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1
Owiti, Beatrice. "Courtroom interpretation from Dholuo to English : a stylistic and pragmatic analysis." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2016. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/30239/.
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Earlier studies on interpretation such as Garcés (1996) and Hale (2004) show that interpreters often make the mistake of conveying only the semantic meaning; ignoring, misunderstanding or simply not conveying the pragmatic meaning of utterances. Other studies have also touched on issues of the classification of the types of errors made during interpretation Mead (1985), Karton (2008) and Kiguru (2008); they do not, however, provide a good understanding of errors that lead to stylistic and pragmatic modifications in interpretation from and to indigenous African languages. Research on interpretation in Kenyan courts is limited and there is none that examines Dholuo-English interpretations. Consequently, there is a need to have a broad and deep understanding of the stylistic and pragmatic meaning of modifications involving Dholuo-English data. The literature reviewed includes literature on courtroom interpreting and literature on meaning shifts in the courtroom. This study investigates courtroom interpretation using critical stylistic tools to determine the stylistic and pragmatic changes and their impact on ideation and interpersonal communication in the Target Text. The critical stylistic tools used from Jeffries (2010) are: presenting other people’s speech and thoughts, presenting actions and state, as well as naming and describing. In the data analysis, for presenting the speech of others, I use the reported speech categories by Short (2012) to examine fidelity to the text, for the description of actions and states I ground my work in the transitivity model by Halliday as explained by Simpson (1993) and for naming and description I use Halliday’s Functional Grammar to describe the Noun group. For analysis of pragmatic modifications during interpretation, the research is grounded in Austin’s (1962) Speech Act Theory and Grice’s (1975) Cooperative Principle. The data analysed consists of 12 court cases. The data collected is analysed using qualitative methods of analysis in order to determine inferences, give explanations and make conclusions. The results show changes in the Target Text which include: modifications to adhere to felicity conditions, passivisation to conform to how Dholuo reports speech from senior people, misreporting while using direct speech, distortion of facts, expansion of meaning, vagueness, changes to the verb processes, use of explanations, use of euphemisms that obscure meaning, changes in the tone of the source text and changes in the pre and post modifications of nouns that cause meaning loss. Reasons for these changes are: culturally bound words and phrases, legal jargon which has no Dholuo equivalents, specialised Kenyan English vocabulary, the nature of courtroom interpretation, the additional duties courtroom interpreters in Kenya carry out, as well as lack of training. This research uncovered a new role for interpreters in the courtroom of striving to maintain the dignity of the court as well as a new feature of adherence to felicity conditions in judgements.
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Hopp, Christelle. "La place de l’adjectif épithète dans deux romans du XIXe siècle : El Señor de Bembibre d’Enrique Gil y Carrasco et Los Pazos de Ulloa d’Emilia Pardo Bazán." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0136/document.
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Ce travail de recherche consiste à démontrer que la place de l’adjectif dépend de contraintes syntaxiques, mais également de contraintes sémantiques et pragmatiques.L’analyse comparative entre un roman romantique et un roman naturaliste vise à montrer l’importance de la place de l’adjectif épithète au sein du texte, car ce phénomène permet à chaque écrivain de produire certains effets sur les lecteurs qui dépendent des intentions recherchées et par conséquent de l’œuvre étudiée.L'objectif de notre thèse consiste avant tout à montrer que l’adjectif, selon la place qu’il occupe, va permettre non seulement d’apporter différents types de précisions sur le référent désigné par le substantif, mais aussi de transmettre le point de vue du locuteur et de persuader le récepteur.Si bien que ce phénomène permet de montrer que chaque discours littéraire est unique et d’en expliquer le pourquoiThis research project consisted of showing that the place of the adjective depends not only on syntax but also on semantic and pragmatic constraints.A comparative analysis between a romance novel and a naturalist novel aims to show the importance of the place of the attributive adjective within a text, as this phenomenon allows each writer to produce certain effects on their readers which depend on the intention sought and, consequently, on the work studied.The objective of this thesis consists above all in showing that the adjective, depending on the place that it has, will not only allow for different types of precisions to be brought to the referent as designated by the substantive, but moreover to fulfil a macro-speech-act which constitutes a discourse act and also to transmit the speaker’s point of view and to convince the receiver. This phenomenon allows us to show that each literary discourse is unique and to explain the reasons for this
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Pankhurst, Anne Fisher. "Metonymy : semantic, pragmatic, cognitive and stylistic perspectives." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22540.
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The present research is concerned to define metonymy and discuss its functions in discourse. The theoretical background to the research is pluralist, including semantic, pragmatic, cognitive and stylistic approaches. Different theories are shown to account for conventional and creative realisations of metonymy in everyday discourse, as well as its functions in literary texts. Metonymy is traditionally described in rhetoric and poetics as a figure of speech but the scope of the term has been extended. It is used to describe a means of structuring narrative discourse (Jakobson 1956), and a generalised cognitive mechanism (Lakoff 1987). Recent claims that metonymy is itself a universally valid explanatory principle, based on the evidence of psycholinguistic experiments (Gibbs 1994), lead to consideration of how metonymy affects semantic and syntactic features of language. The thesis considers typological descriptions and explanations of metonymy in terms of general semantic relationships such as part for whole and cause for effect. Metonymy, traditionally a property of noun phrases, is shown to be present in different word categories and at different levels of discourse. Contiguity, a general principle on which metonymic relationships are based, is revised to include contiguity between physical entities and in their perception and interpretation. Metonymy as a naming and referring mechanism is shown to be a shortening device with cohesive functions, related to ellipsis. Contextualisation is reviewed and theories of domain presented. Referentiality is reconsidered with respect to the effects of metonymy. The thesis investigates whether principled distinctions may be made between metonymy and metaphor, and discusses the functions of metonymy in symbolic language. Arguments for its metafunctions in narrative structure are presented taking into account the presence of metonymy at word, phrase and sentence levels. A new way of analysing narrative through metonymy is proposed, and illustrated from literary works.
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Fisher, Justin. "Pragmatic Conceptual Analysis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195796.
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Pragmatic Conceptual Analysis is a proposed methodology for attributing correct application conditions, or 'meanings', to concepts. This methodology involves two stages: first, we seek an empirical understanding of the ways in which usage of a given concept has regularly delivered benefits, and, second, we seek an explication of that concept which is optimally capable of delivering benefits in these ways. Such an explication captures the 'pragmatic meaning' of a given concept. Chapters 1-3 articulate Pragmatic Conceptual Analysis and the notion of pragmatic meaning, and show how these are related to other philosophical methodologies and accounts of concept-meaning.Chapter 4 uses a 'bootstrapping argument' to establish that Pragmatic Conceptual Analysis has two important virtues. The first phase of this argument establishes that Pragmatic Conceptual Analysis has normative authority - it reveals explications that we have practical and epistemic reason to adopt, whether we take these explications to be semantically revisionary or not. This normative authority licenses using Pragmatic Conceptual Analysis, in the second phase, to explicate our shared concept of concept-meaning. This yields the conclusion that we have epistemic reason to adopt the notion of pragmatic meaning as our explication of 'concept-meaning'. Having explicated our concept in this way, we see that Pragmatic Conceptual Analysis also has descriptive authority - it is a semantically conservative tool that reveals concept-meaning, thus explicated.The initial presentation of the bootstrapping argument considers only one sort of work that our concept of concept-meaning does - helping to guide our application of other concepts. But this concept also regularly delivers benefits in a second way - by helping us to give good explanations for the behavior and behavioral success of various concept-users. Chapter 5 uses the normative authority of Pragmatic Conceptual Analysis to justify a particular account of how good explanations work. Chapter 6 draws upon this account to argue that, in order best to explain people's behavioral successes, we need an explication of concept-meaning that is closely related to the one presented in Chapter 4.Chapter 7 considers several objections and hard cases, and argues that Pragmatic Conceptual Analysis weathers these storms in good shape.
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Véron, Laélia. "Le trait d’esprit dans "La Comédie humaine" de Balzac : étude stylistique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN003.
