Journal articles: 'Stylus profilometer'

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Kochetkov, Andrey V., Andrey A. Troshin, and Oleg V. Zakharov. "Surface Texture Measurement with Profile Method Using Six-Axis Coordinate Measuring Machine." Defect and Diffusion Forum 410 (August 17, 2021): 872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.872.

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Currently the measurement of surface texture in mechanical engineering is traditionally carried out using profilometers. Modern profilometers do not allow measuring of surfaces with complex shapes. This is due to the different sensitivity of the sensor and the discreteness of the movements along the axes of the Cartesian coordinate system. Coordinate Measuring Machines are devoid of such a drawback. However, stylus of the coordinate measuring machine has a diameter many times larger than the diamond stylus of the profilometer. Therefore, there is a mechanical filtering effect, that affects the results of measuring the parameters of the surface texture. In this paper a mathematical model of the contact of the spherical stylus and a rough surface based on analytical geometry is proposed. Influence of the diameter of the spherical stylus on the maximum measurement errors of a amplitude parameters are investigated. Seven amplitude parameters Rp, Rv, Rz, Ra, Rq, Rsk, Rku of the surface texture are modeled. Coordinate measuring machine and profilometer with stylus diameter of 2 μm measurement results are compared. it was concluded that the stylus diameter of the coordinate measuring machine when measuring the surface texture should be no more than 20 μm.

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Clark, Stephan R., and John E. Greivenkamp. "Ball tip–stylus tilt correction for a stylus profilometer." Precision Engineering 26, no. 4 (2002): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-6359(02)00118-6.

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Ślusarski, Łukasz. "Measurement accuracy analysis for microgeometry nanostandards with microinterferometer and stylus profilometer." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 67, no. 4 (2018): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8503.

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The goal of the work, described in this paper, was to examine and analyse measurement capabilities of GUM Length and Angle Department in measurements of step height/depth standards with the values below 1 μm (nanostandards), with 2D, and 3D surface characteristics. Measurements were performed with microinterforometer and stylus profilometer. Keywords: nanometrology, depth/height standards, microinterferometry, contact profilometry.

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García, Jesús Caja, Alfredo Sanz Lobera, Piera Maresca, Teresa Fernández Pareja, and Chen Wang. "Some Considerations about the Use of Contact and Confocal Microscopy Methods in Surface Texture Measurement." Materials 11, no. 8 (2018): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081484.

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Surface metrology employs various measurement techniques, among which there has been an increase of noteworthy research into non-contact optical and contact stylus methods. However, some deeper considerations about their differentiation and compatibility are still lacking and necessary. This work compares the measurement characteristics of the confocal microscope with the portable stylus profilometer instrumentation, from a metrological point of view (measurement precision and accuracy, and complexity of algorithms for data processing) and an operational view (measuring ranges, measurement speed, environmental and operational requirements, and cost). Mathematical models and algorithms for roughness parameters calculation and their associated uncertainties evaluation are developed and validated. The experimental results demonstrate that the stylus profilometer presents the most reliable measurement with the highest measurement speed and the least complex algorithms, while the image confocal method takes advantage of higher vertical and horizontal resolution when compared with the employed stylus profilometer.

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Cuesta, Eduardo, Daniel Gonzalez-Madruga, Braulio J. Alvarez, and Marta Garcia-Dieguez. "Development of a Behaviour Curve for Quality Evaluation with Optoelectronic Profilometers." Key Engineering Materials 615 (June 2014): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.615.51.

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This work shows an experimental procedure aimed to generate a graph with the optimal roughness parameters in order to obtain the best roughness measurements of an optoelectronic profilometer. The optimal parameters have been determined taking into account the grade of agreement between the optical roughness values and the equivalent values of traditional contact devices. The working parameters of the optoelectronic profilometer are based on computational filters which are controlled by software working with a 3D stratified colour map (chromatic fragmentation of the white light). However, these parameters substantially differ from the usual contact profilometers that work with 2D roughness profiles (cut-off, evaluation length and contact stylus radii). This work pursues to find the optical profilometer parameters, and its values, that ensure the best quality measurement for a wide range of machining process and testing several ISO roughness intervals.

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Chetwynd, D. G. "Low-cost testing of profilometer stylus forces." e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 116, no. 4 (1999): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03159514.

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Liu, Shou Bin, and Zhan Ping Li. "Design of a Constant Probing Force System for Profilometer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 511-512 (February 2014): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.511-512.301.

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The core component of profilometer is a stylus displacement measuring system, whose resolution reaches nanoscale. Since the stylus tip is very small, a variation on probing force has a great impact on the results of high-precision displacement measurements. In this paper, a special flat rectangular voice coil motor is designed to realize a constant probing force for the stylus displacement measuring system. Experimental results show the probing force can be adjusted from 5mg to 1000mg and the resolution can reach 5mg.

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Li, Yufeng, and F. E. Talke. "Limitations and Corrections of Optical Profilometry in Surface Characterization of Carbon Coated Magnetic Recording Disks." Journal of Tribology 112, no. 4 (1990): 670–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920314.

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The thickness of a thin absorbing carbon step on a strongly absorbing magnetic layer is measured using contact stylus and noncontact optical profilometer instrumentation, The dependence of optical profilometer measurements on carbon film thickness and optical properties of both the magnetic layer and the carbon film is investigated, and the error in the optical measurement is evaluated as a function of the phase shift of the light reflected from the sample surface. A marked improvement in the accuracy of the step height measurement is obtained if account is taken of the phase shift of the light reflected from the carbon overcoat and the magnetic substrate, respectively. The measurement of surface roughness of thin films on strongly absorbing substrates is discussed and the use of a dual wavelength technique is proposed to enhance the accuracy of optical profilometry.

