Academic literature on the topic 'Student expenses'

Introduction. The student costs of residency interviewing areof increasing concern but limited current information is available.Updated, more detailed information would assist studentsand residency programs in decisions about residency selection.The study objective was to measure the expenses and time spentin residency interviewing by the 2016 graduating class of the Universityof Kansas School of Medicine and assess the impact ofgender, regional campus location, and primary care application.
 Methods. All 195 students who participated in the 2016 NationalResidency Matching Program (NRMP) received a 33 item questionnaireaddressing interviewing activity, expenses incurred, timeinvested and related factors. Main measures were self-reported estimatesof expenses and time spent interviewing. Descriptive analyseswere applied to participant characteristics and responses. Multivariateanalysis of variance (MANOVA) and chi-square tests comparedstudents by gender, campus (main/regional), and primary care/other specialties. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) on the dependentvariables provided follow-up tests on significant MANOVA results.
 Results. A total of 163 students (84%) completed the survey. Theaverage student reported 38 (1 - 124) applications, 16 (1 - 54) invitations,11 (1 - 28) completed interviews, and spent $3,500($20 - $12,000) and 26 (1 - 90) days interviewing. No significantdifferences were found by gender. After MANOVA and ANOVAanalyses, non-primary care applicants reported significantlymore applications, interviews, and expenditures, butless program financial support. Regional campus students reportedsignificantly fewer invitations, interviews, and daysinterviewing, but equivalent costs when controlled for primarycare application. Cost was a limiting factor in acceptinginterviews for 63% and time for 53% of study respondents.
 Conclusions. Students reported investing significant time andmoney in interviewing. After controlling for other variables, primarycare was associated with significantly lowered expenses.Regional campus location was associated with fewer interviewsand less time interviewing. Gender had no significantimpact on any aspect studied. KS J Med 2017;10(3):50-54.

In ILO Recommendation No. 195 "On human resource development: education, training and continuing education" (adopted in Geneva on 17.06.2004 at the 92nd session of the ILO General conference) it is stated that member States should ensure the development and strengthening of vocational education and training systems that provide adequate opportunities for the development and certification of skills that meet the requirements of the labour market. The Labor Code of the Russian Federation contains a set of legal norms that regulate the relationship between training and additional professional education of employees and job seekers. The analysis of these norms allows us to conclude that employers can either conduct training on their own training and production base, or send employees to study in educational organizations with guarantees for maintaining their jobs, average wages, and travel expenses coverage. In both cases, the training and additional professional education of employees are carried out at the expense of the employer. The corresponding expenses of the employer can be called investments, because as a result of training employees and job seekers, there should be a useful effect in the future in the form of work of a certain quality. The paper analyzes the current problems of economic interests protection of the employers who provide training for employees and job seekers at their own expense. The author reveals contradictions in the rules of the labour code and in judicial practice regarding the determination of the composition of the expenses of the employer related to the learning conditions of the student agreement and learning agreement on the work repayment period with the employer, on reimbursement of training costs in case of dismissal without valid reasons. The author proves the need to strengthen the legal mechanism for employers’ investments protection for employee training, but at the same time draws attention to the protection of employee rights as the economically weaker side of the employment contract. In particular, it is proposed to exclude paid wages and scholarships from the employer’s reimbursable expenses for training an employee or student, since they are necessary for the existence of the employee or student. The study of doctrinal, regulatory and judicial sources on employee training at the expense of the employer resulted in proposals for amendments to articles 4, 207, 249 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

The Free School Meal Program (FSMP) initiated in 2011 in South Korea allows participating schools to provide free lunches to all students regardless of their household income. This paper examines how universal free school meal programs are associated with student health outcomes. We empirically show that FSMP reduces the share of students with high fitness grades by up to 1.5% of the student population. We also find that expenses for physical education decrease in schools that adopt FSMP. These results suggest that FSMP could crowd out investments in student physical activities, and student fitness could be negatively impacted. The paper sheds light on the importance of budgetary balance between universal welfare programs and other educational programs.

In recent years, with the use of mobile phone APPs, more and more people like to use tourism APPs when traveling, and the tourism industry also enters a new era of wireless tourism. College students are a huge tourist group. This paper will summarize an APP suitable for students’ tourism through the analysis of tourism APPs and tourist groups. This APP will make travel plans based on the student’s time, including travel time, travel residence, travel strategy, travel expenses, tour groups, etc. It also includes working with schools and local police to keep students safe. There should be such an APP for student travel to make it convenient for students to travel, enrich their university experience, and make student travel safer and more convenient.

