): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51986/ijrcs-2021.vol3.01.05.

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This study examined the effect of the exclusion of community representatives (locals), local traditional structures and values from the local government bureaucracy and its implication on attaining developmental goals in selected States in Nigeria. The study was situated within the ambits of the Weberian and Marxian bureaucratic theories to consider the subject matter and generate analysis. The study adopted the survey research design with a mixed-method approach to generate both primary and secondary data. Using the multi-stage sampling technique, a total number of nine electoral wards across the three states of Bayelsa, Edo and Rivers were covered. One thousand one hundred ninety (1,190) copies of a self-constructed questionnaire were administered in the study areas. The figure was arrived at with the use of the Taro Yamane method of calculation. Besides, in-depth interviews were conducted with key informants in the selected states. Quantitative data were analysed using the Spearman’s Rho Correlation Coefficient, while qualitative data were subjected to both thematic and descriptive methods of data analysis. It was found out that community participation and the inclusion of traditional structures and values in the local government bureaucracy could enhance the attainment of developmental goals at the local government levels. It was recommended that the National and State Houses of Assembly in Nigeria amend existing local government laws to restructure the local government bureaucracy to include community representatives at the local government bureaucracies with traditional institutions given specific roles.

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Aydin, Ciano, and Peter-Paul Verbeek. "Transcendence in Technology." Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 19, no. 3 (2015): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/techne2015121742.

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According to Max Weber, the “fate of our times” is characterized by a “disenchantment of the world.” The scientific ambition of rationalization and intellectualization, as well as the attempt to master nature through technology, will greatly limit experiences of and openness for the transcendent, i.e. that which is beyond our control. Insofar as transcendence is a central aspect of virtually every religion and all religious experiences, the development of science and technology will, according to the Weberian assertion, also limit the scope of religion. In this paper, we will reflect on the relations between technology and transcendence from the perspective of technological mediation theory. We will show that the fact that we are able to technologically intervene in the world and ourselves does not imply that we can completely control the rules of life. Technological interference in nature is only possible if the structures and laws that enable us to do that are recognized and to a certain extent obeyed, which indicates that technological power cannot exist without accepting a transcendent order in which one operates. Rather than excluding transcendence, technology mediates our relation to it.

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Hagopian, Mark N. "The Spirit of Capitalism: Nationalism and Economic Growth. By Liah Greenfeld, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. 541p. $45.00." American Political Science Review 96, no. 4 (December 2002): 803–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402280466.

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In this book Liah Greenfeld tackles the problem that preoccupied Max Weber in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1930). Like many others, she disputes Weber's claim that modern capitalism emerged uniquely in Northwest Europe because of the attitudes and behavior promoted by Protestant Christianity, especially in its Calvinist variety: The “worldly asceticism” and peculiar form of economic rationality involved spawned an economic system that eventually helped change the world. Critical of this precise argument, Greenfeld is in the Weberian camp in centering the problem where he did and in stressing the differences between modern capitalism and age-old commercial profit making found virtually in all civilizations. Similarly sound is Weber's methodological posture that sees culture, that is, ideas, ideals, and values dramatically influencing the emergence, growth, and durability of economic systems. Those who, like the whole Marxist tradition, maintain that underlying “structural” factors such as technology and environment are the prime movers of history have succumbed to untenable deterministic philosophies. History and social structures, unlike the works of simple nature, are constructed by human agency, which itself is often provided by outstanding thinkers and doers.

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Carpenter, Daniel. "On Categories and the Countability of Things Bureaucratic: Turning From Wilson (Back) to Interpretation." Perspectives on Public Management and Governance 3, no. 2 (December 14, 2019): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvz025.

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Abstract The formulation and application of categories was the handiwork of frontier scholars of public management and remains the essential task of scholars of bureaucracy and regulation. These scholars, exemplified by James Q. Wilson, pioneered the development of categories in three domains: (1) the inductive assignment of observed objects to conceptual groups (a form of Weberian categorization), (2) the deductive assignment of incentives and styles to conceptual groups (type-dependent theorization), and (3) the empirical assignment of observed objects to applied analytic categories (behavioralist measurement). I find in Varieties of Police Behavior (1968) the origins of his enduring categories in Bureaucracy (1988). His classification of agency personnel into executives, managers, and operators remains perhaps his crowning achievement in administrative research. Yet Wilson examined these categories with greater care than is often demonstrated by his successors, as he was careful to condition his comparisons across and within categories. The extension of truly “Wilsonian” principles of analysis to bureaucratic organization requires not simply the development of conceptual structures and the careful consideration of bureaucratic incentives, but also a reappreciation of administrative routines, practices, concepts, and technologies. It may compel the admission that some quantitative and qualitative comparisons are literally, even mathematically, nonsensical.

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Wacquant, Loïc. "Four transversal principles for putting Bourdieu to work." Anthropological Theory 18, no. 1 (March 2018): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499617746254.

