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1
Rech, Ioná, Paul Withers, Davey Jones, and Paulo Pavinato. "Solubility, Diffusion and Crop Uptake of Phosphorus in Three Different Struvites." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010134.
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Phosphate (P) fertilisers produced from waste recycling (e.g., struvite) are considered to be more sustainable than those conventionally produced from the processing of rock P (e.g., highly soluble triple superphosphate, TSP). In this study, we used 33P to monitor struvite dissolution and P diffusion into the soil in comparison to TSP. We evaluated three distinct chemical formulations of struvite, namely: (1) Crystal Green® (CG) produced in an industrial process from sewage sludge; (2) natural struvite (NS) precipitated in swine manure pipelines; and (3) laboratory precipitated struvite (PS) from chicken manure by a new process of P recovery. P diffusion was evaluated in soil columns over a 21-day period. This was complimented with a pot experiment in which wheat and soybean were cultivated in a Eutric Cambisol for 38 days in the presence of either struvite or TSP. P fertilisers were applied at a dose equivalent to 17.5 kg P ha−1 and fertiliser solubility determined by recovering soil solution. All three types of struvite tested showed reduced P solubility and mobility relative to TSP, but a comparison of the three struvites has shown that their P solubilities differed by a factor of two, with the greatest P release (up to 85% of total P) obtained from a struvite recovered from poultry manure and containing other useful nutrients (K, S and Ca). All struvites enhanced crop growth and P uptake of wheat and soybean relative to a nil P control, with up to 80% P recovery compared to TSP. These results further support the more widespread use of struvite as a sustainable source of P to plants despite its low water solubility.
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Ackerman, Joe N., Francis Zvomuya, Nazim Cicek, and Don Flaten. "Evaluation of manure-derived struvite as a phosphorus source for canola." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, no. 3 (May 2013): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-207.
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Ackerman, J. N., Zvomuya, F., Cicek, N. and Flaten, D. 2013. Evaluation of manure-derived struvite as a phosphorus source for canola. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 419–424. There is growing interest in the treatment of swine manure to mitigate water quality issues related to phosphorus (P) from livestock operations. Precipitation of P as struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) is a potential strategy to achieve this. The overall objective of this growth room study was to evaluate the effect of manure-derived struvite (MDS) on canola growth and P recovery efficiency. Pure struvite (PS), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and polymer-coated monoammonium phosphate (PCMAP) were applied to canola plants in plastic pots containing 2 kg of a sandy loam soil. Biomass yields for MDS and PS were similar at all P rates (mean = 7.6 g pot−1) and significantly smaller than those for MAP and PCMAP (mean = 9.3 g pot−1). Differences in P uptake among P sources were detected at the highest P rate where P uptake was significantly greater for MAP and PCMAP (mean = 22.7 mg P pot−1) than for the struvite forms (mean = 16.4 mg P pot−1). Our results show that although P uptake was similar for the struvites and commercial fertilizers at P2O5 rates of 38 mg pot−1 or lower, biomass yield per unit of P taken up was smaller for the struvites. This may be due to lower initial solubility of the struvites in the alkaline (pH 7.7) soil used in this experiment, which gave an early stage growth advantage to canola fertilized with MAP and PCMAP. These results suggest that it may be necessary to supplement struvite with soluble P fertilizers, such as MAP, if applied on soils such as that tested in this study.
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Costa, Flávio Silva, Falko Langenhorst, and Erika Kothe. "Biomineralization of Nickel Struvite Linked to Metal Resistance in Streptomyces mirabilis." Molecules 27, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 3061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103061.
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Biomineral formation is a common trait and prominent for soil Actinobacteria, including the genus Streptomyces. We investigated the formation of nickel-containing biominerals in the presence of a heavy-metal-resistant Streptomyces mirabilis P16B-1. Biomineralization was found to occur both in solid and liquid media. Minerals were identified with Raman spectroscopy and TEM-EDX to be either Mg-containing struvite produced in media containing no nickel, or Ni-struvite where Ni replaces the Mg when nickel was present in sufficient concentrations in the media. The precipitation of Ni-struvite reduced the concentration of nickel available in the medium. Therefore, Ni-struvite precipitation is an efficient mechanism for tolerance to nickel. We discuss the contribution of a plasmid-encoded nickel efflux transporter in aiding biomineralization. In the elevated local concentrations of Ni surrounding the cells carrying this plasmid, more biominerals occurred supporting this point of view. The biominerals formed have been quantified, showing that the conditions of growth do influence mineralization. This control is also visible in differences observed to biosynthetically synthesized Ni-struvites, including the use of sterile-filtered culture supernatant. The use of the wildtype S. mirabilis P16B-1 and its plasmid-free derivative, as well as a metal-sensitive recipient, S. lividans, and the same transformed with the plasmid, allowed us to access genetic factors involved in this partial control of biomineral formation.
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Edahwati, Luluk, Sutiyono, and Rizqi Rendri Anggriawan. "Pembentukan Pupuk Struvite dari Limbah Cair Industri Tempe dengan Proses Aerasi." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 22, no. 2 (July 31, 2021): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v22i2.4721.
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ABSTRACT Struvite, also known as magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, is a white crystal with a chemical formula magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MgNH4PO4.6H2O). Because of its phosphate content, struvite can be utilized as a fertilizer. Tempeh industrial effluent contains a high concentration of PO4, making it a possible struvite fertilizer producing material. The formation of struvite fertilizer is carried out by the aeration process. This process is able to increase the pH and homogeneity of the solution. The solution of Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) is prepared by reacting tempeh industrial wasterwater, Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2), and Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH). The MAP ratios used are 1:1:1 and 3:1:1. The temperature was set at 30 °C and pH 9, the airflow rate was carried out at a rate of 0.25 - 1.25 liters per minute. Struvite crystals were analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The best struvite fertilizer content is magnesium by 40.3% and phosphorus by 43.9% at an air flow rate of 1.25 liters per minute and a ratio of 3:1:1. Further development can be done by applying struvite fertilizers to plants. Keywords: aeration, crystallization, tempeh industrial wastewater, struvite ABSTRAK Struvite adalah kristal putih yang secara kimiawi dikenal sebagai magnesium amonium fosfat heksahidrat (MgNH4PO4.6H2O). Struvite dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi pupuk karena kandungan fosfat (PO4) di dalamnya. Limbah cair industri tempe memiliki kandungan PO4 yang cukup tinggi, menjadikan limbah cair industri tempe adalah bahan pembentuk pupuk struvite yang potensial. Pembentukan pupuk struvite dilakukan dengan proses aerasi. Proses ini mampu meningkatkan pH dan homogenitas dari larutan. Larutan MAP (Magnesium Amonium Fosfat) dibuat dengan cara mereaksikan limbah cair industri tempe, Magnesium Klorida (MgCl2), dan Amonium Hidroksida (NH4OH). Rasio MAP yang digunakan adalah 1:1:1 dan 3:1:1. Temperatur ditetapkan sebesar 30°C dan pH 9, laju alir udara dilakukan dengan laju 0,25 - 1,25 liter per menit. Kristal struvite dianalisis menggunakan Floresensi sinar-X (XRF) dan Mikroskop Pemindai Elektron (SEM). Kandungan pupuk struvite terbaik adalah magnesium sebesar 40,3% dan fosfor sebesar 43,9% pada konsentrasi 3:1:1 dan laju alir udara 1,25 liter per menit. Pengembangan lebih lanjut dapat dilakukan dengan mengaplikasikan pupuk struvite ke tanaman. Kata Kunci: aerasi, kristalisasi, limbah cair industri tempe, struvite
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Kemacheevakul, Patiya, Surawut Chuangchote, Sosuke Otani, Tomonari Matsuda, and Yoshihisa Shimizu. "Effect of magnesium dose on amount of pharmaceuticals in struvite recovered from urine." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 7 (June 19, 2015): 1102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.313.
