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1
Roberta Lamb. "Eleanor V. Stubley (1960–2017)." Philosophy of Music Education Review 26, no. 2 (2018): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/philmusieducrevi.26.2.07.
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Budón, Osvaldo. "Eleanor Stubley, Editor: Compositional Crossroads: Music, McGill, Montreal." Computer Music Journal 33, no. 4 (December 2009): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/comj.2009.33.4.83.
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Galperin, Boris, and Lakshmi H. Kantha. "Reply by Authors to G. D. Stubley and G. Riopelle." AIAA Journal 28, no. 10 (October 1990): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.48906.
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Miller, P. R., J. Waddington, C. L. McDonald, and D. A. Derksen. "Cropping sequence affects wheat productivity on the semiarid northern Great Plains." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-116.
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Extension of the commonly used spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow rotation to include broadleaf crops requires information on their effects on a following wheat crop. We grew a spring wheat test crop on the stubbles of wheat and seven broadleaf crops: desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), dry pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). This study was conducted near Swift Current, SK, from 1993 to 1997, and Congress, SK, from 1995 to 1997. After harvest, soil water differed among crop stubbles and by sampling depth. To the 60-cm depth, only soil under dry bean stubble held more water (8 mm), while soil under lentil, desi chickpea, sunflower and safflower stubbles held less water (6, 8, 9 and 17 mm, respectively) than wheat stubble (P < 0.05). From 60 to 120 cm, soil under dry pea and dry bean held more water (7 and 10 mm, respectively), and under sunflower and safflower stubbles less (7 and 14 mm, respectively), than under wheat stubble (P < 0.05). Lentil, dry bean and dry pea stubbles averaged 5, 6 and 9 kg ha-1 greater soil N in the 0- to 120-cm soil depth than wheat stubble (P < 0.05). The average yield of wheat grown on the four pulse crop stubbles was 21% greater than yields on wheat stubble, but did not differ from the oilseed stubbles (P < 0.01). Compared to wheat stubble, wheat grown on broadleaf crop stubbles had higher grain protein concentrations, increasing by 8 and 5%, for pulses and oilseeds, respectively (P < 0.01). Nitrogen removal in the wheat test crop grain yield averaged 15 kg ha-1 for pulse stubbles compared with wheat stubble. Soil N contribution by pulse stubbles was an important factor contributing to wheat growth under a dryland cropping system on the northern Great Plains. Key words: Crop sequence, spring wheat, pulse crops, N cycling, water use
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Purvis, CE. "Differential response of wheat to retained crop stubbles. I. Effect of stubble type and degree of composition." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 2 (1990): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900225.
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Field studies undertaken at Armidale in 1982-84 demonstrated that the principal factors determining the effect of retained stubble on the growth and yield of wheat were the species of the crop from which the stubble had been derived, the amount and distribution of rainfall and the degree of decomposition that the stubble had undergone prior to the next crop. Stubbles were phytotoxic only prior to leaching by rain or decomposition, with unweathered sorghum stubble proving more inhibitory to wheat than unweathered sunflower, field pea, wheat or oilseed rape stubble. The availability of soil nitrate had no influence on the degree of phytotoxicity of any stubble type. Decomposed crop stubbles stimulated wheat growth, with the greatest stimulation recorded in the presence of oilseed rape stubble.
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Cropper, Barry. "Reviews : Stubley, Peter. BLCMP: a guide for librarians and systems managers. Aldershot, Gower, 1988. xviii, 264 pp. £27.50. ISBN 0 566 05512 0." Journal of librarianship 21, no. 3 (July 1989): 208–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096100068902100306.
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Thomas, D. T., J. Finlayson, A. D. Moore, and M. J. Robertson. "Profitability of grazing crop stubbles may be overestimated by using the metabolisable energy intake from the stubble." Animal Production Science 50, no. 7 (2010): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09213.
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Grazing crop stubbles affects soil structure, groundcover, and the productivity of subsequent crops, but the cost of this practice is highly variable and not easily compared against the value of feed provided to livestock. To compare with and without grazing stubbles in terms of whole-farm profit and water-use efficiency we created a mixed enterprise farm model using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator and GRAZPLAN biophysical simulation submodels, and the Model of Integrated Dryland Agricultural System linear programming model. We hypothesised that grazing crop stubbles would increase farm profit by an amount equivalent to the value of the metabolisable energy (ME) consumed by sheep when they grazed the crop stubbles. Representative mixed farms where sheep were or were not allowed to graze crop stubbles were compared for two locations in the wheatbelt of Western Australia (Cunderdin and Geraldton) at two stocking rates. Across locations and stocking rates, the estimated value of the ME intake from crop stubbles was 2.2 times the increase in farm gross margin when stubble grazing was allowed. Contributing to this difference was that stubble grazing provided a less flexible feed source than supplementary feeding and in the absence of adjustments in stocking rates sheep tended to utilise more of the annual and permanent pastures when stubble grazing was not permitted. Therefore, the value of grazing crop stubbles to the profitability of the farm enterprise was overestimated by the ME value of the intake. Owing to reduced consumption of supplementary feed by livestock, whole-farm water-use efficiency of protein production was increased by 15% when grazing of crop stubbles was permitted. This simulation study shows that the value of grazing crop stubbles cannot be predicted well using energy intake from stubble grazing or reduced supplementary feeding costs.
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Newton, Philip J. "Effect of long-term stubble management on yield and nitrogen-uptake efficiency of wheat topdressed with urea in north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 8 (2001): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00109.
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Use of urea fertiliser for cereal cropping in south eastern Australia has increased rapidly in recent years to arrest a general decline in grain protein and to increase yields. In conservation cropping systems, crop stubbles provide a source of carbon, which has the potential to retain a portion of the fertiliser nitrogen in the soil. The impact of fertiliser nitrogen was compared under 4 stubble management regimes for efficiency of nitrogen uptake by a wheat crop in a long-term cereal–grain legume rotation. The experiment was established on a duplex red-brown earth in 1985 to compare stubble retention (standing, shredded, incorporated) with stubble burning. In 1995, wheat following a failed lupin crop was topdressed with urea fertiliser at 50 kg nitrogen per hectare to split plots of each stubble treatment at the third-leaf stage of growth. The urea significantly increased nitrogen uptake by wheat grown on burnt stubbles and increased grain yield by 1 t/ha. Nitrogen applied to wheat grown on stubbles retained above-ground increased yield by 0.5 t/ha, whereas there was no significant yield increase from nitrogen when stubble was incorporated due to less transfer of dry matter to grain. Efficiency of urea-nitrogen uptake in grain was reduced under stubble retention. The total grain nitrogen uptake in response to stubble burning increased by 17.6 kg/ha, which was equivalent to a conversion efficiency of 35%, compared with only 26, 24 and 16% of the applied 50 kg nitrogen per hectare for stubble standing, shredding and incorporation treatments, respectively. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen levels were 1 and 0.1%, respectively, irrespective of stubble treatment. Added urea increased microbial decomposition of cellulose in calico cloth buried beneath stubbles retained above-ground by 30%, compared with stubble incorporated or burnt treatments. These results suggest that where low levels of available nitrogen exist in cropping systems that use stubble retention, higher nitrogen inputs may be needed, due to less efficient uptake of nitrogen from urea fertiliser.
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Purvis, CE, and GPD Jones. "Differential response of wheat to retained crop stubbles. II. Other factors influencing allelopathic potential; intraspecific variation, soil type and stubble quantity." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 2 (1990): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900243.