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This article spotlights four transversal principles that animate Pierre Bourdieu’s research practice and can fruitfully guide inquiry on any empirical front: the Bachelardian imperative of epistemological rupture and vigilance; the Weberian command to effect the triple historicization of the agent (habitus), the world (social space, of which field is but a subtype), and the categories of the analyst (epistemic reflexivity); the Leibnizian–Durkheimian invitation to deploy the topological mode of reasoning to track the mutual correspondences between symbolic space, social space, and physical space; and the Cassirer moment urging us to recognize the constitutive efficacy of symbolic structures. I also flag three traps that Bourdieusian explorers of the social world should exercise special care to avoid: the fetishization of concepts, the seductions of “speaking Bourdieuse” while failing to carry out the research operations Bourdieu’s notions stipulate, and the forced imposition of his theoretical framework en bloc when it is more productively used in kit through transposition. These principles guiding the construction of the object are not theoretical slogans but practical blueprints for anthropological inquiry. This implies that mimesis and not exegesis should guide those social scientists who wish to build on, revise, or challenge the scientific machinery and legacy of Pierre Bourdieu.

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Weiss, Moritz, and Simon Dalferth. "Security Re-Divided: The Distinctiveness of Policy-Making in ESDP and JHA." Cooperation and Conflict 44, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 268–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836709106216.

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In this article, we argue that the premature abolishment of the allegedly anachronistic concepts of internal versus external security is of doubtful heuristic value for the study of security practices. The two domains may gradually converge from the perspective of problems, but do so much less in terms of political practices. We show that security policy is pursued according to different systems of rules. It follows distinct institutional logics. We undertake a systematic comparison of policy-making in the European Union’s Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) and Justice and Home Affairs (JHA). It is structured along the distinction between making and implementing an agreement as indicative stages of the policy-making process. First, rule-setting asks how decisions are made in the two domains: with or without the inclusion of external actors. Second, we explore whether the implementation of political decisions involves management or enforcement mechanisms. The empirical results are unambiguous: the political actors follow different systems of rules in the two domains. There are still ‘ideal-typical’ differences in a Weberian sense. This implies that internal and external security may be closely linked, like the opposite sides of the same coin, but must be separated for the purpose of analytical clarity.

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Buck, Daniel. "Growth, Disintegration, and Decentralization: The Construction of Taiwan's Industrial Networks." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, no. 2 (February 2000): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a31170.

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Manufacturing based on networks of small family firms is widely regarded to have been integral to Taiwan's development success. Many studies discuss the social embeddedness, flexibility, efficiency, and competitive advantage of these networks, but there have been few systematic attempts to theorize their origins. A processual analysis of the changing spatial structure of Taiwan's industry, in its social, political, and historical contexts, reveals that Taiwan's concentrated industries of the 1950s did not disintegrate into smaller firms. Rather, there was a proliferation of new rural firms after the mid-1960s. The construction of a disintegrated, decentralized, and networked structure was driven by the contingent actions of rural household entrepreneurs, pursuing strategies of social reproduction, under circumstances resulting from, among other things, an extensive land-reform program and redistributive agricultural policies. Transactions costs and neo-Weberian authority approaches elucidate important factors, but fail to explain the creation of this new class of petty entrepreneurs, and how the conditions of their entrance shaped the networked form of organization they created. Furthermore, their actions did not result from state-led development policies as much as they were the unintended consequences of state policies, preceding by several years government efforts to support the growth of small firms and rural industry. Finally, urban-push explanations assume a passive countryside, thus ignoring the ways rural actors energetically created new structures of production out of the resources at hand.

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Green, W. John. "Left Liberalism and Race in the Evolution of Colombian Popular National Identity." Americas 57, no. 1 (July 2000): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500030224.

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Though a nation of discordant regionalism and historically weak central institutions, Colombia can paradoxically claim strong currents of popular national identity. It is well known that long centuries of relative economic isolation, coupled with Colombia's largely subsistence internal economy and torturous topography, provided few opportunities to integrate the nation's different regions. Such conditions resulted in fractured regional identities and racial compositions. What few links to the world market Colombia enjoyed before the late nineteenth century came from the mining of gold, with short episodes of tobacco and quinine exportation. Only in the 1880s and later did coffee production finally reorient the nation's economy and introduce new questions of land tenure and social relations. Colombia's fiercely partisan political system evolved during the nineteenth century, therefore, when the country was still overwhelmingly rural, inward-looking, and little more than a collection of semi-autonomous regions. Keith Christie noted that before the 1950s, regionalism was so strong that “Bogotá was essentially just another provincial capital.” As a consequence, the national army in the nineteenth century seldom proved more powerful than the many rebel armies it faced. Indeed, according to the basic Weberian definition of the “state” as the entity that controls a monopoly on the legitimate use of force, and evidenced by the fact that the national government still does not control large portions of the country's territory, Colombia's central state structures continue to be glaringly weak at the end of the twentieth century.

