Journal articles: 'Styrene butadiene rubber compound'

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Andreini, G., P. Straffi, S. Cotugno, G. Gallone, and G. Polacco. "COMPARISON OF SINE VERSUS PULSE WAVEFORM EFFECTS ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF NR, SBR, AND BR COMPOUNDS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 83, no. 4 (2010): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3512954.

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Abstract Fatigue crack growth experiments on carbon black-filled rubber compounds have been carried out to evaluate the influence of testing conditions over different compound formulations. Investigations on the influence of waveform, data acquisition, and compound formulation have been performed on strip-tensile specimens reproducing the mode I of crack opening. The response of three different compound formulations (based on either natural rubber, butadiene rubber, or styrene-butadiene rubber) to the application of two different waveforms, pulse and sine, has been analyzed, showing significant differences in fatigue behavior and ranking of the various compounds. Compared to the sinusoidal waveform, the use of a pulse waveform provided an improved correlation of the tearing energy with the crack propagation speed. This difference was particularly evident in the case of natural rubber and butadiene rubber, while it resulted negligible in the case of styrene-butadiene rubber. Such a different behavior could be attributed to differences in macromolecular chains orientation. Fine-tuning of video acquisition parameters provided an accurate observation of the crack growth process, as confirmed by the low standard deviation of the estimated tearing energy and crack growth rate.

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Wu, Weili, He Huang, and Zhe Chen. "Dough moulding compound reinforced silicone rubber insulating composites using polymerized styrene butadiene rubber as a compatibilizer." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 26, no. 1 (2019): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2019-0003.

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AbstractDough moulding compound (DMC) reinforced polymerized styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) / methyl vinyl silicone rubber (MVQ) composites were prepared, in which MVQ was matrix, DMC was a reinforcement phase and SBR was a compatibilizer. Dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA), infrared spectrum analysis (IR) and the effect of SBR and DMC content on mechanical properties, electrical insulating property and compatibility of the composites were investigated. The results showd that the morphology and thermal properties of the composites were improved when dough moulding compound was used as a reinforcement, and styrene butadiene rubber was compatibilizer, and had excellent insulating property with volume resistivity above 4.8×1012 Ω·m.

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Khachaturov, A. A., E. E. Potapov, S. V. Reznichenko, and A. N. Kovaleva. "Influence of iron ore concentrate (magnetite) on the kinetics of butadiene–styrene rubber-based blend curing in the presence of different accelerators." Fine Chemical Technologies 15, no. 5 (2020): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2020-15-5-46-53.

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Objectives. To investigate the possibility of using a cheaper ingredient, such as magnetite, in the synthesis of rubber compounds based on butadiene–styrene rubber by examining its effect on the process of sulfuric vulcanization of butadiene–styrene rubber in the presence of various accelerators.Methods. The influence of magnetite on the vulcanization kinetics was studied using an Alpha Technologies PRPA 2000 rotorless rheometer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed using a Mettler Toledo TGA/DSC 2 device to evaluate the effect of magnetite on the butadiene–styrene rubber-based vulcanizates’ oxidation.Results. Magnetite was found to affect the kinetics of SBR-1500 butadiene–styrene rubber sulfuric vulcanization in the presence of thiazole-type accelerators (2-MBT, 2-MBS); in contrast, magnetite was inactive in the case of diphenylguanidine, sulfenamide T, and tetramethylthiuram disulfide. The obtained TGA/DSC data showed that magnetite has no significant effect on the butadiene–styrene rubber-based vulcanizates’ oxidation and thermal destruction.Conclusions. The obtained data confirmed magnetite’s capability to act as a butadiene–styrene rubber sulfuric vulcanization activator in the presence of various accelerators. The most significant effect was observed in the presence of thiazole-type accelerators.

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Hwang, Kiwon, Hyunsung Mun, and Wonho Kim. "Effect of Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Transfer Emulsion Styrene Butadiene Rubber (RAFT ESBR) on the Properties of Carbon Black-Filled Compounds." Polymers 12, no. 4 (2020): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040933.

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Tread is an important component that directly affects the performance of passenger car radial (PCR) tires. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is mainly used for tire tread and it includes solution styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR) and emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber (ESBR). Although SSBR is mainly used, the manufacturing process for SSBR is more challenging than ESBR, which is environmentally friendly, but has the disadvantage of a broad molecular weight distribution. To overcome this, a reversible addition-fragmentation radical transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique is used in ESBR polymerization. An environmentally friendly RAFT ESBR with a narrow dispersity can be polymerized. Here, carbon black-filled compounds were manufactured while using RAFT ESBR, and their properties were compared to ESBR. The analysis showed a low crosslink density of RAFT ESBR, due to the high polysulfide crosslink structure. We manufactured a carbon black-filled compound with the same crosslink density and structure as the ESBR carbon black-filled compound, and the effect of the dispersity of the base polymer was investigated. RAFT ESBR showed 9% better abrasion resistance and 29% better fuel efficiency than ESBR, according to the analysis of the data. The narrow dispersity can reduce energy loss and positively influence the abrasion resistance and fuel efficiency.

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Livigni, Russell A. "DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW SYNTHETIC RUBBER: HIGH TRANS SBR." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 3 (2013): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.1386987.

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ABSTRACT The discovery and development of high trans styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) is presented. High trans SBR is prepared using a novel polymerization initiator of a specific combination of a barium salt and organometallic compound in a hydrocarbon solvent. The trans-1,4 content of the polybutadiene repeat units is sufficiently high, at a low vinyl content, to result in a crystallizing rubber. As a result, high trans SBR has high green strength similar to natural rubber (NR). The barium-based initiating system allows the formation of copolymers between butadiene and styrene, in which the distribution of styrene repeat units is considerably more random than that obtained with an organolithium initiator alone. By a judicious selection of the two initiator composition and the styrene content in the copolymer, high trans SBR also exhibits good building tack, again similar to NR. The properties of high green strength and good building tack for high trans SBR are unique among common synthetic rubbers. As such, high trans SBR is an excellent candidate for use as a tire carcass rubber in radial ply tire construction. High trans SBR is also valuable in tire tread compositions, providing good abrasion resistance.

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Shafranska, Olena, Dean C. Webster, Bret J. Chisholm, Sean McFarlane, and Janice Tardiff. "Modified Soybean Oil as a Processing Oil for Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Tire Tread Compounds." Tire Science and Technology 47, no. 4 (2019): 280–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.470105.

