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Journal articles on the topic 'Stub matching'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Bhadravathi Ghouse, Parveez Shariff, Pradeep Kumar, Pallavi R. Mane, et al. "Dual-Band Antenna at 28 and 38 GHz Using Internal Stubs and Slot Perturbations." Technologies 12, no. 6 (2024): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies12060084.

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A double-stub matching technique is used to design a dual-band monopole antenna at 28 and 38 GHz. The transmission line stubs represent the matching elements. The first matching network comprises series capacitive and inductive stubs, causing impedance matching at the 28 GHz band with a wide bandwidth. On the other hand, the second matching network has two shunt inductive stubs, generating resonance at 38 GHz. A Smith chart is utilized to predict the stub lengths. While incorporating their dimensions physically, some of the stub lengths are fine-tuned. The proposed antenna is compact with a profile of 0.75λ1×0.66λ1 (where λ1 is the free-space wavelength at 28 GHz). The measured bandwidths are 27–28.75 GHz and 36.20–42.43 GHz. Although the physical series capacitance of the first matching network is a slot in the ground plane, the antenna is able to achieve a good gain of 7 dBi in both bands. The proposed antenna has a compact design, good bandwidth and gain, making it a candidate for 5G wireless applications.

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Slobodan Babic and Cevdet Akyel. "An improved analytical method for triple stub matching (stubs in series)." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 7, no. 2 (2021): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2021.7.2.0074.

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In this paper we give the new improved analytical method of triple stub tuner for matching the load impedances to provide the maximum power transfer between a generator and a load. The stubs are connected in series with the line at the appropriate distances from the load. The characteristic impedances of the transmission line and the stabs are different. The paper points on the determination of the length for the first stub near the load. The limit lengths for the first and the second stub are found for which the matching is possible. The length of the third stub is directly obtained from the matching conditions. Event though there is not the unique solution for the triple stub matching, we shoved also the existence of the unique solutions under some conditions. The special cases are also treated. The results of this method are verified by using the standing wave ratio SWR. Event though there are not many papers on this subject this work could be useful for engineers and physicist which work in this domain.

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Slobodan Babic and Cevdet Akyel. "An improved analytical method for triple stub matching (Stubs in Parallel)." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 7, no. 3 (2021): 157–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2021.7.3.0089.

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In this paper we give the new improved analytical method of triple stub tuner for matching the load impedances to provide the maximum power transfer between a generator and a load. The stubs are connected in parallel with the line at the appropriate distances from the load. The characteristic impedances of the transmission line and the stabs are different. The paper points on the determination of the length for the first stub near the load. The limit lengths for the first and the second stub are found for which the matching is possible. The length of the third stub is directly obtained from the matching conditions. Even though there is not the unique solution for the triple stub matching we also shoved the existence of unique solutions under some conditions. The special cases are also treated. The results of this method are verified by those obtained using the Smith chart and there are in exceptionally good agreement. Even though there are not many papers on this subject this work could be useful for engineers, and physicist which work in this domain.

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Slobodan, Babic, and Akyel Cevdet. "An improved analytical method for triple stub matching (stubs in series)." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 7, no. 2 (2021): 103–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5011738.

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In this paper we give the new improved analytical method of triple stub tuner for matching the load impedances to provide the maximum power transfer between a generator and a load. The stubs are connected in series with the line at the appropriate distances from the load.  The characteristic impedances of the transmission line and the stabs are different. The paper points on the determination of the length for the first stub near the load. The limit lengths for the first and the second stub are found for which the matching is possible. The length of the third stub is directly obtained from the matching conditions. Event though there is not the unique solution for the triple stub matching, we shoved also the existence of the unique solutions under some conditions. The special cases are also treated. The results of this method are verified by using the standing wave ratio SWR. Event though there are not many papers on this subject this work could be useful for engineers and physicist which work in this domain.

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Slobodan, Babic, and Akyel Cevdet. "An improved analytical method for triple stub matching (Stubs in Parallel)." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 7, no. 3 (2021): 157–78. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5052386.

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In this paper we give the new improved analytical method of triple stub tuner for matching the load impedances to provide the maximum power transfer between a generator and a load. The stubs are connected in parallel with the line at the appropriate distances from the load.  The characteristic impedances of the transmission line and the stabs are different. The paper points on the determination of the length for the first stub near the load. The limit lengths for the first and the second stub are found for which the matching is possible. The length of the third stub is directly obtained from the matching conditions. Even though there is not the unique solution for the triple stub matching we also shoved the existence of unique solutions under some conditions. The special cases are also treated. The results of this method are verified by those obtained using the Smith chart and there are in exceptionally good agreement. Even though there are not many papers on this subject this work could be useful for engineers, and physicist which work in this domain. 

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Liu, Rufan, Shimiao Lai, Tao Hong, et al. "A Low-Reflection Tuning Strategy for Three-Stub Waveguides." Electronics 13, no. 7 (2024): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071304.

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In high-power microwave applications, the reflection of energy can be effectively reduced by adjusting the three-stub waveguide. However, most of the existing tuning algorithms do not make an arrangement for the adjustment sequence of stubs, and accurately calculating the depth of the stubs requires a great deal of time via electromagnetic (EM) simulations, which may cause large reflection in the matching process. To solve these problems, we first propose an improved calculation method that can accurately calculate the input impedance of a three-stub waveguide. Then, an impedance matching algorithm is designed based on the equivalent circuit model that can quickly and accurately calculate the optimal depth of the stubs. Finally, we present a low-reflection tuning strategy to suppress the large reflection during the adjustment of the stub process. An experimental system is built to verify the calculation method and the tuning strategy. The results show that the strategy can avoid large reflection in the case of load mutation and can maintain low reflection when the load changes continuously. The algorithm meets the needs of the industry and can be used for automatic and real-time adjustment of three-stub waveguides of different specifications.