<p><em>This study analyzes how the allocation and utilization of school budget of selected schools in a City Schools Division in the Philippines relates with student achievement in the National Achievement Test (NAT). Data were obtained from the participating schools for school years 2012-2013 to 2014-2015 and were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients to determine if a relationship existed between specific school financial categories of the Annual Implementation Plan (AIP) and financial reports and the Mean Percentage Score (MPS) in NAT. Data were also analyzed through coefficients of variance to quantify the percent of the related sample that may be explained by the correlation of the variables. Findings include that training and seminar expenses, general services, repair and maintenance expenses and supplies and materials expenses were found to have a significant relationship with the MPS in NAT. Moreover, the positive relationship between financial expenditures and student performance is strongest in Mathematics, and the manner of spending financial resources only affects student performance in many subject areas but not the overall performance in NAT. These findings suggest policy recommendations that aim to guide school heads in the utilization of school budget which would most likely improve student performance in NAT. </em></p>

This research presents student online marketplace for university community. In this study, we identify current issues faced by university students while starting their business. Based on the preliminary investigation, it was found out that there are a number of students doing part-time jobs and doing business to support their living expenses. There are varieties of businesses and services offered among students especially students staying in colleges. However, the main problem faced by students either as the buyer or the seller is there is no business platform to promote their products or services. Al-so, there is a lack of information regarding the business or services since most communications are done through h instant messaging apps such as WhatsApp and social media. By having a student online marketplace, the exchange of goods and services take place by having buyers and sellers being in contact with one another. This student online marketplace also helps small businesses to boost their sales, encourage new business start-up and inspire students who have business idea to help them to kick-start their business. Students are able to perform their business in a safe and secure environment.

The current research focused on the impact of delayed loan disbursement on performance. The study focused on Kenyatta University, situated in Nairobi, Kenya. In the study, the variables of class attendance, personal expenses, and course registration were evaluated as the main factors that impacted student performance due to delayed loans. A sample of 196 students were randomly selected from the population to take part in the study. The students were given questionnaires regarding higher education loan disbursement and the major variables being evaluated. The results revealed that students who experienced loan delays had problems covering their personal expenses, registering for courses, and attending classes. These challenges had a significant impact on the final performance in terms of grade point average. The study recommended that the government needs to release funds to the Higher Education Loans Board on time to facilitate fast disbursement of loans to the students. Also, it recommended closer collaboration between the Higher Education Loans Board and University administrations to ensure that students who are awaiting their loans are not denied to attend classes and register for courses.

This study proposes and analyses the feasibility of a private sector ICR in which investments in human capital are accorded the tax treatment typical of fixed capital investments. Under this proposal, income-contingent repayment loans issued and administered by the private sector would cover both the full tuition costs and living expenses of students attending Postsecondary Education (PSE) institutions. The public sector would guarantee the loans, as well as provide relevant information to the private sector lenders as required. Simulations suggest that the student and public sector shares in the proposed full fee and expense plan would be approximately the same as those under the current financing system with students' fees set at 50% of full tuition. The proposed plan promises to eliminate virtually all accessibility problems related to financial constraints. Moreover, the incentive structures attendant to the proposed ICR are consistent with the "coherent learning system" advocated by the Economic Council of Canada.

<p><strong>Theoretical background</strong>: The focus of this article is to study and compare the indicators that are implemented to evaluate the quality of the educational activities of universities in Poland, Germany and Ukraine. The investigation is exercised, in particular, by the proposed indicator of comparing the annual students’ costs during their studies for a bachelor’s degree with the average annual incomes of these services for consumers in related countries. Because of the differences in remuneration across the regions of each country, the authors used statistical data from these regions. Regarding average annual incomes, the authors used the average wage level in the provinces of Poland, the federal lands of Germany, and the regions of Ukraine.</p><p><strong>Purpose of the article</strong>: The research objective of the article is a substantiation of methodological and applied recommendations for interstate comparisons of foreign students’ expenses while studying at universities based on the experience of Poland, Germany and Ukraine. The object of this paper is the analysis of annual costs of a foreign student while studying at domestic and foreign universities.</p><p><strong>Research methods</strong>: During the research, the following methods were used: the dialectical method and methods of analysis and synthesis – to study the features of the comparison of educational activities of domestic and foreign universities, the characteristics to compare the costs of the training period within universities of different countries; statistical method – to analyse the average annual wage and the costs of international students during the training period at universities in Poland, Germany and Ukraine; structural and logical analysis – to develop theoretical and methodological principles to determine the indicator for "the ratio of the student’s annual expenses while studying at the university to the average wage in the region".</p><p><strong>Main findings</strong>: The ratio of the annual costs of students during the studying period and average annual wages allows different categories of stakeholders to determine the real level of expenses. For applicants, primarily Ukrainians, such an indicator will allow them to navigate, not only the absolute amount of annual expenses, but also the comparison of costs with the remuneration for possible part-time work that is allowed to students in Germany and Poland. Moreover, the part-time work allowed for students correlates to a certain extent with the level of average wages. For university authorities, the proposed indicator may allow a comparison of the competitiveness of their higher education institutions, taking into account the solvency of educational services users. For business circles and local governments (in the provinces of Poland, the federal lands of Germany and regions of Ukraine), this indicator can be useful in assessing the competitiveness of their territories to attract students. Student youth and local residents act as consumers of goods and services, contribute to the development of local business and, thus, can be a source of filling local budgets.</p>