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Phosphorus (P) recovery was carried out through struvite precipitation from urines. Human urine, however, contains not only high nutrients for plants, such as P and nitrogen, but also pharmaceuticals and hormones. In this work, effects of magnesium (Mg) dose (in terms of Mg:P ratio) on P recovery efficiency and pharmaceutical amounts contained in struvite were investigated. Batch-scale experiments of synthetic and human urines revealed that struvite precipitation formed more X-shaped crystals with an increased molar ratio of Mg:P, while the amount of pharmaceuticals (tetracycline, demeclocycline, and oxytetracycline) in struvite decreased with an increased molar ratio of Mg:P. The lowest pharmaceutical amounts in struvite were found at the Mg:P ratio of 2:1 from both samples. Moreover, the maximum P recovery efficiency, quantity and purity of struvite were found in the range of 1.21 to 2:1. It indicated that the molar ratio of Mg:P has a significant impact on struvite precipitation in terms of pharmaceutical amounts in struvite; morphology, quantity and purity of struvite; and P recovery.
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LANG, DIANE BERNEATH. "Struvite Calculi." Radiology 193, no. 3 (December 1994): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.193.3.702.
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GLEESON, M. J., and D. P. GRIFFITH. "Struvite Calculi." British Journal of Urology 71, no. 5 (May 1993): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1993.tb16015.x.
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Rodman, JohnS. "Struvite Stones." Nephron 81, no. 1 (December 24, 1998): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000046299.
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Huang, Haiming, Qianwu Song, and Chunlian Xu. "Removal of ammonium from aqueous solutions using the residue obtained from struvite pyrogenation." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 2508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.811.
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This paper reports the results of laboratory studies on the removal of ammonium from aqueous solutions using struvite pyrogenation residues. A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the pyrogenation temperature (90–210 °C) and time (0.5–4 h) on the ammonium release of struvite. In addition, the pyrolysate of struvite produced at different pyrogenation temperatures and times was recycled for ammonium removal from aqueous solutions. The experimental results indicated that the ammonium release ratio of struvite increased with an increase in the pyrogenation temperature and time, and the struvite pyrolysate used as magnesium and phosphate source for ammonium removal was produced at the optimal condition of pyrogenation temperature of 150 °C for 1 h. Furthermore, experimental results showed that the optimum pH and pyrolysate dosage for ammonium removal from 100 ml synthetic wastewater (1,350 mg ammonium/L) were at pH 9 and 2.4 g of struvite pyrolysate, respectively, and initial ammonium concentration played a significant role in the ammonium removal by the struvite pyrolysate. In order to further reduce the cost of struvite precipitation, the struvite pyrolysate was repeatedly used for four cycles. The results of economic analysis showed that recycling struvite for three process cycles should be reasonable for ammonium removal, with ammonium removal efficiencies of over 50% and a reduction of 40% in the removal cost per kg NH4+.
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Graeser, Stefan, Walter Postl, Hans-Peter Berlepsch Bojar, Thomas Armbruster, Thomas Raber, Karl Ettinger, and Franz Walter. "Struvite-(K), KMgPO46H2O, the potassium equivalent of struvite a new mineral." European Journal of Mineralogy 20, no. 4 (August 29, 2008): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2008/0020-1810.
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Wu, Ivy, Ryan Park, and Andrew M. Herring. "Combined Electrodialysis and Peptide-Directed Struvite Recovery System." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 27 (October 9, 2022): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02271041mtgabs.
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Recovery of N and P as struvite (MgNH4PO4 6H2O) has gained interest in recent years as both a flow assurance measure and as a sustainable P source for fertilizer. Electrochemically precipitated struvite offers advantages compared to conventional precipitation methods by reducing the need for expensive additives and has the potential for coupling with renewable energy sources. However, high energy inputs to overcome the solution resistance of most wastewaters limit the feasibility of the technology. In this work, a coupled electrodialysis-struvite recovery system is presented to concentrate the wastewater (producing a separate desalinated stream) while producing struvite in a single unit operation. Furthermore, a common dental peptide was explored as a method to control and increase growth of struvite crystals at neutral pH. Cysteine-capped peptide was attached to a gold mesh substrate in a range of loadings (5-27ug/cm2). Chronoamperometry was conducted by first placing the peptide-loaded mesh in the struvite reactor filled with synthetic wastewater at pH 7.1 and then applying a range of potentials (0.5-0.99V) to the magnesium anode. White precipitates were observed and characterized as struvite by XRD. Struvite crystal morphology was investigated by SEM. We report that a peptide loading of 19 ug/cm2 led to a nearly 14% increase in struvite precipitated compared to bare Au with no peptide attached. Furthermore, longer, dendritic struvite crystals formed in the presence of peptide compared to orthorhombic crystals which formed without peptide. These results indicate that the peptide alters local supersaturation, leading to an increase in directional crystal growth. By demonstrating the utility of peptides for increasing struvite precipitation at neutral pH, our findings improve the viability of electrochemical struvite precipitation for a wider range of wastewater compositions and highlights how peptides can modulate crystal growth.
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Hao, X. D., C. C. Wang, L. Lan, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "Struvite formation, analytical methods and effects of pH and Ca2 +." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 8 (October 1, 2008): 1687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.557.
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Struvite formation is mainly controlled by concentrations of Mg2 + , NH4+ and PO43 + , pH, temperature, and other ions like Ca2 + . Experiments evaluating the effects of pH and Ca2 + on struvite formation indicated that XRD is only a qualitative method to analyze the struvite content in precipitating compounds, which was also reflected in microscopic images. The element analyses preceded by a dissolution method were introduced to quantitatively determine the struvite content and were shown to be an efficient enough method. Based on element analyses, the struvite content could be calculated according to the N content in the precipitations, based on the molar ratios (1:1:1) of Mg, N and P in pure struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O). It was found that the optimal pH ranges for the struvite content >90% were respectively at 7.5 ∼ 9.0 with ultra pure water as solute and at 7.0 ∼ 7.5 with tap water (mainly consisting of ground water) as solute. Applying a pH > 8.0 in real wastewater containing Ca2 + might result in impure struvite contents in the precipitate due to the effect of Ca2 + .
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Baugé, S. M. Y., L. M. (Les) Lavkulich, J. E. Wilson, and H. E. Schreier. "Comparison of surface properties of synthetic and soil struvite." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 94, no. 2 (May 2014): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2013-099.
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Baugé, S. M. Y., Lavkulich, L. M., Wilson, J. E. and Schreier, H. E. 2014. Comparison of surface properties of synthetic and soil struvite. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 169–176. X-ray, Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses of intensively managed agricultural soils in southwestern British Columbia reported the presence of the Mg-phosphate mineral, struvite. Soils are heterogeneous, thus analytical techniques based on single minerals require calibration in order to provide reliable results. A synthetic struvite was used to compare the properties of the soil phosphate with struvite. The results confirmed the presence of struvite and possibly additional species of Mg. Time of flight–secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) revealed that the surface of struvite, to 2nm depth, is dominated by Mg with other cations, notably Fe and NH4 that were measured in minor amounts and were associated with the Mg rich surface layer. The results suggest that P is located within the struvite structure. Chemical reactions of struvite and phosphorus chemistry in these soils appear to be governed by the Mg surface layer.
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Edahwati, L., S. Sutiyono, and Suprihatin. "Analysis of Air Flow Rate in Bulkhead Reactors on Struvite Mineral." Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering Journal (BIOMEJ) 2, no. 1 (May 25, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/biomej.v2i1.45.