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L’esprit, comme forme de la conversation, est au XIXe siècle une notion fondamentalement ambiguë. Hérité du XVIIe siècle et de l’âge d’or de la conversation, profondément marqué par les bouleversements de l’âge post-révolutionnaire, bousculé par le développement de la mystification, du persiflage, de la blague, et de la raillerie journalistique, le trait d’esprit prend tendanciellement un tour agonistique et instrumental dans les luttes sociales de l’époque. Balzac, journaliste, blagueur, mais aussi conservateur et amoureux des « conversation[s] entre onze heures et minuit » paraît emblématique de cette ambiguïté. Le trait d’esprit, parole brillante et concise, qui se veut singulière, peut être appréhendé comme un énoncé détachable. Notre approche stylistique sera donc en premier lieu celle d’une analyse des figures, au niveau de l’unité-énoncé et des catégories syntactico-sémantico-lexicales de la phrase. Cependant, suite aux acquis de la grammaire du texte, il apparaît que la signification même de ces catégories ne peut être comprise que par rapport à des structures extra-énoncives : nous tenterons ainsi de replacer systématiquement ces énoncés dans leur contexte discursif. Considérant que le trait d’esprit, en tant que performance sociale, doit être défini en partie par les conditions mêmes de son énonciation, nous tenterons de comprendre le fonctionnement de cet acte socio-discursif grâce aux acquis de l’analyse du discours. Notre travail privilégiera donc une approche conversationnelle (ou interactionnelle, selon les terminologies) et pragmatique, en s’attachant à étudier non seulement ce que dit le trait d’esprit, mais aussi ce qu’il communique, qu’il s’agisse des traits d’esprit des personnages ou de ceux du narrateur. L’interaction dialectique de ces deux niveaux nous permettra d’interroger la valeur romanesque du trait d’esprit, parole ambiguë, entre référence sérieuse et jeu métalinguistique, caractéristique du réalisme paradoxal de La Comédie humaineThe notion of “esprit” (French wit), a feature of the art of conversation, was, all through the 19th century, an ambiguous one. The art of witticism – a legacy of the 17th century and of the golden age of conversation – was, however, deeply altered by the advent of other forms of wit such as mystification, persiflage, jokes and journalistic banter : “traits d’esprit” (witticisms) gradually took on an agonistic dimension and became instruments in the social struggles of the time. Balzac, a journalist, a joker but also a conservative writer and a lover of “conversations between eleven o'clock and midnight” is emblematic of this ambiguity. “Traits d’esprit” (Witticisms) – short and clever statements aimed at being remarkable – can be studied as stand-alone utterances. That is why I shall first proceed to an analysis of the stylistic devices at work at the level of utterance, and relying on syntactic, semantic and lexical categories. However, drawing from the findings of text grammar, it appears that the meaning of these categories can only be understood in relation to an extra-utterance context and structures. Therefore, I shall systemically attempt to contextualize these utterances within a larger discursive framework. “Traits d’esprit” being social performances, they have to be defined in regard to the situation of utterance. I shall therefore use the tools of discourse analysis in order to break down the mechanisms of such a socio-discursive act. The present work thus relies on a conversational (or interactional) and pragmatic approach. It attempts to tackle not only what is said but also what is conveyed in those “traits d’esprit”, whether they belong to the characters’ or the narrator’s discourse. It is through the dialectic interaction between these two levels of wit that I intend to assess the role of witticisms. Ambiguous utterances, “traits d’esprit” pertain to serious references as well as to metalinguistic games, and are thus characteristics of the paradoxical realism to be found in La Comédie humaine
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S'hiri, Sonia. "Verbal irony in literary discourse : a pragmatic-stylistic study with particular emphasis on contemporary narrative fiction." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29363.
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This thesis attempts to shed new light on the functioning of verbal irony in literary discourse and contemporary narrative fiction in particular, adopting a pragmatic stylistic approach to the topic. It argues in favour of Sperber and Wilson's pragmatic account of verbal irony which it deems extendable and generalisable, despite its two main shortcomings concerned with the basically one-to-one situation analysis it offers and its disregard for components (of a psycho-sociolinguistic nature) which are essential for explaining and securing the existence of irony. The defence of this argument follows two steps. The first (Chs. I, II, III, IV) is concerned with the exploration of the potential that discourse as a whole and literary discourse in particular offer for warranting such a view of irony. Tremendous support has been unravelled from the notions of intertextuality, recontextualisation and re-attribution which readily accommodate the proposed view of irony and help to elucidate it. The second step explores irony in contemporary narrative fiction taking into consideration aspects of its discourse, and the way it can be reconciled with Sperber and Wilson's account. Chapter V singles out some paratextual elements (the title, the epigraph and the note) as instantiating intertextuality par excellence and therefore offering a fertile ground for the communication of irony, at the periphery of the body of the fictional text. Chapters VI and VII scrutinise the organisation of the narrative both as report of events and as report of speech in order to single out the potential each narrative technique offers for the generation and comprehension of irony. It is argued that the duplicity between 'story' and 'discourse' is at the heart of a great deal of the possibilities open for irony in narrative fiction given what it offers for the manipulation of the organisation of the events in terms of time, focalisation and narration as well as speech and thought presentation. This investigation is further accompanied by an exploration of the pragmatic or rhetorical purposes behind the use of irony through the manipulation of these techniques. Characterisation, thematic reinforcement and self-conscious criticism are found to be the elements of narrative that seem to benefit most from ironic communication.
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Hill, Chris. "A pragmatic analysis of family mediation." Thesis, Bangor University, 2007. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-pragmatic-analysis-of-family-mediation(c7c254b4-b9f8-4c94-8f98-9a2f5e0fd9e5).html.
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Family (or divorce) mediation aims to assist couples who are separating or divorcing to come to agreed arrangements regarding children, property and finances. In the UK it is a service which is offered as an alternative to litigation and is not, at this stage, compulsory. Family mediation is an interactional setting which combines elements of both formality and informality: in theory mediators control the process of the encounter, whilst clients control the outcome. Mediators are also charged with conducting themselves in a manner which is neutral as to outcome, and impartial as to process. In reality, of course, the language behaviours of both practitioners and clients are not so clearly delineated. This research is based upon audio recordings of mediation sessions in the North Wales Service and takes an interactional pragmatic approach. The primary analytic `tools' are the concepts of complex illocutionary acts and discourse roles as developed by Thomas (1995,2004,2006 and forthcoming). A number of topics are considered, in particular the verbal enactment of mediator impartiality and neutrality, and of power and politeness by both clients and practitioners.
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Simpson, Lisa. "Supporting decision analysis : a pragmatic approach." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1277/.
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Decision making is a practical task. Clearly, all aspects of any approach to decision analysis and decision support should be considered with respect to their ease of application as well as their value. The work presented in this thesis is motivated by such a viewpoint. The field of decision analysis is broad, and this is reflected by the consideration of four linked aspects. Cross-sections have been taken through the research literature in an attempt to consider the most important aspects of decision analysis and decision support. These research findings are examined with respect to how things might function in practice. Specifically the aspects which I consider are: a comparison of underlying mathematical theories; the elicitation and application of preference data; facilitation as a group decision support tool; and the development of hypothetical scenarios. The purpose of decision analysis and decision support is to improve problem solving. With a pragmatic approach in mind, two normative models are compared on the basis of the assumptions they make about a decision maker. Further, how these alternative techniques have worked in practice is discussed. In order to make use of such methods, particular data are required. Perhaps a major criticism of decision analysis concerns its use of subjective preference data. Therefore, an investigation of the ease with which these data can be elicited is conducted. The nature of the data is considered via an application. Having concentrated upon decision analysis, i.e. the examination of a formulated problem, I take a broader view of the field by considering decision support. Supporting decision making requires the setting of aims and objectives in addition to establishing a problem model from a problem mess. Supporting a group adds complexity to the analysis's role. Group decision making and group decision support are examined. Particular attention is given to the technique of group facilitation and some pertinent issues for successful decision support are established. In order to strengthen these findings a further study of group decision making is made. Case study work provides a more realistic view of supporting an actual group in a live setting. In addition, I am able to describe the development and use of hypothetical scenarios to promote decision analysis and decision support. Decision analysis and decision support is no different from any other technology in that it is not a 'quick fix'. Users are faced with a learning curve as they are required to approach their problem in a novel way. From an analysis's perspective, the needs of each decision maker may be different, so any technique must be flexible. This thesis demonstrates the ability of both decision makers and analysts to rise to such challenges, resulting in successful applications of decision analysis and support. It also reinforces the value of employing these techniques. Further, I identify aspects which can make this undertaking easier.