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ABSTRACT Soybean oil (SBO) was modified with polystyrene via a radical graft polymerization reaction for use as a processing oil in tire tread compounds. Poly(styrene-butadiene)/polybutadiene rubber compounds with silica and carbon black, containing different processing oils including naphthenic oil (NO), aromatic oil (AO), SBO, and polystyrene-modified SBO (SBO-PS), were formulated, vulcanized, and tested. The curing behavior, mechanical properties, and dynamic properties were investigated. The cure test results showed that all SBO-based rubbers had a shorter scorch time and cure window than the NO- and AO-based rubbers. The tensile tests demonstrated that partial and complete replacement of NO with SBO led to reduced tensile modulus but increased elongation of rubber. For the rubbers compounded with SBO-PS and with a 50/50 mixture of NO/SBO-PS, tensile strength and elongation were higher than for the NO-based rubber. The same tendency was observed when SBO-PS–based rubbers were compared with SBO- and AO-based rubbers. SBO-PS–based rubbers demonstrated better tensile properties than AO-based rubbers and far better properties than SBO-based rubbers. In the tear resistance test and durometer hardness test, SBO-PS contained rubbers that showed similar properties to NO-containing rubber. The dynamic mechanical analysis of SBO-PS–containing rubbers demonstrated that use of this compound in tire treads is expected to improve both rolling resistance and wet traction when compared with an AO-based rubber. The modification of SBO with grafted PS is a promising method of making processing oil, which can replace petroleum-based processing oils with bio-based renewable oils in tire tread compounds while improving their properties.

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Wu, Weili, and He Huang. "Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Silicone Rubber Blends Filled With Dough Moulding Compound." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 58, no. 2 (2019): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222348.2018.1503404.

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Mansilla, M. A., A. A. Ghilarducchi, H. R. Salva, and A. J. Marzocca. "Alpha (Vitrea) Transition in Vulcanized Natural Rubber/Styrene Butadiene Rubber Blends Prepared by Mechanical and Solution Mixing." Solid State Phenomena 184 (January 2012): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.184.405.

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The preparation method of an elastomeric blend can influence the mechanical properties of the vulcanized compound. In this research elastomeric blends composed by natural rubber and styrene butadiene rubber were mixed using two different methods: by mixing in a roll mill and by dissolution of both elastomers in toluene, mixing of both solutions with the curatives and the evaporation of the solvent. Samples with different Natural Rubber/Styrene Butadiene Rubber relation were prepared by both methods and vulcanized at 433K with a system based on sulphur and accelerator (N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide) up to the time of optimum cure. The blend composition and the preparation methods have a strong influence in the mechanical dynamic properties. Scanning Electron Microscopy observations indicate that, in the blends prepared by the dissolution method, the samples show better miscibility of the constitutive phases than those prepared by the roll milling method. The temperature dependence of the internal friction was studied for each sample using a subresonant forced pendulum at 1 Hz between 190K and 250K. Depending on the blend composition, one or two glass transition temperatures (Tg) associated to the α-relaxation were measured. In the last case each Tgcorresponds to each elastomeric phase of the compound. The loss tangent data for each compound was analyzed using a mixture law of two phases in the frame of the Rouse theory. The adjustment of the data to the proposed model was very good for both preparation method and the whole composition range of the compounds. Then it was possible to obtain the Tg, the main relaxation time and the activation energy values of each compound and, in some samples, the respective values for each elastomeric phase.

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Simon, Dániel, István Halász, József Karger-Kocsis, and Tamás Bárány. "Microwave Devulcanized Crumb Rubbers in Polypropylene Based Thermoplastic Dynamic Vulcanizates." Polymers 10, no. 7 (2018): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10070767.

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Because of the chemically crosslinked 3D molecular structure of rubbers, their recycling is a challenging task, especially when cost efficiency is also considered. One of the most straightforward procedures is the grinding of discarded rubber products with subsequent devulcanization. The devulcanized rubber can be used as a feedstock for fresh rubber compounds or can be blended with uncured virgin rubber and thermoplastic polymers to form thermoplastic dynamic vulcanizates (TDVs). TDVs combine the beneficial (re)processability of thermoplastics and the elastic properties of rubbers. Our current work focuses on the development of polypropylene (PP)-based TDVs with the use of a tire model rubber (MR) composed of natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) in a ratio of 70/30. The research target was the partial substitution of the above fresh MR by microwave devulcanized crumb rubber (dCR). TDVs were produced by continuous extrusion, and the effects of composition (PP/MR/dCR = 40/60/0…50/35/15) and processing parameters (different screw configurations, temperature profiles, the feeding method of PP) were investigated. Results showed that the fresh rubber compound can be replaced up to 10 wt % without compromising the mechanical properties of the resulting TDV.

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Meissner, Natalia, and Władysław M. Rzymski. "Use of short fibers as a filler in rubber compounds." Autex Research Journal 13, no. 2 (2013): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10304-012-0025-5.

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Abstract In this work, composites made from styrene-butadiene rubber and short fibers were prepared by mixing and investigated. The influence on the vulcanization process and tensile strength properties has been studied and compared with compounds filled with carbon black. The presence of fibers gave shorter curing time and led to a slight increase in tensile strength but decreased the elongation at break of the compound.

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Waddell, Walter H., Julie H. Kuhr, and Robert R. Poulter. "Evaluation of Isobutylene-Based Elastomers in a Model Winter Tire Tread." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 2 (2003): 348–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547748.

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Abstract The performance of butyl, chlorobutyl, bromobutyl, and brominated isobutylene-co-para-methylstyrene (BIMS) rubbers were evaluated versus a solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber with 20% bound styrene in model winter tire tread formulations containing natural rubber and butadiene rubber. Isobutylene-based elastomer performance was compared in carbon black-filled and silane-coupled silica-filled systems. Based on laboratory dynamic properties predictive of wet and winter traction, and on DIN abrasion index values, BIMS is the elastomer of choice affording increased tangent delta values between 0 °C and −40 °C, and the highest DIN abrasion index values of the isobutylene-based elastomers. Evaluation of BIMS / NR / BR blends in model compounds show its utility as a tread polymer for improving winter performance.

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Indra Surya and Siswarni MZ. "EFFECT OF EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER AS A COMPATIBILIZER IN SILICA-FILLED STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER COMPOUND." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 3, no. 2 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v3i2.1500.

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By using a semi-efficient vulcanization system, the effect of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) as a compatibilizer in silica-filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) compound was carried out. The ENR was incorporated into the silica-filled SBR compound at 5.0 and 10.0 phr. An investigation was carried out to examine the effect of ENR on cure characteristics and tensile properties of the silica-filled SBR compound. It was found that ENR gave enhanced cure rate to the silica-filled SBR compound. ENR also exhibited a higher torque difference, tensile modulus, and tensile strength up to 10.0 phr. The study of rubber - filler interaction proved that the addition of ENR to the silica-filled SBR system improved the rubber - filler interaction.

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Vasudeo, Rane Ajay, V. K. Abitha, P. S. Suchithra, and K. Rajkumar. "Comparative Studies in Dispersing Nanoparticles in a Styrene Butadiene Rubber Matrix via Different Blending Methods." Journal of Nano Research 32 (May 2015): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.32.43.