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Ahmad, Husham J., and Firas M. Z. Mahmood. "Single and Double Stub Tuner Impedance Matching of Microwave Circuits Using Mathcad Software." Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal 8, no. 2 (2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.v8n2y2024.pp1-8.

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In this paper impedance matching, using tuning stubs of different types and forms are designed and analyzed using Mathcad Software. The aim of this paper is impedance matching which is to connect an arbitrary complex-valued load impedance to a source with a given resistive internal impedance (Intrinsic Impedance Zo) without causing input reflection and to ensure transfer of maximum power from source to load (ZL). Smith chart is designed in this paper with a Mathcad software. This tool is considered as a very powerful tool to show the results on Smith chart. Single and double stub tuners are designed and analyzed with examples. The designed software is used in this paper for different cases, such as single stub and double stub tuners (open-ended and short-ended) for matching capacitive and inductive loads. The software designed in this paper is useful for designers working in this field as well as in education process.

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Susilawati, Helfy, Ahmad Fauzi, and Akhmad Hasyim. "Impedance Matching Simulation for Microstrip Antenna on Frequency 3.4-3.7 GHz Using Double Stub." TELKA - Telekomunikasi Elektronika Komputasi dan Kontrol 6, no. 2 (2020): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/telka.v6n2.113-123.

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Impedance matching is an attempt to adjust the antenna impedance with the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. Impedance matching has functions to avoid reflected power from the antenna so that power cannot be received by the receiver. In this study, impedance matching was used double stub. The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) indicates how well the impedance matching is made. Simulation of this impedance matching will use to microstrip antenna on frequency 3.4 – 3.7 GHz. CST Studio Suite is used to simulating the antenna microstrip with double stub. Based on the result, this research shows that VSWR and return loss in single and double rectangular microstrip antenna have a better value if use impedance matching than without using impedance matching.

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Mo, Lingfei, and Chunfang Qin. "Tunable Compact UHF RFID Metal Tag Based on CPW Open Stub Feed PIFA Antenna." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/167658.

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For the ultrahigh frequency radio frequency identification (UHF RFID) metal tag, it always has the difficulties of compact designing, especially for the conjugate impedance matching, low antenna gain, and fabrication or environmental detuning. In this paper, a tunable compact UHF RFID metal tag is designed based on CPW open stub feed PIFA antenna. By changing the length of the open stub, the impedance of the PIFA antenna could be tuned in a large scale for conjugate impedance matching. The open stub makes it easy to tune the resonant frequency to alleviate the fabrication detuning or the environmental detuning, even after the manufacture. Moreover, the CPW structure of the open stub feed can resist the effects of the metallic surface and increase the antenna gain for the compact PIFA antenna. Modeling analysis and simulation are in good agreement with the measurement results. It showed that the UHF RFID metal tag could be designed compact with good performance based on the CPW open stub feed PIFA antenna.

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Giannini, F., G. Bartolucci, and M. Ruggieri. "Low-impedance matching: The straight stub solution." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 2, no. 3 (1989): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.4650020307.

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Giannini, F., M. Ruggieri, G. Bartolucci, and C. Paoloni. "Low impedance matching: The radial stub solution." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 2, no. 8 (1989): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.4650020807.

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Liu, L. N., L. Wang, S. Yuan, et al. "Impedance matching system using triple liquid stub tuners for high-power ion cyclotron resonance heating in EAST tokamak." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 4 (2022): 043506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0076421.

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Ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH), one of the main auxiliary methods, for high-power and long-pulse plasma heating had been developed in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). An impedance matching system, one important part of ICRH, had been developed for high-power injection and transmitter protection by reducing the reflected power from the antenna. The input impedance in the outlet of the stub tuner can be measured by voltage–current probes installed on the coaxial transmission line between the antenna and triple liquid stub tuners, and the optimum liquid levels in the stub tuners can be calculated based on the input impedance. The calculation and adjustment process of the optimum liquid levels are described comprehensively in this article. Finally, impedance matching had been achieved between two shots during EAST experiments. In the near future, a real-time impedance matching system will be developed to prevent large variations of the ICRH antenna impedance and achieve steady-state and long-pulse operation with the ICRH system.

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Jabire, Adamu Halilu, Anas Abdu, Sani Saminu, et al. "Reduction of Mutual Coupling in UWB/MIMO Antenna Using Stub Loading Technique." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 17, no. 1 (2021): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2021-0002.

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Abstract The research presents mutual coupling reduction between UWB-MIMO antenna elements using stub loading technique. The proposed 2 × 2 UWB antenna geometry consists of two circular-shaped monopole radiators with a partial ground for perfect impedance matching. Stubs of 20 mm × 0.2 mm are inserted between the two antenna elements in the ground plane to improve the isolation. The decoupling stub leads to a mutual coupling reduction of less than 20 dB. The farfield measurement at a selected frequency of 10 GHz confirms an omnidirectional radiation pattern. Different MIMO antenna metric such as channel capacity loss (CCL), mean effective gain (MEG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), and surface current are presented. Details of the design considerations and the simulation and measurement results are presented and discussed. The proposed MIMO antenna array can be well suited for UWB applications.

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I., Adam, N. M. Yasin M., E. A. Aziz M., and M. I. Sulaiman. "Rectifier for RF energy harvesting using stub matching." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 3 (2019): 1007–13. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i3.pp1007-1013.