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Lin, Shen-An. "The Lieder of Beethoven: A Stylistic Analysis." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500227/.
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Beethoven is generally acknowledged to be the most important composer of the 19th century. However, many critics and musicologists dismiss Beethoven's Lieder as being of less musical value and sophistication than his more instrumentally conceived late vocal writings. The true musical sophistication of Beethoven's Lieder can be discovered by a careful study of the harmonic structure and the relationship between the vocal and the piano part in Beethoven's Lieder. In discussing Beethoven's Lieder style based on analysis, a number of aspects shall be examined: (1) the harmonic idiom and key relationships; (2) the role of the piano; and (3) other stylistic features.
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Wagner, Manuela. "First steps to communication a pragmatic analysis." Tübingen Narr, 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2778174&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Gqwede, Eunice Nolungisa. "A pragmatic analysis of persuasion in isiXhosa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3069.
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Thesis (MA (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.This study has the main goal of investigating the speech act of persuasion in isiXhosa. The main aim of the investigation is to examine the characteristics of persuasion in remedial interchanges based on the isiXhosa pragmatics. The study is concerned with the strategies people use when persuading targets, how message sources seek compliance, how targets resist and / or comply and how influence interactions are structured and what constraints on conversation need to be taken into account.
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Mdemka, Xoliswa Leonora. "A pragmatic analysis of apologies in Xhosa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52123.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the speech act of apology in Xhosa. The main aim of the study is to examine some of the characteristics of apologies in remedial interchanges based on a Xhosa corpus within the field of pragmatics. The study is concerned with the expressions people use when they apologize in Xhosa, and the effectiveness of apologies in remediating the negative effects of transgressions. In order to examine the effectiveness of apologies in Xhosa, a questionnaire has been drawn up within which students of selected High schools in the Western Cape have completed the offence and the apology. Data was collected through the selection of four High schools in the Western Cape and Grade 11 learners were asked to complete the questionnaires. In this study, these questionnaires are analyzed and assessed. The findings based on this research are presented to identify the characteristics of apologies in remedial interchanges based on a Xhosa corpus within the field of pragmatics. The study is organized as follows: Chapter 1 features the statement of the problem and the aim of the study. Chapter 2 is concerned with an overview of the theoretical framework on which the study is based, i.e. pragmatics, and within pragmatics specifically the speech act and the theory of politeness. Chapter 3 examines the speech act of apology as indicated by the literature on this speech act. Chapter 4 investigates apologies in Xhosa with attention to the apology strategies and the analysis of the Xhosa data. Chapter 5 summarizes the findings obtained from chapters 2 - 4.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die spraakhandeling van Apologie in Xhosa. Die hoofdoelstelling van die studie is om die kenmerke van apologiee te ondersoek in die veld van die pragmatiek in remediale interaksie gebaseer op 'n Xhosa korpus. Die studie het belang by die uitdrukkings wat mense gebruik wanneer hulle apologie aanteken in Xhosa, en die doeltreffendheid van apologiee in die rernedierinq van die negatiewe effek van oortredings. Ten einde die doeltreffendheid van apoloqiee in Xhosa te ondersoek, is 'n vraelys opgestel waarin leerders van geselekteerde Hoerskole in die Wes-Kaap die oortreding- en die apologie-beskrywing moes invul. Data is versamel deur Graad 11 leerders van vier verskillende Hoerskole in die Wes-Kaap te vra om vraelyste oor Apologiee in Xhosa te voltooi. In die studie is die vraelyste ontleed en ge-evalueer. Die bevindinge wat op die navorsing gebaseer is, is aangebied ten einde die eienskappe van apoloqiee te identifiseer soos gebaseer op remediale interaksie soos dit gegrond is op die Xhosa korpus. Die studie is soos volg georganiseer: Hoofstuk 1 formuleer die probleemstelling en die doelstellings van die studie. Hoofstuk 2 bied In oorsig van die teoretiese raamwerk waarop die studie gebaseer is, dit is die spraakhandelingsteorie van beleefdheid binne die bree veld van die pragmatiek. Hoofstuk 3 eksamineer die spraakhandelingsteorie van apolcqiee soos dit verwys word in die literatuur. Hoofstuk 4 ondersoek apoloqiee in Xhosa met spesifieke aandag aan die apologiestrateqiee en die analise van die Xhosa data. Hoofstuk 5 gee 'n opsomming van die belangrikste bevindinge verkry uit hoofstukke 2 - 4.
INTSHWANKATHELO Esi sifundo sihlola isenzo ntetho sokungxengxeza esiXhoseni. Eyona njongo yesi sifundo kukuphononga ezinye zeempawu zezingxengxezo ekulungiseleleni utshintsho olubhekiselele kwingqokelela esiXhoseni kumba wePragmatiki. Isifondo esi sibhekiselele kwintetho esetyenziswa ngabantu xa bengxengxeza esiXhoseni, kunye nefuthe lezingxengxezo ekulungiseleleni iimpembelelo ezigqithisileyo ezingavumiyo. Ukuze kuphononongwe ifuthe lezingxengxezo esiXhoseni, kuye kwasungalwa iphepha lemibuzo apho kukho isono kunye nesingxengxezo. Eli phulo belisenziwa ngabafundi bezikolo ezikhethiweyo zamabanga aphakgmileyo kwiNtshona koloni. Ulwazi luqokelelwe ngokuthi kukhethwe kwizikolo ezine zamabanga aphezulu eNtshona Koloni apho abafundi bebanga le-9 bebecelwa ukuba bazalise amaphepha emibuzo. Kwesi sifundo, la maphepha emibuzo ayacalulwa kwaye ahlolwe. Iziphumo ezibhekisele kolu phando ziye zaziswe ukwalatha iimpawu zezingxengezo ukulungiselela utshintsho olubhekisele kwingqokelela yezibhalo ezithile zesiXhosa kumba we Pragmatiki. Isifundo sicangciswe ngolu hlobo: Isahluko sokuqala sibonisa intetho yengxaki kunye neenjongo zesifundo. Isahluko sesibini sinxulumene neridlela esisekelwe kuyo esi slfundo oko kukuthi, iPragmatiki yaye nalapha kwiPragmatiki ngokukodwa kwisenzo ntetho kunye nethiyori yentetho echubekileyo. Isahluko sesithathu siphonononga izenzo ntetho zokucela uxolo nje ngokuba zibonisiwe kuncwadi kwizenzo ntetho. Isahluko sesine sihlola izingxengxezo kwisiXhosa ngokunika ingqalelo kubuchule bokungxengxeza kwakunye nohlalutyo Iwezingxengxezo kwisiXhosa. Isahluko sesihlanu sishwankathela iziphumo ezifumaneke kwizahluko 2 uku ya ku 4.