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The allelopathic potential of the unweathered stubble of field-grown sorghum and sunflower was examined under controlled conditions in a series of glasshouse experiments. Wheat emergence was significantly inhibited in the presence of stubble from the eleven sorghum, and ten of the twelve sunflower cultivars tested. Inhibition of wheat emergence in the presence of sorghum stubbles ranged from 10 to 31%, and in the presence of sunflower stubbles from 4 to 33%, demonstrating a high degree of intraspecific variation in allelopathic potential. Many of the wheat seedlings emerging in stubble treatments exhibited an abnormal geotropic response. A threefold increase in stubble quantity, from 0.5 to 1.5% w/w soil, resulted in an approximate doubling of phytotoxicity. Wheat emergence was significantly reduced when stubble was incorporated into all three soils tested, with greater inhibition recorded in chocolate soil and a 50: 50 chocolate soi1:sand mixture than in sand. The choice of crop cultivar and the management of stubble quantity, especially in harvester trails, have important implications for the minimization of negative allelopathic effects in stubble retention systems.
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Irvine, R. B., G. P. Lafond, W. May, H. R. Kutcher, G. W. Clayton, K. N. Harker, T. K. Turkington, and B. L. Beres. "Stubble options for winter wheat in the Black soil zone of western Canada." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, no. 2 (March 2013): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-198.
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Irvine, B. R., Lafond, G. P., May, W., Kutcher, H. R., Clayton, G. W., Harker, K. N., Turkington, T. K. and Beres, B. L. 2013. Stubble options for winter wheat in the Black soil zone of western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 261–270. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production has yet to reach its full potential in the Canadian prairies. Alternative stubble types are needed to help overcome the challenge of timely planting of winter wheat in late-maturing canola (Brassica napus L.) fields. A study was conducted in the prairie provinces of Canada to determine ideal stubble types for winter wheat and select spring cereals grown in the Black soil zone. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), canola, pea (Pisum sativum L.), barley grain or silage (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oat (Avena sativa L.) stubbles were established at four locations in western Canada. A new study area was established at each location for 3 yr. In the year following establishment, winter wheat, hard red spring wheat, barley, and oats were grown on each stubble type at each study area. Winter wheat and spring cereal crops often yielded best and had greater grain protein concentration on barley silage, pea, and canola stubbles relative to other stubble types. The yield and grain protein concentration of spring cereals was best when grown on pea stubble. Winter wheat production attributes varied most among site by crop combinations, and further investigation indicated the source of this variability may be from winter wheat plantings on canola and pea stubble. Among the optimal stubbles, less variable results were observed when winter wheat was grown on barley silage stubble, suggesting proper crop residue management would reduce the variability observed in canola and pea stubble. Our results suggest stubble alternatives to canola are available for winter wheat plantings in western Canada.
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Sinclair G., Rubén, Linus Wege, and Andrés Romero. "Potencial del rastrojo de maíz con leguminosa en la alimentación de ganado de engorde." Agronomía Mesoamericana 3 (June 22, 2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v3i0.25203.
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An assay was conducted to test the value of traditional and legume improved stubbles when fed to beef steers, in Aramis, Olancho, Honduras (dry tropical forest). A complete randomized block experimental design was used, with an area of 5000 m2 for each model, weaned cross-bred (brahman x creole) steers with an average weight of 150 kg and the legume Lablab purpureus planted at the coro hiUing. The four treatments evaluated were: 1. Grazing on the traditional stubble, 2. Grazing on the improved stubble, 3. harvested traditional stubble (confinement) and 4. Harvested improved stabble confinementThe weight gain was significant (P< =0,01) among treatments. The highest weight gain of 1019 g/animal/day was obtained with the group that grazed on improved stubble and the lowest gain (548.1 g/day) with the harvested traditional stubble. The animal/ha weight gain, adjusted at 6 weeks of roughage management, showed superiority of the improved stubbles (5.8 and 2.9 kg/ha/day, respectively).
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Wu, Shi Hong, and Jing Gao. "Study on the Technics Principle for Stalk and Stubble Chopper Based on No-Tillage Planter." Advanced Materials Research 230-232 (May 2011): 1039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.230-232.1039.
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Several kinds of main stalk and stubble processing technologies and corresponding machines used in Liaoning Province are researched in this paper. The key parameters influenced stubble chopping are analyzed on the basis of understanding the principles of “ 2BISJ-2110 precision planter”. In order to solve the shortcoming of disturbing much soil and more power loss of“2BISJ-2110 precision planter” and achieve saving materials, reduce the cost and the water massive disappearing due to the agitation of the soil, entire stubble chopping is changed to seed line stubble chopping. Using the computer VB language to study the parameters of stalks and stubbles according to mathematical model about coulter ends and the path. In order to realize the narrow band and shallow treatment of the stalks and stubbles , taking single ridge width as 100-110mm and using the Solidwork software to design and draw rotary blade , L stubble breaking blade, cutter head ,blade holder , roller and so on . 2 kinds of feasible knife roll disposition plans are presented, which provides a design basis for new type narrow band rotary cultivation stalk and stubble chopper.
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Coombe, JB, and JG Mulholland. "Food intake and levels of rumen metabolites in cattle grazing wheat or oat stubble." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 4 (1988): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880629.
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Yearling Friesian steers, fitted with rumen fistulas, were grazed for 11 weeks on wheat or oat stubbles at a stocking rate of 1.2 steers ha--1. Following rain in the third week, half of each stubble area was sprayed with desiccant herbicide to establish weed-free stubbles. The stubbles initially yielded c. 2200 kg DM ha-1 of crop residues, plus up to c. 200 kg DM ha-1 of fallen grain. Green herbage was always <50 kg DM ha-1 on weed-free stubbles, but on weedy plots increased from c. 100-500 kg DM ha-l after the fourth week. On weed-free stubbles, the diet selected contained 80-100% dead plant material, with mean OM digestibility (in vitro) ranging from 0.54 to 0.45, and from 0.63 to 0.52 for wheat and oat stubbles respectively. On weedy plots, at levels of green herbage > 100 kg DM ha-1, cattle diets contained 60-70% green herbage, with a mean OM digestibility of 0.66. Over the whole experiment, estimated mean intakes of digestible organic matter (DOM) varied from 2.0 to 3.8 and from 3.5 to 7.5 kg day-1 on the weed-free and weedy stubbles respectively, and were consistently higher on the oat stubble than on the wheat stubble. The maintenance requirement of DOM (12 g per kg live weight) was acheived with green herbage levels of 10-25 kg DM ha-1. Steers grazing the weed-free stubbles generally maintained weight, while those on the weedy stubbles gained 34-48 kg during the experiment.Mean concentrations of ammonia in the rumen were always < 100 and often <50 mg N l-1 on the weed-free stubbles except at the end of the experiment, while those on the weedy stubbles were generally > 100 mg N l-1. Concentrations of rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) were generally <80 mmol l-1, and fell to <50 mmol l-1 on the weed-free stubbles in the second half of the experiment.The observations are discussed in terms of the utilization of the dead plant material in crop stubbles by grazing cattle, and likely responses to supplements.
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Guo, Da Wei, Xue Wei Bai, and Yong Kui Li. "Design of Shear Stress Detection Device for Corn Stubble." Applied Mechanics and Materials 288 (February 2013): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.288.59.
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To measure and detect the shear stress directly in the field, we developed the device. Designed its structure, working principle, technical parameters and selected its material based on the mechanical characteristics of corn stubble in the field we wanted to get. Applied Solid Works software to construct model for it. In this way, people can know about it intuitively. It is able to detect shear stress of corn stubble in the field directly and accurately. Because shear stress is one of the most important theoretical basis for the design of corn stubbles broken to field machine, maize stubbles harvester machine and corn tillage planter, so design of shear stress detection device for corn stubble in this article is very meaningful and promising.
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Shao, Dong Wei, Jun Fa Wang, Dong Hua Jiang, Xu Hui Li, Gui Fu Wu, Yuan Jun Liu, Di Xue, et al. "Structure Improvement Analysis of Maize Root Stubble Harvester." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 887–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.887.
