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Journal articles on the topic 'Sub-6 GHz 5G frequency band'
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1
Kadu, Mahesh, Ramesh Pawase, Pankaj Chitte, and Vilas S. Ubale. "Compact dual-band antenna design for sub-6 GHz 5G application." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 13, no. 3 (2024): 1656–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v13i3.7521.
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A design of a compact dual-band antenna for 5G application is presented in this research article. The dual-band operation includes the 3.6 GHz and 5.4 GHz frequency bands of the sub-6 GHz frequency band for 5G technology. The proposed antenna offers a compact design with satisfactory antenna performance parameters. Moreover, the dual-band antenna showcases the independent tuning ability for both frequency bands. The prototype of the dual-band antenna is manufactured and when tested for various antenna performance parameters shows a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. The proposed dual-band antenna has compact dimensions along with a peak gain of 2.2 dB and antenna efficiency of more than 90%.The antenna performance parameters are also compared with various dual-band antenna designs from the literature. The proposed dual-band antenna offers a compact design with satisfactory performance parameters and outperforms its counterparts.
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Uthayakumar, G.S. "A Novel Miniaturized Hexagonal-Shaped Patch Antenna for Microwave 5G Communications." International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (IJIES) 12, no. 2 (2025): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijies.B1088.12020225.
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<strong>Abstract: </strong>The creation of a hexagon-shaped patch antenna for Sub-6GHz 5G communications is presented in this study. For 5G wireless applications, the suggested antenna can resonate at the center frequency of 6 GHz. The proposed antenna features a hexagonal design, multiple radiating slots with partial ground and is fed with a microstrip feedline. It measures 17.5 × 22.2 × 1.6 mm3 and operates on the N102 band at 6 GHz. Return loss, VSWR, peak gain, and impedance bandwidth are all elements of the performance of the proposed antenna. The proposed antenna employs slots that cover the frequency range of 5.92 GHz to 6.35 GHz. At a resonant frequency of 6.1 GHz, the suggested antenna's reflection coefficient (S11) is 44.6 dB, with a peak gain of roughly 3.2 dB. Thus, the suggested antenna can be used for 5G wireless applications operating at 6 GHz.
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Dong, Guiting, Jianlin Huang, Simin Lin, Zhizhou Chen, and Gui Liu. "A Compact Dual-Band MIMO Antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G Terminals." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 22, no. 5 (2022): 599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2022.5.r.128.
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In this paper, a dual-band multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is proposed for fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication terminals. The measured -10 dB impedance bandwidths of 380 MHz (3.34–3.72 GHz) and 560 MHz (4.57–5.13 GHz) can cover the 3.4–3.6 GHz and 4.8–5 GHz 5G bands. The single antenna element of this proposed MIMO is composed of an F-shaped feed strip and an inverted L-shaped radiation strip. A defected ground structure is employed to obtain a good isolation performance, whereby the measured isolation between the antenna elements is observed to be larger than 23 dB. The measured total radiation efficiencies at 3.5 GHz and 4.9 GHz are 76.65% and 71.93%, respectively. Besides, the calculated envelope correlation coefficients (ECC) are less than 0.00125 and 0.01164 at the low-frequency and high-frequency bands, respectively. Furthermore, the specific absorption ratio (SAR) analysis of the antenna verifies that it qualifies for 5G terminals.
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Kašibović, Alminko, Sehabeddin Taha Imeci, and Ahmet Fehim Uslu. "An inset-fed rectangular microstrip patch antenna with multiple slits for sub 6GHz – 5G applications." Sustainable Engineering and Innovation 5, no. 1 (2023): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37868/sei.v5i1.id181.
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This paper presents an inset feed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with Multiple slits for sub 6 GHz - 5G Applications. This antenna is proposed with the development, design, running simulations and finally a conclusion of the analysis. The antenna in this paper is implemented using a technique called “inset-feed” and multiple slits. The dielectric used as a substrate is FR-4. The proposed antenna is useful for a sub 6 GHz 5G band, which comes under the 5G band of frequency. The proposed and designed antenna gives the input match of -10.74 dB, and 5.99 dB gain at the design frequency of 5.045 GHz. These outputs are usable for the 5G applications. The antenna is simulated and developed in a radio technology design software Sonnet.
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Najim, Haider Saad, Mahmood Farhan Mosleh, and Raed A. Abd-Alhameed. "Design a MIMO printed dipole antenna for 5G sub-band applications." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 3 (2022): 1649–60. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i3.pp1649-1660.