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Adonis, Nomangwevu. "A pragmatic analysis of complimenting in Xhosa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52124.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the speech acts of complimenting in Xhosa. It is divided into five chapters, which are arranged as follows: Chapter 1 states the aims of the study. The method, design and the organization of the study are also investigated. Chapter 2, the speech act theory and the politeness theory have been dealt with. These theories included the basic assumptions of this study. Chapter 3 deals with compliments and compliment responses as they are discussed with regard to various languages, i.e. the works of Wolfson and Manes (1980), Wolfson (1983), Manes (1983), Holmes (1988) and Herbert (1990). Chapter 4 deals with compliments and compliment responses in Xhosa. In this chapter the compliments have been divided into three social groups, namely males and females; friends and people of unequal status. The people of unequal status are divided into two sub-groups, people with superior status and lower status. In Xhosa people of lower and high status do compliment one another. Also Xhosa males and females; friends and people of unequal status tend to compliment one another. The most common compliments concentrate on appearance, ability and possession. In some cases the compliments are used to a way of encouragement and showing of appreciation. People who are being complimented tend to respond to the compliment. The response can be positive or negative. The person who is complimented can agree or disagree with the compliment. The response depends on how he/she feels about the compliment. Chapter 5 is the last chapter of this study. It represents the conclusion in which the main findings in the study are summarized.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die spraakhandeling van komplimentering in Xhosa. Die studie is in vyf hoofstukke ingedeel wat soos volg georganiseer is. Hoofstuk 1 bespreek die doelstellings, die navorsingsontwerp en -metode, en die organisasie van die studie. Hoofstuk 2 bied 'n bespreking van die terme van spraakhandelinge en beleefdheidsteorie. Hierdie teorieë is van belang vir die basiese vraagstukke wat in die studie ondersoek word. Hoofstuk 3 bied 'n oorsig van vorige navorsing oor die spraakhandeling van komplimente en komplimentresponse soos ondersoek met betrekking tot verskillende tale. Die navorsing van Manes (1980), Holmes (1988), Herbert (1990) en Wolfson (1983). Hoofstuk 4 ondersoek die spraakhandeling van komplimente en komplimentresponse in Xhosa. In hierdie hoofstuk is die spraakhandeling van komplimente en komplimentresponse onderneem met betrekking tot drie sosiale groeperinge, naamlik tussen manlike en vroulike persone, tussen vriende, en tussen persone van ongelyke status. Laasgenoemde groep is verder verdeel in terme van twee sub-groepe, naamlik: persone met hoër en laer status, respektewelik. In Xhosa diskoers, komplimenteer persone van hoër en laer status mekaar. Voorts komplimenteer manlike en vroulike persone, vriende, en mense van ongelyke status mekaar in Xhosa. Die mees algemene komplimente hou verband met voorkom, vermoëns, en besittings. In sommige gevalle word komplimente gebruik as 'n wyse van aanmoediging of waardering. Die studie bied evidensie uit Xhosa dat mense wat gekomplimenteer word, neig om te reageer op die kompliment. Hierdie respons kan positief of negatief wees. Die persoon wat gekomplimenteer word kan saamstem of verskil met die kompliment. Hierdie reaksie word bepaal deur hoe die hoorder voeloor die kompliment. Hoofstuk 5 is die laaste hoofstuk van die studie. Dit bied die gevolgtrekking van die navorsing oor die spraakhandeling van komplimentering in Xhosa en gee 'n opsomming van die hoofbevindinge.
ISIHWANKATHELO: Esi sifundo siphononga izenzo ntetho zoncomo esiXhoseni. Sahlulwe saba zizahluko ezintlanu ezicwangciswe ngolu hlobo: Isahluko sokuqala sichaza iinjongo zesi sifundo. Kukwaqwalaselwe, indiela, isicwangciso kunye noluhlu Iwesi sifundo. Isahluko sesibini sixusha ithiyori yesenzo ntetho kunye nethiyori yentetho echubekileyo. Ezi thiyori zibandakanye imiba engundoqo yesi sifundo. Isahluko sesithathu siqwalasela izincomo kunye neempendulo zezincomo njengoko zichazwa kwezinye iilwini, oko kukuthi, imisebenzi ka Wolfson no Manes (1980), Wolfson (1983); Manes (1983); Holmes (1988); no Herbert (1990). Isahluko sesine siqwalasela izincomo kunye neempendulo zezincomo esiXhoseni. Kwesi sahluko izincomo zohlulwe zaba zindidi ezintathu: amadoda nabafazi; izihlobo; abantu abanamawonga angalinganiya. Abantu abanamawonga angalinganiyo bohlulwe bangamaqela amabini: abantu abanamawonga aphezulu kunye nabo banamawonga asezantsi. EsiXhoseni abantu abanamawonga aphezula kwakunye nabo banamawonga asezantsi bathi bancomane omnye nomnye. Kwakhona esiXhoseni amadoda nabantu ababhinqileyo, izihlobo kunye nabantu abanamawonga angalinganiyo badla ngokuncomana. Ezona zincomo zibalaseleyo zezo ziquka imbonakalo, ingqondo kunye nobumnini. Kwezinye iziganeko izincomo zisetyenziswa njengendlela yokukhuthaza kunye nokubonisa ixabiso. Abantu abanconywayo badla ngokuphendula isincomo eso. Impendulo yesincomo isenokuba yeyakhayo okonye engakhiyo. Umntu onconywayo usenokuvumelana okanye angavumelani nesincomo. Impendulo yakhe ixhomekeke ukubeni uziva njani na ngesincomo eso. Kwesi sifundo, isahluko sesihlanu sesokugqibela kulapho kuchazwa khona izigqibo ekufikelelwe kuzo nezithe zashwankathelwa.
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Huang, Yan. "Anaphora in Chinese : towards a pragmatic analysis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276198.
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Mudau, Mmbulaheni Lawrence. "Euphemism in Tshivenda : a socio-pragmatic analysis." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1988.
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Thesis (Ph. D. (Tshivenda)) --University of Limpopo, 2016This study examined Tshivenḓa euphemisms from a socio-pragmatic perspective within a framework of Politeness and Indirectness Communicative theories. According to Brown and Levinson (1987), Politeness Theory describes politeness as showing concern for people’s ‘face’ needs where ‘face’ means one’s public self-image. In terms of the Indirectness Communicative Theory, euphemism is a face saving mechanism which emphasizes mutual cooperation in a conversation. Euphemisms are described as substitutions of agreeable or inoffensive expressions for ones that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. They are words with meanings or sounds that are thought, somehow, to be nicer, cleaner or more elevated and they are used as substitutes for words deemed unpleasant, crude or ugly in sound or sense. The study adopted a descriptive and exploratory design within a qualitative research approach, based on the view that qualitative research aims at explaining complex phenomena by means of verbal description rather than testing hypotheses with numerical values. Furthermore, primary data were elicited from 25 participants of different ages, genders, educational levels, social status and occupations who are native speakers of the Tshivenḓa language by means of semi-structured interviews. Since this study involved working with humans, all ethical aspects were ensured. The study, which investigated the use of Tshivenḓa euphemisms, was conducted in seven social domains in Venḓa in the Vhembe District: local courts, churches, homes, hospitals, girls in seclusion, schools and electronic media. The study’s findings show evidence of the use of Tshivenḓa euphemisms in these various domains. However, the court domain seems not to use many euphemisms due to the fact that clear communication is required there; for two parties in a case to understand what is being said during the proceedings the use of roundabout indirect language is avoided – the courts believe in calling ‘a spade, a spade.’ Through the careful analysis of euphemisms, the study’s findings revealed that euphemisms have both positive and negative effects on language, including Tshivenḓa. Some of the positive effects of euphemisms revealed by this study include the ability to avoid directly naming what is deemed unpleasant; they make the language sound more v literary; and they allow people to discuss touchy or taboo subjects with ease. However, the findings also suggested that euphemisms may be disrespectful; they could hinder clear communication; they are deceptive; and they may lead to miscommunication and general confusion. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that the use of euphemisms in Tshivenḓa language should be reinforced in all social domains in order to enhance politeness; preserve the public self-image of the participants in communicative exchanges; and facilitate harmonious interpersonal relationships. It is also recommended that further study be undertaken to identify other factors that may affect the use of euphemisms in Tshivenḓa from other perspectives. Key concepts: Politeness; Euphemisms; Treadmill; Taboo; Face work
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Park, Jinha. "Piano music of Elisenda Fabregas| A stylistic analysis." Thesis, University of South Carolina, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3561836.
