Journal articles on the topic 'Stub axle'

The rising economic and environmental pressures associated with the generation and consumption of energy necessitates the need for lightweighting of railway vehicles. The railway axle is a prime candidate for lightweighting of the unsprung mass. The reduction of unsprung mass correlates to reduced track damage, energy consumption and total operating costs. This paper presents the design of a lightweight multifunctional hybrid metallic-composite railway axle utilising coaxial skins. The lightweight axle assembly comprises a carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite tube with steel stub axles bonded into either end. The structural hybrid metallic-composite railway axle is surrounded by coaxial skins each performing a specific function to meet the secondary requirements. A parametric sizing study is conducted to explore the sensitivity of the design parameters of the composite tube and the stub axle interaction through the adhesive joint. The optimised design parameters of the axle consist of a; composite tube outer diameter of 225 mm, composite tube thickness of 7 mm, steel stub axle extension thickness of 10 mm and a bond overlap length of 100 mm. The optimised hybrid metallic-composite railway axle design concept has a mass of 200 kg representing a reduction of 50% over the solid steel version.

There is a growing demand for more efficient and economic manufacturing process to improve product quality, reduce production cost, reduce lead time and increase productivity. The application of computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques to forging is becoming increasingly popular as the resulting improvements in yield and productivity. Modeling and simulation have become a major concern in recent and advanced research. In this paper die design for forging of an automobile component “Stub Axle” is presented. In die forging process, complex shape component cannot be made in one stage and therefore, the use of preform die becomes essential. The initial preform design was carried out by conventional method. The simulation has been carried out using software DEFORM-3D. The main goal of this study is to design an optimal preform shape resulting an optimal initial billet selection. Keywords:CAD/CAM, Preform, DEFORM-3D, Simulation, Forging

New progress of research and applications of CFRP at home and abroad are introduced in this paper. The circular concrete-filled tubular CFRP-steel stub column under axial loads is studied based on the unified strength theory in the paper. The effect of intermediate principal stress on the ultimate strength for the concrete-filled tubular CFRP-steel stub column have been investigated. The ultimate load calculation formula for the concrete-filled tubular CFRP-steel stub column is derived in this paper, and can be simplified for cases without CFRP. Compared with the solution obtained in this paper and the experimental results, the good agreement can be found. The effects of the intermediate shear stress, the cross-section deformation ratio and also the inner friction angle of the concrete are all considered in the theory analysis. The analysis result further tests the applicability of the unified strength theory in the field of concrete-filled CFRP-steel tube. It has an important theory value for engineering application.

The paper presents a study of the vibrational behaviour of a car suspension in the frequency range from 50 to 200 Hz. The vehicle has a torsion spring suspension. The aim of the study is to provide a numerical approach, which evaluates the impact of the tyre vibration characteristics and the elastic properties of suspension elements on the vibrational behaviour of the “tyre-suspension-body” system. The object of the study are the elements of the suspension – stub-axle, upper and lower suspension arms, strut rod, torsion bar and others. The suspension is equipped with pneumatic tyres with different vibration characteristics. Laboratory experiments are done. The tyre contact patch is disturbed by harmonic force. The accelerations of the wheel axle and specific points of the suspension are obtained. A numerical model of the system is created by using the Finite Element Method available in SolidWorks Simulation software. The model allows to determinate the accelerations at different points of the suspension. The results of the experimental and theoretical studies are compared. The values obtained in the two studies are similar.

Stress analysis is one of the important works in finding the structural safety and integrity of a structure. In this work, initially, the main landing gear strength calculation based on the ultimate load is carried out analytically. The stress failure exists in the intermediate zone between the support bearing of the wheels and the clamping of the axle to the nose of the aircraft. To determine the causes of the failure, a material analysis was performed. The margin of safety for major components, such as axle, piston, cylinder, and yoke, as well as minor components, such as toggle link, toggle fork, stub fork, and bolts, is determined. Both analytical and FEA results for stresses are compared. It is found out that the factor by which the FEA and analytical results are varying. The margin of safety calculated by analytical work based on ultimate loads gives positive values as expected. The landing gear strength calculations by both analytical and FEA show the maximum stress for different load conditions based on ultimate loads are well within the ultimate strength of that material.

