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Journal articles on the topic 'Strut-an-tie model'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Yun, Young Mook, and Hyun Soo Chae. "An optimum indeterminate strut-and-tie model for reinforced concrete corbels." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 12 (2019): 2557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219845689.

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The failure behavior of a reinforced concrete corbel is complicated due to the shear span-to-effective depth ratio, reinforcement patterns, load conditions, and material properties. In this study, an optimum first-order indeterminate strut-and-tie model that reflects all characteristics of the failure behavior is proposed for the rational design of reinforced concrete corbels with a shear span-to-effective depth ratio of less than 1.0. A load distribution ratio that transforms the indeterminate strut-and-tie model into a determinate model is also developed to help structural designers design r

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2

Chae. "An Indeterminate Strut-Tie Model and Load Distribution Ratio for Reinforced Concrete Corbels." Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 34, no. 4 (2014): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2014.34.4.1065.

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3

Chae, Hyun Soo, and Young Mook Yun. "An Indeterminate Strut-Tie Model for Prestressed Concrete Beams." Journal of The Korean Society of Civil Engineers 35, no. 4 (2015): 801–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2015.35.4.0801.

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Marzouk, H., E. Rizk, and R. Tiller. "Design of shear reinforcement for thick plates using a strut-and-tie model." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, no. 2 (2010): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-120.

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The strut-and-tie method is a rational approach to structural concrete design that results in a uniform and consistent design philosophy. A strut-and-tie model has been developed to model the punching-shear behaviour of thick concrete plates. This model provides a quick and simple approach to check the punching-shear behaviour. Thick concrete slabs (250–500 mm) without shear reinforcement can exhibit brittle shear failure under a central force and an unbalanced moment. Shear reinforcement has proven to be very effective in preventing such failures. The developed strut-and-tie model has also be

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Somraj, Amornthep, Kazunori Fujikake, and Bing Li. "Study on Dynamic Shear Resistance of RC Beams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.211.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic shear failure behavior of RC beams under rapid loading through an experimental study and also to set up a strut-and-tie model with loading rate effect to predict the dynamic shear resistance of RC beams. Thus, rapid loading test with 24 RC beams with a shear span-to-deep ratio of 1.9 was performed, in which shear reinforcement ratio and loading rate were variable. All of the RC beams exhibited shear compression failure. Although the shear resistance increases with increasing loading rate, the influence of loading rate on the shear resistance

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Ji, Lei, and Xin Sheng Yin. "Strut- and- Tie Model Method for Partial Compression about Prestressed Tendon Constraint Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 1004–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.1004.

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Prestressed tendon constraint partial compression concrete is a new approach to solve the phenomenon of insufficient bearing capacity in partial compression concrete members .The keystone of Strut-and-tie theory is presented.The development of strut-and-tie model is in-depth analyzed based on the description of the stress distribution in the members , the author considers that this theory can yet be regard as an ideal calculation method in partial compression members which is constrained by prestressed tendon or steel mesh.

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Panjehpour, Mohammad, Abang Abdullah Abang Ali, Anwar Mohammed Parvez, Farah Nora Aznieta, and Yen Lei Voo. "An Overview of Strut-and-Tie Model and its Common Challenges." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 8 (December 2012): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.8.37.

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B-Regions are parts of the structure in which Bernoulli's principle of straight-line strain is used. D-Regions are parts of the structure with a complicated variation in strain. In essence, D-Regions contain the parts of structure which are near to the concentrated forces or steep changes in geometry which are so-called geometrical discontinuities or static discontinuities. Strut-and-Tie Model (STM) is one of the best models to analyse the D-regions. Nevertheless, according to the existing literature, there are still some challenges about STM which are addressed in this paper. STM and its deta

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Gong, Hao Jun, and Min Su. "The Preliminary Calculation Process of Strut-and-Tie Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.325.

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By briefly introducing the main steps of using strut-and-tie (STM) , this paper showing the preliminary calculation process. In this paper, defining D-region is the very first step in design.Then paper gives the method to calculate the reinforcement needed to meet required tie capacities. In addition, checking the room for struts is also an important step in the calculation. Since it can examine the correctness of the STM designed by engineer.