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The purpose of this study is to present a stylistic analysis of the piano music by American-Spanish composer and pianist Elisenda Fábregas (b.1955). Fábregas' compositional output includes more than forty works for solo, chamber ensemble, vocal, chorus and orchestra; her large-scale piano works consist of Mirage (1997), Portraits I (2000), Homenatge a Mompou (2006), and Hommage à Mozart (2006). Chapter I consists of an introduction, including the purpose of the investigation and a literature review. Chapter II covers brief biographical information, compositional genre and style, and compositional output of piano, vocal and chamber music. Chapter III provides a stylistic analysis of the four concert piano works of Fábregas: Mirage (1997), Portraits I (2000), Homenatge a Mompou (2006) and Hommage à Mozart (2006). Chapter IV consists of a summary, conclusion, and recommendations for further research.
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Goverts, Desirée Elise. "A linguistic and stylistic analysis of the Bórama." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707968.
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Lister, W. "A stylistic analysis of 'Jacob's Well' (chapters 1-50)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372483.
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Keene, Nadene Ann McMahan Elizabeth. "Male/female language a stylistic analysis of freshman compositions /." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1985. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p8608951.
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Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1985.Title from title page screen, viewed July 1, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Elizabeth McMahan (chair), Janice Neuleib, Maurice Scharton, Ronald Halinski. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-75) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Williams, Laura M. "Libby Larsen's Seven Ghosts: A Stylistic and Gestural Analysis." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1335442135.
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Migdadi, Fathi H. "Complimenting in Jordanian Arabic : a socio-pragmatic analysis." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1259303.
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The overall purpose of this study is to correlate features of compliments and compliment responses in Jordanian Arabic with social variables including gender, age, and traditionalism. This research project sets out to investigate the following questions:1. Do men and women give and respond to compliments differently? If so, how?2. Do people of different age groups give and respond to compliments differently? Ifso, how?3. Do traditional and non-traditional people give and respond to compliments differently? If so, how?Naturally occurring examples of compliments/ compliment responses were gathered by 10 fieldworkers in the research site of Irbid, Jordan. The dependent variables that were investigated include the topics, syntactic patterns, positive semantic carriers, the format of compliments, and the types of compliment responses.The results indicate that although the complimenting behavior of Jordanian people is similar in some ways, the social variables do correlate with some systematic differences. Specifically, people who share the same gender, age, or level of traditionalism compliment each other more frequently than persons who differ in any of these categories. Moreover, females and young people primarily use the following complimenting categories: compliments on appearance, explicit compliments, exclamatory syntactic patterns, and compliment plus explanation. Women and men differ in using compliment responses in that the women prefer questions and accounts compared to the men who employ more blessings and disagreements. Explanations forthese variations are discussed, based on the functions of compliments and the nature of the Jordanian culture.This research contributes to socio-pragmatics by analyzing variation in the use of complimenting in a relatively homogenous speech community. It tackles some culture-specific features of politeness and indirectness that are crucial to any politeness theory. The research also serves pedagogical purposes in that the application of its results in the classroom will help to reduce the communication breakdowns often experienced by L2 learners. With respect to methodology, the study provides adequate data to further test the validity of natural data collection in the investigation of speech acts.Department of English
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Srinivasan, Sharada. "Archaeometallurgical and stylistic re-analysis of South Indian statuary bronzes." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619148.
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Shezi, Vusumzi Annatius. "A pragmatic analysis of compliments in Zulu educational contexts." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1204.
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Yu, Bin-Bin. "Aspects of parliamentary discourse in Taiwan : a pragmatic analysis." Thesis, University of Reading, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440100.
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Broad, Lynne English Media & Performing Arts Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Chris Marker: A stylistic analysis of his film and media work." Publisher:University of New South Wales. English, Media, & Performing Arts, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41548.
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This thesis explores the poetics of editing in the films and multimedia works of Chris Marker. From his first essay films of the 1950s to his 1998 CD-ROM Immemory, the directors work has attracted critical attention for its beauty and originality of expression. Much existing analysis engages with this work in terms of its subject matter and themes and their relationship with its associational, rather than linear, narrative form, with relatively little focus on the stylistics of Markers editing. While questions of the directors thematic concerns also arise in my study, I argue that Markers contribution to cinema and the visual arts cannot be fully appreciated without a systematic understanding of his stylisticshis expressive use of cinematic forms and patterns. In developing such an understanding, this thesis utilises the work of a number of film writers explicitly concerned with the expressive use of cinematic space and time. From Andr?? Bazin, I take the idea of rapprochement to mean the way the comparison between two juxtaposed events or images suggests or expresses the meaning of their juxtaposition. From Jean-Andr?? Fieschi, I draw on the idea that the dialectical interaction of the plastic, formal and narrative elements of a film gives meaning to its cinematic space and time. My approach synthesises and builds upon both ideas for its account of the stylistics of Markers work. Starting with a preliminary analysis of one cinematic comparison in The Case of the Grinning Cat (2004), I then consider Markers exploration of the imaginative potential of a single image sequence in The Last Bolshevik (1993). After this, I explore examples of the stylistic figure of rapprochement in Letter from Siberia (1958), and the stylistic figure of transformation in Sunless (1982). The thesis then studies articulations of rapprochement and transformation in the museum installations Zapping Zone: Proposals for an Imaginary Television (1991), Silent Movie (1995) and the CD-ROM Immemory.
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Teranishi, Masayuki. "Polyphony in fiction : a stylistic analysis of Middlemarch, Nostromo, and Herzog /." Oxford ; Bern Berlin Bruxelles Frankfurt, M. New York, NY Wien : Lang, 2008. http://d-nb.info/987953192/04.
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Dicus, Kent Timothy 1958. "A stylistic analysis of selected piano works of Louis Moreau Gottschalk." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276718.
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Although Louis Moreau Gottschalk's works are not generally recognized as being exceptionally significant in the development of musical style, they do serve as a link between the music of Frederic Chopin and that of Charles Ives. Certain stylistic characteristics of Chopin are seen in many of Gottschalk's works, especially those which incorporate "Scherzo" and "Mazurka" passages. Simultaneously, Gottschalk's concept of using popular tunes as prominent melodies and themes was later expanded by Charles Ives. Gottschalk's works include some of America's first experimentations with form through utilization and expansion of the basic form of ABA Coda. Through his use of varied ABA form with repeated and parallel passages, Gottschalk developed his particular style of phrasing, texture, and rhythm, all of which figure prominently in his works. Four pieces are examined with these concepts as the basis for analysis.
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Holm, Margaret Ann. "Prehistoric Northwest Coast art : a stylistic analysis of the archaeological record." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29932.
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This thesis is a stylistic study of the prehistoric art record from the Northwest Coast of North America. Its purpose is three-fold: to describe the spatial and temporal variation in the stylistic attributes of prehistoric art; to evaluate theories on the evolution of the Northwest Coast art tradition; and to comment on the possible factors behind variation in the prehistoric art record.
This study examines stylistic attributes related to representational imagery, concentrating on five variables: decorated forms, carving techniques, design elements, design principles, and motifs. The core sample consists of anthropomorphic and zoomorphic images from dated archaeological contexts; a total of 242 artifacts from 58 sites are examined. The material is presented in chronological order corresponding to the Gulf of Georgia prehistoric cultural sequence.
The major finding of this study is that by the end of the Locarno Beach phase or the beginning of the Marpole phase the essential character of the Northwest Coast art style had developed. There are new developments in the late period, but the evidence presented suggests a previously undocumented stylistic continuity from the late Locarno Beach phase to historic Coast Salish art with no decline in quality or productivity. This study indicates that, as far back as the record extends, three-dimensional, naturalistic forms and two-dimensional incising and engraving techniques have equal antiquity. From the Locarno Beach phase onward the flat, engraved style and the three-dimensional sculpture style developed together; the formline concept developed very early out of the raised, positive lines created by deep engraving in antler.Arts, Faculty of
Anthropology, Department of
Graduate
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Dizon, Rachelle. "A Stylistic Analysis of Tom Flaherty’s (b. 1950) Works for Clarinet." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27953.