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In order to effectively reduce the crop stubble harvesters digging resistance, enhance stubbles picking rate and intact stubble rate, the Research Group took structure improvement for the Crop stubble harvester and its critical component based on abundant trials. Three physical machines in succession were developed, and a trial contrastive analysis between the optimized harvester and the first harvester was conducted. It turned out that the improved harvester machine was clearly superior to the first machine.
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Johnston, A. M., H. R. Kutcher, and K. L. Bailey. "Impact of crop sequence decisions in the Saskatchewan Parkland." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-090.
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Rotations are constantly being adapted to current economic and management realities. As a result, the crop sequence used tends to depend more on the economic value of particular crop types, principally cereals, oilseeds and pulse crops in the Saskatchewan Parkland, than on the best management practices for optimizing crop productivity. A study was conducted from 1999 to 2001 at Melfort, SK, to assess the effects of growing barley, wheat, canola, flax, and field pea on their own and the other crop stubbles. When a crop was seeded on its own stubble, the poorest grain yield and quality were recorded, a difference that often was related to major pathogens affecting crop productivity. In the first 2 yr of this study, when near normal temperature and precipitation were recorded, little difference was observed in the average crop yield response when any of the crops were seeded on the other broadleaf and cereal stubbles considered in the study. The exception was flax, which performed poorer when seeded on canola than flax stubble, a reflection of the negative impact canola has on arbuscular mycorrhizae populations on subsequent flax in rotation. In 2001, a year with below-normal precipitation and above-average temperature, crops seeded into pea and flax stubble had yields that were 15–40% of the best stubble treatments. Under these drought conditions, field pea was the best crop choice for flax stubble, while wheat was the best choice for pea stubble. The results of this study indicate that for the Saskatchewan Parkland, the lowest risk crop sequence decision is to avoid seeding a crop in its own stubble. Key words: Malt barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), pea, (Pisum sativum L.), crop rotation, disease management
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Morcombe, PW, and JG Allen. "Improving production from September-born Merino lambs with a lupin grain supplement and phomopsis-resistant lupin stubbles." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 6 (1993): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930713.
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As a means of providing nutrition on dry pasture in the wheatbelt of Western Australia, supplements of lupin grain were fed to late-born Merino lambs and their dams before weaning onto lupin stubble. Each ewe-lamb pair consumed an average 19.5 kg lupin grain over the 46 days before weaning. This produced an extra 3.6 kg (P<0.01) liveweight gain by these lambs compared with their unsupplemented cohorts at weaning. The growth of the weaned lambs grazing phomopsis-resistant lupin stubbles was primarily influenced by the amount of residual lupin grain available to each sheep and liver injury caused by ingestion of phomopsins. In the first 69 days of stubble grazing, sheep stocked at 10ha gained 7.3 kg while those stocked at 20ka gained 2.1 kg (P<0.001). In the first 13 months of life, lambs supplemented with lupin grain before weaning grew more (P<0.05) clean wool by 0.17 kg than the unsupplemented lambs. However, the value of this extra wool would not have covered the cost of the lupin grain eaten. Wool staples produced by sheep grazed at 10/ha on lupin stubble were stronger (P<0.001) than those produced by sheep grazed at 20ha (24.4 v. 17.7 N/ktex). The position of greatest weakness in the staple coincided with weight loss prior to removal from the stubble. Singleton lambs born in September and weaned onto a phomopsis-resistant lupin stubble reached liveweights consistent with survival over the summer and good productivity in their first year of life. The effects of lupinosis and reductions in wool staple strength may have been avoided by monitoring liveweight change and taking the sheep off the stubbles when they were near peak liveweight.
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Chendrashekhara, Sangmesh, Lokesh G. B, Suresh S. Patila, and H. Lokeshaa. "Factors Influencing the Adoption of Paddy Straw Management Practices by Farmers of Karnataka (India)." Current Agriculture Research Journal 6, no. 2 (August 24, 2018): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.6.2.13.
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Rice occupies a pivotal place in Indian agriculture and it contributes about 13 per cent of annual agriculture GDP and provides 43 per cent calorie requirement for more than 70 per cent of Indian population. This study was conducted in Thungabhadra area of Karnataka and it is also called as ‘Rice Bowl of Karnataka’, since it occupies nearly 65 per cent of total (3.63 lakh ha) area of paddy in Karnataka. In this area, paddy-paddy system is the predominant cropping system. Paddy crop residues include any biomass left in the field after grains and other economic components have been harvested. Crop residues are also a principal source of carbon, which constitutes about 40 per cent of the total biomass on dry weight basis. Crop residues were considered as precious commodity because it can be used as a feed for the fodder and mulching for various crops and must never be considered as waste. The paddy residues are typically burnt on-farm across different regions of this area. The problem is more severe in the head and mid region of this area, particularly in the mechanized harvesting in paddy-paddy cropping system. There are four methods of residue management practices, these are as removal of straw and burning of stubble, burning of straw and stubble, removal of straw and incorporation of stubble and incorporation of straw and stubble among, which removal of straw and burning of stubble (42.45 %) is the major one. The main reasons for burning of residues are low cost and labour scarcity. Total cost of cultivation of paddy per acre was found to be marginally lower burning of straw and stubbles method as compared (₹ 38411/acre) to incorporating straw and stubbles (₹ 41845/acre) method.
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Ma, Shaochun, Manoj Karkee, Patrick A. Scharf, Qin Zhang, Junhua Tong,, and Long Yu. "A Study on the Effects of Harvester Off-Track Errors on Sugarcane Stubble Losses." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, no. 6 (2017): 771–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12360.
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Abstract.The amount ofsugarcane stubble left in field is a major contributor to the total sugarcane loss in mechanical harvesting. Thus, reducing stubble height is an effective way to improve sugarcane recovery. The purpose of this study was to investigate how harvester off-track errors affect sugarcane stubble height and stubble loss. In this study, stubbles were sampled after harvesting, off-track errors and stubble weight were measured, and regression methods were used to model their relationships. Results showed an average stubble height as low as 0.16 m could be achieved if the harvester could track the crop row accurately. Based on the analysis of 33 randomly selected cane stools in the field, as the off-track error (the offset of actual harvester position from ideal position) increased from 0 to 1.46 m, the average stubble height increased from 0.13 to 1.41 m, which resulted in the average amount of stubble left in the field increasing from 0.07 to 0.80 kg. The results showed a strong positive correlation between stubble height (R2=0.91) or stubble weight (R2=0.89) and off-track errors. There were whole canes being completely left in the field either being missed or pushed down by the harvester when the off-track error was more than 0.76 m. Results suggest that improving the tracking accuracy during mechanical harvesting could substantially reduce stubble loss, leading to higher feedstock harvesting efficiency when using the existing sugarcane harvester. Keywords: Actual stubble height, Feedstock harvesting efficiency, Off-track error, Stubble loss, Sugarcane harvesting.
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Haines, PJ, and NC Uren. "Effects of conservation tillage farming on soil microbial biomass, organic matter and earthworm populations, in north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 3 (1990): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900365.
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A long-term field experiment was set up in 1981 in north-eastern Victoria to determine the effects of conservation tillage farming on agronomic and soil properties. Conventional cultivation was compared with direct drilling, and stubbles retained from the previous crop were compared with burning under direct drilling. Wheat was grown continuously over the 7 years of the experiment. Organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), soil microbial biomass and earthworm populations were measured. When samples were taken incrementally down the soil profile, there was a significant concentration gradient of organic matter under direct drilling. In the surface 2.5 cm, biomass C and N, and N mineralisation were 35, 30 and 62% greater, respectively, than under conventional cultivation. Direct drilling into retained stubble did not significantly increase organic C or total N. Of the estimated 7.8 t C/ha added to the soil from conserved crop stubbles, 4% was retained in the top 7.5 cm at the time of sampling. Organic C, total N and biomass C and N decreased with depth in both treatments. Microbial biomass varied considerably with season. The biomass of earthworms in the top 10 cm, under direct drilling, was more than twice that of conventional cultivation, while total worm numbers increased significantly (P<0.05), from 123 to 275/m2, when wheat stubble was retained with direct drilling compared to stubble burning.