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Struvite is a white crystalline chemical known as magnesium ammonium phosphorus hexahydrate (MgNH4PO4.6H2O). Struvite is soluble in acidic conditions and slightly soluble in neutral and alkaline conditions. In industry, struvite is known as scale in pipes. Urinary stones can be called struvite because struvite crystals can form easily in the urine of animals and humans infected with ammonia organisms produced in the urine. Struvite can potentially be formed by alkaline urine and high magnesium excretion due to a high magnesium plant- based diet. The formation of struvite minerals is carried out in an insulated reactor by mixing a solution of MgCl2, NH4OH, and H3PO4 in a ratio of 1:1:1. The treatment of struvite mineral formation was carried out with a feed inlet rate of 35 ml/minute, the temperature at the reactor was carried out at 30oC while the intake air rate was carried out in the range of 0.25-1.25 liters/min. The pH of the solution was kept at a value of 9. The process was carried out until a steady state was reached. The formation of struvite minerals using an insulated column reactor was obtained at conditions of pH 9, operating temperature of 30oC and air rate of 1.25L/min.
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Harada, H., Y. Shimizu, Y. Miyagoshi, S. Matsui, T. Matsuda, and T. Nagasaka. "Predicting struvite formation for phosphorus recovery from human urine using an equilibrium model." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 8 (October 1, 2006): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.720.
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Interest in phosphorus recovery from urine diverted from faeces has been growing recently. Phosphorus in urine can be precipitated out as struvite (MgNH4PO4•6H2O) with addition of magnesium salt under alkaline conditions. Struvite formation, however, should be more well understood for its practical application. We predicted the struvite formation with a development of a new equilibrium model. The model considered the formation of eight different kinds of precipitates, including struvite, with effects of ionic strength and temperature. In addition, experiments on struvite formation in urine were conducted for the model validation. The model prediction of struvite formation had good agreement with the experimental results. The optimum pH to form struvite was predicted to be 9.4–9.7. In order to precipitate 99% of phosphate in urine with 1.5 fold Mg concentration to PO4-P, the pH value was necessary to be more than 8.1 based on the model prediction.
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Wongphudphad, Pidchaya, and Patiya Kemacheevakul. "Development of phosphorus recovery reactor for enlargement of struvite crystals using seawater as the magnesium source." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.133.
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Abstract Struvite crystallization is an interesting method for the recovery of phosphorus (P) from wastewater. However, the struvite crystals obtained are small, which makes them difficult to separate from wastewater. A continuous reactor for enlarging struvite crystals was developed. Batch-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the optimum factors for the enlargement of struvite crystals. The results of pH experiments showed that P recovery efficiency increased with an increase of pH values (7.6 to 10), while the size of struvite crystals decreased. The results of the Mg:P ratios found that the maximum P recovery efficiency occurred at the maximum ratio of Mg:P. The sizes of struvite crystals were not significantly different. For the variation of temperature values, the results showed that P recovery efficiency and crystal sizes decreased when temperature values increased. Therefore, the optimized conditions for P recovery efficiency and enlargement of struvite crystals for the continuous reactor were pH 8.5 and an Mg:P ratio of 1.2:1 at 30 °C (room temperature). The treated swine wastewater and seawater were continuously fed in at the bottom of the reactor. After 30 days, the size of struvite crystals had increased from 125 μm to 0.83 mm (seven times).
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Liu, Ji Dan, Zu Xin Xu, Wei Gang Wang, and Wei Jin. "The Effect of Organic Compounds on the Recovery of Ammonium by Struvite Precipitation from Swine Anaerobic Digester Effluent." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2350.
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Recovering nitrogen and phosphorus through struvite crystallization from swine wastewater has gained increasing interest. However, effluents of anaerobic digested swine wastewater contains other constituents including complex and hardly definited organic compounds, which may hinder the formation of struvite crystal and affect the purity of the precipitates by forming other insoluble minerals. Struvite precipitation was carried out at laboratory scale by adding magnesium chloride and potassium hydrogen as external sources of magnesium and phosphorus to equal Mg: N: P molar ratio, respectively, and regulating the pH at 9.5 in the absence and presence of organic compounds. Exceeded 70% phosphate and ammonium reduction were obtained. The recovered products were detected and analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and chemical methods, which were proved to be struvite crystals. The soluble organic compounds had less than 6% changes in amount during struvite precipitation and it was proved that the removal of TCOD during the precipitation of struvite may be attributed to the co-precipitation of struvite. The results indicate that struvite precipitation could be a viable method of ammonium removal in the presence of organic compounds from anaerobically digested swine manure.
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Huang, Haiming, Xianming Xiao, Liping Yang, and Bo Yan. "Recovery of nitrogen from saponification wastewater by struvite precipitation." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 11 (June 1, 2010): 2741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.060.
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In general, saponification wastewater produced from the separation process of rare-earth elements contains high ammonium concentration. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the parameters to enhance the struvite precipitation potential for ammonium removal from the wastewater having an ammonium concentration of 4,100 mg/L. Experimental results showed that increasing the dose and grain size of pre-formed struvite, which was added as the seeding material in struvite reaction, could increase ammonium removal. The removal efficiency increased 7.6% when the dose of pre-formed struvite with crystal grain size range of 0.098–0.150 mm increased from 0 g/L to 60 g/L. Additionally, struvite precipitation was tested with the intermittent addition of magnesium and phosphate to utilize the struvite crystals formed during the reaction process as the seeding material for the subsequent reaction. The results revealed that intermittently adding magnesium 7 times effectively enhanced ammonium removal by around 8%, which was equivalent to that of using pre-formed struvite as the seeding material. Furthermore, the chemical composition of the struvite recovered with intermittent addition of magnesium was characterized, showing the struvite could be used as fertilizer. An economic evaluation indicated that intermittent addition of magnesium 7 times can save 13.4% cost for recovering per kg NH4+ compared to that of bulk addition.
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González, C., B. Fernández, F. Molina, M. A. Camargo-Valero, and C. Peláez. "The determination of fertiliser quality of the formed struvite from a WWTP." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 12 (April 27, 2021): 3041–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.162.
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Abstract Struvite from nutrient-rich wastewaters has been identified as a potential substitute for commercial mineral fertilisers, with the added benefit of reducing threats to global food security by prolonging phosphate rock reserves. A fertilisation test using grass (Brachiaria brizantha Marandú) and a sand column leaching test was conducted to determine the agronomic effectiveness of struvite precipitates produced from the supernatant of dewatered sewage sludge (centrate) from a municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). The performance of this struvite as a fertiliser was compared with biosolids and commercial fertilisers (Urea and Triple15). The results show that the concentration of heavy metals in struvite was lower than in biosolids and below the limits of Colombia and European fertiliser regulations. Struvite increased the uptake of N and P in grass, resulting in crop yields similar to other treatments tested. Struvite use as an effective slow-release fertiliser is highly dependent on the size of crystal particles, particularly in achieving low P losses, but resulted in high N loss in the sand columns tested; N loses from struvite were higher than in the commercial fertilisers due to the struvite small particle size. Therefore, struvite represents a suitable opportunity to recover and recycle nutrients from municipal sewage sludge, facilitating the effective reuse of P and N in agriculture and uptake by plants.
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González-Morales, Carolina, Belén Fernández, Francisco J. Molina, Darío Naranjo-Fernández, Adriana Matamoros-Veloza, and Miller Alonso Camargo-Valero. "Influence of pH and Temperature on Struvite Purity and Recovery from Anaerobic Digestate." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 27, 2021): 10730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910730.