In this paper, the analysis of magnetic field distribution of overhead mixed power line (20 kV/0.4 kV) supported by reinforced concrete towers, named MNL-12 is presented. The impact of ferromagnetic, conductive parts of the pylons (reinforcing bars, billets and cross arm beams) on magnetic field distribution is investigated. The numerical calculations were performed in COMSOL Multiphysics program package on simplified 2D model. The main goal of the calculations was to examine the impact of currents induced in ferromagnetic conductive parts on magnetic field produced by currents in the power system’s conductors. The calculation results are presented graphically, as the diagrams of the magnetic flux density magnitude distribution in the tower plan, normal to the system’s axe. The calculation results demonstrated that the magnetic field of induced currents decreases the magnetic field produced by the currents of overhead power system.

AbstractAnimal sacrifice was a central component of ancient Roman religion, but scholars have tended to focus on the symbolic aspects of these rituals, while glossing over the practical challenges involved in killing large, potentially unruly creatures, such as bulls. The traditional explanation is that the animal was struck on the head with a hammer or an axe to stun it, then had its throat cut. Precisely how axes, hammers, and knives were employed remains unexplained. This article draws upon ancient sculpture, comparative historical sources, and animal physiology to argue that the standard interpretation is incomplete, and, in its place, offers a detailed analysis of exactly how the killing and bleeding of bovines was accomplished and the distinct purposes of hammers and axes within these rituals.

The article presents the review of the main methods of restoration and repair of machine parts: mechanical and bench work, welding, surfacing, metal coating, chrome plating, nickel plating, steeling (iron plating), bonding, hardening the surface of parts and restoring their shape under pressure. The areas of application of each method, its advantages and disadvantages are noted. Welding and surfacing are used to restore more than half of all repaired car parts. With the help of welding, cracks and fractures on the frame and platform are repaired, patches, various overlays and reinforcing gussets are put, and the crankcases of the units are restored. Damaged or worn threads on stub axles and other parts are restored by welding, followed by cutting a new thread. The internal threads are restored in the same way. Restoration of parts by surfacing consists in surfacing the worn working surfaces in such a way that they can be processed to the nominal or repair dimensions. When repairing cars, automatic and semi-automatic surfacing and welding under a layer of flux or in a carbon dioxide environment are used. Damaged and worn parts can be repaired by pressure. This method is based on the use of the ductility of metals. The parts are restored to their nominal dimensions with the help of special devices, by moving a part of the metal from non-working areas of the part to its worn surfaces. When restoring parts by pressure, not only their external shape changes, but also the structure and mechanical properties of the metal. Plastics are used to restore worn parts when repairing metal-cutting machines. As an adhesive, plastics are widely used for bonding broken parts, as well as for obtaining a fixed connection of parts made of metallic and non-metallic materials. When repairing metal-cutting machines, the most widely used plastics are textolite, wood laminated plastics and fast-hardening plastic — styracryl.

Abstract: Sharp violence is an action resulting in injuries to the body surface caused by sharp objects that are commonly found around us, such as knive, razor, and even axe. Sharp violence that causes the victim to lose his/her life becomes a criminal act or a crime against life (murder). According to Biro Pengendalian Operasi, Mabes Polri in 2018 concerning the number of murders in Indonesia, North Sulawesi was in the sixth place. This study aimed to describe the pattern of sharp violent injuries among cases of death victims at the Bhayangkara Hospital Level III Manado during the period July 2019 - June 2021. This was a retrospective and descriptive study using Visum et Repertum data. The results obtained 22 cases of death victims due to sharp violence. Most cases occurred in the period of July 2019 - June 2020 as many as 19 cases (86.4%). The most frequent age group was 21-30 years with eight cases (36.4%), followed by age group 17-20 years (36.4%), and age goups 31-40 years and >50 years (each of 18.2%). Male dominated female cases (18 cases/81.8% and 1 case/18.2%). Type of wound was 100% as stab wound. The location of the most injuries was on the left chest which was 13 victims (59%). In conclusion, cases of violent death were mostly male, aged around 21-30 years old, with a stab wound on the left chest.Keywords: wound pattern; sharp violence Abstrak: Kekerasan tajam merupakan tindakan yang mengakibatkan luka pada permukaan tubuh disebabkan oleh benda tajam yang umum ditemukan, seperti pisau, silet, bahkan kapak. Kekerasan tajam yang menyebabkan korban kehilangan nyawa menjadi suatu tindak pidana kriminal atau kejahatan terhadap nyawa (pembunuhan). Laporan Biro Pengendalian Operasi, Mabes Polri pada tahun 2018 menyatakan bahwa Sulawesi Utara berada di urutan keenam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pola luka kekerasan tajam pada kasus kematian di RS Bhayangkara Tingkat III Manado periode Juli 2019-Juni 2021. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif retrospektif dengan menggunakan data Visum et Repertum. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 22 kasus kematian korban kekerasan tajam. Kasus kematian terbanyak terjadi pada periode Juli 2019-Juni 2020 yaitu 19 kasus (86,4%). Kelompok usia terbanyak yaitu 21-30 tahun sebanyak delapan kasus (36,4%), diikuti kelompok usia 17-20 tahun (36,4%), serta 31-40 tahun dan >50 tahun (masing-masing 18,2%). Jenis kelamin didominasi oleh laki-laki (18 kasus/81,8% dan 1 kasus/18,2%). Jenis luka merupakan 100% luka tusuk. Lokasi perlukaan terbanyak di dada sebelah kiri yaitu 13 orang (59%). Simpulan penelitian ini ialah kasus kematian kekerasan tajam sebagian besar berjenis kelamin laki-laki, berusia 21-30 tahun, dengan jenis luka tusak pada dada kiri.Kata kunci: pola luka; kekerasan tajam