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Morcombe, PW, JG Allen, GR Hancock, RH Jacob, and DL Hopkins. "Monitoring the toxicity of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) stubbles has limited value in the prevention of lupinosis." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 6 (1992): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920707.
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Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) stubbles at 3 'sentinel' sites in the Midlands Region of Western Australia were monitored throughout the summer of 1985-86 to assess the level of infection of the stems by the fungus Phomopsis leptostromiformis, and to measure the concentration of its toxic product, phomopsin A. These parameters were found to have little value as predictors of fungal infection and of the toxicity of lupin stubbles on farms in surrounding districts. It was found also that visual rating of the level of P. leptostromiforrnis infection of lupin stems was unrelated to the concentration of phomopsin A in those stems or to the liver damage in sheep grazing stubble from which the stems were sampled. It is suggested that these ratings should not be used to advise farmers on the 'lupinosis risk' of a lupin stubble. Monitoring the phomopsin A concentration in lupin stems collected throughout a summer confirmed that rain, associated with cloudy days, was the primary environmental stimulus to a significant increase in the phomopsin A concentration.
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Yadav, M., R. Prawasi, S. Jangra, P. Rana, K. Kumari, S. Lal, K. Jakhar, S. Sharma, and R. S. Hooda. "Monitoring seasonal progress of rice stubble burning in major rice growing districts of Haryana, India, using multidate AWiFS data." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 1003–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-1003-2014.
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The present paper describes the methodology and results of assessment of seasonal progress of rice stubble burning for 10 major rice growing districts of Haryana state in India. These 10 districts contribute about 84 per cent of total rice area of the state. As the rice fields are immediately required to be vacated for the sowing of next crop the farmers opt for mechanized harvesting and easy way out of burning the stubbles in the field. Such burning result in release of polluting gases and aerosols. Besides, the heating of the soil kills the useful micro-flora of the soil causing soil degradation. Multi-date AWiFS data from Resourcesat 1 and 2 satellites acquired between October 16, 2013 to November 26, 2013 were used for estimating paddy stubble burning areas at different intervals for the year 2013 crop growing season. In season collected ground truth data using hand held GPS along with field photographs were used to identify paddy stubble burning areas and other land features. Complete enumeration approach and Iterative Self-organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) unsupervised classifier was used for digital analysis. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of each date was also used with other spectral bands of temporal images. To improve the classification accuracy the non-agricultural areas were masked out. The area was estimated by computing pixels under the classified image mask. Progress of paddy stubble burning was estimated at different intervals for the year 2013 using available cloud free multi-date IRS-P6 AWiFS data to identify the crucial period when stubbles burning takes place in major area so that preventive measures can be taken to curb the menace.
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Pinke, Gyula, Robert Pál, and Zoltán Botta-Dukát. "Effects of environmental factors on weed species composition of cereal and stubble fields in western Hungary." Open Life Sciences 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-009-0079-0.
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AbstractMultivariate analysis of data obtained from 184 cereal and stubble fields in low-input agricultural systems located in western Hungary was undertaken in order to asses environmental factors affecting weed species composition. For each variable, the gross and net effect on weed species composition was calculated. All variables considered in this study had a significant effect on weed species composition and explained 26.99% of the total variation. Most variation in species composition was explained by the aspect (cereal vs. stubble), followed by soil pH, mean annual precipitation, soil texture, mean annual temperature, and altitude. Separating the cereals and stubbles soil pH became the most important factor. Our results suggest that during the long vegetation period, cereal weed communities dominated by winter annuals are replaced by stubble-field weed communities dominated by summer annuals. This seasonal change may also have the same important effect on weed species composition as crop types.
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Hälvä, S. "Studies on production techniques of some herb plants: II Row spacing and cutting height of dill herb (anethum graveolens L.)." Agricultural and Food Science 59, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72244.
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A study was undertaken to determine the row spacing and cutting height of dill to produce a good quality herb in terms of high proportion of leaves. The row spacings were 12.5 or 25 cm, and the herb was harvested to the stubbles of 7.5, 11 or 15 cm. The greatest dry leaf yield, 8 kg/100 m2, was achieved with the narrow row spacing and lowest stubble. The proportion of leaves of the dry herb was highest (68 %) when cut to the highest stubble. The difference in the yields between the cuttings of 7.5 and 15 cm was significant, only. The relation between the dry and fresh yields (11 %) remained unaffected.
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Mason, Christopher F., and Sheila M. Macdonald. "Winter bird numbers and land-use preferences in an arable landscape in eastern England." Bird Conservation International 9, no. 2 (June 1999): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900002240.
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SummaryThe winter bird assemblage and habitat preferences were studied in a largely arable landscape, dominated by winter cereals, in eastern England in one winter. A total of species was recorded on 70 l-km transects but 11% of transects had no birds. Overall densities were low, Skylark Alauda arvensis being the most abundant species. Bird was highest in the first winter period (October-December). Species richness varied proportion to the available habitat in the first winter period but there was a preference for stubble, grass and tilled land (harrow) in the second winter period (January-February) Skylarks preferred stubbles in the first winter period and stubbles and grass in the second winter period. Some 34% of all birds fed on winter cereals despite a lack of preference for this habitat, while 94% of seed specialists (finches and buntings) were recorded on stubbles. The areas of preferred habitats (stubbles, grass) were probably too limited to allow more than small populations to persist. Only by the widespread adoption of agricultural extensification and/or farming some of the land specifically for conservation benefits can the declines in bird populations on intensively managed arable farmland be reversed.
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Gill, Kabal S. "Crop rotations compared with continuous canola and wheat for crop production and fertilizer use over 6 yr." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 98, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 1139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2017-0292.
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Local economic, logistic, soil, and weather conditions have made appropriate rotations vary from one area to another. Seed yield and fertilizer use in rotations were compared with continuous cropping for 6 yr in the southeast Peace region of Alberta, Canada. Canola (C) (Brassica napus L.), wheat (W) (Triticum aestivum L.), pea (P) (Pisum sativum L.), barley (B) (Hordeum vulgare L.), and flax (F) (Linum usitatissimum L.) were grown in 12 treatments [i.e., continuous canola (CC) and wheat (WW) and rotations of W–C, P–W–W, C–W–W, C–C–W, P–C–W, C–P–W, W–B–C, B–W–C, F–W–C, and F–C–W]. Canola yield increased with 1 or 2 yr breaks from canola. Within rotations, there was a trend to lower canola yield on canola stubble compared with other crop stubbles. Wheat yield was generally lower in WW than in rotations. Among rotations, wheat yield tended to be greater on pea stubble compared with canola, wheat, barley, and flax stubbles. Averaged over 2010–2015, the canola yield benefit from rotations was 0.632 Mg ha−1 (19.4%) over CC and the wheat yield benefit from rotations was 0.313 Mg ha−1 (7.2%) over WW. Nitrogen saving was observed when pea was included in rotation.
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Rodríguez Leiva, Edwin Antonio, Yoicelin Nohemí Jiménez Romero, Efraín De Jesús Peralta Tercero, and Oscar Montalván Castellón. "COMPARACIÓN DE LA DIVERSIDAD FAUNÍSTICA (HERPETOFAUNA) EN CACAOTALES Y RASTROJOS, SIUNA 2011." Ciencia e Interculturalidad 14, no. 1 (October 14, 2014): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rci.v14i1.1500.