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The precipitation of struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) from wastewater streams simultaneosuly recovers nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for reuse as fertilisers. Struvite crystallisation is controlled by pH, saturation index, temperature and other ions in the solution (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+ and CO32−). This work studies the effect of pH and temperature on phosphorus and nitrogen removal via struvite precipitation and the quality of the resulting precipitate product (i.e., crystal size, morphology and purity). Struvite was precipitated in batch reactors from the supernatant produced during anaerobic sludge dewatering at a wastewater treatment works, under controlled pH (8, 9 and 10) and temperature (25, 33 and 40 °C) conditions. The optimal P removal as struvite, reduction of the co-precipitation with Ca and the increase in particle size of the struvite precipitates were determined. The results showed that temperatures of 33 °C and 40 °C are not recommended for struvite precipitation—i.e., at 33 °C the purity is lower, and at 40 °C the ammonia losses are induced by volatilisation. At all pH-tests, the P removal efficiency was >93%, but the highest phosphate content and purity as struvite were obtained at a pH of 9.0. The optimum pH and temperature for the formation of large crystals (84 µm) and a high purity (>70%) of the struvite precipitates were 9 and 25 °C, respectively.
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Liang, Zilong, Zhiji Zhou, Yunqi Sun, Yujia Huang, Xinya Guo, Guoshuai Cai, Mingchao Wang, and Haijun Zhang. "Fire Extinguishing Performance of Chemically Bonded Struvite Ceramic Powder with High Heat-Absorbing and Flame Retardant Properties." Materials 15, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 8021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15228021.
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Struvite is a chemically bonded ceramic product in the pipeline of a sewage treatment plant. In order to explore the fire extinguishing potential of struvite, a new type of struvite ultrafine dry powder with excellent performance was prepared by a simple process, and its fire extinguishing performance and mechanism were analyzed in depth. Under the same process conditions, the refinement degree (D50 = 5.132 μm) and the specific surface area (BET = 25.72 m2/g) of ultrafine struvite were larger than those of NH4H2PO4 (D50 = 8.961 μm, BET = 13.64 m2/g), making struvite more suitable for fire extinguishing. Besides, the pyrolysis process of struvite was relatively concentrated and absorbed more heat in a short time. Its heat absorption (458.4 J/mg) was higher than that of NH4H2PO4 (156.4 J/mg). Water, ammonia, and PO· were released during the pyrolysis of struvite, which effectively reduced fire temperature, diluted oxygen concentrations and captured free radicals. At the same time, the final products were magnesium orthophosphate and magnesium pyrophosphate, which formed a dense flame-retardant ceramic layer with good thermal insulation and environmental protection functions. In these cases, the fire extinguishing mechanism of struvite was determined to have three stages: the cooling effect, the asphyxiation effect, and the chemical effect. Correspondingly, the fire extinguishing time of struvite was three seconds faster than that of ammonium phosphate under 0.2 MPa based on the local oil basin test.
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Neethling, J. B., and M. Benisch. "Struvite control through process and facility design as well as operation strategy." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0122.
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Struvite deposition is a common problem in municipal wastewater treatment plants and can be signi?cant if not anticipated, but struvite deposits are completely manageable if properly addressed. This paper summarises experiences from a number of facilities that have dealt successfully with struvite problems, elaborates on the interrelations between secondary treatment and anaerobic digestion, and outlines an approach to control struvite and available alternatives.
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Jokkaew, Suphatsorn, Krittayapong Jantharadej, Chonlada Pokhum, Chamorn Chawengkijwanich, and Benjaporn Boonchayaanant Suwannasilp. "Free and Encapsulated Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria for the Enhanced Dissolution of Swine Wastewater-Derived Struvite—An Attractive Approach for Green Phosphorus Fertilizer." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 12627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912627.
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Struvite and hydroxyapatite are byproducts of phosphorus removal from wastewater that can be used as phosphate fertilizers. Due to their low water solubility, especially in alkaline soils, their use is currently limited. The use of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria to enhance the dissolution of struvite and hydroxyapatite could be an attractive solution for expanding their use, but literature reports on this are limited. In this study, Arthrobacter sp. (TBRC 5201), Azotobacter vinelandii (TBRC 7231), and Bacillus megaterium (TBRC 1396) were evaluated for their ability to dissolve struvite and hydroxyapatite on agar media with struvite or hydroxyapatite as the sole source of phosphorus. Only B. megaterium (TBRC 1396) was able to use struvite and hydroxyapatite for growth. After 14 d of incubation in liquid medium, B. megaterium (TBRC 1396) dissolved phosphorus from struvite up to 835.45 ± 11.76 mg P/l compared with 196.08 ± 3.92 mg P/l in a control without cells, whereas the dissolution of hydroxyapatite by B. megaterium was minimal. B. megaterium (TBRC 1396) was also capable of dissolving phosphorus from swine wastewater-derived struvite. Both free cells and alginate-encapsulated cells of B. megaterium (TBRC 1396) were able to rapidly dissolve phosphorus from swine wastewater-derived struvite, resulting in soluble phosphorus concentrations that reached 400 mg P/l within 2 days, compared with those without cells that required 12 days. In conclusion, the application of struvite with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria is a promising tool for green sustainable agriculture.
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Muryanto, Stefanus. "On precipitation of struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O)." Journal of Science & Science Education 1, no. 2 (October 26, 2017): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/josse.v1i2p21-29.
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Excessive input of N and P into water bodies causes eutrophication which leads to deterioration of aquatic evironments and has adverse effects naturally and economically. It is therefore urgent to remove N and P from wastewater prior to disposal into inland and coastal waters. Among the various removal methods, controlled struvite precipitation is preferred. Struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) precipitates uncontrollably under the specific conditions producing a scale deposit causing persistent problems in industries and wastewater treatment plants. The scale deposit clogs the piping system and impair plant equipment. On the other hand, thanks to its composition and properties, struvite is a potential fertilizer. In medical field, struvite is a common component of kidney stones. A number of process parameters govern the struvite precipitation. This paper briefly presents these parameters: pH, molar ratios, temperature, mixing, and presence of foreign ions. pH level is considered as the most important variable affecting the precipitation of struvite and the pH level: 9.5 to 10.5 is seen as the optimum. For an effective precipitation the molar ratios of the struvite components, i.e. Mg:N:P should be at least unity. With regard to struvite solubility, the effect of temperature, in the range of 21oC to 49oC, is conflicting, which is probably due to different experimental conditions. Whilst agitation is not regarded as a decisive parameter, the influence of foreign ions, notably divalent metal ions, on struvite morphology and change of crystal phases is significant.
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Rahaman, M. S., D. S. Mavinic, and N. Ellis. "Phosphorus recovery from anaerobic digester supernatant by struvite crystallization: model-based evaluation of a fluidized bed reactor." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 6 (October 1, 2008): 1321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.721.
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This paper is an attempt to model the UBC (University of British Columbia) MAP (Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate) fluidized bed crystallizer. A mathematical model is developed based on the assumption of perfect size classification of struvitre crystals in the reactor and considering the movement of liquid phase as a plug flow pattern. The model predicts variation of species concentration of struvite along the crystal bed height. The species concentrations at two extreme ends (inlet and outlet) are then used to evaluate the reactor performance. The model predictions provide a reasonable good fit with the experimental results for both PO4—P and NH4—N removals. Another important aspect of this model is its capability of predicting the crystals size and the bed voidage at different height of the reactor. Those predictions also match fairly well with the experimental observations. Therefore, this model can be used as a tool for performance evaluation of the reactor and can also be extended to optimize the struvite crystallization process in the UBC MAP reactor.
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Szymańska, Magdalena, Tomasz Sosulski, Adriana Bożętka, Urszula Dawidowicz, Adam Wąs, Ewa Szara, Agata Malak-Rawlikowska, Piotr Sulewski, Gijs W. P. van Pruissen, and René L. Cornelissen. "Evaluating the Struvite Recovered from Anaerobic Digestate in a Farm Bio-Refinery as a Slow-Release Fertiliser." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2020): 5342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205342.
