Academic literature on the topic 'Struthioniformes'

El esternón es una estructura de peculiar desarrollo en las aves y presenta una combinación de caracteres que puede variar de acuerdo al modo de vida de cada especie; este trabajo describe y analiza el esternón de 25 órdenes, 47 familias y 112 géneros de aves que habitan en Chile. A través de medidas y dibujos se muestran los caracteres útiles para la determinación específica o genérica, lo que puede ser aplicable en estudios de materiales óseos provenientes de restos de depredadores y excavaciones arqueológicas.

The identities of chlamydial strains, which can infect a given host, are important to know for disease prognosis, disease control, and epidemiology. The microimmunofluorescence test (MIFT) was used with a panel of 14 serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to serotype 150 chlamydial isolates from domestic and wild birds. The isolates were obtained from birds submitted to diagnostic laboratories or during investigation of outbreaks. The 150 US isolates included 96 from the order Psittaciformes, 14 isolates from the order Columbiformes, 2 from the order Passeriformes, 16 from the order Galliformes, 12 from the order Struthioniformes, and 3 from the order Falconiformes. A total of 93, or 97%, of the Psittaciformes isolates were of serovar A; 11, or 79%, of the Columbiformes isolates were of serovar B; 64% of the Galliformes isolates were of serovar D, and all the Struthioniformes isolates were of serovar E. The 3 Falconiformes isolates did not react with any of the MAbs to the avian and mammalian isolates and are presumed to represent a new strain. The results show that specific chlamydial strains are usually associated with certain types of birds and that some serovars may be unusually virulent for certain species of birds. The MIFT using serovar-specific MAbs provides a rapid method to serotype new isolates, making it a useful system for epidemiological studies.

Avian declines and extinctions are a worldwide concern. Conservation priorities for birds should target threatened taxa (taxonomic targets) and regions with high levels of species richness and endemism (geographical targets). Does published research on bird conservation reflect the global taxonomic and geographic priorities? We surveyed six years (2000–2005) of six international conservation journals, and analyzed all articles on birds. Attention indexes were calculated for orders, threatened species, and biogeographic realms. We also examined how well research from tropical nations (with high levels of richness and endemism) are represented in the international literature. Results show that Struthioniformes is the order that has the highest attention (0.54), mostly because this order has relatively few species, and the lowest attention was recorded for Coliiformes (0.00). For some orders (Anseriformes, Apodiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Coraciiformes, Cuculiformes, Gaviiformes, Pelecaniformes, Phoenicopteriformes, Podicipediformes, Struthioniformes, Tinamiformes and Trogoniformes), most of the published research focuses on non-threatened species. The Nearctic and Palearctic are the biogeographic realms that receive most attention by avian conservationists. However, the Neotropical, Afrotropical, and Indomalayan are the regions with higher species diversity. Eighty-four countries contributed articles, but the majority of bird conservation research is conducted by North American and western European researchers. There is urgent need for capacity building in tropical developing nations. Birds are seriously threatened and are rapidly declining worldwide. However, bird conservation is still misplacing its focus in lower-biodiversity regions and for some orders focusing in non-threatened species. If such trends are not changed, the consequences for the persistence of birds worldwide may be dire.

Rheas are the largest birds in South America. Belonging to the order of Struthioniformes, they are bred in captivity for their beauty and also for the quality and use of their meat, leather, feathers and eggs. The objective of this report was to describe a case of prolapse and amputation of the phallus after clinical and surgical care of a greater rhea (Rhea americana), to contribute to the literature on the occurrence of this condition in ratites. The animal was raised and is kept in captivity at Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), in Teresina, Piaui state, Brazil. The animal relapsed after two attempts to reduce the phallus prolapse, requiring amputation, since the animal’s organ presented areas of necrosis. After the intervention, the animal was returned to the previous enclosure, regrouping with the flock without complications and maintained a normal pre-surgery behavior. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first case of phallus and cloaca prolapse reported in Rhea americana.

Abstract Today, blood tests are an indispensable tool in avian medicine. This study aimed to describe and compare hematological and morphometric data of erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes of rhea, Rhea americana. To do so, 58 rheas of both sexes on two farms, one in Cachoeiro do Itapemirim, Espírito Santo (ES), and the other in São Carlos, São Paulo (SP), were selected. Blood samples were taken and their RBC counts, PCV and Hb levels were determined and used in hematimetric index calculations. The total and differentiated leukocyte counts and the TPP and fibrinogen serum levels were also obtained. The results from the two farms analyzed were compared by means of the t test. There were differences in the parameters of the erythrocyte series between the two flocks because of a process of hypochromic macrocytic anemia observed among the rheas in ES. The values for the erythrocyte series and indexes were: RBC, 2.81 ± 0.15 x106/μl; PCV, 44.20 ± 2.86%; Hb, 12.12 ± 0.74 g/dL; MCV, 15.75 ± 0.89 fL; MCH, 43.18 ± 1.82 pg; and MCHC, 27.44 ± 0.80 g/dL. The values for the leukocyte series were: WBC, 12,072 ± 4116 /μL; heterophils, 64.10 ± 9.90%; eosinophils, 2.05 ± 2.06%; monocytes, 6.40 ± 2.99%; lymphocytes, 26.93 ± 9.62%; and basophils, 0.52 ± 1.27%. These can all be suggested as references for rheas reared in Brazil. Statistical differences were observed in erythrocyte length measurements, which were higher in the rheas in SP than in those in ES. Regarding width, the heterophils, lymphocytes and monocytes of the birds in ES were statistically greater than those of the birds in SP. It was concluded that rheas may exhibit morphometric alterations to blood cells and differences in blood elements according to the type of management to which they are subjected.