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La investigación ha permitido describir la diversidad faunística (herpetofauna) en cacaotales y rastrojos, Siuna- 2011, en 15 unidades productivas, distribuidas en 5 comunidades. Se caracterizaron plantaciones de cacao y rastrojos para determinar la diversidad de herpetofauna, mediante un estudio cuantitativo-observacional-comparativo. Los resultados muestran: las tipologías de cacao multiestratos con 5 representaciones, cacao simple con 8 y cacao con musáceas 2. En rastrojos de 1 a 5 años 11 representaciones, de 6 a 10 años 1 representación y de 11 a 15 años 3. Las especies de reptiles encontradas fueron: 197 individuos agrupados en 24 especies y 10 familias y 17 géneros en todas las tipologías de cacao. En rastrojos menores a 5 años se encontraron 12 especies y 30 individuos que representan el 51.72%. En cacao y rastrojos no hay diferencias entre hábitat para las especies de herpetofauna, debido a que las parcelas muestreadas se encontraban una contiguo a la otra. El índice de diversidad dio valores de mediana diversidad (2,368 – 2,236) en ambos sitios de alta diversidad tanto en cacaotales y rastrojos superiores a 0.66 para Simpson 1-D.SummaryThe research has described the faunal diversity (herpetofauna) in cacao plantations and stubble, in the municipality of Siuna, year 2011, in 15 productive units distributed in 5 communities. Cacao and stubble plantations were characterized in order to determine the diversity of herpetofauna, through a quantitative-observational-comparative study.The results showed different typologies: multilayer cacao: 5 representations; simple cacao: 8, and cacao with musaceas: 2. Related to stubble from 1-5 years there are 11 representations; from 6 to 10 years 1 representation and 11-15 years 3 representations. The reptile species found were: 197 individuals grouped into 24 species and 10 families, as well as 17 types of cacao.In stubbles under 5 years, 12 species and 30 individuals were found representing 51.72%. In cacao and stubbles there is no difference between habitats for herpetofauna species, due to the fact that the sampled plots were contiguous one with the other. The diversity index gave median values diversity (2.368 to 2.236) in both sites of high diversity, both in the cacao and stubbles above 0.66 for 1-D Simpson.
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Sidhu, H. S., Manpreet-Singh, E. Humphreys, Yadvinder-Singh, Balwinder-Singh, S. S. Dhillon, J. Blackwell, V. Bector, Malkeet-Singh, and Sarbjeet-Singh. "The Happy Seeder enables direct drilling of wheat into rice stubble." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 7 (2007): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06225.
Full textAbstract:
Lack of suitable machinery is a major constraint to direct drilling into combine-harvested rice residues due to the heavy straw load, and the presence of loose tough straw deposited by the harvester. Therefore, most rice stubbles are burnt in the mechanised rice–wheat systems of south Asia and Australia, as this is a rapid and cheap option, and allows for quick turn around between crops. As well as loss of organic matter and nutrients, rice stubble burning causes very serious and widespread air pollution in the north-west Indo-Gangetic Plains, where rice–wheat systems predominate. A novel approach with much promise is the Happy Seeder, which combines the stubble mulching and seed drilling functions in the one machine. The stubble is cut and picked up in front of the sowing tynes, which engage bare soil, and deposited behind the seed drill as mulch. Evaluation of the technology over 3 years in replicated experiments and farmers’ fields in Punjab, India, showed that establishment of wheat sown into rice residues with the Happy Seeder was comparable with establishment using conventional methods (straw burnt followed by direct drilling or cultivation before sowing) for sowings around the optimum time into stubbles up to 7.5 t/ha. For late sowings, plant density declined significantly at straw loads above 5 t/ha. The mulch also reduced weed biomass by ~60%, and reduced soil evaporation. Yield of wheat sown around the optimum time into rice residues, using the Happy Seeder, was comparable with or higher than yield after straw removal or burning, in replicated experiments and farmers’ fields, for straw loads up to 9 t/ha. In farmers’ fields there was an average yield increase of 9 and 11% in 2004–05 and 2005–06, respectively, compared with farmer practice. For sowings after the optimum time, yield declined significantly at straw loads greater than 7.5 t/ha. The Happy Seeder offers the means of drilling wheat into rice stubble without burning, eliminating air pollution and loss of nutrients and organic carbon due to burning, at the same time as maintaining or increasing yield.
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Cayetano-Catarino, Maricela, Teodoro Bernabé-González, Gadiel Bernabé-Villanueva, and Adalid Romero-Flores. "Three-plant stubble (Family: Fabaceae) as a substrate for cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kummer., in Mexico." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 2 (May 22, 2020): 156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.vi.2270.
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Mushroom cultivation is an economically feasible bio-technological process for conversion of various agricultural by-products. In Mexico, a large quantity of lignocellulosic residues is generated and several of them have been used as a substrate in the cultivation of Pleurotus spp. Thus, high nutritional value food is produced at a relatively low cost. In this study, fermented chickpea stubble (Cicer arietinum L.); bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) stubble sun-dried were used as a substrate for growing a strain of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kummer. (IE-8). On the chickpea stubble, the spawning was carried out on three, five and seven days of fermentated (FCS-3, FCS-5 and FCS-7, respectively) substrate. Highest productivity was obtained on the FCS-3 substrate with the formation of first primordia between 15 and 17 days; crop cycle between 44 to 49 days, with 156% of biological efficiency (BE), 46.8% of yield (Y) and 3.3% of production rate (PR). In the other treatments, forming first primordia was between 16 to 35 days, crop cycles between 43 and 61 days, with BE from 76.2% to 130.2%, Y between 16.8% to 39.0% and PR between 1.7% to 2.9%. Stubbles studied can be used as a substrate for the cultivation of the strain IE-8 on a small to large scale in the regions where they are generated, mainly the stubble of the chickpea plant.
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Sangwan, Vikramaditya, and Surinder Deswal. "In-situ management of paddy stubble through microbial biodegradation." E3S Web of Conferences 241 (2021): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124103001.
Full textAbstract:
After the harvest of crop, the disposal of the rice stubbles remains a notable area of interest in all the growing areas of rice. The present review paper explores and highlights an effective strategy of decomposing the decomposers of the paddy stubble. Due to the increasing production of rice, there is an increase in rice crop residues and stubbles production. Conventional methods of management of paddy involve burning, surface retention, mulching, bailing, incorporation/amalgamation and direct removal. However, there are certain environmental challenges by using available agricultural implements. Thus, this current study demonstrates strategic management of the paddy crop residue for a sustainable environment. The developed eco-friendly methods will render new dimensions for the application of the post harvested residues. The review paper will be significant for sustainable management of the wastes of the paddy crop and hence strategic decomposition method, which will be beneficial for the society, farmers as well as the environment
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Croker, KP, JG Allen, PM Wood, and S. Dhaliwal. "Treatment of sweet narrow-leafed lupin crops to reduce phomopsin-induced liver damage (lupinosis) in Merino wether weaners." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 2 (1994): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940139.
Full textAbstract:
An experiment was carried out with 4 methods of utilising sweet narrow-leafed lupin crops (unharvested, stubble, cut before leaf drop, cut and conserved as rolls), to compare the development of lupinosis in wether weaners at 2 stocking rates while they were growing during the summer period. Growth of weaners grazed on the cut lupin treatments was greater than on lupin stubbles at both 25 and 50 weaners/ha (grazing period 98 and 63 days, respectively). Weaners grazed on unharvested lupin crops gained the most liveweight at the lower stocking rate; at 50/ha, weaners on unharvested lupin grazed for longer than those in the other 3 treatments (98 v. 63 days). After 63 days of grazing over all lupin treatments, weaners at 50ka had more (P<0.05) liver damage than did those at 25ka. Amongst lupin treatments, weaners given fodder rolls had the least liver damage, whereas those on the stubbles had the most (P<0.05). After 98 days, the weaners grazed at 50ka on the unharvested crop and 25ka on stubble had the most liver damage. Those grazed at 25ka on the unharvested crop or on lupin fodder rolls had very little liver damage. Although fodder rolling of lupins did offer some protection against development of liver damage associated with the intake of phomopsins in lupins, larger liveweight gains were obtained on unharvested lupin crops. Therefore, greater flexibility would be available to farmers by leaving lupin crops to mature before deciding how to use them. This would avoid the cost of preparing fodder rolls, which provided no marked advantage in this experiment.