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In this paper, a planar multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) dipole antenna for a future sub-6 GHz 5G application is proposed. The planar MIMO structure consists of 4 antenna elements with an overall size of 150×82×1 mm<sup>3</sup> . The single antenna element is characterized by a size of 32.5×33.7×1 mm3 printed on an FR-4 dielectric substrate with εr=4.4 and tanδ=0.02. The suggested antenna structure exhibits good impedance bandwidth equal to 3.24 GHz starting from 3.3 to 6.6 GHz with an S11 value of less than -10 dB (S11≤-10 dB) with antenna gain varying from 5.2 up to 7.05 dB in the entire band, which covers all the sub-6 GHz frequency band of the 5G application. Good isolation is achieved between the MIMO elements due to low surface waves inside the MIMO antenna substrate. The radiation of the MIMO antenna structure can be manipulated and many beam-types can be achieved as desired. The high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software package is used to design and simulate the proposed structure, while the CST MWS is used to validate the results.
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Akram Jabbar Abdulhussein. "Reconfigurable Antenna for sub-6 GHz and C band Applications." Jornual of AL-Farabi for Engineering Sciences 1, no. 2 (2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.59746/jfes.v1i2.41.
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The future of 5G New Radio (NR) development has many significant concerns. To overcome the working frequency band issue, a frequency-reconfigurable patch antenna based on pin diodes is presented and investigated. The antenna's compact dimensions (30 mm x 20 mm x 1.6 mm) are due to its construction on FR-4 substrate material with a relative permittivity of = 4.4. A feed port and two switches allow frequency reconfiguration in the antenna module. C-band service is provided by this antenna module's ability to switch between operating at 3.4 GHz, 4.8 GHz, and 7.5 GHz. Simulation of the proposed antenna is accomplished in the CST microwave studio. The presentation and discussion of the radiation pattern and S parameter demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed antenna. Antenna module's size and performance are both precisely appropriate.
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Alwareth, Husam, Imran Mohd Ibrahim, Zahriladha Zakaria, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, Sharif Ahmed, and Zayed A. Nasser. "A Wideband High-Gain Microstrip Array Antenna Integrated with Frequency-Selective Surface for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (2022): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081215.
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This paper presents a wideband and high-gain rectangular microstrip array antenna with a new frequency-selective surface (FSS) designed as a reflector for the sub-6 5G applications. The proposed antenna is designed to meet the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) standard for 5G in the mid-band (3.5–5 GHz) applications. The designed antenna configuration consists of 1 × 4 rectangular microstrip array antenna with an FSS reflector to produce a semi-stable high radiation gain. The modeled FSS delivered a wide stopband transmission coefficient from 3.3 to 5.6 GHz and promised a linearly declining phase over the mid-band frequencies. An equivalent circuit (EC) model is additionally performed to verify the transmission coefficient of the proposed FSS structure for wideband signal propagation. A low-cost FR-4 substrate material was used to fabricate the antenna prototype. The proposed wideband array antenna with an FSS reflector attained a bandwidth of 2.3 GHz within the operating frequency range of 3.5–5.8 GHz, with a fractional bandwidth of 51.12%. A high gain of 12.4 dBi was obtained at 4.1 GHz with an improvement of 4.4 dBi compared to the antenna alone. The gain variation was only 1.0 dBi during the entire mid-band. The total dimension of the fabricated antenna prototype is 10.32 λo × 4.25 λo ×1.295 λo at a resonance frequency of 4.5 GHz. These results make the presented antenna appropriate for 5G sub-6 GHz applications.
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Rashika K, Thirisha S, and Uthayakumar G.S. "A Novel Miniaturized Hexagonal-Shaped Patch Antenna for Microwave 5G Communications." International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences 12, no. 2 (2025): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijies.b1088.12020225.
Full textAbstract:
The creation of a hexagon-shaped patch antenna for Sub-6GHz 5G communications is presented in this study. For 5G wireless applications, the suggested antenna can resonate at the center frequency of 6 GHz. The proposed antenna features a hexagonal design, multiple radiating slots with partial ground and is fed with a microstrip feedline. It measures 17.5 × 22.2 × 1.6 mm3 and operates on the N102 band at 6 GHz. Return loss, VSWR, peak gain, and impedance bandwidth are all elements of the performance of the proposed antenna. The proposed antenna employs slots that cover the frequency range of 5.92 GHz to 6.35 GHz. At a resonant frequency of 6.1 GHz, the suggested antenna's reflection coefficient (S11) is 44.6 dB, with a peak gain of roughly 3.2 dB. Thus, the suggested antenna can be used for 5G wireless applications operating at 6 GHz.