Abundant fossil plant remains are preserved in the high-latitude middle Eocene deposits of the Buchanan Lake Formation on Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut Territory, Canada. Intact leaf litter, logs, and stumps preserved in situ as mummified remains offer an opportunity to determine the structure, biomass, and productivity of two Taxodiaceae-dominated forests that grew north of the Arctic Circle (paleolatitude 75–80°N). We excavated fossil tree trunks and treetops to develop equations that describe the height, structure, and mass of the aboveground components of Eocene-ageMetasequoiatrees. We combined those data with surveys of in situ stumps to determine the structure, biomass, and productivity of two fossil forests, “N” and “HR.” We calculated a canopy height of 40 ± 3 m for the N forest and 25 m ± 2 m for the HR forest. Buried knots in dissected logs and abundant branch-free bole wood indicate that these were tall, closed-canopy forests. Stem tapers indicate that the overstory was of uniform height. Stem volume equaled 2095 m3ha−1and stem biomass was 628 Mg ha−1in the N forest. Volume and biomass in the HR forest were much smaller, 211 m3ha−1and 63.3 Mg ha−1, respectively. We estimated understory tree biomass to be 40 Mg ha−1in the N forest and 3.5 Mg ha−1in the HR forest. Recovery of seven fossil treetops with exposed branch stubs enabled us to make estimates of branchwood and foliar biomass using allometric equations derived from modern, plantation-grownMetasequoia glyptostroboides. Estimated stand-level branch biomass was 13 and 6.7 Mg ha−1in the N and HR forests, respectively. Standing foliar biomass was estimated to be 3.2 and 2.1 Mg ha−1in the N and HR forests, respectively. Using annual ring widths, the reconstructed parabolic stems, and wood density of modernMetasequoia, we calculated annual wood production to be 2.3 Mg ha−1yr−1for the N forest and 0.55 Mg ha−1yr−1for the HR forest Assuming that the ancientMetasequoiawere deciduous like their living relatives, annual aboveground net primary productivity was 5.5 Mg ha−1yr−1for the N forest and 2.8 Mg ha−1yr−1for the HR forest. Our estimated biomass and productivity values for N are similar to those of modern old-growth forests of the Pacific Northwest of the United States and old-growth coastal Cordillera forests of southern Chile.

Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) lacks reliable biomarkers that predict disease evolution on an individual basis, potentially leading to over- and undertreatment. Deep neural networks learn from former experiences on a large scale and can be used to predict future events as a potential tool for personalized clinical assistance.Objectives:To investigate deep learning for the prediction of individual disease activity in RA.Methods:Demographic and disease characteristics from over 9500 patients with 65.000 visits from the Swiss Quality Management (SCQM) database were used to train and evaluate an adaptive recurrent neural network (AdaptiveNet). Patient and disease characteristics along with clinical and patient reported outcomes, laboratory values and medication were used as input features. DAS28-BSR was used to predict active disease and future numeric individual disease activity by classification and regression, respectively.Results:AdaptiveNet predicted active disease defined as DAS28-BSR>2.6 at the next visit, with an overall accuracy of 75.6% and a sensitivity and specificity of 84.2% and 61.5%, respectively. Apart from DAS28-BSR, the most influential characteristics to predict disease activity were joint pain, disease duration, age and medication. Longer disease duration, age >50 or antibody positivity marginally improved prediction performance. Regression allowed forecasting individual DAS28-BSR values with a mean squared error of 0.9.Conclusion:Deep neural networks have the capacity to predict individual disease outcome in RA. Low specificity remains challenging and might benefit from alternative input data or outcome targets.References:[1] Hügle M, Kalweit G, Hügle T, Boedecker J. A Dynamic Deep Neural Network For Multimodal Clinical Data Analysis. Be Publ Stud Comput Intell Springer Verl. 2020.Figure 1.Examples of true disease activity and corresponding predictions of AdaptiveNet by regression analysis. Predictions are made step to step from the current to next visit.Disclosure of Interests:Maria Hügle Paid instructor for: Lilly, Gabriel Kalweit: None declared, Ulrich Walker Grant/research support from: Ulrich Walker has received an unrestricted research grant from Abbvie, Consultant of: Ulrich Walker has act as a consultant for Abbvie, Actelion, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Phadia, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, and ThermoFisher, Paid instructor for: Abbvie, Novartis, and Roche, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Actelion, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Phadia, Roche, Sandoz, and ThermoFisher, Axel Finckh Grant/research support from: Pfizer: Unrestricted research grant, Eli-Lilly: Unrestricted research grant, Consultant of: Sanofi, AB2BIO, Abbvie, Pfizer, MSD, Speakers bureau: Sanofi, Pfizer, Roche, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rudiger Muller Consultant of: AbbVie, Nordic, Sandoz, Almut Scherer: None declared, Joschka Boedecker: None declared, Thomas Hügle Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Novartis, Consultant of: Abbvie, Pfizer, Novartis, Roche, Lilly, BMS