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InIncorporation and dispersion of particulate fillers are the two steps that are necessary to achieve optimum properties in a rubber compound, i.e. mechanical, thermal properties. The incorporation and dispersion of particulate fillers depend on their particle size, smaller particle size is difficult to incorporate but easier to disperse in a rubber matrix while large dimension particle size filler are easier to incorporate but difficult to disperse. Hence, in the current work we have studied different methods of incorporating nano particles in to the matrix of styrene butadiene rubber and further rubber nanocomposites obtained were characterized for curative properties using, remote, thereafter determined for structural elucidation by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal properties through thermal gravimetric analysis, Physio-mechanical as well as morphology determination via transmission electron microscopy. In current work we have compared melt blending and solution blending methods for preparation of styrene butadiene rubber Nano Aluminium Tri hydroxide composites.

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Halasa, Adel F., Bill B. Gross, and Wen-Liang Hsu. "MULTIPLE GLASS TRANSITION TERPOLYMERS OF ISOPRENE, BUTADIENE, AND STYRENE." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 83, no. 4 (2010): 380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3512953.

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Abstract Novel polymers that will contribute to a better combination of traction and tread wear in tire applications, which is historically difficult to achieve, have been developed. In this work, multiple viscoelastic polymers possessing multiple glass transition temperatures terpolymers of isoprene/butadiene/styrene were synthesized containing 45/45/10, 40/40/20, and 35/35/30 polymer ratios in 5-gallon laboratory reactors using tetramethylethylenediamine or bis(dipiperdino) ethane as a modifier. These polymers show two glass transition temperatures (Tg's); the one that occurs at higher temperatures (–25 to –10 °C) is known to contribute to good wet traction properties, while the lower Tg is known to contribute to better tread wear properties. These terpolymers were characterized by the fact that their multiviscoelastic loss modulus has narrow molecular distribution for better rolling resistance. In a standard ASTM D31912 carbon-black-filled tread compound recipe, the polymers having all three terpolymers of isoprene/butadiene/styrene polymerized showed excellent values of loss tangent at 0 and 60 ºC, which is a laboratory predictor for both wet traction and rolling resistance. These terpolymers when evaluated in the same ASTM D3191 delivered better properties in a tread compound recipe than either solution or emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber in a formulation that has natural rubber or polybutadiene.

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Zhang, Feng, and Changbin Hu. "Physical and rheological properties of crumb rubber/styrene-butadiene-styrene compound modified asphalts." Polymer Composites 38, no. 9 (2015): 1918–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.23762.

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Schulten, Hans-Rolf, Bernd Plage, and Robert P. Lattimer. "Pyrolysis-Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Rubber Vulcanizates." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 4 (1989): 698–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536269.

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Abstract Time-/temperature-resolved Py-FIMS allows for the identification of rubber components in compounds containing normal organic additives. Signals due to polymer pyrolyzates, which may be masked by processing oil in nontemperature resolved spectra, are easily obtained. Py-FI spectra from cured BR and NR differ from the corresponding uncured samples in that signals from sulfur-containing oligomers are observed. For SBR, the signals from sulfur-containing pyrolyzates were not distinguishable in the complex mixture of hydrocarbon fragments that was produced. Therefore, unambiguous distinction between cured and uncured SBR was difficult. Since Py-FI mass spectra for rubber blends appear similar to the sum of the corresponding single component spectra, secondary reactions of chain fragments from the two blend components are minimal. These results are consistent with Curie-point Py-MS studies which also showed little interaction between components in blends. Since the Py-FI mass spectrum of the styrene-butadiene block copolymer is similar to the sum of single component spectra, it is obvious that styrene-butadiene sequences are not very abundant. In contrast, mixed oligomers containing both styrene and butadiene units are found for SBR copolymers. The absence of styrene dimer and trimer, as well as high-mass oligomers of butadiene, indicates that the amount of block styrene is very low. Furthermore, the large numbers of mixed oligomers indicates a random sequence distribution. In summary, Py-FIMS is a very effective technique for direct rubber compound analysis. The sample can be examined directly, without pretreatment, and both organic additives and the rubber components can be identified in the same experiment. With programmed heating of the rubber, one can obtain separate (time-/temperature-resolved) FI mass spectra for the organic additives and the rubber pyrolyzates. The results are interesting in that much higher mass oligomers can be observed by Py-FIMS than are detected by other methods of Py-MS. For example, while the low voltage Py-EIMS typically shows no higher oligomers than trimer or tetramer for diene rubbers, Py-FIMS shows sequences containing perhaps 15–20 monomer units. This improved performance is due mainly to (a) the close proximity of the pyrolysis chamber to the field emitter (which minimizes secondary reactions) and (b) the very soft ionization provided by the FI technique. In favorable cases, Py-FIMS can be used to study long sequences in homopolymers, copolymers, and blends. As we have noted, pendent groups (e.g., mercaptobenzothiazyl) and crosslinks may be detected among the pyrolysis products. While some rubbers (e.g., polyisoprene) thermally degrade to give high abundances of oligomers, others degrade in a more random fashion (e.g., SBR) to give very complex mixtures of pyrolyzates. Polystyrene is an interesting case in which thermal degradation by retropolymerization (unzipping) is so prevalent that the monomer is by far the dominant pyrolyzate, and long oligomeric sequences are precluded. Thus, while Py-FIMS can easily be used for qualitative identification of rubber components, more detailed information may or may not be discernible in analysis of a particular rubber sample.

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Kamal, Mazlina Mustafa. "Enhancement of Heat Ageing Properties of Epoxidised Natural Rubber Blend." Solid State Phenomena 317 (May 2021): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.317.300.

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In recent years, automotive hose and belt specifications have changed, requiring longer product life in terms of swelling, wear and heat ageing. Diene-based rubbers, such as natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), have been widely used in diverse industries. However, some apparent defects such as limited ageing resistance and large compression set, have been demonstrated in some rubbers cured by sulfur or peroxides. In the making of general and industrial rubber goods, short production and sufficient scorch time is crucial especially by using an injection moulding. In this work, blend of Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR 25) and Butadiene was developed with two types of curing systems namely Conventional and Efficient Vulcanisation system. The aim of the study is to produce a satisfactory heat resistance rubber compounds and adequate process safety for rubber manufacturing. Results showed that curing system applied significantly affected thermal stability property of the compounds. Modulus and hardness of the blends appeared to decrease progressively with ageing. However, greater thermal stability especially ageing at 100°C for 200h was observed with compound containing efficient curing system compared to conventional curing system which corresponded to the cross link density attributed by the torque value and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results on stiffness however was effected by the curing system applied. The influence of cure temperature on the chemical crosslink density on both cure systems are being investigated. The network results will be correlated with the technical properties.

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Choi, Sung-Seen, Kyung-Ho Chung, and Changwoon Nah. "Improvement of properties of silica-filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds using acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene rubber (NSBR)." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 14, no. 8 (2003): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.367.