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One of challenge in rectenna design is the impedance matching of the antenna to the rectifier load. Rectifier exhibits complex impedance while antennas are normally designed to match either 50 Ω or 75 Ω loads. For the optimum power transfer between antenna and the rectifier circuit, both impedances should be matched. This paper presents the design and development of the 7-stages Dickson multiplier in energy harvesting. The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of the designed multiplier together with matching circuit. An improvement of 60% output voltage is achieved by feeding -30dBm of low input power at the multiplier circuit.

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RAHAYU, YUSNITA, NICOLAS PEDRO RITONGA, YUDI YULIYUS MAULANA, YUSSI PERDANA SAPUTERA, ARIEF BUDI SANTIKO, and ANHAR ANHAR. "Simulasi dan Realisasi Microstrip RF Amplifier 9,3 GHz Untuk Radar Pantai." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 12, no. 1 (2024): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v12i1.216.

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ABSTRAKIndonesia merupakan negara kepulauan yang membutuhkan kemandirian teknologi radar pantai untuk keperluan pengawasan. Maka, kebutuhan akan RF amplifier yang murah merupakan suatu keharusan. Makalah ini menyajikan simulasi dan realisasi microstrip RF amplifier menggunakan RT/Duroid 5580 dan teknik matching stub pada frekuensi 9,3 GHz. Teknik ini merupakan yang efektif untuk frekuensi tinggi dan mencocokkan impedansi dengan nilai imajiner. Komponen aktif MGF2407A dipilih dengan konfigurasi DC fixed bias. Dari hasil simulasi, RF amplifier yang diusulkan memiliki gain sebesar 10,318 dB, S11 sebesar -26 dB dan S22 sebesar -28 dB dengan kompresi P1dB sebesar 11 dBm. Namun, selama pengukuran, RF amplifier memberikan redaman akibat pengaruh penyolderan, short circuit, dan electro statis discharge. Untuk parameter terukur lainnya memenuhi persyaratan standar. Hal ini menunjukkan realisasi microstrip RF amplifier untuk frekuensi tinggi memiliki tingkat keberhasilan yang rendah.Kata kunci: radar pantai, penguat daya, matching stub, mikrostrip ABSTRACTIndonesia is an archipelagic country that needs to monitor its islands. For the independence of coastal radar technology, the need for low cost RF amplifiers is a must.This paper presents simulation and realization of microstrip RF amplifier used RT/Duroid 5580 and matching stub technique worked at 9.3 GHz. This matching technique is effective for high frequency and to match the impedance with imaginer value. The active component of MGF2407A was chosen with DC fixed bias configuration. From simulation, the proposed RF amplifier has gain of 10.318 dB, S11 of -26 dB and S22 of -28 dB with P1dB compression at 11 dBm. However, during the measurement, the RF amplifier provides attenuation due to soldering, short circuit, and electro statis discharge effects. For other measured parameters met the standard requirements. This demonstrates the low success rate of realizing microstrip RF amplifiers for high frequencies.Keywords: coastal radar, power amplifier, matching stub, microstrip

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Tang, Yi Jun, Bing Liu, Yong Fu, et al. "High Isolation and Compact Microstrip Diplexer for Broadband and WLAN Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 2888–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.2888.

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A high isolation and compact microstrip diplexer for broadband and wireless local area network (WLAN) application is proposed in this paper. It is achieved by using the combination of a broadband bandpass filter (BPF) composed of one open stub and two short stubs of different size loaded in 50Ω feed lines. The tapped stub can not only generate two zeros to deepen the stopband, but also connect other BPF without deterioration of in-band performance. Hence, the compact diplexer combines two BPFs without extra junction matching network. The mutual loading effect approximately equivalent to a coupled resonator can create one zero at the passband edge to improve the isolation. The proposed microstrip diplexer is designed and fabricated, and it has a 1dB fractional bandwidths (FBW) of 60% at 3.5GHz for broadband channel and 3% at 5.8GHz for WLAN channel . The simulated and measured results are presented and good agreement is obtained.

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Adam, I., M. N. M. Yasin, M. E. A. Aziz, and Sulaiman M.I. "Rectifier for RF energy harvesting using stub matching." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 3 (2019): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i3.pp1007-1013.

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One of challenge in rectenna design is the impedance matching of the antenna to the rectifier load. Rectifier exhibits complex impedance while antennas are normally designed to match either 50 Ω or 75 Ω loads. For the optimum power transfer between antenna and the rectifier circuit, both impedances should be matched. This paper presents the design and development of the 7-stages Dickson multiplier in energy harvesting. The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of the designed multiplier together with matching circuit. An improvement of 60% output voltage is achieved by feeding -30dBm of low input power at the multiplier circuit.

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Farhan, Malik Jasim, and Ali Khalid Jassim. "Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless communication applications." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 3 (2021): 1388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i3.2122.

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This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.

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Malik, Jasim Farhan, and Khalid Jassim Ali. "Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless communication applications." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 3 (2021): pp. 1388~1394. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i3.2122.

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This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.

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Prasaja, Bledug Kusuma, and M. Abdulah K. Sirat. "Penyesuaian Impedansi Antena Open Dipole RF 217 MHz Menggunakan Metode Single Stub." Semesta Teknika 8, no. 1 (2016): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/st.v8i1.912.