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9

Wang, Ji Yang, Yi Lin Sun, and Masanobu Sakashita. "Direct Strut-and-Tie Model for Ultimate Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.89.

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A direct strut-and-tie model to calculate the ultimate shear strength of structural walls based on an interactive mechanical model (C.Y.Tang et al.) is presented. Two common failure modes, namely, diagonal splitting and concrete crushing, are examined in this paper. Ultimate shear strengths of structural walls are governed by both the transverse tensile stresses perpendicular to the diagonal strut, and the compressive stresses in the diagonal strut. Such proposed model is verified aganist three experimental case studies of structural walls. Generally, predictions by the proposed model are not

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10

Araújo, José Milton de. "Design of Rigid Pile Caps through an Iterative Strut-and-Tie Model." Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 14, no. 8 (2016): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/jact.14.397.

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11

Chen, Haitao, Lai Wang, and Jitao Zhong. "Study on an Optimal Strut-And-Tie Model for Concrete Deep Beams." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (2019): 3637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173637.

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The optimal strut-and-tie models (STMs) of two typical irregular concrete deep beams were constructed using evolutionary structural optimization and compared with those of previous studies. The reinforced concrete deep beam specimens were cast according to the reinforcement designs guided by different STMs. Eight irregular concrete deep beam specimens were experimentally investigated under stepped loading, and the differences in the amount of steel used, the load-carrying capacity, and the failure pattern of the different specimens were analyzed. The results show that the optimal STMs proposed

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ARAÚJO, José Milton de. "RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF RIGID PILE CAPS USING AN ITERATIVE STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL." Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment 10, no. 2 (2017): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/acee-2017-021.

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13

Guan, Hong. "Strut-and-tie model of deep beams with web openings - An optimization approach." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 19, no. 4 (2005): 361–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2005.19.4.361.

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14

Lyčka, Lukáš, and Petr Štěpánek. "Strut-and-Tie Model for Predicting the Punching Shear of Flat Slabs with Shear Reinforcement." Solid State Phenomena 259 (May 2017): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.259.178.

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The purpose of this paper is to describe a framework of the proposed method for predicting the punching shear of flat slabs with shear reinforcement. The proposed method is based on a strut-and-tie model. Current methods of predicting the punching shear strength of flat slabs could be divided into these categories: models based on empirical equations, physical models, analytical methods and finite element methods. Most of the current codes in force would be best described as empirical formulations. Physical model for prediction of punching shear is described in Model Code 2010. Proposed method

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SOUZA, R. A., and S. BREÑA. "Behavior predictions of deep beams with short straight bar anchorages using strut-and-tie models and nonlinear analysis." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 9, no. 5 (2016): 710–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952016000500004.

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Abstract This paper investigates the laboratory test results of 12 deep beams available in the literature, where the longitudinal reinforcement was anchored into the support using short straight bar anchorages. Four different specimen groups with three different shear span-to-depth ratios (a/d) were selected and most of the deep beams failed by strut crushing after yielding of the main longitudinal reinforcement. In order to investigate the behavior of the selected deep beams, an enhanced strut-and-tie model assuming geometrical adaptability (possibility of update in the dimensions of the stru

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ÖZKAL, FATİH MEHMET, and HABİB UYSAL. "A FULLY STRESSED DESIGN METHOD TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMUM STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL FOR BEAM–COLUMN CONNECTIONS." International Journal of Computational Methods 09, no. 03 (2012): 1250035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876212500351.

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Topology optimization and strut-and-tie model methods have a remarkable success in the detailing of reinforced concrete structures, especially for discontinuity regions of the beam–column connections. However, it has always been complicated to determine an optimum design throughout all the offers of an optimization process, since it is not obvious which of the decision variables should be considered in order to select the optimum design. This paper presents the application of a new selection method on topology optimization and strut-and-tie modeling of the beam–column connections. A performanc

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Ghoraba, Ahmed K., Salah E. El-Metwally, and Mohamed E. El-Zoughiby. "The strut-and-tie model and the finite element - good design companions." Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics 3, no. 4 (2020): 244–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2020.04244275.