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Biogas production in agricultural biogas plants generates digestate—liquid waste containing organic matter and mineral nutrients. Utilisation of the digestate on farm fields adjacent to the biogas plants is limited. Therefore, bio-refineries implement advanced forms of digestate processing, including precipitation of struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O). Struvite can be transported over long distances and dosed precisely to meet the nutritional needs of the plants. Divergent opinions on the fertilising value of struvite and its function over time call for further research on its effects on crop yields in the first and subsequent years after application. This study investigates the effects of struvite (STR), struvite with ammonium sulphate (STR + N), and commercial ammonium phosphate (AP) on the yields, nutrient concentration in the crops, nutrient uptake by the crops, and soil N, P, and Mg content in the second growing period after the application of fertilisers to silty loam (SL) and loamy sand (LS) soils under grass cultivation. Struvite was recovered from the liquid fraction of digestate obtained from a bio-refinery on the De Marke farm (Netherlands). The soils investigated in the pot experiment originated from Obory (SL) and Skierniewice (LS) (Central Poland). The results obtained over the first growing period following fertilisation were published earlier. In our prior work, we showed that the majority of the struvite phosphorus remains in the soil. We hypothesised that, in the second year, the yield potential of the struvite might be higher than that of commercial P fertiliser. Currently, we have demonstrated that, in the second growing period following the application, struvite causes an increase in grass yield, nutrient uptake by the crops, and P and Mg content in the soil. On SL and LS soils, the yields of the four grass harvests from the STR and STR + N treatments were higher than those from AP by approximately 8% and 16.5%, respectively. Our results confirm that struvite is more effective as a fertiliser compared to commercial ammonium phosphate. Struvite can be, therefore, recommended for fertilising grasslands at higher doses once every two years.
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Ye, Zhi-Long, Shao-Hua Chen, Min Lu, Jian-Wen Shi, Li-Feng Lin, and Shu-Mei Wang. "Recovering phosphorus as struvite from the digested swine wastewater with bittern as a magnesium source." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 2 (July 1, 2011): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.720.
Full textAbstract:
Recovering nitrogen and phosphorus through struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) crystallization from swine wastewater has gained increasing interest. However, swine wastewater contains complex compositions, which may hinder the formation of struvite crystal and affect the purity of the precipitates by forming other insoluble minerals. In this work, experiments were carried out to evaluate struvite precipitation in the anaerobically digested swine wastewater, with dosing bittern as a low-cost magnesium source. Exceeded 90% phosphate removal and 23–29% ammonium reduction were obtained. FTIR, XRD and mass balance analysis were combined to analyze the species of precipitated minerals. Results showed that the precipitates were struvite, mixed with amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and brucite. The presence of Ca2+ diminished the percentage of struvite and gave rise to ACP formation. Controlling pH below 9.5 and bittern dosage above 1% (w/w) could inhibit ACP precipitation and harvest a highly pure struvite crystal product.
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Edahwati, Luluk, Sutiyono, Atika Andini, Wahyu Dwi Lestari, Tria Puspa Sari, Ndaru Adyono, and Novel Karaman. "Analysis of effect Magnesium Ammonium Phospate (MAP) Concentration on Struvite Morphology in A Vertical Reactor." Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering Journal (BIOMEJ) 1, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/biomej.v1i1.22.
Full textAbstract:
Struvite was a white crystal known as Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Hexahydrate (MgNH4PO4.6H2O). In industry, struvite was found in the pipes crust which the hot fluid through passes. Struvite is often used as fertilizer because it contains phosphate content. The one of benefits of struvite crystals is slow release fertilizer, so it can be more durable, which is good for the growth of the plants. The Precipitation technology is currently one of the most widely applied technologies in struvite formation. The process of forming struvite is carried out by using a vertical reactor. The process started by mixing the equimolar solutions of MgCl2, NH4OH, and H3PO4 with a concentration ratio of 1: 1: 1 and 1: 1: 2. The process was carried out with the condition at the 30°C while the air inlet rate was 1.25 liters/min. The pH of the solution is pH 9 and controlled using NaOH solution. The process was carried out in the steady state condition. Then the solution was filtered and solid was dried at room temperature for 48 hours. From this study, the concentration ratio of 1:1:2 was obtained the best composition of struvite compared to the others ratio. The solid was analyzed by using the SEM-EDX instrument. The morphology of struvite was formed an irregular pyramid-like crystal or commonly referred to as an authorhombic shape.
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Setiawan, Adhi, Falenia Firdatul Jannah, Tarikh Azis Ramadani, and Tanti Utami Dewi. "Penyisihan Fosfat dan Amonium Pada Air Limbah Menggunakan Presipitasi Struvite Dengan Penambahan Bittern." Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL) 4, no. 1 (March 27, 2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1185.
Full textAbstract:
The fertilizer industry generally produces wastewater with relatively high ammonium and phosphate content, so processing is necessary so as not to cause eutrophication effects that harm the environment. Struvite precipitation with bittern media was an alternative method to remove struvite content in wastewater. This study aimed to analyze the effect of pH and molar ratio [Mg2+] : [NH4+] : [PO43-] on the struvite precipitation process in reducing the ammonium and phosphate content in the artificial wastewater of the fertilizer industry and to characterize the struvite obtained from the precipitation process. The precipitation process was conducted in batches with various pH and molar ratios [Mg2+]: [NH4+]: [PO43-]. The variation of pH used is 8−10. The molar ratios used are 1.5 : 1.0 : 1.0 and 3.0 : 1.0 : 1.0. Struvite characterization was conducted using SEM-EDX and XRD methods. The results showed that pH and molar ratio had an effect on the efficiency of removal ammonium and phosphate using struvite precipitation. The best pH value and molar ratio that can be used to remove content of ammonium and phosphate is at pH 9 with a molar ratio of [Mg2+] : [NH4+] : [PO43-] 3.0 : 1.0 : 1.0 which results in the removal efficiency of 86.50% and 99.96% respectively. The morphology of struvite obtained from precipitation is irregular rod-shaped with an average size of 28.53 μm. XRD results have detected peaks indicating the struvite phase.
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Chu, Dongyuan, Zhi-Long Ye, Shaohua Chen, and Xiaojing Xiong. "Comparative study of heavy metal residues in struvite products recovered from swine wastewater using fluidised bed and stirred reactors." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 8 (October 15, 2018): 1642–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.438.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) crystallisation is a promising approach for phosphorus recovery from swine wastewater. Currently, intensive pig feeding has made heavy metals (HMs) extensive in swine wastewater; therefore, significant amounts of HMs have been detected in struvite recovery products. In this study, the HM residues in the struvite products recovered from stirred and fluidised bed reactors were investigated. The results showed that Zn, Mn, and Cu were the most abundant elements in swine wastewater (1,175.3 ± 178.0, 745.4 ± 51.5, and 209.3 ± 54.4 μg L−1, respectively). The HMs, especially Zn (97.0%) and Cu (96.8%), were mainly distributed in the total suspended solids (TSS) of the swine wastewater. Redundancy analysis revealed that the HMs in the struvite products harvested from the fluidised bed reactor were mainly attributable to the aggregation of dissolved matters, because most TSS were elutriated through fluidisation. In contrast, the HMs in the struvite products harvested from the stirred reactor mainly originated from the TSS, which complexed with the HMs, and co-precipitated and settled with the struvite products. Furthermore, chemical fractionation of the HM species confirmed that the presence of HMs in the struvite products was mainly attributable to metal precipitation and organic aggregation.
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Houston, Doreen M., Heather E. Weese, Michelle D. Evason, Vincent Biourge, and Ingrid van Hoek. "A diet with a struvite relative supersaturation less than 1 is effective in dissolving struvite stones in vivo." British Journal of Nutrition 106, S1 (October 12, 2011): S90—S92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511000894.