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Ahmad, Ikhlas, Haris Dildar, Wasi Ur Rehman Khan, et al. "Design and Experimental Analysis of Multiband Compound Reconfigurable 5G Antenna for Sub-6 GHz Wireless Applications." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (April 19, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5588105.
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In this paper, a printed low-profile antenna with frequency and pattern reconfigurable functionality is designed in three modes. Each mode operates at different frequency bands and has several options available for pattern reconfiguration in these bands. The proposed antenna consists of eight pin-diode switches (S1 to S8). The switches S1 and S2, installed in the radiating patch, are used for frequency reconfigurability to control the operating bands of the antenna. The rest of the six switches (S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, and S8), loaded in the stubs on the rear side of the antenna, are used for pattern reconfiguration to control the main lobe beam steering. When all switches are off, the proposed antenna operates in a wideband mode, covering the 3.82-9.32 GHz frequency range. When S1 is on, the antenna resonates in the 3.5 GHz (3.09-4.17 GHz) band. When both S1 and S2 are on, the resonant band of the antenna is shifted to 2.5 GHz band (2.40-2.81 GHz). A very good impedance matching with a return loss of less than -10 dB is attained in these bands. The beam steering is done at each operating frequency by controlling the on and off states of the six pin-diode switches (S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, and S8). Depending on the state of the switches, the antenna can direct the beam in seven distinct directions at 4.2 GHz, 4.5 GHz, and 5 GHz. The main beam of the radiation pattern is steered in five different directions at 5.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 2.6 GHz operating bands for the given state of the mentioned switches. The proposed antenna supports several sub-6 GHz 5G bands (2.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 4.2 GHz, 4.5 GHz, and 5 GHz) and can be used in handheld 5G devices.
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Aghashirin, Gholam D., MagedKafafy, Hoda S. Abdel-Aty-Zohdy, Mohamed A. Zohdy, and Adam Timmons. "Modeling and Designed of a Monopole Antenna that Operate at 3.3 GHz for Future 5G Sub 6 GHz." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, no. 5 (2021): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.e2832.0610521.
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Antenna unit is an importantpart of ADAS L2, L2+ and Automated Driving L3 systems. It needs to function as needed in dGPS, HD Map Correction Services, OEM Radios and Navigation Systems. The presented monopoleantenna model for 5G below 6 [GHz] operating at 3.3 [GHz] is developed. This work demonstrates the modeling, design, and determining of monopoleantenna with intended targeted applications within the automotive system emerging autonomous vehicles space and as well as 5G Wireless Cellular Technology domain. FEKO simulation is undertaken rather than mathematical modeling to create the structure and conduct the analysis of the proposed monopole antenna.In order to support the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication networks, SOS messages, vehicle tracking, remote vehicle start, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) L2, L2+/ Autonomous Driving (AD) L3 systems self-driving vehicles powered by 5G with rapidly growing sets of ADAS and AD features and functions within the autonomous space, USA cellular carriers mobile phone communication standard 4G MISO and 5G MIMO, LTE1, LTE2, connected functions, features/services, IoT, DSRC, V2X, and C-V2X applications and 5G enable vehicles destined for the NAFTA (USA, Canada and Mexico) market, a new single monopole antenna that operate at 3.3 [GHz] for future 5G (MIMO) below 6 [GHz] modeling, design and simulation with intended automotive applicability and applications is proposed. The presented novel new 5G below 6 [GHz] monopoleantenna: 1. Is not being investigated on the literatures review and published papers studied. 2. No paper exists on these frequency bands. 3. The desired monopole antenna is a new antenna with fewer components, reduction in size, low profile, competitive cost, better response to received RF signals for frequencies for future 5G below 6 [GHz] with each of the following: a. Range of operating frequencies, 0.6 [GHz] to 5.9256 [GHz]. b. Centerfrequency = 3.2628 [GHz] ~ 3.3 [GHz] for the above band. c. Lambda (λ) = (3.0 x10^8 [m/sec^2])/(3.3x10^9 [Hz])=0.090 [m] = 90 [mm], lambda (λ) /4 = (0.090 [m])/4=0.0225 [m]=22.5 m To be more direct, simulation studies are carried out and are done utilizing FEKO software package from Altair to model the proposed monopole antenna for 5G below 6 [GHz] frequency band. The focus is on the frequency band for 5G sub 6 [GHz] cellular system. The paper will introduce the following key points: 1. Modelled and anayzed single element 5G sub 6 [GHz] monopole antenna. 2. Student version of CAD FEKO program was used to design our desired monopole antenna with a wire feed excitation coupled with step-by-step instructions is undertaken to highlight the model geometry creation of our monopole antenna. POST FEKO program is used to plot and view our simulation results. 3. We report the development of 5G below 6 [GHz] for fifth generation (5G) system that meets automotive and vehicle homologation specification requirement of antenna height < 70 [mm]. So that the proposed monopole antenna can easly be integrated into multi tuned cellular antenna system. 4. The FEKO simulation is conducted in 2D and 3D element model, in terms of Far-Field Vertical Gain as a function of an Elevation Angle plots. 5. Future research work and study for the next steps will be recommended.