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The strut-and-tie method (STM) can serve as a tool for a safe design of concrete structures or members. It aids to trace the flow of forces, appropriately lay-out the reinforcement, and safely predict the structure capacity. On the other hand, the linear elastic finite element can be utilized as an alternative in the development of the strut-and-tie models besides the load path method. In addition, the nonlinear finite element analysis assists in the optimization of the design results obtained from the STM. Hence, the two methods work well as companions in structural design. In order to demons

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R., Balamuralikrishnan, and Saravanan J. "Finite Element Analysis of Beam – Column Joints Reinforced with GFRP Reinforcements." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 12 (2019): 2708–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091443.

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Glass Fibre Reinforcement Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements are currently used as internal reinforcements for all flexural members due to their resistance to corrosion, high strength to weight ratios, the ability to handle easily and better fatigue performance under repeated loading conditions. Further, these GFRP reinforcements prove to be the better alternative to conventional reinforcements. The design methodology for flexural components has already come in the form of codal specifications. But the design code has not been specified for beam-column joints reinforced internally with GFRP reinfor

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Tur, Viktar, and Volha Sannikava. "Shear resistance of self-stressing concrete elements expanded under 2D restraint conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 212 (2020): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021202018.

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An analytical design model for estimation the shear resistance of plane self-stressing concrete elements with orthogonal reinforcement is presented. The design model is based on the strut-and-tie model concept and takes into consideration the restrained expansion strains and selfstresses as a result of self-stressing concrete expansion. The results of theoretical investigations were finally compared to the experimental ones showing the suitability of proposed design method.

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Kim, Byung-Hun, and Young-Mook Yun. "An Indeterminate Strut-Tie Model and Load Distribution Ratio for RC Deep Beams- (II) Validity Evaluation." Advances in Structural Engineering 14, no. 6 (2011): 1043–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.14.6.1043.

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Barros, R., and J. S. Giongo. "Shear force and torsion in reinforced concrete beam elements: theoretical analysis based on Brazilian Standard Code ABNT NBR 6118:2007." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 5, no. 5 (2012): 576–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952012000500002.

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Reinforced concrete beam elements are submitted to applicable loads along their life cycle that cause shear and torsion. These elements may be subject to only shear, pure torsion or both, torsion and shear combined. The Brazilian Standard Code ABNT NBR 6118:2007 [1] fixes conditions to calculate the transverse reinforcement area in beam reinforced concrete elements, using two design models, based on the strut and tie analogy model, first studied by Mörsch [2]. The strut angle θ (theta) can be considered constant and equal to 45º (Model I), or varying between 30º and 45º (Model II). In the case

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Tran, Cao Thanh Ngoc, and Bing Li. "Shear Strength Model for Reinforced Concrete Columns with Low Transverse Reinforcement Ratios." Advances in Structural Engineering 17, no. 10 (2014): 1373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.17.10.1373.

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This paper introduces an equation developed based on the strut-and-tie analogy to predict the shear strength of reinforced concrete columns with low transverse reinforcement ratios. The validity and applicability of the proposed equation are evaluated by comparison with available experimental data. The proposed equation includes the contributions from concrete and transverse reinforcement through the truss action, and axial load through the strut action. A reinforced concrete column with a low transverse reinforcement ratio, commonly found in existing structures in Singapore and other parts of

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Kim, Byung-Hun, and Young-Mook Yun. "An Indeterminate Strut-Tie Model and Load Distribution Ratio for RC Deep Beams - (I) Model & Load Distribution Ratio." Advances in Structural Engineering 14, no. 6 (2011): 1031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.14.6.1031.

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Ng, Chee Khoon, Alex Mee Kuei Tiong, and See Hung Lau. "Analytical Model for RC Beams with Externally Bonded Laminates Using Strut-and-Tie Method." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 3218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.3218.

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An analytical model for RC beam strengthened with externally bonded laminates based on the strut-and-tie method is reported herein for predicting the strength and mode of failure of the strengthened RC beam. From the proposed model, four inequality equations were derived corresponding to four possible modes of failure. These four inequality equations define a safe domain. When the loading path up to the ultimate flexural limit state of a beam is plotted on the same diagram, the mode of failure and strength of the beam can be identified. The possible modes of failure consist of both flexure-typ

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Tantipidok, Patarapol, Dinara McLaughin, and Petr Štemberk. "Study of Accelerated Production of Prestressed Concrete Sleepers Using Strut-and-Tie Model." Advanced Materials Research 1054 (October 2014): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1054.122.