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Penyesuaian impedansi merupakan suatu masalah yang sangat penting untuk diperhatikan pada saat menginstalasi antena suatu pemancar. Gelombang yang dipantulkan kembali ke pemancar akan mengakibatkan panas dan kerusakan pada penguat akhir pemancar, sehingga menyebabkan penurunan daya atau daya yang dihasilkan oleh pesawat pemancar tidak akan maksimal. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar impedansi antena berkontribusi pada matching impedance (penyesuaian impedansi), menggunakan metode single stub tuner. Hasilnya adalah Pada pengukuran yang menggunakan kabel koaksial RG-55 A/U, posisi paling match terjadi pada jarak 30 cm dari antena ke arah generator sehingga stub dipasang secara permanen pada jarak tersebut, sedangkan pada pengukuran yang menggunakan kabel koaksial 5D-2W, posisi paling match terjadi di antena itu sendiri dan tidak ditemukan posisi match pada saluran sehingga stub tidak dipasang. Pada kabel koaksial RG-11/U, posisi paling match terjadi pada jarak 20 cm dari antena ke arah generator sehingga stub dipasang secara permanen pada jarak tersebut.

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Majeed, A. H., and K. H. Sayidmarie. "Extended Bandwidth Microstrip Circular Patch Antenna for Dual Band Applications." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 2 (2018): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i2.pp1056-1066.

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<p>This paper presents a new wideband microstrip circular patch antenna (MCPA) fed by proximity-coupled line with double-stub matching to achieve dual-band operation. Bandwidth extension is achieved by exciting higher-order modes in the circular radiating patch, and using two stubs to achieve adequate matching across the obtained two bands. The characteristics of the antenna such as reflection coefficient, impedance bandwidth, gain and radiation pattern are investigated and optimized through parametric studies using the CST Microwave Studio Suite. The antenna achieved a large relative bandwidth of 45.16% at the upper band, while the lower one has 10.3% relative bandwidth. The maximum achieved gain of the dual-band antenna in the 5.8GHz band is 4.62dBi while it is 4.85dBi in the upper band. The antenna has an overall size of 30×30×3.2mm3 corresponding to 0.58λ × 0.58 λ × 0.062 λ at the lower band of 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna should be useful for WLAN and X-band communication systems.</p>

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A., H. Majeed, and H. Sayidmarie K. "Extended-Bandwidth Microstrip Circular Patch Antenna for Dual Band Applications." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 2 (2018): 1056–66. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i2.pp1056-1066.

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This paper presents a new wideband microstrip circular patch antenna (MCPA) fed by proximity-coupled line with double-stub matching to achieve dual-band operation. Bandwidth extension is achieved by exciting higher-order modes in the circular radiating patch, and using two stubs to achieve adequate matching across the obtained two bands. The characteristics of the antenna such as reflection coefficient, impedance bandwidth, gain and radiation pattern are investigated and optimized through parametric studies using the CST Microwave Studio Suite. The antenna achieved a large relative bandwidth of 45.16% at the upper band, while the lower one has 10.3% relative bandwidth. The maximum achieved gain of the dual-band antenna in the 5.8GHz band is 4.62dBi while it is 4.85dBi in the upper band. The antenna has an overall size of 30×30×3.2mm3 corresponding to 0.58λ × 0.58 λ × 0.062 λ at the lower band of 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna should be useful for WLAN and X-band communication systems.

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Best, S. R. "Shunt stub line impedance matching: a wave reflection analysis tutorial." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 44, no. 1 (2002): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/74.997910.

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Sanyal, Rajarshi, Partha Pratim Sarkar, and Santosh Kumar Chowdhury. "Quasi-self-complementary ultra-wideband antenna with band rejection characteristics." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 10, no. 3 (2018): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078717001106.

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This article presents a compact novel quasi-self-complementary semi-octagonal-shaped antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) application. The proposed novel structure is fed by a microstrip line where different rectangular truncation is etched to the ground plane as an impedance matching element, which results for much wider impedance bandwidth (VSWR<2) from 2.9 to 20 GHz. In order to obtain band-notched characteristics at 5.5 GHz, an open-ended, quarter wavelength, spiral-shaped stub is introduced in the vicinity of the truncated part of the ground plane. An equivalent circuit model is adopted to investigate the band rejection characteristics of the ground plane stub. Sharpness of the rejection band can be controlled by maintaining the gap between stub resonator and the slotted periphery of ground plane. The proposed antenna design is validated by experimental measurements.

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Chen, Xiaopan, Yongle Wu, and Weimin Wang. "Dual-Band, Dual-Output Power Amplifier Using Simplified Three-Port, Frequency-Dividing Matching Network." Electronics 11, no. 1 (2022): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010144.

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This study presents a dual-band power amplifier (PA) with two output ports using a simplified three-port, frequency-dividing matching network. The dual-band, dual-output PA could amplify a dual-band signal with one transistor, and the diplexer-like output matching network (OMN) divided the two bands into different output ports. A structure consisting of a λ/4 open stub and a λ/4 transmission line was applied to restrain undesired signals, which made each branch equivalent to an open circuit at another frequency. A three-stub design reduced the complexity of the OMN. Second-order harmonic impedances were tuned for better efficiency. The PA was designed with a 10-W gallium nitride high electron mobility transistor (GaN HEMT). It achieved a drain efficiency (DE) of 55.84% and 53.77%, with the corresponding output power of 40.22 and 40.77 dBm at 3.5 and 5.0 GHz, respectively. The 40%-DE bandwidths were over 200 MHz in the two bands.

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Liu, Lingyun, Yun Liu, Xiaohua Jin, Zhuo Li, and Yubo Tian. "A Broad Dual-Band Bandpass Filter Design Based on Double-Layered Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons." Electronics 11, no. 5 (2022): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11050697.