11
Noor, Shehab Khan, Muzammil Jusoh, Thennarasan Sabapathy, et al. "A Patch Antenna with Enhanced Gain and Bandwidth for Sub-6 GHz and Sub-7 GHz 5G Wireless Applications." Electronics 12, no. 12 (2023): 2555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12122555.
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This paper presents a novel microstrip patch antenna design using slots and parasitic strips to operate at the n77 (3.3–4.2 GHz)/n78 (3.3–3.8 GHz) band of sub-6 GHz and n96 (5.9–7.1 GHz) band of sub-7 GHz under 5G New Radio. The proposed antenna is simulated and fabricated using an FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.3 and copper of 0.035 mm thickness for the ground and radiating planes. A conventional patch antenna with a slot is also designed and fabricated for comparison. A comprehensive analysis of both designs is carried out to prove the superiority of the proposed antenna over conventional dual-band patch antennas. The proposed antenna achieves a wider bandwidth of 160 MHz at 3.45 GHz and 220 MHz at 5.9 GHz, with gains of 3.83 dBi and 0.576 dBi, respectively, compared to the conventional patch antenna with gains of 2.83 dBi and 0.1 dBi at the two frequencies. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effect of the parasitic strip’s width and length on antenna performance. The results of this study have significant implications for the deployment of high-gain compact patch antennas for sub-6 GHz and sub-7 GHz 5G wireless communications and demonstrate the potential of the proposed design to enhance performance and efficiency in these frequency bands.
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Ranjan, Pinku, Swati Yadav, and Amit Bage. "Dual band MIMO antenna for LTE, 4G and sub-6 GHz 5G applications." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 36, no. 1 (2023): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee2301043r.
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In this manuscript, a compact MIMO antenna for wireless application has been presented. The proposed antenna consists of the F-shaped radiator with the circular slot in the center and a rectangular ground plane on the other side of the substrate. The proposed antenna has the overall size of 48 ? 48 mm2. The antenna is designed to work on two frequency bands - from 1.5 to 2.3 GHz, and 3.7 to 4.2 GHz, having the resonating frequency of 1.8 GHz and 3.9 GHz respectively. The diversity performance of the antenna is also observed by using a variety of parameters like envelop correlation coefficient (ECC), Diversity Gain (DG), Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC), etc. The value of ECC is 0.02, which shows good diversity performance of the antenna. In order to validate the simulated and measured results, the proposed antenna has been fabricated and shows good agreement with the each other.
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Chen, Shu-Chuan, Chang-Sheng Wu, Shao-Hung Cheng, and Chih-Chung Lin. "Compact Sub 6 GHz Slot Multiantenna System for 5G Laptops." Micromachines 14, no. 3 (2023): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14030626.
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A sub 6 GHz dual-band closed-slot multiantenna system for 5G laptops is proposed in this paper. It was installed in a clearance space, with dimensions og 217 × 3 mm2 and 1 mm away from the upper edge of the screen ground plane. The dimensions of the clearance space were the same as those of a multisystem consisting of six antennas. The dimensions of the single closed-slot antenna were 32 × 3 mm2 (0.368 λ × 0.034 λ, where λ equals the free-space wavelength of 3450 MHz. The antenna was coupled to an asymmetric T-shaped feed-in section equipped with a chip capacitor for exciting one-half and full wavelength resonance modes of the closed-slot to encompass sub 6 GHz 3300–3600 MHz and 4800–5000 MHz dual-band operations. The design of the antenna features a long and straight slot to generate the high-order mode of the closed slot in the high-frequency (4800–5000 MHz) band (not the low-frequency (3300–3600 MHz) multiplier band). Its structure is simple, and the width of its slot is only 3 mm. The antennas were arranged to be 5 mm apart in the same direction and in parallel to form a six-antenna system in order to utilize the weak electric fields located at the two closed ends of the closed-slot structure when the closed slot was excited. It showed excellent envelope correlation coefficients (ECCs) and isolation performance without the installation of isolation elements. The measured fractional bandwidth of the antenna was 10.15% and 6.73% at the center frequencies of 3450 MHz and 4900 MHz, respectively. Its measured isolation was always over 10 dB, and the efficiency was between 46% and 76%. The ECCs of the system calculated from the measured complex E-field radiation pattern were all below 0.2, which means that it is ideal for use in laptop devices with a high screen-to-body ratio and a metal back cover.