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When designing the technological process for producing prestressed concrete sleepers on a large scale, it is especially important to achieve substantial reduction of production time due to the economic aspect. In this study, an estimation of the earliest possible time to release prestressing force from the wire with respect to bond development is presented, thus, allowing earlier removal and reuse of a prestressed concrete sleeper formwork. Time-dependent development of concrete compressive and tensile strength is defined according to fib Model Code 2010. A Strut-and-Tie Model has been adapted

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Sai Visalakshia, Bantumilli Satya, and Sri Harsha G. "Enhancement of shear strength of deep beams using hybrid fibres and suggesting an alternative for strut and tie model." Materials Today: Proceedings 33 (2020): 578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.454.

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Bołbotowski, Karol, Michał Knauff, and Tomasz Sokół. "Applications of truss topology optimization in the design of reinforced concrete structures using „Strut and Tie” models." Budownictwo i Architektura 12, no. 1 (2013): 091–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2178.

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Although Strut and Tie models are often used in practical design due to their apparent concept based on truss analysis, the creation of a model consistent with behaviour of the real structure is not an easy task. Frame corner model considered in the paper and presented in code [7] and article [8] exemplifies the problem. The authors proposed a method of automatic generating of ST models by making use of truss topology optimization (volume minimization problem). The method is based on classical ground structure approach. The authors introduced a method of including the cost of nodes in the obje

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You, Peibo, Shuaiqi Song, Haiyang Zhang, Lijuan Zhang, Ke Shi, and Yi Wang. "Shear Strength Prediction for SFRC Shear Wall with CFST Columns by Softened Strut and Tie Model." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (July 29, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8824308.

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The steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) shear wall with concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns is an innovative composite structure. In order to calculate the shear strength of SFRC shear wall with CFST columns, the softened strut and tie model (SSTM) of SFRC shear wall with CFST columns was proposed based on the analysis of shear mechanism of SFRC shear wall with CFST columns. The SSTM was composed of diagonal, horizontal, and vertical mechanisms, in which the contributions of concrete, reinforcement, and steel fiber to the shear strength of SFRC web of shear wall were identified. The s

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Cattaneo, Sara, Pietro Crespi, and Luigi Biolzi. "Structural Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Corbels." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (2020): 6727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196727.

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Post-installed systems for the anchorage of safety barriers to bridge corbels are widely used today thanks to their flexibility and easiness of installation. Because of commonly found in situ boundary constraints, however, the design requirements for post-installed fasteners and rebars are frequently not satisfied or only partially satisfied. This paper assesses the mechanical response of a corbel where an innovative solution concerning the placement of post-installed reinforcement in reinforced concrete members was suggested. With reference to the refurbishment of bridge curbs, which usually

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Kuebler, Michael, and Maria Anna Polak. "Critical review of the CSA A14-07 design provisions for torsion in prestressed concrete poles." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41, no. 4 (2014): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2013-0211.

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This paper focuses on the effect of the transverse reinforcement in concrete poles and its influence on torsional strength in an effort to simplify the governing Canadian prestressed concrete pole code (CSA A14-07). The rationale behind the CSA code values for amount, spacing, and direction of the transverse reinforcement is not apparent. A testing program consisting of 14 concrete pole specimens were produced to investigate the torsional response. The specimens were divided into two groups with different tip diameters. Within each group the spacing and direction of the wound helical transvers

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MESQUITA, A. C., A. S. ROCHA, R. G. DELALIBERA, and W. A. DA SILVA. "The influence of connecting pile cap-column in the mechanisms of break in the two pile caps." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 9, no. 6 (2016): 856–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952016000600004.