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In this work, a broad dual-band bandpass filter is designed by applying double-layered spoof surface plasmon polaritons (DLSSPPs) as the main transmission line (MTL) and loading combined-stub dual-mode resonators (CSDMRs) onto the MTL with certain spaces. Each CSDMR consists of an open stub and a short stub that are connected in parallel. Efficient mode conversion between the quasi-transverse electromagnetic waves in the microstrip line and the spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) on the double-layered surface plasmon waveguide is realized using gradient double-layered metal gratings and via the sector structure impedance matching technique. A parametric study of the CSDMR demonstrates that center frequencies and bandwidths can be controlled by varying the stub lengths and widths of the CSDMRs. A second-order dual-band filter is designed and fabricated, and simulated and experimental S-parameters agree well. A lower loss of the passband is achieved compared with the filters that apply single-layered SSPPs. The space between two CSDMRs is shortened because of the slow-wave effect of the DLSSPPs. The lowpass performance of the DLSSPPs exhibits good rejection from the cutoff frequency above.

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Lee, Minjae, and Sungjoon Lim. "Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) Using Microfluidic Impedance Tuner." Sensors 18, no. 10 (2018): 3176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103176.

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This paper proposes a microfluidic impedance tuner that is applied to a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). The proposed microfluidic impedance tuner is designed while using a simple double-stub and the impedance is changed by tuning the stub length. In this work, the stub length can be tuned by injecting a liquid metal alloy to the microfluidic channels. Initially, the PIFA operates at 900 MHz with impedance matching of 50 Ω. The impedance is mismatched when a hand is placed close to the antenna. The mismatched impedance is matched to 50 Ω by injecting the liquid metal alloy. The antenna is fabricated on the FR-4 substrate, and the impedance tuner is fabricated on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In order to inject the liquid metal alloy, a piezoelectric micropump and microprocessor are used in the measurement. At 900 MHz, the return loss is successfully tuned from 4.69 dB to 18.4 dB when a hand is placed 1 mm above the antenna.

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Nor Azrin Raja Yunus, Raja, Ismahayati Adam, Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin, Surajo Muhammad, Wan Zuki Azman Wan Muhamad, and Abdulrahman Amin Ahmed Ghaleb. "A 0.7 GHz and 0.9 GHz efficient and compact dual-band rectifier for ambient radio frequency energy harvesting." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 14, no. 2 (2025): 1054–62. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v14i2.8533.

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This study introduces a compact dual-band rectifier utilizing a single and multi-stub matching network (MN) technique. The rectifier consists of two branches, each incorporating a single block stub and two blocks stub to generate two frequency susceptance blocks, subsequently transformed into a meandered line. The proposed rectifier operates at two frequency bands of 0.7 GHz and 0.9 GHz and is fabricated on an RT/Duroid 5880 printed circuit board (PCB) with dimensions of 37×25×1.6 mm using an entire ground architecture. Simulation and measurement results show that the rectifier has a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 67.77% and 66.35% at 0.7 GHz and 70.31% and 71.22% at 0.9 GHz with input power of 0 dBm, respectively. The rectified voltage is 1.79 V DC across a 5 kΩ load terminal (RL) with 5 dBm input power and is capable of sensing low input power down to -30 dBm. This feature makes the rectifier a promising solution for powering low-power devices from ambient energy.

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Osklang, Pracha, Chuwong Phongcharoenpanich, and Prayoot Akkaraekthalin. "Triband Compact Printed Antenna for 2.4/3.5/5 GHz WLAN/WiMAX Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (August 28, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8094908.

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This research presents a triband compact printed antenna for WLAN and WiMAX applications. The antenna structure consists of a folded open stub, long and short L-shaped strips, and asymmetric trapezoid ground plane. Besides, it is of simple structure and operable in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz (5.2/5.8 GHz) WLAN and 3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX bands. The folded open stub and long and short L-shaped strips realize impedance matching at 2.4, 3.5, 5.2, and 5.8 GHz, and the asymmetric trapezoid ground plane fine-tunes impedance matching at 5.2, 5.5, and 5.8 GHz. In addition, the equivalent circuit model consolidated into lumped elements is also presented to explain its impedance matching characteristics. In this study, simulations were carried out, and a prototype antenna was fabricated and experimented. The simulation and experimental results are in good agreement. Specifically, the simulated and experimental radiation patterns are omnidirectional at 2.4, 3.5, and 5.2 GHz and near-omnidirectional at 5.5 and 5.8 GHz. Furthermore, the simulated and measured antenna gains are 1.269–3.074 dBi and 1.10–2.80 dBi, respectively. Essentially, the triband compact printed antenna covers 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz (5.2/5.8 GHz) WLAN and 3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX frequency bands and thereby is a good candidate for WLAN/WiMAX applications.

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Satyanarayana, EVV, Vivek Kumar, D. Mallikarjun Reddy, T. Siva Paravathi, and J. Chandrasekhar Rao. "A compact disc loaded curved elliptical shaped ultra-wideband MIMO antenna." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.7 (2018): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.7.10888.

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The ultra wide band (UWB) Multiple-Input- Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna with coplanar waveguide (CPW) having size of 18 x 23 x 0.8mm3 is designed for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. The designed MIMO antenna contains two symmetrical circular disc loaded curved elliptical monopoles on top of the substrate and common ground plane with Y slot and extended T-shaped stub on bottom of substrate. The T- shape stub is placed on the ground plane to have the better antenna impedance matching and to enhance the isolation between the two antenna ports. To further improve the isolation in between the ports 1 and 2, and also on the ground plane a Y-shaped slot is fixed. Good impedance matching (|S11| < -10dB) in the range from 2.8GHz to 12 GHz is provided by the proposed antenna, and an enhanced isolation of -27dB, low ECC of below 0.002, an acceptable gain of about 7 dBi and an efficiency of above 90%. The obtained result proves that the designed antenna is more appropriate for the portable devices.