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Yun, Jian Ping, Ling Ling Zhang, Tie Bang Xie, and Guo Yuan Hu. "A Contact Stylus Profilometer Based on Linnik Interference Microscope." Key Engineering Materials 364-366 (December 2007): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.364-366.371.

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We have constructed a novel contact stylus profilometer which is, in a certain sense, a combination of a lever system, an x-y stage, a vertical scanning stage and a Linnik microscope interferometer with a spatially and temporally incoherent light source. The system has large measurement range, high precision and small touch force. Its vertical measuring range is ±5 mm with a resolution below 2 nm, and the horizontal measuring range is ±25 mm in x- and y-range with a resolution of 1.25 μm. This paper describes the system and its performance along with results of measuring some samples.

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Yang, Xu Dong, Jia Chun Li, and Tie Bang Xie. "A Large Measuring Range Profilometer for Three-Dimensional Surface Topography Measurement." Key Engineering Materials 364-366 (December 2007): 750–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.364-366.750.

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A novel profilometer for three-dimensional (3D) surface topography measurement is presented. The profilometer has large measuring range, high precision and small measuring touch force. It is composed of a two-dimensional (2D) displacement sensor, a 3D platform based on vertical scanning, measuring and control circuits and an industrial control computer. When a workpiece is measured, the vertical undulation of the profile at a sampling point leads to a zero offset of the 2D displacement sensor. According to the zero offset, a piezoelectric actuator and a servo motor drive the vertical scanning platform to move vertically to ensure that the lever returns to its balance position. So the non-linear error caused by the rotation of the lever is very small even if the measuring range is large. When the stylus barges up against a steep wall, the horizontal resistance force results in another zero offset of the 2D displacement sensor. If the zero offset exceeds a quota, the vertical scanning platform descends to make the stylus climb the steep wall successfully. According to the theoretical and experimental analysis, the profilometer can measure roughness, profile of sphere, step, groove and other 3D surfaces with curvature precisely.

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Duboust, N., H. Ghadbeigi, C. Pinna, et al. "An optical method for measuring surface roughness of machined carbon fibre-reinforced plastic composites." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 3 (2016): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316644849.

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Characterization of the damage induced by machining of fibre-reinforced composites is usually performed by measuring surface roughness. Contact-based surface profilometers are the most used equipment in industry; however, it has been found that there are performance limitations which may result when used to measure machined heterogeneous composite surfaces. In this research, surface roughness is characterised using a commercial non-contact optical method, and compared with a conventional stylus profilometer. Unidirectional and multidirectional carbon fibre laminates were edge trimmed and slot milled. The variation in surface roughness was compared using different tool types, fibre orientations and cutting parameters. Surface damage and cutting mechanisms were assessed by using scanning electron microscope images, and the suitability of roughness parameters were also analysed including: Sa, Skewness and Kurtosis. Using the optical system allowed accurate roughness calculation of individual plies on a multidirectional laminate with different fibre orientations. The research has also shown that the optical system, including the use of areal roughness parameters, can increase the accuracy of roughness measurement for machined fibrous composite surfaces and is less sensitive to measurement position than the stylus.

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Lee, Dong-Hyeok. "3-Dimensional profile distortion measured by stylus type surface profilometer." Measurement 46, no. 1 (2013): 803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2012.09.022.

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Lee, Dong-Hyeok, and Nahm-Gyoo Cho. "Assessment of surface profile data acquired by a stylus profilometer." Measurement Science and Technology 23, no. 10 (2012): 105601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/10/105601.

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Kamps, T. J., J. C. Walker, and A. G. Plint. "In situ stylus profilometer for a high frequency reciprocating tribometer." Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 5, no. 3 (2017): 034004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/aa7da8.

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Morrison, Euan. "A prototype scanning stylus profilometer for rapid measurement of small surface areas." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 35, no. 2 (1995): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-6955(94)p2390-2.

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Adamczak, Stanisław, Jacek Świderski, and Tomasz Dobrowolski. "An analysis of the application of the protective chamber of the stylus prof ilometer on measurement results of the surface texture." Mechanik 91, no. 2 (2018): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2018.2.28.

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The article presents an impact of the temperature change in time on measurement results of the surface texture and efficiency of the application of the protective chamber of the contact profilometer in order to minimize variations of the temperature affecting measuring instrument.

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Hsieh, Yu-Li, Wen-Shao Chen, Liann-Be Chang, et al. "Deep Etched Gallium Nitride Waveguide for Raman Spectroscopic Applications." Crystals 9, no. 3 (2019): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9030176.

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Gallium nitride (GaN) materials with a high chemical stability and biocompatibility are well suited for bio-sensing applications and evanescent wave spectroscopy. However, GaN poses challenges for processing, especially for deep etching using conventional etching techniques. Here, we present a dry-etching technique using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) oxide as an etching barrier. We demonstrate that a sharp, vertically-etched waveguide pattern can be obtained with low surface roughness. The fabricated GaN waveguide structure is further characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and a stylus profilometer.