Forlev NymølleA sacrificial site from the late Pre-Roman Iron AgeForlev Nymølle is situated in a small stretch of boggy land in the northern part of the river valley of Illerup Å north of Skanderborg. During peat digging in 1947, eight small clay vessels from c. 400 AD and a few fashioned wooden items were found. However, it was not until 1960 that museum keeper Harald Andersen, Moesgard Museum, started a major and very careful excavation, which last ed until 1966. Twenry-four areas, making up 325 m2, were excavated along the southern edge of the present peat bog (fig. 1). Forlev Nymølle is still one of the largest and best documented finds off ertiliryrelated sacrificial finds in Northern Europe. The finds, which primaril y consist of potsherds, bones from domestic animals, wooden items, patches of charcoal, and – not the least – stones were concentrated in small heaps relatively close to the old lakeshore. Nine find concentrations (I-IX) were separated, excluding “concentration X”, which comprises the clay vessels found in 1947 (fig. 15).The individual find concentrations measure between 1.5 and 9 m2 , and although their contents vary greatly, they are all characterized by layers or small heaps of hand or head size stones (fig. 9, 16). Among these, a remarkable amount is light quart zite stones or flint, and their occurrence has made many scholars suggest that the throwing of stones were a central element of the sacrificial act. Potsherds and so me long ashwood sticks (fig. 6, 8, 12, 25, 26) form part of almost all stone heaps, whereas the depositing of bones from domestic animals seem to be more selective (fig. 31). Concentration I differs further by containing a simple anthropomorphic figure, which may have stood upright in the stone heap (fig. 2-3), and a bundle of flax (fig. 4). Most find concentrations seem to represent a single sacrifice, except for concentration I, which is interpreted with certainry as having been used more than once.Some heavy tree trunks foun d in the immediate viciniry of some of the find heaps are thought to have functioned as a trackway from which the sacrifices could be made.The form and appearance of the individual concentrations are thought to be the result of depositing (fig. 7) including ritual stone throwing.Most bones are intact, except for a few that are split (this is interpreted as evidence for the deliberate extraction of marrow) and are marked by fire.They were mainly found in concentration II and Ill and come chiefly from small, but harmoniously built domestic oxen. Bones from sheep and goats are also present, but only a few bones from dogs and horses and from a single hare were registered. A human bone, the fragment of a shoulder blade with cutting marks and polished edges – perhaps an amulet? – was also found.The pottery, which could be assembled to make more or less complete vessels, dates the activities to the late Pre-Roman Iron Age (fig. 5). Two sacrificial horizons may be isolated (fig. 17), one of which belongs to the time between c. 200 and 150 BC (fig. 13-1 4,19) and the other to the time between c. 100 and 50 BC (fig. l0a-b, 1la).The area does not seem to have been used during the final phase of the Pre- Roman Iron Age, from 50 to 0 BC.Among the more curious items is a wooden idol and some long ashwood sticks. The wooden idol, which lay in concentration I, was made from a forked oak branch. It has a length of 2.74 meters and a very simple form with out the obvious emphasizing of the sex, which characte rizes the idols from Braak and Wittemoor (fig. 23-24) and others. The branches make up the legs, and the upper part of these have been chopped in order to accentuate the swayed hips. The sex may be indicated by a small notch at the point of bifurcatio n (fig. 18). As both ethnographic and some prehistoric figures are decorated (fig. 20-22), the idol was carefully examined, but no traces of colour, lashing etc. were found. Pottery found with the idol dates from 200-150 BC.Ashwood sticks are a normal occurrence in Forlev, represented as it is by 17 or 18 sticks from at least seven of the nine concentrations, and they seem to play a central part in the sacrificial ceremonies. They are characterized by a systematic choice of wood type, form, fashion and method of sacrifice. All were made from ashwood, they have a length of up to two meters, and one end is always finished with a cut, cross-going, triangular part. They were made from the outermost part of the trunk , the curved, de-barked side of which makes up the outside, whereas the inside is carefully carved (fig . 25). They were often laid down in pairs as a “set” consisting of a slender and a more heavy stick. They were made for the purpose, as the axe cut s are completely fresh (fig. 26). No parallels are known, but they resemble some long plank idols found in bogs in Lower Saxony (fig. 27). The function is pure guesswork – were they percussion instruments or prinlitive figures? The sticks are accessories of both sacrificial horizons.The rest of the wooden items from Forlev are also difficult to interpret, but seem to belong to the household sphere (fig. 28). However, some – like the 2.62-cm long smoothed ashwood stick (fig. 29) and the hazelwood club (fig. 30) may have functioned as ceremonial accessories.It appears from a comparison with other comprehensive finds of fertility sacrifices, such as Hedelisker, Varbrogård, Bukkerup, and Valmose- Rislev in Denmark, Käringsjön from Western Sweden and Oberdorla in Thuringia, that this find group has several features in common. The sacrificial areas are often large and characterized by relatively long periods of use. Often each locality has many small depositing sites with pottery, bones,and carved wooden objects, which are usually thought to have been sacrificed in water. Layers or heaps of stones and different branch-work are other characteristics.It is impossible to decide whether these features express common ideas, and a closer stud of the in dividual localities seems to stress the variety, even between neighbouring and contemporary sites such as Forlev Nymølle and Hedelisker. Local traditions seem to play an important part.Fertility sacrifices could be expected to follow a certain, cyclical pattern , but it has been impossible to determine such a pattern at Forlev, where the sacrificial ceremonies are not assumed to have been very numerous either. Even if we assume that the whole lake shore was full of sacrificial offerings with the same density as concentration I-III, it would be difficult to reach a number corresponding to an annual sacrifice. As several of the separated deposits seem to represent the very same action, the activity level is reduced further. Hence, the sacrifices, which are assumed collective and made by a whole village or the inhabitants of a smaller area, should rather be linked with certain events. This assumption seems to be supported by the separation of two sacrificial horizons.Today, it is generally accepted that the religious aspect was strongly integrated into the daily life of prehistoric man, and seen in the light of our present knowledge of settlements, burial customs, etc. our knowledge of the religious manifestation s is still very limjted.That is why even today, Forlev Nymølle appears to be a unique find without any clear parallels.Jørgen LundAfdeling for ForhistoriskArkæologi Aarhus UniversitetMoesgårdGenstandstegninger: Jørgen Mührman-LundGenstandsfotos: Photolab, MoesgårdUdgravningsfotos: Harald AndersenTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle

In 1954, archaeologists James Allen Lancaster and Don Watson and dendrochronologist Edmund Schulman asserted that a small grove of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirbel] Franco var. glauca [Beissener] Franco) trees in Navajo Canyon on the west side of Chapin Mesa in Mesa Verde National Park contained evidence of stone-axe-cut tree limbs. In 1965, archaeologists Robert Nichols and David Smith published an article entitled “Evidence of Prehistoric Cultivation of Douglas-Fir Trees at Mesa Verde,” in which they supported the Lancaster/Watson/Schulman assertion with tree-ring dates from suspected stone-axe-cut limbs. If correct, Nichols and Smith (1965) document the only trees in the entire U.S. Southwest that contain ancient stone-axe-cut stubs and evidence of precolumbian forest management. Rather than accept their interpretations at face value, we attempt to replicate their dates through the (re)analysis of archived and recently collected tree-ring samples, and through a controlled analysis and comparison of archived and published records. We could not confirm their results, and we have no option but to reject their claim that Schulman Grove contains evidence of precolumbian tree manipulation by Ancestral Puebloan inhabitants of Mesa Verde.