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Lee, S. H., J. N. Lee, J. K. Park, and H. S. Kim. "Design of the Compact UWB Antenna With PI-shaped Matching Stub." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 22, no. 10 (2008): 1440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156939308786348820.

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Kim-Thi, Phuong, Dat Nguyen-Tien, and Tung The-Lam Nguyen. "A Compact and Flexible Monopole Antenna with Controllable Bandwidth." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 24, no. 5 (2024): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2024.5.r.245.

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In this paper, a compact antenna with flexible and controllable bandwidth characteristics is proposed. To ensure wide coverage along with an omnidirectional radiation pattern, a monopole structure was utilized as the primary radiating element of the proposed antenna. The monopole was fed using a coplanar waveguide technique to achieve a single-layer design. To alter the operating bandwidth, defined by a reflection coefficient of less than -10 dB, a single stub was directly connected to the feeding transmission line. By controlling the stub's length, matching performance in the high-frequency range was found to undergo significant degradation, indicating that the operating bandwidth could be controlled. Furthermore, for validation, two antenna prototypes were fabricated and measured under different circumstances. In the unbending mode, the design without the stub achieved a wideband of 51.6%, while the other design with the stub exhibited a narrower band of about 19.6%. Additionally, the antennas worked efficiently when operating in bending mode. It is also worth noting that the antenna gain and radiation pattern remained stable across the entire operating bandwidth.

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Yan, Lei, Wenbin Zou, Kaihong Zheng, Guangli Yang, and Yong Luo. "A Dual-Polarized CTS Array Antenna with Four Reconfigurable Beams for mm-Wave Wind Profile Radar." Electronics 13, no. 1 (2024): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13010238.

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The wind profiler radar (WPR) system requires a dual-polarized antenna with multiple low-sidelobe and high-gain beams to facilitate the detection of weak signals reflected by atmospheric turbulence. This paper proposes a dual-polarized continuous transverse stub (CTS) K-band antenna with four reconfigurable beams, which comprises a series-fed CTS array and four 1-to-14 power dividers as line source generators (LSGs) to generate a high-quality quasi-TEM wave. The CTS element incorporates a stepped transition radiation stub design and employs a short cutoff stub on the upper surface of the series-fed parallel plate waveguide (PPW) to achieve optimal impedance matching. The entire antenna is an all-metal structure with remarkably low loss, and low-cost standard fabrication processes are employed for the prototype, which achieves fast reconfigurable four-beam scanning to 15°, with a gain of 31.09 dBi and sidelobe levels below −17.6 dB. Measurement results in an anechoic chamber agree well with simulations, demonstrating the antenna’s ease of manufacture, stability, and suitability for wind profile radar applications.

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Li, Mingshun, Wei Song, and Xinqing Sheng. "A Broadband Circularly Polarized Antenna with Stable Gain Based on Square Slotted Ground." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2464, no. 1 (2023): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2464/1/012020.

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Abstract In this paper, a circularly polarized (CP) low cost, low profile antenna with broadband stable gain is proposed. The antenna consists of a grounded square slot with two inverted-L shaped microstrips, an asymmetrical Y-shaped microstrip radiator with a stub, and several fine tuning elements. The CP radiation is first realized by using the Y-shaped microstrip line, which incorporates a stub is to realize better impedance matching. Next, by utilizing two Inverted-L microstrips into the corners of the grounded slot, the axial ratio (AR) characteristic can be further improved. A wider AR bandwidth (ARBW) can be achieved by utilizing four rectangular strips as fine tuning elements. Simulation results show the proposed antenna demonstrates a radiation with a CP bandwidth of 50% and a stable gain with average value of 5.18 dBi.

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Alibakhshikenari, Mohammad, Bal S. Virdee, Ayman A. Althuwayb, et al. "Novel Concentric Hexagonal-Shaped RFID Tag Antenna With T-Shaped Stub Matching." IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification 6 (2022): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jrfid.2021.3124966.

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Lu, Ping, Ka Ma Huang, Yang Yang, Fei Cheng, and Li Wu. "Frequency-Reconfigurable Rectenna With an Adaptive Matching Stub for Microwave Power Transmission." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 18, no. 5 (2019): 956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2019.2906671.

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Saito, K., R. Kumazawa, C. Takahashi, et al. "Real-time impedance matching system using liquid stub tuners in ICRF heating." Fusion Engineering and Design 81, no. 23-24 (2006): 2837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2006.07.032.

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Wang, Hanyang. "An inductive matching stub for a monopole antenna used in mobile devices." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 52, no. 7 (2010): 1579–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.25251.

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Chiou, Hwann-Kaeo, Chi-Yang Chang, and Hao-Hsiung Lin. "A novel coplanar waveguide series stub matching structure for a broadband amplifier." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 10, no. 5 (1995): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.4650100515.

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Dib, Nihad, Ashraf Sharaqa, and Richard A. Formato. "Variable Z0applied to the optimal design of multi-stub matching network and a meander monopole." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 6, no. 5 (2013): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078713001049.