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Ozdemir, Turgay, Salim Hiziroglu, and Mutlu Kocapınar. "Adhesion Strength of Cellulosic Varnish Coated Wood Species as Function of Their Surface Roughness." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/525496.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate adhesion strength of four wood species, namely, beech (Fagus orientalisLipsky), alder (Alnus glutinosasubsp.barbataYalt.), spruce (Picea orientalisL. Link), and fir (Abies nordmannianasubsp.) coated with cellulosic varnish. Samples were prepared in tangential and radial grain orientations from the above species. Surface quality of the specimens was also measured employing stylus type equipment after samples of all four types of species were sanded with 80- and 180-grit sandpaper prior to coating process. Surface roughness of the specimens sanded with 80-grit sandpaper resulted in significantly higher mean peak-to-valley height (Rz) values based on the measurement employing stylus type profilometer. The highest adhesion strength values of 2.39 N/mm2and 2.03 N/mm2were found for beech and alder samples, respectively. It appears that overall higher roughness characteristics of the specimens exhibited enhanced adherence between substrate and varnish resulting in higher adhesion strength values.

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Hutyrová, Zuzana, Marta Harničarová, Jozef Zajac, Jan Valíček, and Jozef Mihok. "Experimental Study of Surface Roughness of Wood Plastic Composites after Turning." Advanced Materials Research 856 (December 2013): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.856.108.

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In this study, surface characteristics of the samples of experimentally manufactured woodplastic composites (WPC) were determined. Turning process was used to produce surfaces by removing material from a rotating workpiece. For turning, the rotation speed, feed, and depth of cut determine the rate of material removal and resulting surface quality. The surface roughness is one of the most important factor affecting coating performance of the WPCs. Parameters of surface roughness (final micro-geometric characteristics Ra, Rz) of the samples was determined using a stylus-type profilometer Surftest SJ 401. This information will provide baseline data on the quality of WPC samples after turning.

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Garbini, J. L., L. J. Albrecht, J. E. Jorgensen, and G. F. Mauer. "Surface Profilometry Based on Fringing Capacitance Measurement." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 107, no. 3 (1985): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3140720.

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A rugged, compact sensor for in-process measurement of surface finish profiles is proposed. The concept is based on the detection of variations in the fringe electric field generated between the surface and a perpendicular, ceramic-encased electrode. An analysis of both static and spatial dynamic characteristics of this “capacitive profilometer” is presented. For some surfaces, the device acts as a low-pass spatial filter, attenuating the higher spatial frequencies. A method of dynamic compensation, based on Fourier transform techniques, is developed. Experimental results demonstrate the validity of the analysis and dynamic compensation. Direct comparisons of surface profiles measured with the capacitive and standard stylus-type are presented and show good agreement.

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Bogatov, Andrei, Maxim Yashin, Mart Viljus, Pradeep L. Menezes, and Vitali Podgursky. "Comparative Analysis of Two Methods for Evaluating Wear Rate of Nanocrystalline Diamond Films." Key Engineering Materials 721 (December 2016): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.721.345.

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The study deals with the calculation of the wear rate of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films. The NCD films were grown by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MW-PECVD) on (100)-oriented Si wafers. Reciprocating sliding tests with different loads and test durations were conducted. The depth profiles of wear scars were analyzed by the mechanical (stylus) profilometer and the wear rate was evaluated. The NCD films were broken across the wear scars and the wear rate was estimated by the measurement of the area of wear scar using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) cross-sectional image. A good agreement was found between two methods.

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Furlan, Rogerio, Joel A. M. Rosado, and Ana Neilde Rodrigues Da Silva. "Formation of Oriented Fibers Using Injection of PEO Solutions inside Electric Fields Defined by Two Parallel Suspended Electrodes." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 6, no. 2 (2011): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v6i2.348.

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Formation of oriented fibers using injection of polyethylene oxide (PEO) solutions inside electric fields defined by two parallel suspended electrodes is investigated. Images of streams formed with the injection of a large amount of polymeric solution reveal good agreement with electric field distributions obtained with numerical simulation (COMSOL Multiphysics) when appropriate boundary conditions are defined. Oriented fibers with diameters in the range of hundreds of nanometers to micrometers result connected between electrodes (separated by several centimeters) and can be easily collected/transferred keeping their orientation. Fibers with this characteristic find applications in topics such as tissue and sensors engineering. Also, the fibers are flexible and can be shaped with the stylus of a profilometer.

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Fan, Di. "A New Method for Testing the Asphere Surface with a Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.27.

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Due to the special properties of asphere lens, the testing of it is more difficult than that of spherical lens. In this paper, the development of a new method using the liquid crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) to measure the accuracy of an aspheric surface is presented. The surface form was measured using a new component as the compensator lens in conjunction to provide an interferogram representing the aspheric form deviation from the nominal. Interferograms are decoded using a spatial-carrier phase shifting technique. The interferometric data is compared to data obtained using a contact stylus profilometer. The system can be mounted over a polishing machine and used for on-line testing of aspheric mirror surfaces.

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Li, Qiaolin, Yuki Shimizu, Toshiki Saito, Hiraku Matsukuma, and Wei Gao. "Measurement Uncertainty Analysis of a Stitching Linear-Scan Method for the Evaluation of Roundness of Small Cylinders." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (2020): 4750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144750.

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Influences of angular misalignments of a small cylinder on its roundness measurement by the method referred to as the stitching linear scan method are theoretically investigated. To compensate for the influences, a technique for measuring angular misalignments of a small cylinder by utilizing the linear-scan surface form stylus profilometer, which is employed for roundness measurement, is newly proposed. In addition, for roundness measurement, a holder unit capable of compensating for the angular misalignments of a small cylinder is developed, and the feasibility of the proposed technique is verified in experiments. Furthermore, a measurement uncertainty analysis of the stitching linear-scan method is carried out through numerical calculations based on a Monte Carlo method.

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Nadolny, K., and W. Kapłonek. "Analysis of Flatness Deviations for Austenitic Stainless Steel Workpieces after Efficient Surface Machining." Measurement Science Review 14, no. 4 (2014): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2014-0028.