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Boyle, Kelly S., and Anthony Herrel. "Relative size variation of the otoliths, swim bladder, and Weberian apparatus structures in piranhas and pacus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) with different ecologies and its implications for the detection of sound stimuli." Journal of Morphology 279, no. 12 (November 15, 2018): 1849–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20908.

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Watini, Watini. "Is Susila Budhi Dharma (Subud) a Religion?" Al-Albab 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.24260/alalbab.v6i1.728.

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The government of Indonesia has recognized six offical religions based on certain categories by law. Susila Budhi Dharma known as SUBUD is not included as one of them. The debate on the inclusion of SUBUD as a religion has existed since its existance. This work attemps to explore the experience of SUBUD in dealing with the acknowledment both by people and the schoolars in religious studies and the discource on it. Richard King believes that Subud is a religion since there is mysticim in it (submission to God) with latihan kejiwaan. He may say that it is constructed like what laso is prascticed in Christianity. Subud is not a religious teaching claimed by Subud’s members but Subud is as a religion since the latihan kejiwaan is from God and appropriate with God’s will. In the discussion of Marxian, Durkheimian and Freudian, Subud is considered as a religion since it tends to promote dependance and can disturb economy. While in the views of both Weberian and Eliadean, SUBUD is considered as a religion because it is related to sacred intities and is traditonalism. The works suggests that deeper information would be beneficial for the people within religious studies to accommodate Subud as a religion based on theories in the field. Talal Asad’s theory can develop Subud terminology that it is as a religion since it is categorized as an organization that have structures of leaders and people. Indeed, Subud has proven to separate from the states for its growing and developtment in European countries and the USA.

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McDonald, James H. "An Exploration in the Veiling of Power: The Politics of Development in Rural West Mexico." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 19, no. 1 (2003): 161–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2003.19.1.161.

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This article explores the politics of a dairy development project in West Mexico. The project was a response to foreign competition that resulted from the opening of the Mexican economy and sought to organize small-scale dairy farmers to produce higher-quality milk with lower production costs. Local and outside elites who initiated this project embraced a Weberian notion of institutional rationality that cast all development problems as technical——a move that veiled dominant modes of politics and power. Analysis centers on three domains of discourse and practice——milk quality, traditional culture, and communication——that together reveal the contradictions between project goals and local structures of power, patronage, and control that reproduced existing class cleavages and forms of domination. Este artíículo explora la políítica del proyecto de un desarrollo lechero en el occidente de Mééxico. El proyecto fue una respuesta a una competencia extranjera que resultaba de la apertura de la economíía mexicana. La meta era organizar a pequeñños ganaderos para producir leche de mejor calidad con costos de produccióón máás bajos. Las éélites locales y externas que iniciaron este proyecto se atuvieron a una nocióón de weberiana de raciocinio institucional que visualiza todos los problemas de desarrollo como problemas téécnicos——con lo cual se evita seññalar los modos dominantes de políítica y poder. El anáálisis se enfoca en tres ááreas del discurso y la prááctica——la calidad de leche, la cultura tradicional y las formas de comunicacióón——que revelan las contradicciones entre las metas del proyecto y las estructuras locales de poder, patrocinio y control que reproducen viejas hendiduras de clase y formas de dominacióón.

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Gaus, Nurdiana, and David Hall. "Weapon of the weak." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 35, no. 9/10 (September 8, 2015): 683–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-11-2014-0095.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how academics resisted and accommodated changes towards the reform process in higher education institutions in Indonesia which has introduced market-driven principle of new public management and the principle of Neo-Weberian model. Using the theory developed by Scott concerning the resistance patterns by powerless or subordinated groups through “weapon of the weak”, this study aimed at mapping the resistance exhibited by Indonesian academics. Design/methodology/approach – This study was a case study using semi-structured interviews conducted with 30 academics in three state universities in Indonesia. Findings – The results of this study demonstrated that academics in Indonesian universities resisted and accommodated the policy reform using their discursive, unobtrusive tactics of resisting. Research limitations/implications – The method of data collection used in this research was based on the interview alone. It would be useful to consider to deploy other forms of data collection such as, observation to allow the building up of strong trusthworthiness of the findings of this research. Practical implications – The authors believed that this study may be useful to give better understandings for policy makers on implementing policies by considering aspects of behaviours of academics as street level bureaucrats in accepting, interpreting, and implementing policy imperatives. These results might also be beneficial for policy makers from other sectors outside higher education in effectuating policy imperatives. Originality/value – The authors argued that, academics actively responded to external pressures which contradicted their own values and beliefs with their unique intellectual strategies by which have been overlooked in the formulation of policy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Structures weberite'

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