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Coombe, JB, A. Axelsen, and H. Dove. "Rape and sunflower seed meals as supplements for sheep grazing cereal stubbles." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 4 (1987): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870513.
Full textAbstract:
In 2 experiments, Merino sheep aged about 18 months grazed cereal stubbles for 12 weeks and were either: (i) given no supplement; (ii) given free access to blocks containing 30% urea; or received daily about 300 g DM sheep-1 of (iii) rapeseed meal (RSM); (iv) formaldehyde-treated RSM (FRSM); (v) sunflower meal (SFM); or (vi) formaldehyde-treated SFM (FSFM). In experiment 1, wethers grazed a barley stubble at stocking rates (SR) of 18 and 36 sheep ha-1, and in experiment 2, mixed flocks of wethers and ewes grazed wheat stubble at 10 and 20 sheep ha-1. Mean daily intakes of urea were about 8.5 and 11.5 g sheep-1 for experiments 1 and 2 respectively. Both forms of SFM were readily eaten throughout, but in both experiments, intakes of RSM and FRSM were low and were characterised by high variability from day to day, and among individual sheep within groups. In both experiments, all sheep gained some weight during the first 2-3 weeks; thereafter control and urea fed sheep lost weight at mean rates varying from about 96 to 180 g day-1 depending on SR. Feeding SFM or FSFM reduced this loss to about 20 g day-1 at SR of 10-20 ha-1, and to 60 g day-1 at a SR of 36 ha-1, while losses were intermediate in sheep fed RSM or FRSM. In experiment 1, daily wool growth rates varied from about 5.5 g clean dry wool (CDW) sheep-1 for control and urea-fed sheep to about 11 g CDW sheep-1 for sheep fed SFM and FSFM; respective daily rates in experiment 2 were 3.6 and 8.2 g CDW sheep-1. Wool growth of sheep fed RSM and FRSM was intermediate in both experiments. When ewes were mated on high-quality feed after grazing stubbles, conception was delayed for about 14 days in a high proportion (about 40%) of those ewes that had lost considerable weight during stubble grazing. This effect was overcome by feeding daily 300 g DM sheep-1 of SFM for 7 days prior to and during mating. Delayed conception extended the lambing period. although final numbers of lambs born were not different among groups.
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Poulsen, Sara L., Rebecca K. Hansen, Sebastian A. Wagner, Loes van Cuijk, Gijsbert J. van Belle, Werner Streicher, Mats Wikström, et al. "RNF111/Arkadia is a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase that facilitates the DNA damage response." Journal of Cell Biology 201, no. 6 (June 10, 2013): 797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201212075.
Full textAbstract:
Protein modifications by ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) play key roles in cellular signaling pathways. SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs) directly couple these modifications by selectively recognizing SUMOylated target proteins through SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs), promoting their K48-linked ubiquitylation and degradation. Only a single mammalian STUbL, RNF4, has been identified. We show that human RNF111/Arkadia is a new STUbL, which used three adjacent SIMs for specific recognition of poly-SUMO2/3 chains, and used Ubc13–Mms2 as a cognate E2 enzyme to promote nonproteolytic, K63-linked ubiquitylation of SUMOylated target proteins. We demonstrate that RNF111 promoted ubiquitylation of SUMOylated XPC (xeroderma pigmentosum C) protein, a central DNA damage recognition factor in nucleotide excision repair (NER) extensively regulated by ultraviolet (UV)-induced SUMOylation and ubiquitylation. Moreover, we show that RNF111 facilitated NER by regulating the recruitment of XPC to UV-damaged DNA. Our findings establish RNF111 as a new STUbL that directly links nonproteolytic ubiquitylation and SUMOylation in the DNA damage response.
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Coombe, JB, and JG Mulholland. "Utilization of urea and molasses supplements by cattle grazing cereal stubbles." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 1 (1989): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890145.
Full textAbstract:
Responses of cattle to urea and molasses supplements while grazing cereal crop stubbles were studied in two experiments.In experiment 1,2.5-year-old Friesian cows in early pregnancy grazed an oat stubble (6800 kg DM ha-1) for 12 weeks at a stocking rate of 3.8 cows ha-1. In addition, some were offered liquid supplements of molasses, or urea-molasses. Liveweight gain (mean 18 kg) was not significantly different between treatments during the first 6 weeks. Thereafter, unsupplemented cows lost weight at 1.6 kg day-1 compared with 0.5 kg day-1 for supplemented cows (P(0.05).In experiment 2, 1.5-year-old Angus X Friesian cows in early pregnancy, and rumen-fistulated Friesian steers, were grazed on wheat stubble for 15 weeks and were unsupplemented, or offered supplements of a urea-mineral block, a molasses lick, or a urea-molasses lick. The stubble initially contained c. 6000 kg DM ha-1 of crop residues, and at all times at least 100 kg DM ha-1 of mainly green stemmy weeds of digestibility (0.45. The diet selected contained >50% dead plant material except during the final week, and ranged in digestibility from 0.53 initially to 0.31 in the 12th week.Intakes of all supplements were highly variable among individuals with coefficients of variation usually >50%. Mean intakes of digestible organic matter (DOM) were generally increased by supplementation.During the first 11 weeks, mean liveweight gains ranged from 3.5 to 27 kg for the unsupplemented and urea-mineral block fed cattle. respectively, but thereafter all cattle lost weight rapidly (mean 1.33 kg day-1).Mean concentrations of rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) fell during the experiment from 80.3 to 47.4, and from 90.9 to 56.4 mmol l-1 in the unsupplemented and supplemented steers, respectively. Rumen VFA levels were not related to molasses or urea intakes, and overall there was no relationship between liveweight change and levels of VFA in the rumen. Mean rumen ammonia levels, which were generally < 100 mg N l-1 in unsupplemented and molasses-fed steers, were increased by both urea supplements, particularly in the second half of the experiment.Although various parameters indicated likely deficiencies of energy and N in the diet, these supplements were generally of little benefit to cattle grazing cereal stubbles.
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Westerbeck, Jason W., Nagesh Pasupala, Mark Guillotte, Eva Szymanski, Brooke C. Matson, Cecilia Esteban, and Oliver Kerscher. "A SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase is involved in the degradation of the nuclear pool of the SUMO E3 ligase Siz1." Molecular Biology of the Cell 25, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e13-05-0291.
Full textAbstract:
The Slx5/Slx8 heterodimer constitutes a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) with an important role in SUMO-targeted degradation and SUMO-dependent signaling. This STUbL relies on SUMO-interacting motifs in Slx5 to aid in substrate targeting and carboxy-terminal RING domains in both Slx5 and Slx8 for substrate ubiquitylation. In budding yeast cells, Slx5 resides in the nucleus, forms distinct foci, and can associate with double-stranded DNA breaks. However, it remains unclear how STUbLs interact with other proteins and their substrates. To examine the targeting and functions of the Slx5/Slx8 STUbL, we constructed and analyzed truncations of the Slx5 protein. Our structure–function analysis reveals a domain of Slx5 involved in nuclear localization and in the interaction with Slx5, SUMO, Slx8, and a novel interactor, the SUMO E3 ligase Siz1. We further analyzed the functional interaction of Slx5 and Siz1 in vitro and in vivo. We found that a recombinant Siz1 fragment is an in vitro ubiquitylation target of the Slx5/Slx8 STUbL. Furthermore, slx5∆ cells accumulate phosphorylated and sumoylated adducts of Siz1 in vivo. Specifically, we show that Siz1 can be ubiquitylated in vivo and is degraded in an Slx5-dependent manner when its nuclear egress is prevented in mitosis. In conclusion, our data provide a first look into the STUbL-mediated regulation of a SUMO E3 ligase.