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Abstract The following work is an analysis of flatness deviations of a workpiece made of X2CrNiMo17-12-2 austenitic stainless steel. The workpiece surface was shaped using efficient machining techniques (milling, grinding, and smoothing). After the machining was completed, all surfaces underwent stylus measurements in order to obtain surface flatness and roughness parameters. For this purpose the stylus profilometer Hommel-Tester T8000 by Hommelwerke with HommelMap software was used. The research results are presented in the form of 2D surface maps, 3D surface topographies with extracted single profiles, Abbott-Firestone curves, and graphical studies of the Sk parameters. The results of these experimental tests proved the possibility of a correlation between flatness and roughness parameters, as well as enabled an analysis of changes in these parameters from shaping and rough grinding to finished machining. The main novelty of this paper is comprehensive analysis of measurement results obtained during a three-step machining process of austenitic stainless steel. Simultaneous analysis of individual machining steps (milling, grinding, and smoothing) enabled a complementary assessment of the process of shaping the workpiece surface macro- and micro-geometry, giving special consideration to minimize the flatness deviations

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Chen, Chao Chang Arthur, Chih Ching Lin, and Rung Chen. "Stylus Measurement and Error Analysis of Large Slope Angle Lens." Materials Science Forum 594 (August 2008): 312–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.594.312.

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Contact stylus instrument has difficulties in tracing large slope angle (LSA) lens for surface profile measurement due to the dilation of measured profile image by the shape of stylus tip. This research is to develop a surface profile reconstruction method for tip profile with LSA lens and then verified the result by estimating the form error. Experimental set-up is configured of a surface profile and roughness analyzer, Panasonic Ultra Accuracy 3-D Profilometer (UA3P), and the feasibility of the developed program is compared with the results of a commercial operation software, UA3P software. The figure form error (FFE) is used to evaluate the developed method. Experiments have been performed by measuring the LSA lens of a s55ml spherical gage with measuring ranges increasing from ±30°, ±45° to ±60° and measuring an aspheric lens with range ±50°. Experimental results showed that the FFE of the developed method has smaller FFE values than those obtained by the UA3P software as the measuring range of ±30° and ±45. Similar result of FFE is obtained as 0.891 μm for the aspheric lens by the developed method than FFE 0.896 μm by the UA3P software. Therefore, the developed method has been verified for estimating the FFE of LSA lens with variant measuring ranges. Future work is to develop related compensation methodology of FFE for LSA lens measurement and also to find appreciated tip profiles for measuring LSA lens of higher order nonlinear terms.

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Morrison, Euan. "The development of a prototype high-speed stylus profilometer and its application to rapid 3D surface measurement." Nanotechnology 7, no. 1 (1996): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/7/1/005.

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Kurada, S., and C. Bradley. "EVALUATION OF MACHINED SURFACE TEXTURE USING A VISION SENSOR." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 23, no. 1A (1999): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1999-0003.

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A non-contact measurement technique was developed for the in-cycle assessment of ground surface texture. The system utilises off-the-self vision components to capture the pattern of scattered light from the surface, which is illuminated by a white light source at a shallow grazing angle. Three parameters, related to the surface texture, were derived from the pattern and correlation curves were established by plotting the three textural parameters against the corresponding average surface roughness Ra obtained from a stylus profilometer. A set of test samples, ground to a pre-determined roughness, were used to estimate the efficacy of the measurement technique. The proposed technique is fast and reliable means of extracting textural information from ground surfaces and, furthermore, it can be easily adapted to use in a production environment.

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Bradley, C., and S. Kurada. "Machine Vision Monitoring for Automated Surface Finishing." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 121, no. 3 (1999): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2832703.

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A considerable amount of research has recently been performed on automated die and mold finishing systems. The research has tended to focus on the development of the finishing tool, the means of positioning and controlling the tool or efficient algorithms for moving the tool to achieve desired degrees of surface roughness. However, there has been relatively less effort to develop sensors suitable for providing the critical surface finish data necessary for any closed loop system. This paper presents two algorithms that, when coupled with machine vision hardware, are capable of providing surface texture information. The algorithms are developed and the results calibrated against a stylus profilometer. Tests have been conducted on mold cavity surfaces and the results evaluated against standard tactile means. The hardware has been incorporated with a computer controlled coordinate machine.

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Ren, N., D. C. Zhao, Z. J. Ma, G. J. Xiao, and S. H. Wu. "Mechanical Properties of Ti-Doped DLC Multilayer by Pulse Cathodic Arc Deposition." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.941.

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To reduce the internal stress and obtain thicker DLC film, a multilayer structure DLC comprised of Ti-doped nanolayer were deposited on Titanium alloy substrate by pulse cathodic arc technology, the Ti content is decreased from bottom to top layer. And the surface layer is carbon deposited with ion–assist deposition. The chemical composition of the films was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The film structure was characterized by Raman spectroscopy. Other properties of the films are evaluated by Dektak 8 Stylus Profilometer, nano-hardness tester and reciprocating sliding wear tester. And the thickness, hardness, and friction coefficient of two samples are 2.2μm, 1.5μm, 5200Hv, 5500Hv, and 0.09, respectively. The internal stress, calculated by Stoney’s equation, is 2.2GPa, 2.1GPa. And the adhesion strength is 40N/mm2, 35N/mm2.

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Kumar, B. M., and M. M. Ratnam. "Machine vision method for non-contact measurement of surface roughness of a rotating workpiece." Sensor Review 35, no. 1 (2015): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-01-2014-609.