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VariableZ0, a new concept in antenna design and optimization, is applied to two optimization problems: a multi-stub matching network (MSMN) using biogeography-based optimization (BBO), and an ultra wideband meander monopole antenna (MMA) using central force optimization (CFO). BBO is a newly-proposed stochastic global search and optimization evolutionary algorithm (EA) used to determine MSMN stub lengths and locations for optimum (minimum) reflection coefficient. CFO is a deterministic EA used to optimize the MMA's impedance bandwidth (IBW) while maintaining good average gain without considering the radiation pattern in detail. Two cases are investigated for both problems: (a) fixed characteristic impedanceZ0, and (b) variable characteristic impedance. In the first case,Z0is a fixed user-specified parameter (the traditional methodology), whereas in the second, it is a true variable quantity whose value is determined by the optimization methodology, which is a new technology. VariableZ0is a fundamentally different design approach in optimization problems. BBO's fixedZ0results for MSMN are compared to published data computed using Nelder–Mead optimization with BBO exhibiting better performance. BBO's results are improved even more using VariableZ0technology. A similar performance improvement is seen for VariableZ0applied to the CFO-optimized MMA.

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Firdaus, R. A., M. Khoiro, E. Rahmawati, Dzulkiflih, and M. Yantidewi. "Design of folded dipole antenna with stub feed line at 3.5 Ghz operating frequency for 5G cellular network." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2900, no. 1 (2024): 012056. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2900/1/012056.

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Abstract This study examines the design of a folded dipole antenna equipped with a Stub Feed Line (SFL) to achieve a 3.5GHz resonant frequency operating on a 5G cellular network. Microstrip antennas, which are known for their advantages, such as being lightweight, easy to print, affordable production cost, and relatively small size, also have disadvantages, such as narrow bandwidth, low gain, and directivity, as well as low efficiency. In order to overcome these disadvantages, this study proposes the integration of SFL as a frequency shifter, which is expected to improve antenna performance. The proposed antenna design was tested through simulations using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method and optimized with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) theory to achieve the expected radiation characteristics. The simulation results indicate that the stub integration is able to significantly improve the impedance matching, gain, and bandwidth of the antenna. The use of geometric structures, such as a U-Shape on the stub, is also proven to be effective in improving signal transmission efficiency and reducing reflection. This study provides an important contribution to the development of antenna technology, especially in supporting the deployment of more efficient and effective 5G cellular networks.

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Pavón, Cuéllar. "Financial inclusion as a pillar of sustainable growth: International experience." Ekonomski horizonti 23, no. 2 (2021): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekonhor2102107p.

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As proposed by the current theoretical framework, the fact that the economic growth of a country depends not only on the formation of physical and human capital and the sustainable exploitation of its natural resources, but also on the financial inclusion that allows economic agents to find solutions to liquidity restrictions and channel savings towards productive investment is exhibited in this paper. By matching multiple databases, static and dynamic panel estimates are developed, verifying the robustness of results and the endogenous nature of economic growth. The current research demonstrates that social inclusion is not only the desired result of economic growth, but a required input for its future sustainability.

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Tamminaina, Govindarao, and Ramesh Manikonda. "Design and analysis of wideband four-port multiple input multiple output antenna using defective ground structure for 5G communication." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 2 (2024): 1646–53. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i2.pp1646-1653.

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This research work describes a compact four-port multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna using defective ground structure (DGS), and it perfectly supports the n77, n78, and n79 frequencies in 5G new radios (NR) bands. It can cover a wideband from 3.4 to 5.4 GHz with good impedance matching. The pair of antenna elements are orientated opposite to another pair with DGS. Due to this technique, it has minimal complexity, is less expensive, and improves isolation. It has also improved the frequency band's reflection coefficient and range using MIMO antenna with different stub lengths. Because it is less expensive, FR-4 substrate is used in the implementation of all antennas. Each antenna element has two identical stubs linked to the primary radiator. On the primary radiating element, a ''HI'' slot is created. The partial ground enhances impedance matching and radiation properties throughout the targeted band. The total dimensions of the four-port MIMO antenna are 46×30×1.6 mm 3 . The array elements' mutual coupling in the simulation is -14 dB. The ECC value is below 0.01, and the diversity gain (DG) is less than 10 dB. The suggested designs' measured gain ranges from 10 to 11.0 dB, and the radiation efficiency is nearly 91%.

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Wittig, F., R. Koppenhöfer, S. Maier, and A. Nürnberg. "Beam test studies with silicon sensor module prototypes for the CMS Phase-2 Outer Tracker." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (2023): C01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/c01005.

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Abstract The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will be upgraded to the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) by 2029. In order to fully exploit the physics potential of the high luminosity era the experiments must undergo major upgrades. In the context of the upgrade of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment the silicon tracker will be fully replaced. The outer part of the new tracker (Outer Tracker) will be equipped with about 13,000 double-layer silicon sensor modules with two different flavors: PS modules consisting of a macro-pixel and a strip sensor and 2S modules using two strip sensors. These modules can discriminate between trajectories of charged particles with low and high transverse momentum. The different curvature of the trajectories in the CMS magnetic field leads to different hit signatures in the two sensor layers. By reading out both sensors, matching hits in the seed and correlation layer “stubs” are identified. This stub information is generated at the LHC bunch crossing frequency of 40 MHz and serves as input for the first stage of the CMS trigger. In order to quantify the hit and stub detection efficiency, beam tests have been performed. This article comprises selected studies from measurements gathered during two beam tests at the DESY test beam facility with 2S prototype modules assembled in 2021, featuring the Low Power Gigabit Transceiver (lpGBT). In order to compare the module performance at the beginning and end of the CMS runtime, a module with irradiated components has been built and intensively tested.