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Bhaskar, Sambaldevi Chandra, Tejavathu Dheeraj Kumar, Boda Naveen, and Pendli Pradeep. "Design of Sub-6 GHz Antenna using Negative Permittivity Metamaterial for 5G Applications." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (2023): 3080–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50875.
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Abstract: The objective of the presented article is to design a compact metamaterial-based dual-band antenna that meets the frequency requirement of 5G. The antenna consists of a Circular Split Ring Resonator structure with a defective ground plane and slots to enhance the bandwidth and gain parameters. Metamaterial-based Microstrip patch antenna produces unique electromagnetic properties that allow us to control over the antenna parameters with a compact size. FR-4 epoxy is used as a substrate its dielectric constant is 4.4 and its loss tangent is 0.02. Dimensions of the antenna are 20 x 12 x 1.6mm3 with a very compact size and cost-effective. The proposed metamaterial-based antenna resonates at dual bands at 3.24GHz and 5.46 GHz respectively. The peak gains at resonant frequencies 3.45GHz and 5.46 GHz are 0.9 dB and 2dB respectively. The proposed antenna shows S-parameters at S11, which is -12.13dB at frequency of 3.45 GHz and -15.165 at a frequency of 5.46 GHz. The proposed antenna can effectively work for WLAN and WiMAX applications. The antenna covers the frequency spectrum from 2 GHz to 8 GHz with a centre frequency of 5 GHz. The proposed antenna is cost-effective
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Sheriff, Nathirulla, Sharul Kamal, Hassan Tariq Chattha, Tan Kim Geok, and Bilal A. Khawaja. "Compact Wideband Four-Port MIMO Antenna for Sub-6 GHz and Internet of Things Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 12 (2022): 2202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13122202.
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A compact four-port multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) antenna with good isolation is proposed for sub-6 GHz and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Four similar L-shaped antennae are placed orthogonally at 7.6 mm distance from the corner of the FR4 substrate. The wideband characteristics and the required frequency band are achieved through the L-shaped structure and with proper placement of the slots on the substrate. To obtain good isolation between the ports, rectangular slots are etched in the bottom layer and are interconnected. The proposed antenna has total dimensions of 40 mm × 40 mm × 1.6 mm. The interconnected ground plane provides good isolation of less than −17 dB between the ports, and the impedance bandwidth obtained by the proposed four-port antenna is about 54% between the frequency range of 3.2 GHz to 5.6 GHz, thus providing a wideband antenna characteristic covering sub-6 GHz 5G bands (from 3.4 to 3.6 GHz and 4.8 to 5 GHz) and the WLAN band (5.2 GHz). The proposed design antenna is fabricated and tested. Good experimental results are achieved when compared with the simulation results. As the proposed design is compact and low profile, this antenna could be a suitable candidate for 5G and IoT devices.
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Najim, Haider Saad, Mahmood Farhan Mosleh, and Raed A. Abd-Alhameed. "Design a MIMO printed dipole antenna for 5G sub-band applications." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 3 (2022): 1649. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i3.pp1649-1660.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, a planar multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) dipole antenna for a future sub-6 GHz 5G application is proposed. The planar MIMO structure consists of 4 antenna elements with an overall size of 150×82×1 mm<sup>3</sup>. The single antenna element is characterized by a size of 32.5×33.7×1 mm<sup>3</sup> printed on an FR-4 dielectric substrate with εr=4.4 and tanδ=0.02. The suggested antenna structure exhibits good impedance bandwidth equal to 3.24 GHz starting from 3.3 to 6.6 GHz with an S<sub>11</sub> value of less than -10 dB (S<sub>11</sub>≤-10 dB) with antenna gain varying from 5.2 up to 7.05 dB in the entire band, which covers all the sub-6 GHz frequency band of the 5G application. Good isolation is achieved between the MIMO elements due to low surface waves inside the MIMO antenna substrate. The radiation of the MIMO antenna structure can be manipulated and many beam-types can be achieved as desired. The high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software package is used to design and simulate the proposed structure, while the CST MWS is used to validate the results.