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Purpose – This paper aims to propose a non-contact method using machine vision for measuring the surface roughness of a rotating workpiece at speeds of up to 4,000 rpm. Design/methodology/approach – A commercial digital single-lens-reflex camera with high shutter speed and backlight was used to capture a silhouette of the rotating workpiece profile. The roughness profile was extracted at sub-pixel accuracy from the captured images using the moment invariant method of edge detection. The average (Ra), root-mean square (Rq) and peak-to-valley (Rt) roughness parameters were measured for ten different specimens at spindle speeds of up to 4,000 rpm. The roughness values measured using the proposed machine vision system were verified using the stylus profilometer. Findings – The roughness values measured using the proposed method show high correlation (up to 0.997 for Ra) with those determined using the profilometer. The mean differences in Ra, Rq and Rt between the two methods were only 4.66, 3.29 and 3.70 per cent, respectively. Practical implications – The proposed method has significant potential for application in the in-process roughness measurement and tool condition monitoring from workpiece profile signature during turning, thus, obviating the need to stop the machine. Originality/value – The machine vision method combined with sub-pixel edge detection has not been applied to measure the roughness of a rotating workpiece.

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Akgun, Mine. "Effect of Yarn Filament Fineness on the Surface Roughness of Polyester Woven Fabrics." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 10, no. 2 (2015): 155892501501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501501000214.

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The effect of weft yarn filament fineness on the surface roughness of fabrics woven from polyester yarns through different fabric constructional properties was investigated. Warp yarn type and count and warp density were the same but weft yarn count, weft yarn filament fineness/numbers, and weft density were different for the fabrics in the experimental sub-groups. An objective assessment for surface roughness measurement of woven fabrics by using a stylus profilometer was made. Experimental results show that yarn filament fineness affected fabric porosity and fabric surface roughness. Fabrics with finer filaments could have a compact structure due to small porosity values between the filaments inside the yarns and between yarns themselves in fabrics. Closeness of yarns in fabric structure decreased differences between high and low peaks on fabric surface, and as a result fabric surface roughness decreased.

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Garbini, J. L., Sih-Ping Koh, Jens E. Jorgensen, and Mamidala Ramulu. "Surface Profile Measurement During Turning Using Fringe-Field Capacitive Profilometry." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 114, no. 2 (1992): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2896520.

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The use of fringe-field capacitive sensing for surface profile measurement during the turning process is described. Measurements of the local surface height are inferred from variations in a fringe electric field induced between the sensing element and the workpiece. The surface profile is determined from high-speed scanning of the sensing element across the surface. The technique is particularly well-suited to the relatively harsh environment of in-process measurement. We have implemented a system in which profile measurements are made continuously, in real-time, and immediately adjacent to the cutting tool. The results of tests conducted to determine the accuracy and sensitivity of this capacitive profilometer are presented. In-process measurements of surfaces generated by turning with roughness in the range of 0.3 to 4.0 μm were made. Comparisons with static profile measurements made using standard stylus instrumentation are presented, and show quantitative agreement.

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Balasundraprabhu, Rangasamy, E. V. Monakhov, N. Muthukumarasamy, and B. G. Svensson. "Studies on Nanostructure ITO Thin Films on Silicon Solar Cells." Advanced Materials Research 678 (March 2013): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.678.365.

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Nanostructure ITO thin films have been deposited on well cleaned glass and silicon substrates using dc magnetron sputtering technique. The ITO films are post annealed in air using a normal heater setup in the temperature range 100 - 400 °C. The ITO film annealed at 300°C exhibited optimum transparency and resistivity values for device applications. The thickness of the ITO thin films is determined using DEKTAK stylus profilometer. The sheet resistance and resistivity of the ITO films were determined using four probe technique. Finally, the optimized nanostructure ITO layers are incorporated on silicon solar cells and the efficiency of the solar cell are found to be in the range 12-14%. Other solar cell parameters such as fill factor(FF), open circuit voltage(Voc),Short circuit current(Isc), series resistance(Rs) and shunt resistance(Rsh) have been determined. The effect of ITO film thickness on silicon solar cells is also observed.

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Łętocha, Aneta, Jolanta Cyboroń, and Tatiana Miller. "Roughness analysis of composite based on aluminum alloys after electrical discharge machining process with use of different filtering methods." Mechanik 90, no. 4 (2017): 318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2017.4.49.

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Ceramic materials or metallic materials containing ceramic phases are very interesting cases in roughness measurement. They are characterised by more or less pored surface. This paper presents roughness analysis of composite material with aluminum alloy base (AlSi7Mg) with 10 vol. % of silicon carbide (SiC) and 10 vol. % of spherical graphite (Cg) additions. Surfaces of these samples were prepared using electrical discharge machining (EDM) process. Measurements were performed with use of contact TOPO 02 profilometer equipped with diamond stylus tip (2 μm radius and 60 degree cone angle). This machine is produced in The Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. Measurements were analysed with use of three filtration methods: Gaussian filter, Robust Gaussian filter and Gaussian filter for surfaces having stratified functional properties. Height roughness parameters, roughness core parameters and volume parameters were calculated. Most proper filtering method, which gives credible results of roughness parameters, was chosen.

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Kim, Kyung Joong, Chil Seong Jung, and Tae Eun Hong. "A new method for the calibration of the vertical scale of a stylus profilometer using multiple delta-layer films." Measurement Science and Technology 18, no. 9 (2007): 2750–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/18/9/002.

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Dai, Y. Z., and F. P. Chiang. "On the Mechanism of Plastic Deformation Induced Surface Roughness." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 114, no. 4 (1992): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904196.