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Abstract The paper analyzes the two pile caps with partially embedded socket and subject a center load. Three models were experimentally tested, varying the type of conformation of the column and walls of the socket, with a smooth, the other rough, and a monolithic two pile cap, used for reference. The roughening of the column-socket interface was examined with the aim of verifying the difference of the distribution of compressive and tensile stresses in the strut an tie model used for design. The experimental test to show that the two pile caps with conformation rough of the column and walls

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Lyčka, Lukáš, and Petr Štěpánek. "A Method to Predict the Punching Shear Strength of Flat Slabs with Shear Reinforcement Using a Strut-and-Tie Model." Key Engineering Materials 738 (June 2017): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.738.25.

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The use of flat slabs in constructions due to its many functional and economic advantages is wide-spread. Behavior of flat slabs in shear and flexure is a fairly complex problem. Therefore, the punching shear failure belongs to one of the most critical aspects in the design of concrete buildings.The purpose of this paper is to describe a framework of the proposed method for predicting the punching shear of flat slabs with shear reinforcement. Most of the current codes in force are mainly based on empirical formulation. The proposed method is based on a strut-and-tie model and therefore could b

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Guan, Dongzhi, Hui Yang, Dan Ju, Zhengxing Guo, and Sen Yang. "Cyclic loading test on a locally post-tensioned precast concrete beam–column connection." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 12 (2019): 2699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219849811.

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A novel precast concrete beam–column connection locally post-tensioned using arc-shaped prestressing bars was proposed for satisfactory seismic performance and rapid construction. Three full-scale cruciform specimens, including one monolithic reference specimen, were tested under reversal cyclic loadings to evaluate the seismic behaviours. Grade 630 steel rods and high-strength deformed steel rebars were used for the arc-shaped prestressing bars in the precast specimens. The results show that the proposed precast connection presents an acceptable seismic performance and that the structural det

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Kim, Han-Soo, Yi-Tao Huang, and Hui-Jing Jin. "Influence of Multiple Openings on Reinforced Concrete Outrigger Walls in a Tall Building." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (2019): 4913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224913.

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Outrigger systems have been used to control the lateral displacement of tall buildings. Reinforced concrete (R.C.) outrigger walls with openings can be used to replace conventional steel outrigger trusses. In this paper, a structural model for an R.C. outrigger wall with multiple openings was proposed, and the effects of the multiple openings on the stiffness and strength of the outrigger walls were evaluated. The equivalent bending stiffness of the outrigger wall was derived to predict the lateral displacement at the top of tall buildings and internal shear force developed in the wall. The op

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Kwon, Minho, P. Benson Shing, Chip Mallare, and Jose Restrepo. "Seismic Resistance of RC Bent Caps in Elevated Mass Transit Structures." Earthquake Spectra 27, no. 1 (2011): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3533471.

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This paper presents a study of the seismic resistance of two reinforced concrete cap beams in existing elevated guideway structures constructed in the 1960s. One beam has a regular configuration and the other has an irregular configuration. For each beam type, a half-scale model was designed, constructed, and tested. The irregular beam tested had a larger depth and a higher quantity of main longitudinal steel. While the regular beam had spiral confinement extending into the beam-to-column joint, the irregular beam did not. The beams were subjected to simultaneous bending, shear, and torsion in

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Wardeh, George, and Elhem Ghorbel. "Shear strength of reinforced concrete beams with recycled aggregates." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 8 (2019): 1938–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219829815.

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This article presents an experimental program on the shear behavior of beams without transversal reinforcement manufactured with natural aggregate concrete and 100% recycled aggregate concrete. The beams were tested under four-point bending for a shear span-to-depth ratio ( a/ d) equal to 1.5 and 3.0. The mechanical properties of two mixes were characterized in terms of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and elastic modulus. Three-point bending tests were performed on plain pre-notched samples in order to determine the fracture properties by an inverse analysis of experimental f

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Li, Bing Hong, Shi Yong Jiang, Qian Hua Shi, and Xian Qi Hu. "Shear Capacity of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Continuous FRP Rectangular Spirals." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3009.

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The failure modes and the shear capacity of concrete beams reinforced with FRP reinforcement were discussed through an experimental investigation, in which continuous FRP rectangular spirals were used for shear reinforcement, while ordinary deformed steel bars are used for longitudinal reinforcement. Six concrete beams reinforced with FRP spirals were tested, the main variables considered were the shear reinforcement ratios, the shear span to depth ratios and the longitudinal reinforcement ratios. Two concrete beams of equal shear capacity which reinforced with continuous steel rectangular spi

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Vermeltfoort, A. T., and D. R. W. Martens. "Composite action in masonry walls under vertical in-plane loading: experimental results compared with predictions." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 42, no. 7 (2015): 449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2014-0098.