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Sufyan, Ali, Khan Bahadur Khan, Waqar Aslam, and Yasir Salam. "Dual-Band 10-Element MIMO Array for 5G Smartphones in Sub-6 GHz." Vol 4 Issue 2 4, no. 2 (2022): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040208.
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The dramatic growth of mobile users, IoT-based applications, and astounding channel capacity requirements to connect trillions of devices are some huge challenges of the previous mobile generations, 5G turned up the key solution. Although the 5G MIMO can boost channel capacity and spectrum efficiency, it is very challenging to integrate multiple antennas into a mobile phone with limited space. Therefore, we presented a multi-band 10-elements array antenna operating at the LTE (long term evolution) 42, 43, and 46 frequency spectrum (sub-6 GHz band) for MIMO applications in fourth/fifth generation (4G/5G) modern mobile phones in this paper. A simple T-shaped slot antenna is designed to acquire 10-element MIMO antenna implementation in LTE 42/43 and 46 bands. The presented antenna array is integrated using a low-priced FR-4 substrate which is typically used for 5.7- 6-inch smartphones and possesses dimensions of 150mm × 80mm × 0.8mm. The simulated results show superb impedance matching and isolation between ports (> -12 dB), radiation efficiency (>70 %), and Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC< 0.05) over the operational frequency. Consequently, the designed MIMO antenna array is effectively favorable for the 5G MIMO smartphone to enhance data output and the spectrum efficiency.
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K, Kayalvizhi, and Ramesh S. "PERFORMANCE OF OPTIMIZED HEXAGONAL SLOTTED PATCH ANTENNA DESIGN FOR ENHANCED SUB-6 5G WIRELESS SYSTEMS." ICTACT Journal on Microelectronics 11, no. 1 (2025): 2005–10. https://doi.org/10.21917/ijme.2025.0341.
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With the increasing demand for high-speed and reliable communication in 5G networks, efficient antenna design for the sub-6 GHz band has become a crucial research area. Slotted patch antennas offer significant advantages such as compact size and wide bandwidth, making them suitable for 5G-enabled devices. However, achieving high gain, broad bandwidth, and stable radiation characteristics within the compact form factor remains challenging, especially in the 3.5–4.5 GHz range used for sub-6 GHz 5G. This work presents a novel slotted hexagonal patch antenna structure designed to operate efficiently within the 3.3–4.2 GHz frequency range. The design introduces a unique hexagonal geometry with symmetrical slotting and ground plane optimization to enhance return loss, bandwidth, and gain. Simulation using HFSS yielded a peak gain of 5.3 dBi, a return loss of -32 dB at 3.8 GHz, and a bandwidth of 850 MHz. The design also achieved a radiation efficiency of 92.4%, and a VSWR of 1.1.
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Gholam, D. Aghashirin, MagedKafafy, S. Abdel-Aty-Zohdy Hoda, A. Zohdy Mohamed, and Timmons Adam. "Modeling and Designed of a Monopole Antenna that Operate at 3.3 [GHz] for Future 5G sub 6 [GHz]." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 10, no. 5 (2021): 38–46. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.E2832.0610521.
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Antenna unit is an importantpart of ADAS L2, L2+ and Automated Driving L3 systems. It needs to function as needed in dGPS, HD Map Correction Services, OEM Radios and Navigation Systems. The presented monopoleantenna model for 5G below 6 [GHz] operating at 3.3 [GHz] is developed. This work demonstrates the modeling, design, and determining of monopoleantenna with intended targeted applications within the automotive system emerging autonomous vehicles space and as well as 5G Wireless Cellular Technology domain. FEKO simulation is undertaken rather than mathematical modeling to create the structure and conduct the analysis of the proposed monopole antenna.In order to support the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication networks, SOS messages, vehicle tracking, remote vehicle start, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) L2, L2+/ Autonomous Driving (AD) L3 systems self-driving vehicles powered by 5G with rapidly growing sets of ADAS and AD features and functions within the autonomous space, USA cellular carriers mobile phone communication standard 4G MISO and 5G MIMO, LTE1, LTE2, connected functions, features/services, IoT, DSRC, V2X, and C-V2X applications and 5G enable vehicles destined for the NAFTA (USA, Canada and Mexico) market, a new single monopole antenna that operate at 3.3 [GHz] for future 5G (MIMO) below 6 [GHz] modeling, design and simulation with intended automotive applicability and applications is proposed. The presented novel new 5G below 6 [GHz] monopoleantenna: 1. Is not being investigated on the literatures review and published papers studied. 2. No paper exists on these frequency bands. 