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Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) is one of the most common minerals found in feline uroliths. Previous studies have shown the efficacy of acidifying calculolytic diets (inducing urine pH < 6·5), in dissolving struvite stones in cats. Recent work in our laboratory found that wet and dry test diets induce a struvite urinary relative supersaturation (RSS) < 1 and that the urine of healthy cats fed the dry test diet dissolved feline struvite stones in vitro. The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the efficacy of those test diets on naturally occurring struvite urocystoliths in cats. A total of twenty-one cats were used, of which seventeen completed the study. Of the seventeen cats, eight were fed the wet test diet and nine the dry test diet. Uroliths dissolved in a median of 18 (10–55) d. In the remaining four cats, uroliths failed to dissolve and were removed surgically. Quantitative analysis showed that these uroliths contained either calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. The present study demonstrates that diets that induce a struvite RSS < 1 result in struvite stone dissolution in vivo.
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Suci Perwitasari, Dyah, Sintha Soraya Santi, Stefanus Muryanto, J. Jamari, and AP Bayuseno. "Study of Struvite Crystal Growth with The Addition of Tartaric Acid." E3S Web of Conferences 328 (2021): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132801003.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to study the growth of struvite crystals from the effect of adding tartaric acid additives to an aqueous solution containing Mg2+, NH4+, and PO43-with a molar ratio of 1:1:1. The results of the study, it was found that the more the concentration of tartaric acid additive was added, it got smaller the rate constant was. By decreasing the value of the constant rate, the growth of struvite crystals also decreased then the growth of struvite crystals became inhibited. On the other hand, struvite has the potential to be used as a fertilizer. The concentration of tartaric acid also had a significant effect on controlling the production of struvite. The optimum crystal mass was obtained at a concentration of 20 ppm tartaric acid, a temperature of 40oC and a stirrer rotation of 300 rpm so that it can be applied in manufacture industry of struvite fertilizer.
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Geerts, Sam, Adrien Marchi, and Marjoleine Weemaes. "Full-scale phosphorus recovery from digested wastewater sludge in Belgium – part II: economic opportunities and risks." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 4 (December 17, 2014): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.509.
Full textAbstract:
One of the options to recycle phosphorus (P) in the wastewater sector is to recover it as struvite crystals from digested sludge. Measurements on a full-scale demonstration plant in Leuven, Belgium, yielded a first indication of the profitability of struvite recovery, in function of different variables such as incoming PO43− concentration, MgCl2 dosing, improved dewaterability, etc. An uncertainty and sensitivity analysis was carried out. Although possible improvement in sludge dewaterability when recovering struvite from digested sludge has a positive economic amortization effect, it is at the same time the largest source of financial risk. A theoretical exercise showed that for struvite recovery from centrate, uncertainty would be lower, and the largest sensitivity would be attributed to ingoing PO43− concentration. Although struvite recovery from digested sludge is riskier, it is an investment with potentially a higher return than investment in struvite recovery from centrate. The article provides information for possible financial incentive schemes to support P-recovery.
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Jordaan, E. M., J. Ackerman, and N. Cicek. "Phosphorus removal from anaerobically digested swine wastewater through struvite precipitation." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 12 (June 1, 2010): 3228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.232.
Full textAbstract:
Phosphorus removal from agricultural wastewater streams is an important aspect of managing surface water quality, due to the contribution of phosphorus to eutrophication. Removal of phosphorus through struvite precipitation allows for its recovery as a potential fertilizer, and by determining the best conditions for struvite precipitation the removal process can be optimized. The effects of pH, Mg:P ratio, and time on struvite precipitation from anaerobically digested swine manure effluent were investigated. Effluent with Mg:P ratios from 1.0:1 to 1.6:1 were adjusted to pH values between 7.5 and 9.5 and left to equilibrate for 24 h. Results indicate that phosphorus removal increased with increasing pH and Mg:P ratio; the maximum phosphorus removal achieved was 80% at pH 9.0 and a Mg:P ratio of 1.6:1. The purest struvite precipitate was found at pH 7.5, with calcium carbonate and struvite precipitating at higher pH values. A continuously stirred batch of centrate was adjusted to pH 8.4 to determine the struvite formation rate constant. The rate constant was found to be 1.55 h−1, with 17% phosphorus removal during the first 20 min. The results indicate that struvite precipitation could be a viable method of phosphorus removal from anaerobically digested swine manure.
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Park, Nari, Hyangyoun Chang, Yeoju Jang, Hyunman Lim, Jinhong Jung, and Weonjae Kim. "Critical conditions of struvite growth and recovery using MgO in pilot scale crystallization plant." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 2511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.306.
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Abstract The struvite crystallization process can recover struvite crystals as a valuable slow-release fertilizer from the side stream of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the crystal growth characteristics and determine the appropriate recovery criteria for a struvite crystallization pilot plant. A pilot plant (8.6 m3/d) was designed with a feeding system of MgO (magnesium oxide), a pH controller, and a hydrocyclone for recovering struvite; the plant was operated for 42 hours at a pH range of 8.25–8.5. The removal efficiencies for PO4-P and NH4-N were 82.5–90.7% and 13.4–22.9%, respectively. The struvite recovered from the hydrocyclone was sifted using standard sieves and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The dry weight fraction of the precipitate in the 300–600 μm range increased gradually from 7% to 74% in 18 hours. The XRD analysis revealed that the crystalline structure of the precipitate in the 150–600 μm range indicates struvite without any peaks of MgO, Mg(OH)2, and MgCO3. This indicates that the critical conditions for recovering struvite from the side-stream of WWTPs are an operation period of 18 hours and a crystal size greater than 300 μm.
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Morrissey, Karla G., Leah English, Greg Thoma, and Jennie Popp. "Prospective Life Cycle Assessment and Cost Analysis of Novel Electrochemical Struvite Recovery in a U.S. Wastewater Treatment Plant." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 13657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013657.
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Nutrient recovery in domestic wastewater treatment has increasingly become an important area of study as the supply of non-renewable phosphorus decreases. Recent bench-scale trials indicate that co-generation of struvite and hydrogen using electrochemical methods may offer an alternative to existing recovery options utilized by municipal wastewater treatment facilities. However, implementation has yet to be explored at plant-scale. In the development of novel nutrient recovery processes, both economic and environmental assessments are necessary to guide research and their design. The aim of this study was to conduct a prospective life cycle assessment and cost analysis of a new electrochemical struvite recovery technology that utilizes a sacrificial magnesium anode to precipitate struvite and generate hydrogen gas. This technology was modeled using process simulation software GPS-X and CapdetWorks assuming its integration in a full-scale existing wastewater treatment plant with and without anaerobic digestion. Struvite recoveries of 18–33% were achieved when anaerobic digestion was included, with a break-even price of $6.03/kg struvite and $15.58/kg of hydrogen required to offset increased costs for recovery. Struvite recovery reduced aquatic eutrophication impacts as well as terrestrial acidification impacts. Tradeoffs between benefits from struvite and burdens from electrode manufacturing were found for several impact categories.
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McLean, Robert J. C., and Erin T. Brown. "Potential Influences of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Nano-Sized Cell Fragments on Struvite Biomineralization." Crystals 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2020): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10080706.
Full textAbstract:
Struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) calculi are formed as a result of urinary tract infections by Proteus mirabilis and other urease-producing bacteria. During struvite formation, the bacteria grow as biofilms, and thus crystals are formed in close association with bacterial cell surfaces and biofilm matrix components. Small nano-sized objects (originally termed “nanobacteria”) have been described in association with urinary calculi including struvite calculi. A much more likely explanation of these nano-structures is outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that can be produced by P. mirabilis and other Gram-negative bacteria. In this brief review, we describe the association of bacterial cell surfaces and biofilm matrix components with metal binding and the generation of chemical microenvironments during struvite formation; we propose potential mechanisms whereby OMVs can influence struvite crystal growth and biomineralization.