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Douglas, Josh, Ary Hoffmann, Paul Umina, and Sarina Macfadyen. "Factors Influencing Damage by the Portuguese Millipede, Ommatoiulus moreleti (Julida: Julidae), to Crop Seedlings." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 6 (July 9, 2019): 2695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz180.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn different parts of the world, the increasing agricultural practice of retaining crop stubble in fields across seasons has led to population increases of soil-dwelling arthropods, primarily detritivorous species. These species typically play a beneficial role in the ecosystem, but some, including the Portuguese millipede (Ommatoiulus moreleti (Lucas)) can be sporadic pests. To assist in better understanding of pest risk, this study examines why O. moreleti feeds on crop seedlings. For lupin, seedling susceptibility appears to be related to plant properties, with greatly different levels of damage caused to the two cultivated species (Lupinus angustinus and Lupinus albus) and particularly between cultivated and wild-type L. angustinus seedlings. Millipedes feeding on lupin (cultivated L. angustinus), but not lucerne (Medicago sativa), gained a similar amount of weight to those feeding on other foods known to be readily consumed. The life-stage and sex of O. moreleti was found to be related to seedling damage. The presence of crop stubbles (as alternate food sources) did not limit the damage O. moreleti caused to lupin, suggesting that the presence of stubble in a field situation may not preclude feeding on crop seedlings. We discuss how results from these controlled environment trials can build a basis for understanding variable crop damage by O. moreleti in the field.
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Gagné, Serge, Claude Richard, Hélène Rousseau, and Hani Antoun. "Xylem-residing bacteria in alfalfa roots." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 996–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m87-175.
Full textAbstract:
Bacteria were consistently isolated from the root and crown xylem of symptomless field-grown alfalfa plants. Most of the plants tested contained more than one bacterial genus. Pseudomonas spp. accounted for 52% of the 387 isolates identified and the fluorescent pseudomonads were the most frequent bacteria isolated. About 23% of the isolates were Erwinia-like bacteria. Bacterial population ranged from 6.0 × 103 to 4.3 × 104 CFU/g of fresh xylem, and was not affected by plant age or cultivar or by the sampling locations. The surface-sterilized seeds of the cultivars Iroquois and Titan were bacteria free and only 3 and 5% of the seeds of the cultivars Apica and Saranac, respectively, contained bacteria. In a greenhouse experiment, double antibotic resistant bacteria were inoculated into the soil of artificially wounded and intact roots of alfalfa plants, and on the stubble. The highest incidence of bacteria in the root xylem occurred when the roots were wounded. The highest numbers of bacteria (CFU/g fresh weight) were found when plants were wounded (stubble or roots) as compared with intact plants. The results suggest that bacteria are normal residents of the root xylem and that their main avenues of entrance to the xylem are natural root wounds and plant stubbles remaining after harvest.
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Muschietti Piana, Pilar, Therese Marie McBeath, Ann Marie McNeill, Pablo Ariel Cipriotti, and Vadakattu Gupta. "Corrigendum to: Early growing season immobilisation affects post-tillering wheat nitrogen uptake from crop stubble and 15N fertiliser in a sandy soil." Soil Research 59, no. 3 (2021): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr20158_co.
Full textAbstract:
In semiarid sandy soil environments there is a dual challenge of carbon and nitrogen (N) limitation that needs to be managed to ensure timely supply of N to crops. Management of N inputs to soil using combinations of legume stubble addition and fertiliser N in cereal systems is essential to meet crop demand and maintain N in soil organic matter. The aim of this study was to assess soil mineral and biological N pools that influence N supply and N uptake of wheat at early growth stages. The recovery of 15N-labelled fertiliser by wheat was evaluated using a factorial combination of either wheat, lupin or no stubble incorporated with or without 15N fertiliser in a sandy soil system. Soil and plant samples were collected at sowing, tillering, first node and booting to monitor changes in N pools and 15N uptake by the wheat. Crop stubble incorporation one week before sowing increased biological N pools in the surface soil (0–10 cm). Early N immobilisation (sowing–tillering) in all the treatments without 15N fertiliser may have limited N availability for wheat uptake in the subsequent period (tillering–first node), when fertiliser N appeared critical to maximise N supply for plant requirements. Up to 38% of the 15N fertiliser applied at sowing was incorporated into the soil microbial biomass pool, so that fertiliser N was critical to relieve short-term inherent N limitations for both plant and microbial growth, and to supply the longer-term biological pools (microbial biomass) to support subsequent mineralisation potential. Reducing the energy limitation to the microbial pool through inputs of carbon from stubble was also critical to ensure fertiliser N supplied sufficient N to satisfy plant demand later in the growing period. These results have implications for management decisions on semiarid sandy soil systems that aim to synchronise N from inputs of legume stubbles and fertiliser with crop N demand during early growth stages of wheat.
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Clark, G. J., P. W. G. Sale, and C. Tang. "Organic amendments initiate the formation and stabilisation of macroaggregates in a high clay sodic soil." Soil Research 47, no. 8 (2009): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09119.
Full textAbstract:
Subsoil constraints present a substantial problem for crop production in many agricultural regions. In particular, soils in temperate grain production areas of Australia are often poorly structured due to high content of sodic clay. An alternative to the standard practice of addition of gypsum is to incorporate organic amendments deep into the subsoil. An incubation experiment was performed for 174 days using several organic amendments. These consisted of wheat shoots, lucerne pellets, canola and chickpea stubbles, chicken manure, peat, and sawdust. Gypsum, an inorganic amendment commonly applied to sodic soil, was included for comparison. The change over 174 days in soil structural properties was measured using wet-sieving. Formation of slaking-resistant macroaggregates >2 mm was most rapid with ‘green plant material’, wheat and lucerne, while the ‘stubbles’ were markedly slower in obtaining the equivalent level of aggregation. However, the largest growth in aggregates after day 56 was shown by the ‘stubble’ and chicken manure amended soils. The gypsum amendment was not capable of forming large, slaking-resistant aggregates >2 mm; this may be attributed to the inability of gypsum to stimulate soil biological processes. Peat and sawdust failed to initiate slaking-resistant macroaggregates. The study demonstrated that a variety of organic amendments have the ability to improve the physical fertility of sodic subsoil, and in the case of the green plant materials within 1 week of incubation.
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Vanina Rosa Noemí, Cosentino, Minervini Mariana G, and Taboada Miguel A. "Influence of stubble quality and degree of soil-stubble contact on N2O emission." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 7 (July 19, 2017): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/499/2016-pse.
Full textAbstract:
The organic residue position and C/N ratio regulate decomposition rate and, therefore, nitrogen (N) release to the soil. The N<sub>2</sub>O emission from soil is produced by nitrification and denitrification processes. These processes are affected by the mineral N concentration, water filled pore space (WFPS) and soil temperature. The N<sub>2</sub>O emission from soils covered by corn and soybean residues has been little studied so far. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the C/N ratio of corn and soybean residues and their contact degree with the soil on soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with a completely randomized design and N<sub>2</sub>O emission was determined using closed chambers. The N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were affected by the residue position and not by its origin (soybean = corn). Treatments with residue on the surface had the highest N<sub>2</sub>O emissions at the beginning of the trial, while residue incorporation showed constant values of N<sub>2</sub>O emission during the experiment. Soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were explained by two controlling variables: the WFPS and the N-NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> soil concentration. The WFPS separated the emission values of N<sub>2</sub>O into two groups (threshold value near 77% WFPS). When the WFPS exceeded the threshold value, the emissions of N<sub>2</sub>O were partially explained by the concentration of N-NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> soil.
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Roper, MM, and V. Gupta. "Management-practices and soil biota." Soil Research 33, no. 2 (1995): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9950321.