3. The desired monopole antenna is a new antenna with fewer components, reduction in size, low profile, competitive cost, better response to received RF signals for frequencies for future 5G below 6 [GHz] with each of the following: a. Range of operating frequencies, 0.6 [GHz] to 5.9256 [GHz]. b. Centerfrequency = 3.2628 [GHz] ~ 3.3 [GHz] for the above band. c. Lambda (λ) = (3.0 x10^8 [m/sec^2])/(3.3x10^9 [Hz])=0.090 [m] = 90 [mm], lambda (λ) /4 = (0.090 [m])/4=0.0225 [m]=22.5 mm ~ 23 [mm], the overall monopole antenna height. Manuscript received on June 15, 2021. Revised Manuscript received on June 18, 2021. Manuscript published on June 30, 2021. * Correspondence Author Gholam D Aghashirin*, Departmentof Electrical & Computer Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA Maged Kafafy, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA Hoda S. Abdel-Aty-Zohdy, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA Mohamed A. Zohdy, Departmentof Electrical & Computer Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA Adam Timmons, Departmentof Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. © The Authors. Published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) To be more direct, simulation studies are carried out and are done utilizing FEKO software package from Altair to model the proposed monopole antenna for 5G below 6 [GHz] frequency band. The focus is on the frequency band for 5G sub 6 [GHz] cellular system. The paper will introduce the following key points: 1. Modelled and anayzed single element 5G sub 6 [GHz] monopole antenna. 2. Student version of CAD FEKO program was used to design our desired monopole antenna with a wire feed excitation coupled with step-by-step instructions is undertaken to highlight the model geometry creation of our monopole antenna. POST FEKO program is used to plot and view our simulation results. 3. We report the development of 5G below 6 [GHz] for fifth generation (5G) system that meets automotive and vehicle homologation specification requirement of antenna height < 70 [mm]. So that the proposed monopole antenna can easly be integrated into multi tuned cellular antenna system. 4. The FEKO simulation is conducted in 2D and 3D element model, in terms of Far-Field Vertical Gain as a function of an Elevation Angle plots. 5. Future research work and study for the next steps will be recommended.
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Shallah, Abdulkadir Bello, Farid Zubir, Mohamd Kamal A. Rahim, et al. "A Compact Metamaterial Dual-band Branch-line Coupler for 5G Applications." ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering 22, no. 2 (2023): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v22n2.448.
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This study introduces a compact branch-line coupler (BLC) based on metamaterial (MTM) technology that can operate in sub-6 GHz 5G frequency bands. Conventional vertical and horizontal sections of the BLC were replaced with T-shaped TLs and interdigital capacitor (IDC) unit cells incorporated into the BLC sections to improve their performance and reduce their dimensions. The BLC is designed on a Rogers RT5880 substrate material, and it operates at dual frequencies of 0.7 GHz and 3.5 GHz. The design was simulated using CST Microwave Studio software and achieved enhanced frequency band ratio.
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Desai, Arpan, Merih Palandoken, Issa Elfergani, et al. "Transparent 2-Element 5G MIMO Antenna for Sub-6 GHz Applications." Electronics 11, no. 2 (2022): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11020251.
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A dual-port transparent multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna resonating at sub-6 GHz 5G band is proposed by using patch/ground material as transparent conductive oxide (AgHT-8) and a transparent Plexiglas substrate. Two identical circular-shaped radiating elements fed by using a microstrip feedline are designed using the finite element method (FEM) based high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software. The effect of the isolation mechanism is discussed using two cases. In case 1, the two horizontally positioned elements are oriented in a similar direction with a separate ground plane, whereas in case 2, the elements are vertically placed facing opposite to each other with an allied ground. In both cases, the transparent antennas span over a −10 dB band of 4.65 to 4.97 GHz (300 MHz) with isolation greater than 15 dB among two elements. The diversity parameters are also analyzed for both the cases covering the correlation coefficient (ECC), mean effective gain (MEG), diversity gain (DG), and channel capacity loss (CCL). The average gain and efficiency above 1 dBi and 45%, respectively with satisfactory MIMO diversity performance, makes the transparent MIMO antenna an appropriate choice for smart IoT devices working in the sub-6 GHz 5G band by mitigating the co-site location and visual clutter issues.
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Awan, Wahaj Abbas, Niamat Hussain, Sunggoo Kim, and Nam Kim. "A Frequency-Reconfigurable Filtenna for GSM, 4G-LTE, ISM, and 5G-Sub 6 GHz Band Applications." Sensors 22, no. 15 (2022): 5558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155558.