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Mun, Hyunsung, Kiwon Hwang, Eunho Yu, Woong Kim, and Wonho Kim. "Glycidyl Methacrylate-Emulsion Styrene Butadiene Rubber (GMA-ESBR)/Silica Wet Masterbatch Compound." Polymers 11, no. 6 (2019): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11061000.

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In the tire industry, solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR), which can introduce a functional group with good reactivity to silica at chain ends, is used to increase rolling resistance performance by considering fuel economy. However, this is not environmentally friendly because SSBR uses an organic solvent for polymerization, and it is difficult to increase its molecular weight. Functionalized emulsion SBR (ESBR) can solve the problems of SSBR. The molecular weight of ESBR molecules can be easily increased in an eco-friendly solvent, i.e., water. A functionalized ESBR introduces a functional group with good reactivity to silica by introducing a third monomer during polymerization. In this field, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) has been reported to show the best properties as a third monomer. However, for GMA-ESBR, the viscosity is high and processability is disadvantageous. Therefore, we polymerized GMA-ESBR and manufactured silica compounds to clarify the causes of these problems. In addition, wet masterbatch (WMB) technology, which is a new compound manufacturing method, was applied to manufacture the silica compound, and the physical properties are compared with those of a dry masterbatch. The results clarified the problem of GMA-ESBR, which could be solved by using WMB technology.

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Luna, Carlos Bruno Barreto, Edcleide Maria Araújo, Danilo Diniz Siqueira, Dayanne Diniz de Souza Morais, Edson Antônio dos Santos Filho, and Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook. "Incorporation of a recycled rubber compound from the shoe industry in polystyrene: Effect of SBS compatibilizer content." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 52, no. 1 (2019): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244318819213.

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This research aimed to evaluate the influence of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) compatibilizer in the polystyrene blends properties with a recycled styrene–butadiene rubber compound. The SBS content was 5, 7.5, and 10%. Commercial high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) was used for comparison. The results indicated that the viscosity of the blends was higher than that of HIPS. The blends compatibilized with 5 and 7.5% had the same level of impact strength as HIPS, while the one with 10% obtained a gain of 80% in relation to HIPS. The flexural strength, hardness, heat deflection temperature, and Vicat softening temperature properties were similar to those of HIPS, which was attributed to the presence of inorganic fillers, minimizing losses in these properties. By atomic force microscopy, two distinct phases were observed, and in the morphology analyzed through scanning electron microscopy, a typical characteristic of immiscible blends was observed.

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Mokhnatkin, A. M., V. P. Dorozhkin, E. G. Mokhnatkina, et al. "A Study of the Combined use of Carbon Black and Silica in Tyre Tread Formulations." International Polymer Science and Technology 45, no. 1 (2018): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1804500102.

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A specially designed relaxometer was used to measure the stress relaxation under 30% elongation for tread rubber compounds based on a blend of three rubbers: natural rubber, neodymium butadiene rubber, and oil-extended styrene butadiene rubber. The rubber compounds were filled with carbon black and silica in different ratios: with 80 parts carbon black only, with 80 parts silica only, and with different ratios of carbon black and silica. The method proposed by Bartenev was used to calculate the relaxation specta. The maxima of the spectra at different relaxation times were assigned to different types of interaction: rubber-filler interaction, carbon black-carbon black interaction, silica-silica interaction, carbon black-silica interaction. New maxima were obtained for specimens containing roughly equal amounts of carbon black and silica. These results were compared with data obtained using transmission electron microscopy. The existence of three levels of structure of filled elastomers and the presence of ‘rigid’ rubber around filler particles are suggested.

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Gunaydin, Abdullah, Clément Mugemana, Patrick Grysan, et al. "Reinforcement of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Employing Poly(isobornyl methacrylate) (PIBOMA) as High Tg Thermoplastic Polymer." Polymers 13, no. 10 (2021): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101626.

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A set of poly(isobornyl methacrylate)s (PIBOMA) having molar mass in the range of 26,000–283,000 g mol−1 was prepared either via RAFT process or using free radical polymerization. These linear polymers demonstrated high glass transition temperatures (Tg up to 201 °C) and thermal stability (Tonset up to 230 °C). They were further applied as reinforcing agents in the preparation of the vulcanized rubber compositions based on poly(styrene butadiene rubber) (SBR). The influence of the PIBOMA content and molar mass on the cure characteristics, rheological and mechanical properties of rubber compounds were studied in detail. Moving die rheometry revealed that all rubber compounds filled with PIBOMA demonstrated higher torque increase values ΔS in comparison with rubber compositions without filler, independent of PIBOMA content or molar mass, thus confirming its reinforcing effect. Reinforcement via PIBOMA addition was also observed for vulcanized rubbers in the viscoelastic region and the rubbery plateau, i.e. from −20 to 180 °C, by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Notably, while at temperatures above ~125 °C, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) rapidly loses its ability to provide reinforcement due to softening/melting, all PIBOMA resins maintained their ability to reinforce rubber matrix up to 180 °C. For rubber compositions containing 20 phr of PIBOMA, both tensile strength and elongation at break decreased with increasing PIBOMA molecular weight. In summary, PIBOMA, with its outstanding high Tg among known poly(methacrylates), may be used in the preparation of advanced high-stiffness rubber compositions, where it provides reinforcement above 120 °C and gives properties appropriate for a range of applications.

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Efimov, Konstantin V., Lyudmila Yu Tsareva, Nikolay F. Ushmarin, and Nikolay I. Koltsov. "Influence of magnesium hydrosilicate on the properties plantar rubber." Butlerov Communications 61, no. 1 (2020): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-61-1-91.

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The properties of rubber products are determined by the nature and content of caoutchoucs, vulcanizing systems and other ingredients. Among them, fillers play an important role. The most common fillers are carbon black and silicas. Recently, in connection with the increasing operational requirements for rubber products, additives of special fillers began to be introduced into rubber mixtures. Among them, silicates are of practical interest, the use of which allows not only to reduce the cost, but also to give qualitatively new useful physical and mechanical properties to rubbers. Improving the physical and mechanical properties of rubbers directly depends on the particle size of the fillers. Fillers with a smaller particle size have a larger surface area and have a significant effect on the physical and mechanical properties of rubbers. The highly developed surface of powdered magnesium hydrosilicate suggests its use as a filler for rubber compounds. In this regard, it is of interest to study the effect of magnesium hydrosilicate on the properties of rubbers. This article explored the possibility of using magnesium hydrosilicate in plantar rubber based on a combination of nitrile butadiene SKN-4055, methyl styrene butadiene SKMS-30ARK and isoprene SKI-3 caoutchoucs. The rheometric properties were investigated for the rubber mixture, and the physical and mechanical properties, hardness, resistance to thermal aging and the action of aggressive media were determined for vulcanizates. As a result of the studies, it was found that the best rheometric, physico-mechanical and operational properties are possessed by the vulcanizate of the rubber compound, in which the silicon-acid filler of rossil 175 was partially replaced by magnesium hydrosilicate. This rubber can be used in the production of oil and petrol resistant soles of rubber shoes.