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Há dez anos, a chegada das primeiras aves reprodutoras deram início a criação de avestruz no Brasil. As aves adaptaram-se bem às condições climáticas do país, deixando de serem consideradas exóticas para adquirirem status zootécnico, tornando a estrutiocultura uma nova opção pecuária e econômica, atraindo a atenção de empresários e pecuaristas, interessados em um investimento com bom potencial de retorno. Este segmento começa a abrir mercado para a produção de alimentos, atendendo ao perfil atual do consumidor de carnes, que opta pelas carnes magras visando hábitos alimentares saudáveis e uma melhor qualidade de vida. Por este motivo, todas as fases da cadeia de produção de carnes e subprodutos, deve estar submetida a um rigoroso controle de qualidade. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi de, a partir do primeiro abate experimental oficial de avestruz do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, contribuir com o desenvolvimento da estrutiocultura no estado, apresentando dados científicos, tecnologias e sugestões, que possam orientar normativas para o abate, embalagem, padrão de identidade e qualidade da carne de avestruz, e conseqüentemente delinear as ações de vigilância sanitária. Os resultados obtidos foram agrupados em cinco artigos científicos, que nos permitiram concluir que o primeiro abate oficial do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, norteado pelos procedimentos habitualmente utilizados pelos técnicos do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, cumpriu o objetivo do evento de treinar pessoal e apresentar adequações de matadouros e da linha de matança/fluxograma de abate, merecendo atenção especial o atordoamento e o tempo transcorrido entre este e a sangria. Pelo observado, recomenda-se que a insensibilização por pistola de dardo cativo seja substituída pela insensibilização elétrica e que métodos mais eficientes de contenção do animal sejam implantados. O treinamento do pessoal envolvido é fundamental em todas as etapas do processo, particularmente nos procedimentos onde pode-se ter maior risco de contaminação: evisceração, higienização e sanitização de áreas, superfícies e equipamentos. O controle de qualidade da água, da manutenção e da utilização correta dos equipamentos são os pontos críticos para controlar os perigos envolvidos na linha de abate de avestruz. A utilização das atmosferas modificadas retarda o crescimento de microrganismos alterantes da carne de avestruz, favorecendo o aumento da vida útil de 2 a 3 vezes quando comparadas a embalagem com ar, principalmente, em atmosferas enriquecidas com CO2. Cortes comerciais foram propostos, bem como uma nomenclatura mais familiar aos padrões nacionais. Posteriormente, avaliaram-se algumas características físicas de qualidade desta carne, nas condições experimentais de abate, entre elas, a força de cisalhamento e a perda por cocção. A carne de avestruz obteve um grau de maciez que atende à exigências culinárias, sendo que foi observado maior maciez no dorso, seguido da coxa e sobrecoxa. Pela sua maior capacidade de retenção de água, a carne de avestruz é ideal para obtenção de produtos processados, pois, possivelmente, reduz a necessidade de utilização de retensores de água, como fosfatos. Os resultados da análise da composição centesimal confirmam sua qualidade nutricional, com elevado teor de proteína, ferro e cálcio e baixo teor de lipídeos, atendendo a exigência de consumidores que optam por produtos de origem animal, nutritivos, com pouca gordura e com menos calorias.
The arrival of the first reproductive birds ten years ago marked the beginning of ostrich breeding in Brazil. The birds adjusted well to the climatic conditions of the country and while previously regarded as an exotic species have now acquired a zootechnical status. This has enabled the farming of ostriches to become a new livestock option with economics attracting the attention of entrepreneurs and farmers interested in an investment with a potential for good returns. This segment starts to open the market for food production catering for the needs of those meat consumers that favour lean meat to achieve a healthy diet and a better quality of life. For this reason all phases of the production of meat and by-products must be submitted to rigorous quality control. Thus, the main objective of this work, since the first experimental slaughter of ostrich in the State of Rio de Janeiro, has been to contribute to the development of ostrich farming in that state. The contribution has involved the presentation of scientific data, technology and suggestions that can assist in the issuing of official guidelines for slaughter, packing, standard identification and quality standards of ostrich meat and consequently to define the actions for health inspections. The results obtained were grouped into five scientific articles which enabled us to conclude that the first official slaughter in the State of Rio de Janeiro (guided by the usual procedures applied by the MAPA technicians) fulfilled the objectives to train staff and to define what is required in slaughter houses and on the slaughter line. Special attention was given to the stunning process and the time between this and the bleeding, resulting in a recommendation that stunning by dart pistol is replaced by electric stunning and that more efficient methods of containment of the animal are introduced. The training of the staff involved in all stages of the process is fundamental and especially in the procedures where there can be greater risk of contamination, such as in the removal of internal organs, hygiene and sterilization of areas, surfaces and equipment. The control of the quality of the water used, together with the maintenance and correct use of equipment are critical to the control of the intrinsic hazards in the ostrich slaughter process. The use of a modified atmosphere, in particular an atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide, delays the growth of micro-organisms that can alter ostrich meat, increasing the shelf life by a factor of 2 to 3 times as compared to packing in air. Commercial cuts were proposed and described using the familiar nomenclature of the national standards. Later, some physical characteristics of quality of this meat were assessed in the experimental slaughter conditions such as the WBS shear force and cooking loss. The data showed that ostrich meat is tender and is at its most tender in the rear area followed by the thigh and upper-thigh. Because of its capacity for water retention, ostrich meat is ideal for use in processed products because it potentially reduces the need to use linking agents or water retainers such as phosphates. The analysis results of the chemical composition confirm the nutritional quality of ostrich meat with increased levels of protein, iron and calcium and with low fat, which caters for the needs of those consumers opting for products of animal origin that are nutritious, yet with low fat and calories.