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Kim, Ho-Jin, Seon-Hyeon Lee, Young-Hun Lee, and Sang-Seok Lee. "A Study of Flexible T-DMB Antenna Using Rectangular Stub and Matching Circuit." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 22, no. 2 (2011): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2011.22.2.236.

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Du, Dan, Xueyu Gong, Lan Yin, Dong Xiang, and Jingchun Li. "Theoretical Analysis of Triple Liquid Stub Tuner Impedance Matching for ICRH on Tokamaks." Plasma Science and Technology 17, no. 12 (2015): 1078–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1009-0630/17/12/17.

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Jong-Hyuk Lim, Yoon-Byung Chae, Zhe-Jun Jin, and Tae-Yeoul Yun. "Patterned Helical DVB-T Antenna With an Open Stub and a Matching Network." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 11 (2012): 736–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2012.2205551.

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Darsono, M., and Farid Ahmad Radiansyah. "OPTIMASI BANDWIDTH MENGGUNAKAN STUB MATCHING IMPEDANSI PADA RANCANG BANGUN ANTENA MONOPOLE ULTRA-WIDEBAND." JTT (Jurnal Teknologi Terapan) 10, no. 2 (2024): 91. https://doi.org/10.31884/jtt.v10i2.621.

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The microstrip monopole antenna design study was developed to support Ultra-Wideband (3.1GHz-10.6 GHz) wireless communication technology. This research aims to obtain a minimalist antenna prototype with the ability to operate in the UWB frequency region. Bandwidth optimization is carried out to increase data speed access capacity in wireless communications. The antenna design has two structures in the conductor layer of the RT DUROID 5880 type substrate material. The surface layer structure is a square patch with a transmission line and an impedance stub. For the bottom layer of the substrate, a structure forms the DGS technique. The simulation method is carried out on the antenna design to obtain parameters, such as bandwidth return loss -10dB is 1.29 (fractional) or 9700MHz (absolute) and bandwidth measurement results (absolute) (12,800 MHz-absolute), VSWR (1:2), input impedance at the 3.8GHz frequency (Zin=31.23Ω-j4.12Ω), and the 13.6GHz frequency (Zin=62.93Ω+j28.4Ω). For radiation polarization, the beam width is 116 degrees and the directional strength (Gain) value is 3.15dBi. The entire antenna has the performance characteristics of operating in the Ultra-Wideband spectrum at C-band, X-band and Ku-band frequencies. Omnidirectional polarization, vertical linear polarization, and low gain and minimalist support communication devices.

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Rusdiyanto, Dian, Dian Widi Astuti, and Catur Apriono. "Perancangan Antena Ultra Wideband Dengan Metode Coplanar Waveguide dan Matching Stub Untuk Aplikasi Wireless Body Area Network." InComTech : Jurnal Telekomunikasi dan Komputer 14, no. 2 (2024): 107. https://doi.org/10.22441/incomtech.v14i2.21965.

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Penggunaan teknologi pada ranah kesehatan berkembang pesat, salah satunya yang cukup popular adalah Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). WBAN merupakan teknologi yang menawarkan akses informasi pada tubuh dan perangkat kesehatan secara nirkabel. Sakah satu perangkat untuk mendukung teknologi nirkabel adalah antena. Penelitian ini fokus pada perancangan antena yang digunakan pada aplikasi WBAN. Antena dirancang menggunakan metode coplanar waveguide (CPW) dan matching stub. Metode ini berguna untuk mencapai bandwidth yang sangat lebar (ultra wideband) dan dapat melakukan tuning pada frekuensi kerja yang akan dicapai. Hasil simulasi menunjukan antena mempunyai bandwidth sebesar 17,8 GHz pada rentang frekuensi 2, 953 GHz – 20,761 GHz dan gain maksimal 6,09 dBi. Simulasi antena juga dilakukan dengan menempatkan antena di atas material tekstil seperti jeans dan katun. Posisi antena di atas jeans mempunyai peningkatan gain simulasi sebesar 9,85% dan lebar bandwidth bertambah 1 GHZ dibanding hasil tanpa material. Sedangkan dengan material katun, nilai bandwidth juga bertambah namun gain simulasi mengalami seidkit penurunan. Walaupun demikian, dengan adanya kedua material tekstil tersebut tidak mempengaruhi performa antena karena masih berada pada frekuensi resonan WBAN yaitu 3,1 GHz – 10.6 GHz. Dengan demikian perancangan antena ini telah sesuai dengan spesifikasi WBAN pada frekuensi ultra wideband dan metode CPW dan stub telah mencapai hasil sesuai dengan tujuan.

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Moradi, Elham, Ali-Reza Moznebi, Kambiz Afrooz, and Masoud Movahhedi. "Four-way Gysel power divider/combiner with back-to-back configuration for dual-band operation." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 10, no. 2 (2017): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078717001064.

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In this paper, a four-way dual-band Gysel power divider (GPD)/combiner based on a back-to-back microstrip structure method is proposed and investigated. A two-layer substrate is adopted to implement this PD. In order to divide the input signal into four equivalent signals, the input and four output ports of the proposed PD are placed on the top and the four external isolation resistors are placed on the bottom layer of the substrate. Furthermore, the dual-band response is achieved by adding a short-circuit stub and an open-circuit stub to the structure. Then, the theoretical closed-form design formulas are derived based on the considered conditions and circuit transmission line theory. Finally, for verification purpose, a prototype PD is designed, fabricated, and measured which works at dual frequencies of 1 and 2 GHz simultaneously. The good agreement between simulation and measurement results, which show good impedance matching, isolation, as well as power transmission, verifies the correctness of the design theory.

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