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Choi, Sung-Seen. "Improvement of properties of silica-filled styrene-butadiene rubber compounds using acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 79, no. 6 (2000): 1127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4628(20010207)79:6<1127::aid-app170>3.0.co;2-8.

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Vaikuntam, Sankar Raman, Eshwaran Subramani Bhagavatheswaran, Klaus Werner Stöckelhuber, Sven Wießner, Gert Heinrich, and Amit Das. "DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH PERFORMANCE RUBBER COMPOSITES FROM ALKOXIDE-BASED SILICA AND SOLUTION STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 90, no. 3 (2017): 467–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.16.83765.

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ABSTRACT The solution SBR and silica-based composites are prepared by hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate in the presence of an organic solution of SBR and n-butylamine as catalyst. Further addition of bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide, a silane coupling agent, improves the performance and properties of the composites. All the results are compared with commercial precipitated silica at similar loading conditions. The generated silica particles from this alkoxide route resulted in lower Mooney viscosity of the compound and showed less filler flocculation compared with standard commercial precipitated silica in reference compounds. A detailed dynamic mechanical study also indicated that alkoxide silica in model tire compounds could offer a lower rolling resistance and a higher wet skid resistance compared to the reference. Other properties such as heat build-up, rebound resilience, and hysteresis loss were found to be very promising for alkoxide silica composites, too. The silica particles (aggregated) developed by the alkoxide method were relatively large (∼150–200 nm) compared with the primary particles of precipitated commercial silica. The synthesis of sol–gel silica particles in presence of the polymer allowed for the trapping of some polymer molecules inside the filler aggregates and therefore offers exceptional mechanical reinforcement of the rubber.

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Vagizov, A. M., G. R. Khusainova, I. G. Akhmetov, and A. G. Sakhabutdinov. "The Influence of the Concentration of an ‘n-butyllithium–amine-containing Modifier’ Initiating System on the Copolymerisation of 1,3-butadiene and Styrene." International Polymer Science and Technology 44, no. 6 (2017): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1704400601.

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The influence of the concentration of an initiating system consisting of n-butyllithium and an amine-containing modifier on the copolymerisation of 1,3-butadiene and styrene in a hexane solvent was studied. The molecular characteristics and the microstructure of specimens of the obtained solution-polymerised styrene butadiene rubber (s-SBR) were determined by gel permeation chromatography on a Breeze liquid chromatograph (Waters) and by IR spectroscopy on a Spectrum GX 100 spectrometer (PerkinElmer) in accordance with ISO 21561/2. It was shown that a reduction in the amount of the initiating system is accompanied with a reduction in the copolymerisation rate and in the monomer conversion, and also with an increase in the average molecular weights of the copolymer. It was established that a reduction in the initiating system concentration in the reaction medium leads to a reduction in the content of 1,2-units in the rubber. A comparative analysis of data for rubber compounds based on the synthesised s-SBR and data for rubber compounds based on standard rubber indicates that their mechanical properties are at the same level. However, the tg δ at 60°C (determined on an RPA 2000 instrument) for rubber compounds based on a trial specimen has a lower value, which will make it possible to produce tyre rubbers providing a lower tyre rolling resistance.

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Andreini, G., P. Straffi, S. Cotugno, G. Gallone, and G. Polacco. "CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER, NATURAL RUBBER, AND POLYBUTADIENE RUBBER COMPOUNDS: COMPARISON OF PURE-SHEAR VERSUS STRIP TENSILE TEST." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 1 (2013): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.88957.

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ABSTRACT Fatigue crack growth experiments on different carbon black–filled rubber compounds have been carried out to evaluate the influence of pure-shear and strip tensile testing mode by using sine and pulse as waveforms. In a previous set of experimental investigations regarding the influence of both waveform and tested material, it was found that the mode I of crack opening sometimes propagates too quickly to be properly monitored in tests involving strip-tensile specimens. An alternative test methodology based on pure-shear test mode has been investigated, optimizing both the shape of the specimen and the test equipment. Data obtained from the different compound formulations were consistent with the theoretical background and resulted in similar ranking of compound crack growth resistance for the two testing modes; in addition, pure-shear mode showed a higher sensitivity to formula variations.

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Jiang, Zhenliang, Said M. Easa, Changbin Hu, and Xiaoyan Zheng. "Understanding damping performance and mechanism of crumb rubber and styrene-butadiene-styrene compound modified asphalts." Construction and Building Materials 206 (May 2019): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.061.

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29

Choi, Sung-Seen, Ik-Sik Kim, Seung Goo Lee, and Chang Whan Joo. "Filler-polymer interactions of styrene and butadiene units in silica-filled styrene-butadiene rubber compounds." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 42, no. 4 (2004): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.10689.

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30

Choi, Sung-Seen. "Properties of silica-filled styrene-butadiene rubber compounds containing acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber: The influence of the acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber type." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 85, no. 2 (2002): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.10614.

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Liu, Chaohao, Mingming Guo, Xiaobo Zhai, Xin Ye, and Liqun Zhang. "Using Epoxidized Solution Polymerized Styrene-Butadiene Rubbers (ESSBRs) as Coupling Agents to Modify Silica without Volatile Organic Compounds." Polymers 12, no. 6 (2020): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061257.

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Rubber used in tire is usually strengthened by nanofiller, and the most popular nanofiller for tire tread rubber is nano silica, which can not only strengthen rubber but also lower the tire rolling resistance to reduce fuel consumption. However, silica particles are difficult to disperse in the rubber matrix because of the abundant silicon hydroxyl on their surface. Silane coupling agents are always used to modify silica and improve their dispersion, but a large number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted during the manufacturing of the nanosilica/rubber composites because of the condensation reaction between silane coupling agents and silicon hydroxyl on the surface of silica. Those VOCs will do great harm to the environment and the workers’ health. In this work, epoxidized solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubbers (ESSBR) with different epoxy degrees were prepared and used as macromolecular coupling agents aimed at fully eliminating VOCs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses verified that the different ESSBRs were successfully synthesized from solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubbers (SSBR). With the help of the reaction between epoxy groups and silicon hydroxyl without any VOC emission, nanosilica can be well dispersed in the rubber matrix when SSBR partially replaced by ESSBR which was proved by Payne effect and TEM analysis. Dynamic and static mechanical testing demonstrated that silica/ESSBR/SSBR/BR nanocomposites have better performance and no VOC emission compared with Bis-(γ-triethoxysilylpropyl)-disulfide (TESPD) modified silica/rubber nanocomposites. ESSBR is very hopeful to replace traditional coupling agent TESPD to get high properties silica/rubber nanocomposites with no VOCs emission.