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Zhang, Qiqi, Tobias Hogen, Kuangxin Zhou, Stefan Berendts, Kang Hu, Yongjun Zhang, and Sven-Uwe Geißen. "Dynamic and equilibrium precipitation of struvite from the concentrated cellulosic ethanol stillage." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 12 (November 12, 2021): 3859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.490.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The phosphate rock mineral is the main source of P-fertilizer production. It is estimated to become depleted in next century. Thus, the recovery of phosphorus from waste streams has attracted great interest. The cellulosic ethanol production is seen as more and more important in future. During the production of cellulosic ethanol, the phosphorus element is released from lignocellulosic biomasses and ends up dissolved as phosphate ions in the stillage stream. In this study, the struvite (MgNH4PO4 · 6 H2O) recovery from the concentrated cellulosic ethanol stillage (ES) was conducted under room conditions with an initial pH at 7–9. The effect of Mg2+, PO43−, NH4+ and Ca2+ during struvite precipitation tests was investigated. The optimized pH value for struvite recovery is estimated at 8.5, by which 85% of PO43− and 46% of Mg2+ are removed from the liquid stream. The mass fraction of struvite in recovered crystal sample reaches 82 wt.%. The economic evaluation of struvite recovery from ES was also investigated. This work proves that the struvite is potentially to be recovered with high purity from the concentrated cellulosic ethanol stillage.
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Luluk Edahwati, Sutiyono, and Rizqi Rendri Anggriawan. "Recovery of Phosphate and Ammonium from Dairy Cow Urine by Struvite Crystallization with Vertical Reactor." International Journal of Eco-Innovation in Science and Engineering 1, no. 02 (November 30, 2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/ijeise.v1i02.23.
Full textAbstract:
Excess phosphate (PO43-) and ammonium (NH4+) in wastewater can cause environmental damages, such as pollutants and eutrophication in water. Dairy cow urine is a dangerous liquid waste that contains high amounts of phosphate and ammonium. The removal of PO4 and NH4 components can be done by crystallizing them into struvite fertilizers. Struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) is a mineral formed from magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate with the equimolar ratio. The crystallization process of struvite is carried out using a vertical reactor. MAP solution (magnesium ammonium phosphate) is prepared by reacting MgCl2, H3PO4, and dairy cow urine with MAP molar ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 and KOH 1N. The study run in pH 8; 8.5; 9; 9.5; 10 and temperature variations of 25, 30, 35, 40, 45˚C in vertical reactor continuously. The struvite precipitate was filtered and dried, it is analyzed by XRF to determine the struvite composition and SEM to determine the morphology of the struvite. The results showed that the best percentage of phosphate and ammonium was at 45˚C and pH 9.5, it was 33.2% and 27.9%.
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Kim, Shim, Reza, Kim, Won, Jung, Kim, and Ra. "Evaluation of Struvite Recovered from Swine Wastewater as an Alternative Phosphorus Source in Broiler Feed." Agriculture 9, no. 10 (October 11, 2019): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9100221.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reutilizing phosphorus (P) recovered as struvite from swine wastewater as an alternative to commercial P sources in broiler feed. The recovered struvite was pre-treated as microwave irradiated struvite (MS) and incinerated struvite (IS) to reduce the NH4-N concentration in recovered struvite before application. A preliminary study on the growth performance and blood metabolites of broiler chickens was then performed to assess the effect of MS and IS by comparing with commercial monobasic dicalcium phosphate (MDCP, control). A total of 204 male Ross 308 broiler chickens (mean body weight (BW) of 80±5 g) were randomly allotted to each of 12 pens. The growth performance and blood metabolites analysis of broiler chickens showed no significant difference among the test materials (p > 0.05). However, the apparent total tract digestibility of crude fat was significantly higher in MS and IS treated groups compared to the control (p < 0.05). The digestibility of crude ash in control was significantly lower than that in MS (p < 0.05). The results suggested that P recovered from swine wastewater as struvite can be reutilized as an alternative P source in broiler feed without adverse effects on growth performance and blood metabolites through proper pre-treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the potential of using struvite in animal feed. This study provides primary evidence for the safety and efficacy of using pre-treated struvite as an alternative source of P in animal feed and will encourage further studies with more rigorous design.
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Cullen, N., R. Baur, and P. Schauer. "Three years of operation of North America's first nutrient recovery facility." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.260.
Full textAbstract:
The first full-scale nutrient recovery installation in North America became operational in May 2009 at the Clean Water Service's Durham Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant in Tigard, Oregon. Recovering ammonia and phosphorus from the dewatering side stream as struvite has a positive impact on plant operations. Significantly reducing the phosphorus recycle lowers the phosphorus loading on the plant, stabilizes biological phosphorus removal, reduces the amount of chemicals needed to remove phosphorus, reduces both the dry tonnes of biosolids generated and the phosphorus content of the biosolids, and provides revenue from the sale of the struvite. To increase struvite production and to decrease struvite potential in the digestion system, the Waste Activated Sludge Stripping To Remove Internal Phosphorus (WASSTRIP™) process was implemented full-scale in summer 2011. Results indicate a potential 60% increase in struvite production is achievable.
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Hillman, Kyle M., and Ronald C. Sims. "Struvite formation associated with the microalgae biofilm matrix of a rotating algal biofilm reactor (RABR) during nutrient removal from municipal wastewater." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 4 (February 15, 2020): 644–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.133.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Struvite was observed within the microalgae biofilm matrix of an outdoor, pilot-scale rotating algal biofilm reactor (RABR) designed to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal anaerobic digester filtrate. The bottom layer of cells (2.5-month growth) and two top layers of cells (1-week and 2.5-month growth) were evaluated on east- and west-facing sides of the RABR. Sun orientation and shading effects of upper biofilm layers impacted the species composition and microalgae content of the bottom biofilm layers. Struvite formed within the microalgae biofilm matrix, and a higher struvite content appeared to be correlated with a higher microalgae content. The highest struvite content (expressed as %wt. of total solids) was observed in the east- and west-facing bottom layers of growth and west-facing 1-week growth (5.0%, 4.3%, and 4.1%, respectively). The lowest struvite content was observed in east- and west-facing 2.5-month growth and east-facing 1-week growth (1.1%, 1.5%, and 1.1%, respectively). Despite RABR influent component ion molar ratios with potential for various magnesium and calcium precipitates, microalgae biofilm provided pH and nucleation sites favorable to struvite precipitation. This evaluation is the first in the refereed literature the authors are aware of that reports on the association of struvite formation in the presence of a microalgae biofilm.
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Nururrozi, Alfarisa, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto, Yanuartono Yanuartono, Hary Purnamaningsih, Sitarina Widyarini, Slamet Raharjo, and Dhasia Ramandani. "Terapi Ammonium Khlorida-Asam Askorbat untuk Menurunkan Tingkat Keasaman Urin dan Kristalisasi Struvit pada Kucing Urolithiasis (THERAPY AMMONIUM CHLORIDE-ASCORBIC ACID FOR LOWERING URINE ACIDITY AND STRUVITE CRYSTALLIZATION IN FELINE UROLITHIASIS)." Jurnal Veteriner 20, no. 1 (May 24, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2019.20.1.8.
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Struvite/Magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) is common causes of feline urolithiasis. Prevent the formation of MAP crystallization can be treated by adjusting the pH urine in acid conditions. Urine with an acid pH will decrease struvite activity product (SAP) by preventing the phosphate deprotonation process which is the main constituent of struvite components. This study aims to determine the potential of a combination of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and ascorbic acid to decrease SAP by retain the urine pH under normal conditions. Twelve male cats, 2-5 years old and body weight 3.0 ± 0.8 kg were diagnosed struvite urolithiasis used for this study. Cats have a9clinical history of hematuria, dysuria, polyuria, and stranguria. Diagnosis of urolithiasis performed by clinical examination, USG, x-rays, and urinalysis. Cats that found struvite urolith, treated with 200 mg/kg NH4Cl and 100 mg/kg ascorbic acid orally twice a day. The research objects were observed included urine pH and crystaluria density. The data were analyzed using analisis of varian. The result of this study showed NH4Cl and ascorbic acid treatment can decrease the urine pH at 8 cats (89%) with an average pH 6.3 ± 0.3. Microscopic examination of the urine showed the struvite crystallization more infrequently than before therapy. The study concluded that the combination of NH4Cl and asam askorbat can lower the urine pH and reduce struvite crystal density in the urine.