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The plastic deformation induced surface roughening mechanism of aluminum sheets is experimentally investigated. Specimens used in the study have grain sizes varying from tens of microns to millimeters. The roughnesses of the specimens’ free surfaces are measured during plastic deformation by means of a mechanical stylus type profilometer with a tip radius of 5 microns. Observations show that plastic deformation roughens a free surface mainly by introducing slip bands within individual grains and relative rotation among grains. The average grain rotation and grain size are found to be the dominant contributor to the surface vertical characteristics such as the root-mean-square roughness. The surface horizontal characteristic such as the correlation length is found to be mainly determined by the average grain size. Based on the observations and some analysis, a model is advanced for the explanation of the phenomenon that the root-mean-square roughness is proportional to the magnitude of plastic deformation and average grain size.

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Fauzun, Fazliana, Syarifah Nur Aqida, Md Saidin Wahab, and Wahab Saidin. "Optimisation of Pulsed Nd: YAG Laser Processing of Gray Cast Iron for Enhanced Surface Properties." Advanced Materials Research 1024 (August 2014): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1024.215.

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This paper presents laser surface modification of gray cast iron for enhanced surface hardness properties. A 300 W high power Nd:YAG laser system with pulse mode was used to modify gray cast iron samples surface. Laser processing was conducted using a 33 full factorial design. Three controlled parameters were laser power, pulse duration and overlap percentage. The modified surface was characterised for metallographic study, roughness and hardness. Metallographic study and surface morphology were conducted using optical microscope while hardness properties were measured using Vickers scale. Surface roughness was measured using a 2D stylus profilometer. The results show that hardness of laser modified surface increased due to grain refinement. The overlapping rates increased significantly with decreasing laser scanning speed which affected sample surface integrity. Low surface roughness obtained at the highest scanning speed of 1400 mm/min, and low power of 830 W with pulse repetition frequency of 50 Hz. Process optimization was carried out for maximum surface hardness and laser modified depth, and minimum surface roughness. These findings indicate potential application of cast iron for high wear resistant applications through laser surface modification.

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Veisfeld, Nina. "Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging Reveals Artifacts Produced by Commonly Used Analytical Methods." Microscopy and Microanalysis 1, no. 4 (1995): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927695111630.

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The atomic force microscopy is increasingly being used in analytical laboratories to study material surface phenomena. Whereas its use is not free of artifacts itself, the AFM, because of the ways it produces topography images, can shed some light on problems associated with other analytical techniques. This article describes the use of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in visualizing and evaluating the extent of some well-known artifacts produced by three techniques widely used in analytical laboratories. The three different types of artifacts demonstrated here are caused, respectively, (1) by a stylus profilometer used for topography characterization of the pole tip area of magnetic heads, (2) by an accumulation of an organic contamination caused by a stationary electron beam positioned on an analyzed surface during SEM/EDX analysis, (3) by an enhancement of aluminum grain structure produced by a rastered monodirectional sputtering ion beam during Auger depth profile analysis. The analytical consequences of each of the presented artifacts are discussed. The images were collected on the TOPOMETRIX TX 2000 “Discoverer” AFM, using standard 4-μm pyramidal tips and forces within a few nanometers.

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Reza, Mohamed Suffian, Syarifah Nur Aqida, and Mohd Radzi Mohd Toff. "An Investigation of Phase Crystallinity in Laser Modified Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) Thermal Barrier Coating." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 1601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.1601.

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This paper presents laser surface modification process of plasma sprayed yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thermal barrier coating (TBC) for enhanced hardness properties and low surface roughness. A 300W JK300HPS Nd: YAG laser was used to process YSZ TBC sample surface. The parameters selected for examination were laser power, pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and residence time. Micrographs of the TBC system were captured using EVO 15 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Surface roughness was measured using 2-dimensional stylus profilometer. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was conducted to measure phase crystallinity of the laser-modified coating surface. X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded in the 2θ range of 10 to 80° using Bruker D8 Advance system with 0.7Å wavelength from a copper source (~1.5Å). The laser modified surface exhibited higher crystallinity compared to the as-sprayed samples. The presence of tetragonal phase was detected in the as-sprayed and laser processed samples. The hardness properties of laser modified TBC increased 15% of the as-sprayed sample. These finding are significant to development of thermal barrier coating design optimization for enhanced surface properties of semi-solid forming die.

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Pérez, César B., and C. Reyes-Betanzo. "Stress Reduction of Amorphous Silicon Deposited by PECVD." MRS Proceedings 1812 (2016): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2016.26.

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ABSTRACTAmorphous silicon (α-Si) was deposited on glass substrates by PECVD at different deposition conditions in order to characterize the residual stress on the film. Subsequently, a thermal-annealing was applied for different times at 400 °C in a N2 atmosphere, aiming to reduce the stress in the films. The deposition power was between 15 and 30 W at 13.56 MHz, the pressure in the chamber was adjusted in a range from 600 to 900 mTorr, and the temperature was varied from 140 to 200 °C. The stress was determined by using the Stoney equation, measuring the curvature and thickness of the α-Si films with a stylus profilometer. A deposition rate between 7-24 nm/min was obtained, and the time for thermal-annealing needed to reduce the stress was reduced from 10 to 2-4 h, obtaining a minimum compressive stress of 17 MPa. With this value of stress, it was possible to use the α-Si as masking material for wet etching of glass during the manufacturing of microfluidic devices, in order to obtain microstructures in the glass with 150 μm in depth.

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De Chiffre, Leonardo, Ö. C. Kücükyildiz, and Niels Bay. "A Simple Model Linking Surface Roughness with Friction Coefficient and Manufacturing Cost." Key Engineering Materials 767 (April 2018): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.767.275.