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Gibala, D., D. Thomas, and G. R. Hamed. "Cure and Mechanical Behavior of Rubber Compounds Containing Ground Vulcanizates: Part III. Tensile and Tear Strength." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 72, no. 2 (1999): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538807.

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Abstract A black-filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) vulcanizate was ambiently ground, then used as an additive to the original, uncured compound. Sheets of the resulting composite (matrix/ground rubber particulate) were cured, and tensile and trouser tear strength determined. The composite had reduced tensile strength, but enhanced tear strength relative to the original vulcanizate. The contrasting behavior is attributed to the effects of sulfur migration into the particulate rubber and differences in the responses of a tensile and a tear testpiece to discontinuities. In brief, ground rubber acts as a stress-raising flaw in tensile testing, while promoting crack tip blunting and stick-slip behavior in trouser tearing.

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Gabino, Alessandra de Alencar Padua, Cléverson Fernandes Senra Gabriel, Ana Maria Furtado de Sousa, Cristina Russi Guimarães Furtado, and Bluma Guenther Soares. "Evaluation of silane effect as a coupling agent for metakaolin." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 52, no. 7 (2019): 593–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244319877667.

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This study aimed at evaluating the coupling effect of silane Si69 bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide in metakaolin (MK) in automobile tire tread compounds based on a styrene–butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber blend. A reference compound of a typical tread recipe, filled with silica and carbon black, was used as a reference due to the acknowledged effect of TESPT in silica incorporation in elastomers. A silica sample without silane was also prepared. Silica was then completely substituted by MK, producing two samples, with and without silane. The samples were tested for crosslink density, rheometry, and morphology, and the vulcanization reaction parameters were determined and evaluated. Silane improved the interaction between MK and the polymer matrix, evidenced by the increase in crosslink density and vulcanization reaction rate, the same effect silane causes on silica-filled composites. Morphology also revealed that silane increased MK dispersion and adhesion to rubber. On the other hand, MK seems not to be as reinforcing as silica, considering that maximum torque is related to the stiffness of the material, with MK exhibiting lower values for this parameter.

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34

Dasgupta, S., S. L. Agrawal, S. Bandyopadhyay, R. Mukhopadhyay, R. K. Malkani, and S. C. Ameta. "Improved Polymer–Filler Interaction with an Ecofriendly Processing Aid. Part 1." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 25, no. 3 (2009): 141–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060902500302.

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Internationally there is a trend towards the use of ecofriendly materials in view of the environmental benefit and the improvement in properties. In the present work, the chemical and analytical properties of an eco processing aid and a soluble-zinc-soap-based processing aid (Zincolet PN60) were assessed. The two processing aids were also analysed in a styrene butadiene rubber/natural rubber/butadiene rubber blend based on tyre tread compounds. Compounds mixed with the eco processing aid exhibited better mixing properties, better polymer–filler interaction, marginally better filler dispersion and flow behaviour, and better heat build-up and fatigue-to-failure properties.

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Cen, Lan, Guo-zheng Lv, Xin-wen Tan, and Zhan-lin Gong. "Short Nylon Fibers Waste Modified with Glycidyl 3-Pentadecenyl Phenyl Ether to Reinforce Styrene Butadiene Rubber Tread Compounds." Advances in Polymer Technology 2019 (February 14, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5847292.

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The utilization of waste fibers represents an important environmental benefit and great economic savings for the community. In this study short nylon fibers waste was modified with Glycidyl 3-Pentadecenyl Phenyl Ether (GPPE) in the presence of Triethylamine/Ammonium persulfate by a simple two-step procedure. The reinforcing effects of modified fibers (MNSF-2) on the vulcanization characteristics, mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, and the wear resistant property of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) tread compounds were investigated. The addition of the MNSF-2 resulted in slightly lower minimum torque (ML) and maximum torque (MH), as well as longer cure time (t90) and scorch time (t10) of tread compounds. The deterioration of tensile strength and elongation at break of the tread compound containing short nylon fibers waste (NSF) was apparent. Conversely, the modified fibers showed reinforcing effect on tread compounds. The tensile strength values of compounds increased with MNSF-2 content, passed through a maximum value, and then reduced slightly. The modulus and the tear strength of compounds increased significantly with fiber loadings. The highest tear strength value was observed in 8phr MNSF-2 reinforced SBR compounds, 31.9% higher than that of the gum compound. Meanwhile elongation at break of MNSF-2 compound maintained a relative high value than that of NSF/SBR compound. The addition of NSF exaggerated wear volume of compounds. However, the wear resistance of MNSF-2 compounds was superior to that of NSF compounds and comparable with that of the gum compound. The DMA results reveal that E′ and tan⁡δ values decreased at elevated temperature. Meanwhile enhanced storage modulus in MNSF-2/SBR tread compound can be observed. It is worth highlighting that MNSF-2/SBR compounds show higher tan⁡δ at 0°C, indicating improved wet traction of tread compounds, while tan⁡δ at 60°C maintains almost the same value as that of the gum sample. The results of this study are encouraging, demonstrating that the use of short nylon fibers waste in composites offers promising potential for the green tire application.

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Liang, Chunyu, Hao Zhang, Zhengwei Gu, Xin Xu, and Jinxin Hao. "Study on Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of Asphalt Mixture Modified by Diatomite and Crumb Rubber Particles." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (2020): 8748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238748.

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To optimize the properties of asphalt mixtures and make full use of waste rubber tires, diatomite and crumb rubber particles were applied to reinforce the asphalt mixtures in this study. The rutting tests, the three-point bending tests, the freeze-thaw splitting tests, and the uniaxial compression creep tests were performed to analyze the effects of asphalt types and aggregate gradation on the pavement properties of diatomite and crumb rubber particles reinforced asphalt mixtures (DRPAM). Subsequently, the creep and relaxation characteristics of DRPAM were analyzed by the Burgers model, the modified Burgers model, the second-order extensive Maxwell model, and the Scott–Blair model. The results show that rubber particles and diatomite can reinforce the high temperature, low temperature, and viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures, although the improvement effect is weaker than styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS). Consequently, it is concluded that rubber particle and diatomite compound modified asphalt mixture with suspension dense gradation and SBS binder will have better performance.

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Macúrik, Patrik, Rafal Anyszka, Ivan Hudec, Terézia Malčeková, and Ján Kruželák. "Influence of trans-polyoctylene rubber content on styrene-butadiene rubber properties." Acta Chimica Slovaca 13, no. 1 (2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2020-0001.