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Composer Tom Flaherty (b. 1950) received a 2016 Grammy award nomination for his piece Airdancing for Toy Piano, Piano and Electronics (2013) in the category of Best Chamber Music/Small Ensemble Performance. He has also received numerous grants, prizes, awards, and residencies from organizations including the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the American Music Center. His most recognized work for clarinet is Three Pieces for Clarinet (1982), which won the Delius Composition Contest in 1985 and is included on Eric Mandat’s 1991 album, The Extended Clarinet. Even though Flaherty has received recognition for Three Pieces, his clarinet works as a whole are rarely performed today. His two works for clarinet and piano, Diversion (1985) and Scherzo (1995), remain unknown in the clarinet repertoire. Furthermore, Diversion has been available only in manuscript. Because very little information about Flaherty and his works for clarinet exists, this dissertation provides a stylistic analysis of Three Pieces, Diversion, and Scherzo, and discusses the performance implications of that analysis. Also included in the dissertation is a performance edition of Diversion and the transcription of my interview with the composer. Flaherty’s compositions for clarinet are technically and musically demanding. One of the most challenging aspects of these works is the way Flaherty manipulates pulse. Rhythmic complexity also tends to obscure the listener’s perception of steady pulse and metrical consistency. In each of these works for clarinet, three compositional elements work together to clarify form: melodic contour, intervallic emphasis, and rhythmic devices. This analysis identifies significant musical features that impact form and provides a methodological approach for musical interpretation. It also provides musicians with useful tools to perform these works with musical conviction, which in turn may bring recognition to Flaherty’s lesser-known works, hopefully making them a part of standard contemporary clarinet repertoire.
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Dobržinskienė, Rasa. "The pragmatic linguistic analysis of the communicates of TV commercials." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120601_102751-46957.
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The object of the thesis – the communicates of TV commercials. The objective of the research – based on the speech act theory, to analyze micro acts (linguistic act sub-units of smaller scale) involved in TV commercials broadcast in Lithuania, their intentions (functions), and to reveal specifics of linguistic structure expression, and its interaction with image and sound. TV commercials have never been analyzed based on the speech act theory before. Moreover, linguistic act classification has been applied to TV commercials for the first time ever. There is examined the structure of advertising macro act, developed typology of micro acts. Detailed classification of micro acts highlights intentions of sayings of broadcast television commercials. The intentions convey the intents of message sender (addresser). It’s noticed that image and / or sound can convey particular intentions, which consist with intentions of linguistic acts or complement them. Expression of the linguistic relation between addresser and addressee is actual for analysis of linguistic acts of broadcast TV commercials. It depends on the objective group of the consumers. The research of micro acts of broadcast TV commercials realizing that speech act theory encompassed by pragmatic linguistics can be purposefully used for analysis of TV commercials.Disertacijos tiriamasis objektas – transliuojamųjų televizijos reklamų komunikatai. Tyrimo tikslas – remiantis kalbinių aktų teorija, išanalizuoti Lietuvoje transliuotų televizijos reklamų komunikatų mikroaktus (smulkesnes kalbinių aktų atmainas), jų intencijas (funkcijas), atskleisti kalbinės struktūros raiškos specifiką bei sąveiką su vaizdu ir garsu. Iki šiol transliuojamosios televizijos reklamos nebuvo analizuotos remiantis kalbinių aktų teorija, be to, pirmą kartą joms tirti pritaikyta kalbinių aktų klasifikacija. Disertacijoje nagrinėjama transliuojamųjų televizijos reklamos makroakto struktūra, sukuriama atitinkama mikroaktų tipologija. Smulkus mikroaktų skirstymas išryškina transliuojamųjų televizijos reklamų pasakymų intencijas, kuriomis perteikiami reklaminio pranešimo siuntėjo (adresanto) ketinimai. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į tai, kad reklamos vaizdu ir / ar garsu taip pat galima perteikti tam tikras intencijas, kurios sutampa su kalbinių aktų intencijomis ar jas papildo. Transliuojamųjų televizijos reklamų kalbinių aktų analizei aktuali adresanto ir adresato kalbinė raiška, kuri priklauso nuo to, į kurią tikslinę vartotojų grupę kreipiamasi. Atliktas transliuojamųjų televizijos reklamų mikroaktų tyrimas atskleidžia, kad pragmatinės lingvistikos kalbinių aktų teorija gali būti tikslingai taikoma analizuojant televizijos reklamas.
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Qian, Kan. "Towards a pragmatic approach to the analysis of television advertisements." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332041.
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Chor, Oi-wan Winnie, and 左靄雲. "A semantic and pragmatic analysis of verbal particles in Cantonese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B2914744X.
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Lu, Yue. "Pragmatic Approaches for Timing Analysis of Real-Time Embedded Systems." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-14628.
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Many industrial real-time embedded systems are very large, flexible and highly configurable software systems. Such systems are becoming ever more complex, and we are reaching the stage in which even if existing timing analysis was feasible from a cost and technical perspective, the analysis results are overly pessimistic, making them less useful to practitioners. When combined with the fact that most existing real-time embedded systems tend to be probabilistic in nature due to high complexity featured by advanced hardware and more flexible and/or adaptive software applications, this advocates moving toward pragmatic timing analysis, which is not specifically limited by constrains related to intricate task execution and temporal dependencies in systems. In this thesis, we address this challenge, and we present two pragmatic timing analysis techniques for real-time embedded systems. The first contribution is a simulation-based analysis using two simple yet novel search algorithms of meta-heuristic type, i.e., a form of genetic algorithms and hill-climbing with random restarts, yielding substantially better results, comparing traditional Monte Carlo simulation-based analysis methods. As the second contribution, we discuss one major issue when using simulation-based methods for timing analysis of real-time embedded systems, i.e., model validity, which determines whether a simulation model is an accurate representation of the target system at the certain level of satisfaction, from a task response time and execution time perspective. The third contribution is a statistical timing analysis, which, unlike the traditional timing analysis, does not require worst-case execution times of tasks as inputs, and computes a probabilistic task worst-case response time estimate pertaining to a configurable task reliability requirement. In addition, a number of tools have been implemented and used for the evaluation of our research results. Our evaluations, using different simulation models depicting fictive but representative industrial control applications, have shown a clear indication that our new timing analysis techniques have the potential to be both applicable and useful in practice, as well as being complementary to software testing focusing on timing properties of real-time embedded systems that are used in various domains of industrial automation, aerospace and defense, automotive telematics, etc.
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Thomas, J. "The dynamics of discourse : A pragmatic analysis of confrontational interaction." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372937.
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Secova, Maria. "Discourse-pragmatic features of spoken French : analysis and pedagogical implications." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/681.
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My research focuses on selected discourse features of spoken French, especially those typical of present-day youth language. The dissertation has two main parts: 1) Analysis of features typical of spoken language, based on my corpus of recorded data from young people aged 20 to 30, speaking to each other in spontaneous informal conversations. The analysis focuses particularly on features with discourse-pragmatic functions, including discourse markers, general extenders, presentational constructions and dislocated structures. I also address the question of how some of these typically spoken features develop in French youth language and the extent to which they may be considered innovative. 2) Discussion of the role of spoken language in foreign language teaching and learning, based partly on the results of a questionnaire for university learners of French as a foreign language aimed at investigating their knowledge of spoken features. This section addresses the question of whether features of spoken language generally, and of youth language in particular, are available to foreign learners.
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Mlawanda, Ganizani. "Inter and intra-laboratory variability of CD4 : a pragmatic analysis." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26819.