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The soil biota consist of a large number and range of micro- and macro-organisms and are the living part of soils. They interact with each other and with plants, directly providing nutrition and other benefits. They regulate their own populations as well as those of incoming microorganisms by biological control mechanisms. Microorganisms are responsible for organic matter decomposition and for the transformations of organically bound nitrogen and minerals to forms that are available to plants. Their physical structure and products contribute significantly to soil structure. Management practices have a significant impact on micro- and macro-organism populations and activities. Stubble retention, an increasing trend in Australia, provides an energy source for growth and activity. Significant increases in the sizes and activities of microbial biomass, including heterotrophic microorganisms, cellulolytic microorganisms, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria have been observed. In addition, increases in protozoa and meso- and macro-fauna have been seen. Stubble retention provides a means of maintaining or increasing organic matter levels in soils. The way in which stubbles are managed may impact further on the activities of the soil biota and may alter the population balance, e.g. bacterial:fungal ratios. In general, no-tillage results in a concentration of microorganisms closer to the soil surface and causes least disruption of soil structure compared with conventionally tilled soils. Some plant diseases increase with stubble retention and with no-tillage, particularly where the next crop is susceptible to the same disease as the previous crop. However, the general increase in microbial populations resulting from stubble retention can exclude pathogens through competitive inhibition and predatory and parasitic activity. Cropping sequences may be used to break disease cycles. Crop rotations that include legumes may provide additional nitrogen and stimulate mineralization processes. Coupled with no-tillage in stubble retention systems is an increased usage of herbicides to control weeds. Continued herbicide use has been shown to significantly depress some groups of microorganisms and some of their activities but, in Australia, little information is available about the effects of herbicides on microbial populations. Although we know that micro- and macro-organisms are vital in maintaining ecosystem function, our knowledge about them is still very limited. New techniques in molecular microbial ecology promise further advances. Much more detailed information about the effects of specific managements on the size and activities of populations is needed. Soils and their processes are extremely complex and, in order to develop appropriate management practices, integration of new and existing information is necessary. This is now being made possible through computer simulation modelling.
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Hulugalle, N. R., T. B. Weaver, and L. A. Finlay. "Soil water storage, drainage, and leaching in four irrigated cotton-based cropping systems sown in a Vertosol with subsoil sodicity." Soil Research 50, no. 8 (2012): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12199.
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Comparative studies of drainage and leaching in irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) based cropping systems in Australian Vertosols are sparse. Our objective was to quantify soil water storage, drainage, and leaching in four cotton-based cropping systems sown on permanent beds in an irrigated Vertosol with subsoil sodicity. Drainage was inferred using the chloride mass-balance method, and soil water storage and leaching were measured with a neutron moisture meter and ceramic-cup water samplers, respectively, from September 2005 to May 2011 in an ongoing experiment. The experimental treatments were: CC, cotton monoculture, summer cotton with winter fallow; CV, cotton–vetch (Vicia benghalensis L.) rotation with vetch stubble retained as in-situ mulch; CW, cotton–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), with wheat stubble incorporated and a summer–winter fallow; and CWV, cotton–wheat–vetch, with wheat and vetch stubbles retained as in-situ mulch and summer and spring fallows. Soil water storage was generally highest under CW and CWV and least under CV. An untilled short fallow (~3 months) when combined with retention of crop residues as surface mulch, as in CWV, was as effective in harvesting rainfall as a tilled long fallow (~11 months) with stubble incorporation, as in CW. Drainage under cotton was generally in the order CW ≥ CWV > CC = CV, all of which were considerably greater than drainage during fallows. Except for very wet and dry winters, drainage under wheat rotation crops was greater than that under vetch. During wet winters, saturated soil in the 0–0.6 m depth of treatments under fallow resulted in more drainage than in the drier, cropped plots. No definitive conclusions could be made with respect to the effects of cropping systems on salt and nutrient leaching. Leachate contained less nitrate-nitrogen, magnesium, and potassium, but leachate electrical conductivity was ~6 times higher than infiltrated water. The greater salinity of the leachate may pose a risk to groundwater resources.
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Wilson, Clare. "Stubbed out." New Scientist 235, no. 3135 (July 2017): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(17)31417-3.
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Spence, Des. "Stubbed out." BMJ 334, no. 7607 (June 21, 2007): 1324.1–1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39251.717257.59.
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Burgess, Rachel. "Feminine Stubble." Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 20, no. 3 (July 2005): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/hyp.2005.20.3.230.
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Burgess, Rachel. "Feminine Stubble." Hypatia 20, no. 3 (2005): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hyp.2005.0099.
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Burgess, Rachel. "Feminine Stubble." Hypatia 20, no. 3 (2005): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2005.tb00497.x.
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Lim, Harold, Herodotos Herodotou, and Shivnath Babu. "Stubby." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 5, no. 11 (July 2012): 1196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/2350229.2350239.
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Bruce, S. E., M. H. Ryan, J. A. Kirkegaard, and J. Pratley. "Improving the performance of canola in retained wheat stubble." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 11 (2006): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05394.
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Four field experiments investigated strategies to reduce the negative effects of surface-retained wheat stubble on the emergence, growth, and yield of canola. All experiments compared 3 stubble treatments: (1) no stubble (stubble removed or burnt); (2) stubble-spread (6 t/ha wheat stubble evenly distributed on the surface); and (3) stubble-inter-row (6 t/ha stubble distributed on the inter-rows only). Seedling emergence was reduced in the presence of evenly spread stubble compared with no stubble, and the emerged seedlings had longer hypocotyls, reduced leaf number, and reduced biomass. Reduced shoot growth was not associated with lower shoot N concentration. These early effects on shoot growth persisted at 3 of the 4 sites, resulting in average yield reductions of 26% (range 0–59%) in the stubble-spread treatments compared with no stubble. Restricting stubble to the inter-rows resulted in an initial reduction in seedling growth compared with no stubble, but this difference had diminished by flowering. The yield for the stubble inter-row treatment was similar to no stubble at 2 sites and intermediate between no stubble and stubble-spread at the other 2 sites, with an overall yield reduction of 5.3% compared with no stubble. The results indicate that the negative effects on canola performance of surface-retained wheat stubble can be largely eliminated by adopting sowing techniques that push wheat stubble away from the seeding row and onto the inter-row. This provides a viable option to stubble burning and maintains the benefits of stubble retention.
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Alonso, Annabel, Sonia D'Silva, Maliha Rahman, Pam B. Meluh, Jacob Keeling, Nida Meednu, Harold J. Hoops, and Rita K. Miller. "The yeast homologue of the microtubule-associated protein Lis1 interacts with the sumoylation machinery and a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase." Molecular Biology of the Cell 23, no. 23 (December 2012): 4552–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e12-03-0195.
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Microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins are fundamental for multiple cellular processes, including mitosis and intracellular motility, but the factors that control microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are poorly understood. Here we show that two MAPs—the CLIP-170 homologue Bik1p and the Lis1 homologue Pac1p—interact with several proteins in the sumoylation pathway. Bik1p and Pac1p interact with Smt3p, the yeast SUMO; Ubc9p, an E2; and Nfi1p, an E3. Bik1p interacts directly with SUMO in vitro, and overexpression of Smt3p and Bik1p results in its in vivo sumoylation. Modified Pac1p is observed when the SUMO protease Ulp1p is inactivated. Both ubiquitin and Smt3p copurify with Pac1p. In contrast to ubiquitination, sumoylation does not directly tag the substrate for degradation. However, SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs) can recognize a sumoylated substrate and promote its degradation via ubiquitination and the proteasome. Both Pac1p and Bik1p interact with the STUbL Nis1p-Ris1p and the protease Wss1p. Strains deleted for RIS1 or WSS1 accumulate Pac1p conjugates. This suggests a novel model in which the abundance of these MAPs may be regulated via STUbLs. Pac1p modification is also altered by Kar9p and the dynein regulator She1p. This work has implications for the regulation of dynein's interaction with various cargoes, including its off-loading to the cortex.