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AbstractThe study was focused on the investigation of trans-polyoctylene (TOR) influence on cross-linking as well as mechanical and rheological properties of rubber compounds based on styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). SBR was compounded with different proportions of TOR in the concentration range from 0 to 30 phr. Integration of TOR into rubber leads to the prolongation of the optimum curing time and scorch time and thus the decrease of the curing rate. Higher content of TOR led to less viscous rubber due to the plasticizing effect. Cross-link density of vulcanizates was reduced, which correlates with higher elongation at break. Tensile strength and hardness of vulcanizates increased with the increasing TOR content, probably due to the increasing amount of the crystalline phase.

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38

Debnath, Shankar. "Die-Swell of Mica-Filled Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Compounds." International Journal of Polymeric Materials 12, no. 3 (1989): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914038908031502.

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39

Robak, Barbara, Jarosław Rogoża, and Mieczysław Łapkowski. "Low-molecular-weight styrene–butadiene copolymers (L-SSBR) as processing aids used for silica-filled rubber: Synthesis, functionalization and application." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 51, no. 3 (2018): 244–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244318784611.

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Three different types of low-molecular-weight solution styrene-butadiene rubbers (L-SSBRs) were synthesized by anionic polymerization. Two of them were end-capped with methoxy (M-L-SSBR) and ethoxy (E-L-SSBR) functional groups, respectively, while the other was terminated with alcohol (L-SSBR). The content of functional groups was estimated on the basis of gel permeation chromatography and proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The influence of L-SSBR on the properties of silica-filled SSBR as an alternative for the plasticizing oil was investigated in tyre tread formulation. L-SSBRs of high vinyl content were used in place of part of oil for preparation of compound K1 enriched with linear (L-SSBR) and compound K2 and K3 enriched with two star-like liquid rubbers modified, respectively, with methoxy (M-L-SSBR) and ethoxy (E-L-SSBR) functional groups. Although particular attention was paid to the effect of polar groups on the silica dispersions, cure characteristic, compound viscosity and mechanical properties were also analyzed. Rubber with only treated distillate aromatic extract was used (K5) as the reference.

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Deng, Xiangming, Hui Huang, Bin Wang, and Jie Chen. "Modification Mechanism of Asphalt Modified with Rock Asphalt and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (April 20, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5533441.

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High-performance asphalt binder plays an important role in the durable asphalt pavement. Asphalt modified by rock asphalt (RA) is one of the high-performance modified asphalt materials. It was used in road engineering as a relatively environmentally friendly material, because rock asphalt takes some advantages of large reserves, easy treatment, and efficient modification. Moreover, the main component of rock asphalt is bitumen, which enables it to substitute part of the binder used in asphalt mixtures. On the other hand, the negative low-temperature performance of RA modified asphalt impeded its application in cold regions. The object of this paper is to improve the low-temperature performance of RA modified asphalt by compound modified with styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The 70-penetration grade binder and the RA modified asphalt with 15% RA by weight were applied as the base binder. Five types of RA-SBR modified asphalt were prepared, and the content of SBR was 2%, 4%, 5%, 6% and 8% by weight of BRA modified binder. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) tests were utilized to illustrate the reasons for the poor low-temperature performance of BRA modified asphalt and reveal the compound modification mechanism of BRA-SBR modified asphalt. The Brookfield viscosity test, dynamic shear rheometer test, and bending beam rheometer test were adopted to reveal the variation patterns of rheological behavior and low-temperature performance with mass contents of SBR. The test results indicated that the worse of low-temperature performance was caused by the increase of asphaltene content and the stress concentration due to ash in RA modified asphalt. And the compound modification is a physical process. The addition of SBR has improved the low-temperature performance of RA modified asphalt dramatically. And based on the rheological behaviors and low-temperature performance of RA-SBR compound modified asphalt, the optimum content of SBR was determined, which is about 4%∼5%.

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Akhmetshina, A. M., and Y. N. Chirkova. "Synthesis of alcoholate of sodium aliphatic aminoalcohols." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, no. 1 (2019): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-1-298-302.

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At present, the development of modern materials science in the field of development and synthesis of new functional materials for use in various industries is impossible without providing a set of initial compounds of a given composition. Introduction to the composition of organic compounds of metals expanded the synthetic possibilities of organic chemistry. It is known that the catalysts, the polymerization unioneu you can use metallicity, alkoxides (alcoholates), and amides of metals. Currently, with the use of n-butylithium, industrial processes of obtaining SKD-L polybutadiene have been implemented.the Main purpose of this work was to obtain Ethylenediamine-N,N’-sodium diisopropylate and study it as a modifying additive to the initiating system for the production of statistical butadiene-styrene rubber. At the initial stage, it was important to synthesize hydroxypropylated Ethylenediamine, to determine the optimal process conditions, to analyze the composition of products, to establish the optimal ratio of the initial products corresponding to the highest yield of the hydroxypropylated product containing secondary amine groups. The work synthesized alcohol interaction oxypropylation of Ethylenediamine with sodium metal. It was found that the synthesized product exhibits the properties of a modifying additive to the initiating system of styrene-butadiene copolymerization. Butadiene-styrene rubber, obtained on the basis of Ethylenediamine-N, n’-sodium diisopropylate, is strictly statistical and is characterized by an average to a predominant content of 1.2 links in the butadiene part, low content of microblock styrene in the main part of the carbon chain.

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Emami, Anahita, and Seyedmeysam Khaleghian. "Investigation of tribological behavior of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber compound on asphalt-like surfaces." Tribology International 136 (August 2019): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2019.04.002.

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Kim, Woong, Byungkyu Ahn, Hyunsung Mun, et al. "Effect of Calcium Chloride as a Coagulant on the Properties of ESBR/Silica Wet Masterbatch Compound." Polymers 10, no. 10 (2018): 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10101116.

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When designing rubber compounds for high-performance tires, increasing the silica content can improve the wet traction performance but decreases the fuel efficiency. This trade-off relation makes it difficult to improve the two factors simultaneously. One approach is the development of silica wet masterbatch (WMB) technology for producing compounds containing a high silica content with good dispersion. The technology involves a step to mix surface-modified silica and rubber latex. The technique requires a coagulant to break up the micelles of the rubber latex and cause the surface-modified silica and the rubber molecules to co-coagulate due to van der Waals forces. In this study, the effect of coagulant type on the characteristics of silica surface, and the mechanical properties of the emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber (ESBR)/silica WMB compounds was investigated, as well as the abrasion properties and the viscoelastic properties of the vulcanizates.

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Boonkerd, Kanoktip, and Wanwisa Limphirat. "The Influence of Chemical Compounds on the Sulfur K-Edge X-Ray Absorption near Edge Spectrum of the Vulcanized Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 905 (April 2014): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.905.128.