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Background: Measuring CD4 levels is the key laboratory investigation for decision making when initiating HAART, a tertiary prevention measure to reduce HIV/AIDS mortality and morbidity. Inherent biological and analytical variability is common during CD4 enumeration. We cannot control biological variation but how significant is analytical variation to clinical decision making. Objectives: To quantify inter and intra laboratories analytical variation of CD4 counts and percentages and to determine the degree to which time lapse after sample collection contributes to the analytical coefficient of variation (CV%).To estimate the extent of disease misclassification due to CD4 variability if CD4 < 350cells/mm3. Setting: This study was conducted at the HIV clinics of RSSC Hospital, a sugar-cane estate health institution located on the north-east of Swaziland, in Lubombo district, the worst affected by HIV/AIDS in Swaziland. The laboratories involved were Lancet, Good Shepherd (GSH) and National Reference (NRL) laboratories. Study design and method: An analytical diagnostic, cross-sectional (observational) study was used in this study. Using a convenience sampling technique and after obtaining consent from participants, blood was collected in EDTA tubes and sub-divided into three samples, each for Lancet, GSH and NRL. The samples were further split into two at each respective laboratory, one of which was run at 12hours and the other at 24hours from the time of sample collection. Main outcome measures: Student t-test; analytical coefficient of variation (CV%); Bland and Altman (BA) method bias and limits of confidence; BA plots and percentage difference plots; concordance correlation, Pearson and Kappa coefficients; McNemar test for comparison of paired proportion. Results: Fifty three participants consented for participation and of these twenty eight participants were male. The mean CD4 was 373.4 cells/mm3 for Lancet, 395.9 cells/mm3 for NRL and 439.2 cells/mm3 for GSH and subsequent paired t-test revealed some inherent variability. The CV% for CD4 count was 3.5%, 8.4% and 20.1 whilst bias was 7.0, 13.5 and 8.2 for NRL, Lancet and GSH respectively. CD4% had even stronger CV% for all three laboratories. Inter-laboratory bias for Lancet/NRL was -31.5; -64.3 for Lancet/GSH and -38.2 for NRL/GSH at 12hours for CD4 count with only Lancet/GSH having a clinically interchangeable limit of agreement. At 24hours, the trends were similar, possibly confirming stability of CD4 between 12 and 24hours. An assessment of disease misclassification at HAART initiation threshold was performed. The agreement was 81.1% for Lancet/NRL, 88.7% for Lancet/GSH and 77.4% for NRL/GSH corresponding to Kappa values of 0.64, 0.77 and 0.55 respectively. McNemar test for paired proportions revealed that there were no differences between the laboratories when it came to initiating HAART. Conclusions: whilst intra-laboratory variability is minimal, there is some significant inter-laboratory variation of CD4 count and CD4% at the laboratories used in Swaziland. Swaziland should ensure standard SOPs, on -going training and continuous quality improvements for all national laboratories and ensure standards are on par with international recommendations. The national HIV guidelines should possibly enforce two different CD4 counts in decision making to reduce systematic errors. Meanwhile, clinicians should continue to use their clinical judgment in cases of suspicious CD4 count results.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)
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Baljko, Melanie A. "Ensuring stylistic congruity in collaboratively written text, requirements analysis and design issues." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq29236.pdf.
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Power, Brian Edward. "The polyphonic introits of Trento, archivio capitolare, MS 93, a stylistic analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0017/NQ45757.pdf.
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Morgan, Maggie. "The polyphonic "voice of society" a stylistic analysis of Our mutual friend /." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Spring%20Theses/MORGAN_MAGGIE_15.pdf.
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Kim, Jichan. "A stylistic and structural analysis of the Samson story (Judges 13-16)." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1989. http://www.tren.com.
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Bragina, Jekaterina. "A cognitive stylistic analysis of J.R.R. Tolkien's fantasy world of Middle-earth." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3873/.
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This study provides an extensive cognitive stylistic analysis of one of the most intricate and vast high fantasy worlds created in modern literature – J. R. R. Tolkien’s Middle-earth. The two most popular works that describe this single world are The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. The analysis of these texts is conducted using modern cognitive stylistic and linguistic theories (Text World Theory, Schema Theory, Possible Worlds Theory and Cognitive Metaphor Theory), as well as tools from narratology (point of view and focalisation) and discourse stylistics (phraseology and reference studies). The study explores how Tolkien’s skilful stylistic usage of language enables the readers to construct a vast and detailed alternative world in their minds, making use of the combination of general knowledge and the information provided by the texts. In order to investigate and describe from a cognitive perspective some possible ways in which readers construct the fantasy world of Middle-earth, the following specific questions are addressed: 1) How does cognitive research explain how readers go beyond the words on the page to set up rich mental representations of alternative worlds? 2) How do narrative and linguistic features such as focalisation, metaphor, phraseology and reference contribute to the representation of locations, situations and characters? 3) What particular functions are performed by these linguistic features in terms of fantasy world-building? After the introduction (chapter one), the six subsequent chapters are divided into three parts analysing the texts from three different perspectives. Part I (containing chapter two) deals with the narratological aspect, analysing narrative (non-dialogue) text in terms of character focalisations, narratorial omniscience and the narrator’s identity. In part II (containing chapters three and four) world theories are used to analyse the texts. In chapter three, Text World Theory and Schema Theory are applied to The Hobbit, examining the construction of the initial text-world in the first chapter of the story, the ways the world’s inhabitants are introduced into the world, as well as the construction of the intermediate world linking the fantasy world with the empirical one. In chapter four, Possible Worlds Theory is applied to both texts, analysing the world of Middle-earth in terms of its truth-value, its distance from the empirical world as perceived by the reader and its saturation with lifelike details. Part III (chapters five, six and seven) deals with specific stylistic devices that serve as world-building tools in both texts. Chapter five draws on Cognitive Metaphor Theory to analyse personified nature, which accounts for the philosophical aspect of the world of Middle-earth. Chapter six is devoted to the analysis of stylistic modifications of idiomatic expressions (phraseological units), which are influenced by the high fantasy genre of the texts. In chapter seven, the stylistic device of underspecification (the use of indefinite referential expressions) is analysed, exposing its paradoxical expanding effect on the fantasy world. In the concluding chapter (chapter eight), the findings of the analyses are consolidated into a set of world-building functions that are performed by the linguistic features analysed.
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Dizon, Rachelle. "A Stylistic Analysis of Tom Flaherty?s (b. 1950) Works for Clarinet." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27953.
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Composer Tom Flaherty (b. 1950) received a 2016 Grammy award nomination for his piece Airdancing for Toy Piano, Piano and Electronics (2013) in the category of Best Chamber Music/Small Ensemble Performance. He has also received numerous grants, prizes, awards, and residencies from organizations including the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the American Music Center. His most recognized work for clarinet is Three Pieces for Clarinet (1982), which won the Delius Composition Contest in 1985 and is included on Eric Mandat?s 1991 album, The Extended Clarinet. Even though Flaherty has received recognition for Three Pieces, his clarinet works as a whole are rarely performed today. His two works for clarinet and piano, Diversion (1985) and Scherzo (1995), remain unknown in the clarinet repertoire. Furthermore, Diversion has been available only in manuscript. Because very little information about Flaherty and his works for clarinet exists, this dissertation provides a stylistic analysis of Three Pieces, Diversion, and Scherzo, and discusses the performance implications of that analysis. Also included in the dissertation is a performance edition of Diversion and the transcription of my interview with the composer. Flaherty?s compositions for clarinet are technically and musically demanding. One of the most challenging aspects of these works is the way Flaherty manipulates pulse. Rhythmic complexity also tends to obscure the listener?s perception of steady pulse and metrical consistency. In each of these works for clarinet, three compositional elements work together to clarify form: melodic contour, intervallic emphasis, and rhythmic devices. This analysis identifies significant musical features that impact form and provides a methodological approach for musical interpretation. It also provides musicians with useful tools to perform these works with musical conviction, which in turn may bring recognition to Flaherty?s lesser-known works, hopefully making them a part of standard contemporary clarinet repertoire.
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Odendaal, Andries Albertus. "The piano music of Peter Klatzow : a stylistic analysis of selected works." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11716.