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The results of five experimental test series on masonry walls supported by reinforced concrete beams or slabs are reported and compared to theoretical predictions of the load bearing capacity. The experiments were performed on deep masonry beams built with respectively calcium silicate and clay brick. Investigated parameters were: position of the supports, concrete beam-masonry interface, concrete beam stiffness, type of loading, and height of masonry wall and concrete beam. Based on literature, the method proposed by Davies and Ahmed as well as the method according to Eurocode 6 were used to

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Deniaud, Christophe, and JJ Roger Cheng. "Shear rehabilitation of G-girder bridges in Alberta using fibre reinforced polymer sheets." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 5 (2000): 960–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-032.

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Many bridges were built in Alberta after World War II with type G-girder precast concrete elements. Today, there are approximately 1500 G-girder bridges still in service all over the province. These bridges are typical short span (approximately 6 m long), simply supported, and without shear keys between girders. Structural deficiency of the G-girders, especially in shear, plus the economic constraints of the government demand that an economical and efficient method for rehabilitation of these bridges be developed. A research program at the University of Alberta, in collaboration with Alberta T

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Huang, Hongmeng, Lu Cui, and Wei Lu. "Mechanical Behavior and Calculation Method for RC Fifteen-Pile Cap of Mixed Passenger and Freight Railway Bridge." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (September 18, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8833256.

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The thickness, reinforcement, and concrete strength grade of railway caps in China are generally determined according to the force, yet the method for calculating the force is unclear. To date, there is no desirable calculation method for analyzing the caps. Based on the fifteen-pile thick cap of mixed passenger and freight railway, the influencing factors on cap bearing capacity were analyzed using finite element method (FEM). The variations of load-bearing capacity and mechanical behavior of thick cap were characterized by introducing rigid angle α. Results indicated that ultimate load-beari

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Buda-Ożóg, Lidia. "Comparison of STM’s reliability system on the example of selected element." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (2020): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0007.

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AbstractThis paper presents optimization of the reliability system for different Strut and Tie models of beams loaded with a torsional and bending moment. In this paper, three STMs depending on the angle of diagonal strut were compared. The presented beam models have a serial system reliability. In the analyses, the full correlation of the top chord of truss - upper reinforcement, full correlation of bottom chord of truss - compression concrete, full correlation of members mapping individual stirrups and concrete in diagonals between stirrups. Estimation of the reliability of the adopted struc

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Hu, Zhangqi, Weirong Lv, Yusheng Wu, and Miao Zhang. "Analysis of Stiffness Reduction Coefficient of Conventionally Reinforced Concrete Coupling Beams on the Bias of Strut-and-Tie Model." Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 13, no. 5 (2020): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/jestr.135.11.

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Stiffness reduction coefficient of coupling beams (κ) can reflect the stiffness degradation degree at yield and significantly affect the seismic response and the internal force distribution. However, existing calculation methods do not consider the influencing factors comprehensively and have a limited application scope. To effectively predict the stiffness reduction coefficient of conventionally reinforced concrete coupling beams (CCBs), a simplified analysis model was established, and analysis and parameter modification were also implemented. Then, an equation with comprehensive consideratio

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Sandeep, M. S., Praveen Nagarajan, and A. P. Shashikala. "Development of Models for Predicting Strut Efficiency Factors for Conventional and Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams." Materials Science Forum 969 (August 2019): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.969.187.

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Commonly used analysis and design methods are applicable only to Bernoulli’s region or B-region where strain distribution is linear. Due to the peculiarity of the geometry for certain structural members like deep beams, corbels, etc, their entire strain distribution is nonlinear. Hence, they will act as discontinuous regions or D-regions where strain distribution is nonlinear. The designers are forced to depend on empirical relations and their past experience for designing such elements. Since, deep beams form an important structural element in bridges and high-rise buildings as pier caps and

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Cavers, William, and Gordon A. Fenton. "An evaluation of pile cap design methods in accordance with the Canadian design standard." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 31, no. 1 (2004): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-075.