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A simple theoretical model linking surface micro geometry, friction and manufacturing cost is presented. Combining a basic geometrical relationship of plastic deformation of workpiece surface asperities by a hard tool with an assumption of adhesive friction, the friction coefficient of a soft, rough surface sliding against a hard, smooth tool surface can be calculated, linking surface roughness with friction coefficient. The simple model can also link the cost related to manufacturing with a surface characterized by a given friction coefficient value. Results are presented from tests carried out to verify the simple model. Several test pieces were manufactured by turning, or grooving, an aluminum alloy and brass using different feeds, tool nose radii, and tool nose angles, achieving different surface profiles. The surfaces were characterized using a stylus profilometer and a digital microscope. The static friction coefficient was determined in terms of angle of repose using a rotary table. The experimentally determined values of the friction coefficient were compared with those predicted from feed, tool radius, and asperity angle. The tests have shown a good reproducibility, and a clear determination of the friction coefficient was possible. However, due to the low normal loads involved in this set up, the influence from the surface roughness was not clear. Further investigations are therefore proposed.

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Pöller, Franziska, Félix Salazar Bloise, Martin Jakobi, Shengjia Wang, Jie Dong, and Alexander W. Koch. "Non-Contact Roughness Measurement in Sub-Micron Range by Considering Depolarization Effects." Sensors 19, no. 10 (2019): 2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102215.

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The characteristics of a surface, particularly the roughness, play an important role in different fields of the industry and have to be considered to ensure quality standards. Currently, there are numerous sophisticated methods for measuring surface roughness but plenty of them cause long-term damage because they are in contact with the sample. This article presents a non-contact method to accurately determine small surface roughnesses resulting from the consideration of the depolarization effects caused by the rough surface. This technique can be applied as an extension in various roughness measurements and improves the approach of Chandley’s technique, which does not take into account the depolarization of the light scattered by the sample. The experimental setup and the measurements are easy to perform. The essential component is a quarter wave plate, which is incorporated into a Michelson interferometer. With the resulting two different contrasts and the recorded intensities of the sample and the reference mirror, the surface roughness can be estimated straightforwardly. This article details the theoretical approach, followed by the experimental results and the corresponding uncertainties. The experimental results are compared with Chandley’s method. In order to have reference roughness values of the samples, measurements with a stylus profilometer and with a confocal microscope are performed and compared.

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Bariman, Norhafzan, Syarifah Nur Aqida, and Fazliana Fauzun. "Laser Melting of High Thermal Conductivity Steel (HTCS) Surface." Materials Science Forum 890 (March 2017): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.890.380.

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This paper presents a laser melting of high thermal conductivity steel (HTCS) dies for surface properties modification due to die failures during operations. Sample were cut from as-received die without any defect or crack. Melting process was conducted using Nd:YAG laser system with pulse mode at 50 W average power. The laser beam was defocused to a spot size of 1 mm on the sample surface. Parameters controlled in this study were peak power of 800 and 1200 W, and pulse repetition frequency of 80 and 90 Hz. Metallographic study and chemical composition analysis were conducted using Hitachi TM3030Plus scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDXS). Surface roughness was measured using Mitutoyo SURFTEST SJ-410 stylus profilometer. Hardness properties of the modified layer were characterized by Wilson Hardness tester at 100 N force. The metallographic study showed high porosity at partially melted zone (PMZ) area. From overall findings, laser processing parameter affected hardness properties and surface roughness of modified layer. Where the surface roughness value obtained is between 1.49 and 3.15 μm, while the hardness value is between 550.9 and 610.9 HV0.1. These findings are significant to parameters selection for hot stamping die surface repair and prolong its service.

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Elawadly, Tarek, Iman A. W. Radi, Amr El Khadem, and Reham B. Osman. "Can PEEK Be an Implant Material? Evaluation of Surface Topography and Wettability of Filled Versus Unfilled PEEK With Different Surface Roughness." Journal of Oral Implantology 43, no. 6 (2017): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-17-00144.

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Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites are biocompatible materials that may overcome the esthetic and allergic problems of titanium dental implants. However, their potential for osseointegration with a subsequent survival rate is still questionable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness and wettability of different surface-treated filled and unfilled PEEK specimens, which may be indicative of the osseointegration behavior and potential use of PEEK as an implant material. Unfilled, ceramic-filled (CFP) and carbon fiber-reinforced (CFRP) PEEK discs were prepared and left untreated or were surface treated with 50 μ, 110 μ, or 250 μ aluminum oxide particles. The roughness average (Ra) value of each disc was evaluated using a contact stylus profilometer. Their contact angles were measured to evaluate their wettability, which was compared among PEEK discs using ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni test for pairwise comparisons (P ≤ .05). Regarding the surface roughness, a significant difference was found between unfilled and filled PEEK when untreated and bombarded with 50 or 110 microns of aluminum oxide particles. For the contact angle, a significant difference was found only among the untreated PEEK materials. Among the evaluated PEEK materials, CFRP50, CFRP110 and CFP110 showed the most favorable Ra values with good wettability properties, thus being potential substrates for dental implants.

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Dhanasekaran, V., T. Mahalingam, S. Rajendran, Jin Koo Rhee, and D. Eapen. "Electroplated CuO Thin Films from High Alkaline Solutions." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 15, no. 1 (2011): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v15i1.88.