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The vulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was studied using X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). The effect of the sulfur containing molecules left over in the sample on the precision of the sulfur K-edge XANES spectrum was focused. The six rubber compounds used here were vulcanized with different curing systems including convention, semi-efficiency and efficiency. For each compound, the measurements were preformed on two different samples which were the untreated and treated chloroform samples. The results showed when compounds were cured with conventional or semi-efficient vulcanization system, the XANES spectra between the untreated and treated sample was changed with very high sulfur to accelerator ratio. On the other hand, the tremendous dissimilarity was observed when compounds were cured with the efficient vulcanization system. Thus the sample treatment was necessary when using XANES to identify sulfur crosslink.

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Ganter, Markus, Wolfram Gronski, Peter Reichert, and Rolf Mülhaupt. "Rubber Nanocomposites: Morphology and Mechanical Properties of BR and SBR Vulcanizates Reinforced by Organophilic Layered Silicates." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 2 (2001): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544946.

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Abstract Rubber compounds based on butadiene rubber (BR) or styrene—butadiene rubber (SBR) containing organophilic layered silicates were prepared. Organophilic silicates were swollen in a rubber/toluene solution. Matrix—filler reactive bonding was performed by adding bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfan (TESPT) during swelling. Excellent dispersion of organoclay nanofillers in rubber matrices was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) exhibiting intercalated and partially exfoliated silicate layers. Matrix—filler interfacial coupling by TESPT led to reduced strain at break and reduced hysteresis for both organoclay and silica-based vulcanizates as expected for successful matrix filler coupling. Organoclay vulcanizates exhibited enhanced hysteresis when compared to silica compounds. This is related to orientation and sliding of anisotropic silicate layers, as determined by online wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements during cyclic tensile testing.

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Indra Surya and Syahrul Fauzi Siregar. "CURE CHARACTERISTICS AND CROSSLINK DENSITY OF NATURAL RUBBER/STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER BLENDS." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 3, no. 4 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v3i4.1644.

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By using a semi-efficient vulcanization system, the cure characteristics and crosslink density of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber (NR/SBR) blends were studied with a blend ratio from 0 to 100% rubber. The scorch time, optimum cure time, and torque difference value of the blended rubber compounds were determined by using the Moving-Die Rheometer (MDR 2000). The crosslink density was determined by the Flory—Rehner approach. Results indicate that the scorch and cure times, ts2 and t90, of the NR/SBR blends increased with increasing the SBR content. Whilst, the maximum values of torque difference and crosslink density were performed by the NR/SBR blend with a blend ratio of 75/25.

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Thongsaen, Chatchatree, Pongdhorn Sea-Oui, and Chakrit Sirisinha. "The Effects of Various Ratios of Hybrid Filler to Rubber Vulcanisates Properties Based on Passenger Car Tyre Tread Compounds." Key Engineering Materials 856 (August 2020): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.856.169.

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Solution styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR) reinforced by hybrid fillers of carbon black (CB) and silica (PSi) was prepared with various CB/PSi ratios. Rheological and mechanical properties of rubber compounds and vulcanisates were investigated. Results of compounds demonstrate that, with increasing CB fraction, increases in the magnitude of the Payne effect and Mooney viscosity were found. On the contrary, with increased loading of PSi, increases in optimum cure time (tc90) and cure torque difference were evidenced. The results suggest superiority in filler dispersion level and cure efficiency in the systems filled with high PSi fraction due to the presence of Bis [3-(triethoxysilyl) propyl] tetrasulphide (TESPT or Si-69) as a silane coupling agent. As for vulcanisate properties, the systems with increased PSi fraction exhibit enhancement in mechanical strength and elastic contribution, which are in good agreement with rubber compound properties. Also, the decrease in loss factor at 60 °C was observed with increasing PSi fraction, suggesting the desirable reduction in rolling resistance of tyre tread.

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Gent, A. N., and S.-M. Lai. "Adhesion and Autohesion of Rubber Compounds: Effect of Surface Roughness." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 68, no. 1 (1995): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538725.

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Abstract Sheets of various rubber compounds were pre-molded using different mold surfaces: Mylar film, smooth steel, and roughened steel. Two sheets of the same compound were then bonded together by crosslinking them in contact. Measurements of peel strength were carried out over a range of temperatures from −40°C to + 130°C. When an uncured sheet was crosslinked in contact with a smooth fully-cured sheet, the peel strength was generally lower than the tear strength of either sheet and the degree of interlinking was inferred to be only about one-half of the degree of crosslinking. On the other hand, when a sheet was cured in contact with a rough surface the strength of adhesion was 2× to 3× higher than with a smooth surface, probably because of increased area for bonding. Thus, when a rubber compound was cured in contact with a fully-cured sheet having a roughened surface, the two effects largely cancelled out and the resultant bond was about as strong as the material itself. Examples are given for carbon-black-filled and unfilled compounds based on polybutadiene, a styrene-butadiene copolymer, and natural rubber.

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Rifdi Rizuan, Mohd Ismail, Mohammad Azizol Abdul Wahab, and Ahmad Zafir Romli. "Effect of Carbon Black Structures towards Heat Build-Up Measurements and its Dynamic Properties." Advanced Materials Research 1134 (December 2015): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1134.131.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different carbon black structures towards heat build-up measurements and its dynamic properties such as tangent delta, loss modulus and storage modulus on the industrial rubber compounds containing Natural Rubber (NR) and Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR). Different carbon black structures were used and characterised with respect to their rheological and physical properties. Heat Build-up test is a testing procedure which is used to measure the rate of heat generated by the rubber vulcanisates when subjected to rapidly oscillating compressive stresses or strain under controlled conditions. It was found that NR compound containing low and high carbon black structures; N375 and N339 produced lower heat generation compared to NR/SBR blends that filled with the same type of carbon black fillers. It shows that NR with low and high carbon black structures exhibits low heat build-up (surface and intrinsic) with a balance of good traction and low rolling resistance for application in tyre.

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Kawazura, Tetsuji, Seiichi Kawahara, and Yoshinobu Isono. "Morphology and Crystallization Behavior of Lightly Crosslinked Natural Rubber in Blend." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 5 (2003): 1164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547794.

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Abstract Isothermal crystallization of natural rubber (NR) dispersed in styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was made at −25 °C to investigate effects of both gel fraction of the rubber and morphology of the blend on the crystallization. NR, thus used, was lightly crosslinked model compound (model-NR), which was cured with dicumylperoxide at 160 °C after mastication. The model-NR was mechanically mixed with a large amount of SBR to form droplets of the rubber, a size of which was dependent upon both gel content and crosslink density of the gel fraction. The crystallization of the model-NR in the droplets was quite slow, corresponding to the level reported in the previous work. A rate of crystallization and Avrami exponent were dependent upon the size of the droplets, but not on the gel content and the crosslink density of the model-NR. The suppression in the crystallization was attributed to the homogeneous nucleation occurring in the droplets. This finding was proved, using rubbers obtained from two clones of Hevea brasiliensis, i.e. RRIM600 and RRIM2025, respectively.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Styrene butadiene rubber compound'

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