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There are a number of design methods that have been described for the design of pile caps, but there has been no consensus on which method provides the best approach for the working designer. This paper describes a study conducted to establish the performance of several pile cap design methods, particularly with respect to the Canadian standard, CSA A23.3-94. Previous research was examined to determine the basis of the design methods and the state of current research. The design methods identified were then applied to pile caps for which test data were available. The theoretical loads obtained

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Guner, Serhan, and Jean Carrière. "Analysis and strengthening of caisson foundations for uplift loads." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 5 (2016): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0350.

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Many existing self-supporting towers are built with constant-width caisson foundations. Due to the increased demand to add more antennas to the towers, and more stringent strength requirements in recently revised design standards, many existing caisson foundations require significant strengthening for additional uplift resistance. Although a number of retrofit design solutions are frequently used in practice, there is a lack of literature providing guidelines for the proper analysis of retrofitted foundations. This study proposes a detailed analysis and design methodology to significantly incr

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Hagberg, Thore. "Do EN 1992-1-1 and the European Concrete Platform comply with tests? Commentary on the rules for strut-and-tie models using corbels as an example." Structural Concrete 16, no. 3 (2015): 418–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/suco.201400066.

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Silva, Ricardo José Carvalho, Dênio Ramam Carvalho de Oliveira, Nívea Gabriela Benevides de Albuquerque, Thiago Andrade Gomes, and Aaron Kadima Lukanu Lwa Nzambi. "Punching shear in flat slabs by strut and tie model." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 14, no. 5 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952021000500006.

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Abstract Research on behavior of flat slabs under punching shear, performed by Kinnunen, Regan and Muttoni influenced the main design recommendations. Meanwhile, studies about strut and tie model developed by Schlaich for beams, deep beams and corbels also influenced these design codes. This work aimed to adapt the strut and tie model for the punching shear resistance analysis in flat slabs. The punching shear resistance of 30 flat slabs verified through strut and tie model was compared to the one designed following Brazilian, American and European codes recommendation. Subsequently, this same

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Taufik, Panji Ginaya. "STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF PILE CAP 3 PILE WITH EKSENTRIC LOAD DESIGNED USING STRUT AND TIE MODEL WITH NUMERICAL METHOD." Jurnal Media Teknik Sipil 17, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jmts.v17i1.7483.

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Pile cap is a structure to distribute load from the upper structure to the sub structure. Often the planning of the pile cap is approached as a two way slab or beam with pile as restrain, by consider the bending and shear separately. As is the case with conventional methods that consider 1-way shear, 2-way shear, and bending separately. The strut and tie model can be used as an alternative method in designing a pile cap, by approaching the stress trajectory with the truss model. In this study, a pile cap will be designed using the conventional method and the strut and tie model, the pile cap w

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ÖZKAL, Fatih Mehmet, and Habib UYSAL. "A computational and experimental study for the optimum reinforcement layout design of an RC frame." Engineering Computations 33, no. 2 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-11-2014-0222.

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Purpose Compared with conventional design methods, strut-and-tie modeling is a more suitable and even a superior method for the reinforcement layout design of structural members with uncommon geometrical shapes and/or regions essentially subject to shear effects. Because the determination of the optimum strut-and-tie model for each of the members is an important task, the implementation of a topology optimization method could be useful before the detailing stage. Design/methodology/approach Optimum reinforcement layout of a concrete frame was designed by an integrated approach, which consists

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Cedrim, Matheus Barbosa Moreira, Eduardo Nobre Lages, and Aline da Silva Ramos Barboza. "Proposition and analysis of strut and tie models for short corbels from techniques of topology optimization." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 14, no. 2 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952021000200012.

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Abstract Reinforced concrete short corbels are components characterized to represent typical conditions of geometrical and static discontinuity. In general, the classical bending theory is not valid for their design. With the strut and tie method, a model of a self-balanced truss, a strategy of representation of the principal stress flow appears as a representation of the trajectories of the main stresses in these components. Within the context of obtaining the strut and tie models, topology optimization is an indicated technique for an automated process. Combined with a numerical analysis bas

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