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CuO thin films were coated on ITO substrates by an electrodeposition route through potentiostatic mode. The electrodeposited CuO thin films were characterized and the role of copper sulphate concentration on the structural, morphological and optical properties of the CuO films was studied. Film thickness was measured by a stylus profilometer and found to be in the range between 800 and 1400 nm. The structural characteristics studies were carried out using X-ray diffraction and found that the films are polycrystalline in nature with a cubic structure. The preferential orientation of CuO thin films is found to be along (111) plane. The estimated microstructural parameters revealed that the crystallite size increases whereas the number of crystallites per unit area decreases with increasing film thickness. SEM studies show that the grain sizes of CuO thin films vary between 100 and 150 nm and also morphologies revealed that the electrodeposited CuO exhibits uniformity in size and shape. The surface roughness is estimated 15 nm of the CuO film were studied by atomic force microscopy. Optical properties of the films were analyzed from absorption and transmittance studies. The optical band gap energy was determined to be 1.5 eV from absorption coefficient. The variation of refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), with wavelength was studied and the results are discussed.

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Alhattab, Ali Abdul Munim, Shaikh Asad Ali Dilawary, Amir Motallebzadeh, Cevat Fahir Arisoy, and Huseyin Cimenoglu. "Effect of electron beam surface melting on the microstructure and wear behavior of Stellite 12 hardfacing." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, no. 5 (2019): 636–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-05-2018-0182.

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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of electron beam surface melting (EBSM) on the properties of Plasma Transfer Arc (PTA) deposited Stellite 12 hardfacing.Design/methodology/approachFor this purpose, structural characterization and dry sliding wear tests have been conducted on the hardfacings at room temperature. The wear tracks formed on the surfaces of the hardfacings were examined by a stylus-type profilometer and a scanning electron microscope.FindingsRefinement of the matrix and the carbides following EBSM process led to about 15 per cent increment in hardness as compared to PTA state. Despite an increase in the surface hardness, EBSM’ed hardfacing exhibited about 50 per cent lower sliding wear resistance than PTA hardfacing against alumina ball. According to the worn surface examinations, reduction in the wear resistance of Stellite 12 after EBSM process has been associated with the extensive refinement of the carbides which made them easier to be removed from the matrix during the sliding contact.Originality/valueThe authors of current study have applied EBSM to PTA deposited Stellite 12 hardfacing alloy to investigate if the surface structure and properties could be improved. More specifically the dry sliding wear performance of PTA and EBSM’ed hardfacings have been focused in the scope of this study. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this approach, i.e. use of EBSM as a post deposition treatment of Stellite 12 hardfacings, has not been reported in open literature.

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Sukpat, Mahathep, and Karuna Tuchinda. "Response Behavior of Local Surface Failure due to Repetitive Impact of Stainless Steel." Key Engineering Materials 841 (May 2020): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.841.177.

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Material property that can describe its behavior under repetitive impact is an important data for the design and failure analysis of any engineering part. Study of this behavior by measuring the size of apparent damaged area at the surface (crater depth) and tracking the damage intensity is extremely difficult for small area. An attempt to develop the understanding of different response behavior during repetitive impact of stainless steel was made in this work. This paper presented the relation of the response signal to the contact surface condition in the repetitive impact test by mean of spectrum analysis. Acceleration response of a specimen under impact load could be affected by contact condition since contact area and local thickness of the specimen could be changed. The testing machine was developed to provide the repetitive impact force to the specimen. Surface morphology and depth of the crater were captured by optical microscope and 2D-stylus profilometer. The appearance in the peak spectrum amplitude of a response signal was found to be a noticeable response behavior that can differentiate the damaged specimen from the healthy specimen. Results of the response spectrum gave a clear relation to the damage intensity of the specimen. The increase in the peak amplitude during the number of impact cycles was found in the damaged specimen while the non-damaged specimen conditions the peak amplitude of the response is constant throughout the test.

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Merola, Massimiliano, Alessandro Ruggiero, Jonathan Salvatore De Mattia, and Saverio Affatato. "On the tribological behavior of retrieved hip femoral heads affected by metallic debris. A comparative investigation by stylus and optical profilometer for a new roughness measurement protocol." Measurement 90 (August 2016): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.05.003.

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Mendoza-Leal, Gabriela, C. Hernandez-Navarro, Johan Restrepo, Martin Flores-Martinez, Eduardo Rodríguez, and E. García. "Tribological performance of ternary TiMN films (M=AL, B, and Cr) deposited by cathodic arc on M2 steel." MRS Advances 3, no. 62 (2018): 3675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.605.

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AbstractIn the industry, the titanium nitride (TiN) coating is widely used in cutting tools, decorative and corrosion protection film, but unfortunately, this coating presented a poor performance under some work condition. For that, different studies have been dedicated to improving its properties with the inclusion of a third element that modifies the film structure, chemical and mechanical properties. In this work, TiN layers with/without of Al, B, and Cr inclusion were studied in order to analyze their effect in the film tribological performance. These were deposited using cathodic arc PVD technic on AISI-M2 steel. They were chemical and structural characterized using EDX and XRD, respectively. While the film thickness was determinate using a ball-cratering technique. Their tribological performance was studied using a sliding reciprocating movement in dry conditions, under three loads, at 30 min against Al2O3 ball as counterbody. The resulting wear tracks were studied using optical microscopy in order to study the wear mechanism. Raman spectroscopy was used to determinate the chemical changes produced on wear zones and the lost material was measured with a stylus profilometer. As result, the structure and morphology were modified with the inclusion of the third element. The TiN with the inclusion of Al and B presented a higher friction force and wear rate than TiN films. While the TiN with Cr inclusion film presented the best tribological performance with lower wear rate and friction coefficient. The Raman studies did not showed considerable changes on the damage coted surface areas, except for TiAlN coating that show the M2 tool steel Raman spectra on the areas where the film was removed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Stylus profilometer'

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