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The piano music of Peter James Leonard Klatzow forms an integral part of his musical output. An analysis of these works may provide useful insight into the compositional style of this South African composer. Jan LaRue's theory of stylistic analysis formed the inspiration for the analytical approach of the thesis, and the main focus of this analysis is the 1994 composition, From the Poets. This work is analysed in terms of use of sound, harmony and melody in order to attempt an understanding of how these elements impact and contribute to the sense of structure. Other works that have been completed since 1980 are analysed in terms of the main motivic and harmonic material, with occasional reference to other musical parameters that are important for an understanding of the musical discourse.
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Nelson, Amy. "A Stylistic Analysis of American Indian Portrait Photography in Oklahoma, 1869-1904." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2785/.
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This thesis studies the style of Native American portrait photographs of William S. Soule (1836-1908), John K. Hillers (1834-1925), and William E. Irwin (1871-1935), who worked in Oklahoma from 1869 to 1904. The examination of the three men's work revealed that each artist had different motivations for creating Native American portrait photographs, and a result, used a distinct style. However, despite the individual artistic styles, each artist conformed to Native American stereotypes common during the nineteenth-century. The thesis includes a discussion of the history of the area, photographer biographies, a stylistic analysis of the photographs, and how the images fit into American Indian stereotypes.
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Yilmaz, Erkan. "A Pragmatic Analysis Of Turkish Discourse Particles: Yani, Iste And Sey." Phd thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604853/index.pdf.
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Adopting an eclectic analytic perspective of discourse analysis, conversation analysis
and functional approaches, this study conducts an in-depth pragmatic analysis and
describes the function of three pragmatic particles yani, iSte and Sey in casual,
conversational Turkish. All three particles have multiple functions, which are
described by reference to occurrences in utterances within three different domains of
conversation. While utterance initial occurrences of yani are mainly connective and
continuative, the utterance final placement of yani mainly acts as a situating particle
with a strongly interactional nature. The utterance medial occurrences are basically
&lsquoself-editing&rsquo
whereby the speaker marks the clarification of a point in his/her prior talk. iSte mainly acts as a frame particle demarcating utterances as containing detailed, highlighted, and reported information as well as connecting distant pieces of utterances. The third particle Sey basically marks the speaker&rsquo
s temporary mental effort of extracting the linguistic information from the memory. In addition to its major role in repair organisation whereby marking its producer&rsquo
s verbal planning and word search, Sey displays caution and discretion and marks politeness when assessing/asserting something about the self or the other.
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Taira, Masako. "A pragmatic analysis of Japanese sentence-final particles : a translational approach." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265958.
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McGinnis, Scott Gary. "A pragmatic analysis of Mandarin interrogatives : data from modern Taiwan drama /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487685204969569.
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Finlayson, Bill. "A pragmatic approach to the functional analysis of chipped stone tools." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19742.
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Malick, Dancausa Elisabeth. "Qualités de l’ironie : approches croisées de l’ironie dans L’Homme sans qualités de Robert Musil." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20071/document.
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Qu’est-ce que l’« ironie » ? Les multiples définitions de ce concept renvoient à des phénomènes si divers qu’il est impossible d’opérer une classification raisonnée, englobant toutes les manifestations possibles de ce que l’on nomme « ironie ». L’on peut cependant constater que la recherche sur l’ironie se décline en trois grandes orientations, correspondant aux trois domaines d’étude distincts que sont la linguistique, la littérature et la philosophie. Il nous a semblé intéressant de tenter d’approcher cette notion de manière plus globale en vérifiant si les différentes définitions de l’ironie ne peuvent pas, sinon trouver un dénominateur commun, du moins entrer en interaction. Ce travail croise ainsi les différents champs d’étude consacrés à l’ironie, afin d’aboutir à une conception plus globale du phénomène. Nous avons tâché de surmonter les contradictions qu’entraîne la confrontation des diverses définitions théoriques particulières du concept en privilégiant une approche empirique du phénomène dans une œuvre particulière : L'Homme sans qualités de Robert Musil. Notre travail a pour objectif de déterminer s'il est possible de mettre en évidence l’existence de « signaux » linguistiques de l’ironie comme « rapport au réel » au niveau du texte littéraire où elle s’exprime. Nos recherches s’articulent ainsi autour de trois grands axes: l'analyse pluridisciplinaire de la notion d’ironie, l'analyse du contexte historique et culturel de L'Homme sans qualités comme « rapport ironique au réel » puis, enfin et surtout, l'analyse des signaux linguistiques et stylistiques propres à rendre l’ironie du texte. Les résultats de cette démarche se montrent particulièrement fructueux dans la mesure où le croisement des diverses approches possibles de l’ironie permet de cerner de façon plus exacte le sens de l’ironie musilienne mais aussi de comprendre de façon générale, à partir du texte de Musil, les mécanismes linguistiques de cette ironieWhat is « irony »? The multiple definitions of this concept given throughout history present such different phenomena that it is impossible to incorporate all the ideas of what we call « irony » into one. However we have come to the conclusion that it is in fact possible to divide the research carried out on this subject into three main fields which correspond with three distinct study domains: linguistic, literary and philosophical. We have found it interesting to try to approach this notion of irony globally, maybe not by finding a common denominator, but by verifying whether the different definitions of it can at least interact with one another. This study also covers the various perspectives of irony with the aim of reaching a more global concept of the phenomenon. We have tried to overcome the contradictions of the various theoretical definitions of the concept by giving priority to the empirical approach of the phenomenon given in the novel: The Man without qualities. The aim of our study is to determine whether it is possible to find evidence of linguistic « signs » of irony in the novel as a « relation to what is real ». Our research is based around three main axes: the multidisciplinary analysis of the notion of irony, an analysis of the historical and cultural context of The Man without qualities as an « ironical relation to what is real », and most importantly, an analysis of the linguistic and stylistic signs which add irony to the text. The result of this research is fruitful in so far as cross referencing the various possible approaches of irony has allowed us to not only determine more precisely the musilian meaning of irony but also to understand, based on Musil’s text, the linguistic mechanisms of irony in a more general sense
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Tarafdar, Arundhati. "Wordspotting from multilingual and stylistic documents." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4022/document.
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Les outils et méthodes d’analyse d’images de documents (DIA) donnent aujourd’hui la possibilité de faire des recherches par mots-clés dans des bases d’images de documents alors même qu’aucune transcription n’est disponible. Dans ce contexte, beaucoup de travaux ont déjà été réalisés sur les OCR ainsi que sur des systèmes de repérage de mots (spotting) dédiés à des documents textuels avec une mise en page simple. En revanche, très peu d’approches ont été étudiées pour faire de la recherche dans des documents contenant du texte multi-orienté et multi-échelle, comme dans les documents graphiques. Par exemple, les images de cartes géographiques peuvent contenir des symboles, des graphiques et du texte ayant des orientations et des tailles différentes. Dans ces documents, les caractères peuvent aussi être connectés entre eux ou bien à des éléments graphiques. Par conséquent, le repérage de mots dans ces documents se révèle être une tâche difficile. Dans cette thèse nous proposons un ensemble d’outils et méthodes dédiés au repérage de mots écrits en caractères bengali ou anglais (script Roman) dans des images de documents géographiques. L’approche proposée repose sur plusieurs originalitésWord spotting in graphical documents is a very challenging task. To address such scenarios this thesis deals with developing a word spotting system dedicated to geographical documents with Bangla and English (Roman) scripts. In the proposed system, at first, text-graphics layers are separated using filtering, clustering and self-reinforcement through classifier. Additionally, instead of using binary decision we have used probabilistic measurement to represent the text components. Subsequently, in the text layer, character segmentation approach is applied using water-reservoir based method to extract individual character from the document. Then recognition of these isolated characters is done using rotation invariant feature, coupled with SVM classifier. Well recognized characters are then grouped based on their sizes. Initial spotting is started to find a query word among those groups of characters. In case if the system could spot a word partially due to any noise, SIFT is applied to identify missing portion of that partial spotting. Experimental results on Roman and Bangla scripts document images show that the method is feasible to spot a location in text labeled graphical documents. Experiments are done on an annotated dataset which was developed for this work. We have made this annotated dataset available publicly for other researchers