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Resende, C. I. P., T. Pereira, J. Ribeiro, and C. Brito. "Peristomal struvite incrustations." Case Reports 2014, no. 25 1 (November 25, 2014): bcr2014207472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-207472.
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Brye, Kristofor R., Niyi S. Omidire, Leah English, Ranjan Parajuli, Laszlo Kekedy-Nagy, Ruhi Sultana, Jennie Popp, Greg Thoma, Trenton L. Roberts, and Lauren F. Greenlee. "Assessment of Struvite as an Alternative Sources of Fertilizer-Phosphorus for Flood-Irrigated Rice." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 4, 2022): 9621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159621.
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Phosphorus (P) recovery from wastewaters as struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) may be a viable alternative fertilizer-P source for agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic and environmental implications of struvite as a fertilizer-P source for flood-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa) relative to other commonly used commercially available fertilizer-P sources. A field study was conducted in 2019 and 2020 to evaluate the effects of wastewater-recovered struvite (chemically precipitated struvite (CPST) and electrochemically precipitated struvite (ECST)) on rice yield response in a P-deficient, silt–loam soil in eastern Arkansas relative to triple superphosphate, monoammonium and diammonium phosphate, and rock phosphate. A life cycle assessment methodology was used to estimate the global warming potentials associated with rice produced with the various fertilizer-P sources. Life cycle inventory data were based on the field trials conducted with and without struvite application for both years. A partial budget analysis showed that, across both years, net revenues for ECST and CPST were 1.4 to 26.8% lower than those associated with the other fertilizer-P sources. The estimated greenhouse gas emissions varied between 0.58 and 0.70 kg CO2 eq kg rice−1 from CPST and between 0.56 and 0.81 kg CO2 eq kg rice−1 from ECST in 2019 and 2020, respectively, which were numerically similar to those for the other fertilizer-P sources in 2019 and 2020. The similar rice responses compared to commercially available fertilizer-P sources suggest that wastewater-recovered struvite materials might be an alternative fertilizer-P-source option for flood-irrigated rice production if struvite can become price-competitive to other fertilizer-P sources.
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Shim, Soomin, Seunggun Won, Arif Reza, Seungsoo Kim, Naveed Ahmed, and Changsix Ra. "Design and Optimization of Fluidized Bed Reactor Operating Conditions for Struvite Recovery Process from Swine Wastewater." Processes 8, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8040422.
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Struvite crystallization using fluidized bed reactors (FBRs) is one of the most commonly used methods for nutrient recovery from different waste streams. However, struvite recovery from swine wastewater containing much higher solids using FBR has not been studied extensively. In this study, we therefore designed and optimized the key operating conditions parameters, i.e., pH (9.0, 9.5, and 10.0), circulation rate (CR) (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 L/Lreactor·h), and hydraulic retention time (HRT) (1, 3, and 5 h) of FBR to ensure efficient nutrient removal and struvite crystallization from swine wastewater using response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) as experimental design. A magnesium/phosphorus (Mg/P) molar ratio of 1.3 was maintained with MgCl2 according to ortho-phosphate (O-P) concentration of influent and an air diffuser was set to supply air with 0.03 L air/Lreactor·min. The O-P recovery efficiency of over 91% was achieved through the entire runs. Among the operational parameters, pH did not show any significant effect on NH4-N recovery, particle size, and struvite production rate (SPR). The optimal CR over 2.94 L/Lreactor·h was found to be appropriate for efficient removal of nutrients and struvite crystallization. While optimizing the HRT, priority of the process operation such as the production of larger struvite particles or increased struvite productivity should be considered. Therefore, the optimal operational parameters of pH 9.0, CR > 2.94 L/Lreactor·h, and HRT of 1 or 5 h were chosen to obtain better responses through RSM analyses. The findings of this study would be useful in designing and operating either pilot- or full-scale FBR for struvite crystallization from swine wastewater.
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Soraya Santi, Sintha, Nina Eka Ayuanggraeni, Trusshero Kharisma Claudiana, and Sukamto. "Potensiometric of Struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) Formation System from Biogas Waste in Electrolysis Cells." E3S Web of Conferences 328 (2021): 09004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132809004.
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Struvite is a yellowish white or brownish yellow crystal. Struvite occurs in an alkaline environment. The reaction that occurs is the reduction of H+ and at the anode is H2O oxidation. The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum potential conditions of deposition of struvite which was contained in biogas waste by electrolysis process and to improve the quality of struvite fertilizer. The method was carried out with the electrolysis time condition of 30 minutes where the electrical voltages used were 1V, 3V, 5V, 7V, and 9V and the size of the electrodes used were 30 cm, 36 cm, 50 cm, 60 cm, 70 cm. From the research that has been done, it could be seen that the struvite formed was very small, the best conditions in this study at 5V voltage and 36 cm electrode area with a yield of 28.8%.
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Huang, Hai Ming, Qian Wu Song, and Chun Lian Xu. "The Mechanism and Influence Factors of Struvite Precipitation for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 2613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.2613.
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Struvite (MgNH4PO4∙6H2O) is an insoluble double salt. It can precipitate in places such as pipes, aerators and pumps, which could lead to substantial problems influencing the normal operation of wastewater treatment equipments. At present, removal of ammonium nitrogen from various wastewaters by the formation of struvite has been widely investigated. This paper reviewed the research and application efforts concerning the treatment of ammonium nitrogen by struvite precipitation, which were obtained at home and abroad in recent years. The mechanism and influence factors of struvite precipitation for ammonium nitrogen removal were discussed. Additionally, the problems that still should be resolved and the research directions in future were pointed out.
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Li, Han, Sheng-Hui Yu, Qi-Zhi Yao, Gen-Tao Zhou, and Sheng-Quan Fu. "Chemical control of struvite scale by a green inhibitor polyaspartic acid." RSC Advances 5, no. 111 (2015): 91601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra17149k.
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McIntosh, Shane, Louise Hunt, Emma Thompson Brewster, Andrew Rose, Aaron Thornton, and Dirk Erler. "Struvite Production from Dairy Processing Waste." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 15807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315807.
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Food security depends on sustainable phosphorus (P) fertilisers, which at present are mostly supplied from a finite rock phosphate source. Phosphate (PO43−) and ammonium (NH4+) in dairy processing wastewater can be recovered as struvite (Mg + NH4+ + PO43− 6H20), a nutrient rich mineral for fertiliser application. The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify the effects of, pH, temperature and Mg: PO43− dosing rates on nutrient (PO43− and NH4+) removal and struvite precipitation from post anaerobic digested dairy processing wastewater, and (2) co-blend different dairy processing wastewaters to improve the reactant stoichiometry of NH4+ and PO43− for optimal struvite recovery and NH4+ removal. Phosphate removal (>90%) and struvite production (>60%) was achieved across a range of synthesis conditions, and was significantly impacted by pH as determined by response surface modelling. A combination of disproportionate molar ratios of PO43− and NH4+, presence of calcium and the apparent mineralisation of organic N, resulted in co-precipitation of hydroxyapatite and elevated levels of residual aqueous NH4+. In the second phase of this study, struvite was successfully precipitated and NH4+ removal was improved (~17%) however, higher concentrations of calcium in the wastewater blends resulted in greater hydroxyapatite co-precipitation (up to 30%). While struvite was the desired product in this study the formation of multiple heterogenous P-rich products (struvite and hydroxyapatite) has the potential to improve P recovery from dairy processing wastewaters and produce a fertiliser blend with amenity and value in agricultural systems.