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This paper presents the design and realization of a flexible and frequency-reconfigurable antenna with harmonic suppression for multiple wireless applications. The antenna structure is derived from a quarter-wave monopole by etching slots. Afterward, the high-order unwanted harmonics are eliminated by adding a filtering stub to the feedline to avoid signal interference. Lastly, frequency reconfigurability is achieved using pin diodes by connecting and disconnecting the stubs and the rectangular patch. The antenna is fabricated on the commercially available thin (0.254 mm) conformal substrate of Rogers RT5880. The proposed antenna resonates (|S11| < –10 dB) at five different reconfigurable bands of 3.5 GHz (3.17–3.82 GHz), 2.45 GHz (2.27–2.64 GHz), 2.1 GHz (2.02–2.29 GHz), 1.9 GHz (1.81–2.05 GHz), and 1.8 GHz (1.66–1.93 GHz), which are globally used for 5G sub-6 GHz in industrial, medical, and scientific (ISM) bands, 4G long-term evolution (LTE) bands, and global system for mobile communication (GSM) bands. The simulated and measured results show that the antenna offers excellent performance in terms of good impedance matching with controllable resonant bands, high gain (>2 dBi), stable radiation patterns, and efficiency (>87%). Moreover, the conformal analysis shows that the antenna retains its performance both in flat and bending conditions, making it suitable for flexible electronics. In addition, the antenna is compared with the state-of-the-art works for similar applications to show its potential for the targeted band spectrums.
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Kumar, Lalit, Vandana Nath, and Bvr Reddy. "Triple-band stub loaded patch antenna with high gain for 5G Sub-6 GHz, WLAN and WiMAX applications using DGS." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 36, no. 2 (2023): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee2302171k.
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Microstrip antennas have become ubiquitous in today's wireless communication world due to their low profile, low cost, and simplicity in fabricating on circuit boards. However, poor performance characteristics, such as limited bandwidth, low power handling capabilities, and low gain, limit their applicability in various instances. Path loss will be substantial in 5th generation (5G) wireless communication due to the utilization of high-frequency bands. A high-gain antenna with a small size is necessary to address this issue. A compact tri-band, slotted monopole antenna with high and consistent gain employing a defected ground plane structure (DGS) has been investigated and implemented in this study. This proposed antenna uses three inverted L-shaped stubs connected to the radiating element to cover the desired bands while keeping the antenna size small. The designed antenna has two key characteristics: (i) wide bandwidth and (ii) reasonable gain. The antenna covers 2.45 and 5.6 GHz WLAN, 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, 2.5 and 5.2 GHz WiMAX and 3.7 GHz Sub-6 GHz of 5G for mobile communication. The overall substrate size of the antenna is 30 ? 17 ? 1.6 mm3and the electrical dimensions are 0.49 ?L ? 0.28 ?L ? 0.026 ?L, where ?L is the free space wavelength at 2.45 GHz. The measured reflection coefficient (S11 < -10dB) covers 2.4 - 2.52 GHz (bandwidth 112 MHz) and 3.4 - 4.1 GHz (bandwidth 700 MHz) and 5.2 - 6.6 GHz (bandwidth 1359 MHz) with a fractional bandwidth of 5.1 % at lower frequency band, 18.6 % at mid frequency band and 23.7 % at high frequency band. A prototype antenna has also been developed using an inexpensive, low-profile 1.6 mm thick FR-4 (?r = 4.4) substrate. The measured peak gains achieved are 1.35 dB at 2.45 GHz, 2.55 dB at 2.65 GHz and 3.8 dB at 5.5 GHz. The simulated results have been validated against actual experimental measurements, and the outcomes are consistent and match with certainty. The proposed antenna design is very compact and easy to fabricate due to the absence of vias.
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Bayarzaya, Batchingis, Niamat Hussain, Wahaj Abbas Awan, et al. "A Compact MIMO Antenna with Improved Isolation for ISM, Sub-6 GHz, and WLAN Application." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (2022): 1355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081355.
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This paper presents a compact two-element MIMO antenna with improved isolation for triple-band applications. The antenna consists of two radiating elements with the shared ground plane and a novel decoupling structure. Each antenna element has three stubs with different lengths, which work as quarter-wavelength monopoles to give a triple-band operation. The decoupling system is made by etching various slots in an inverted H-shape stub attached to two quarter-circles at its lower ends. The simulated and measured results show that the antenna operates (|S11| < −10 dB) at the key frequency bands of 2.4 GHz (2.29–2.47 GHz), 3.5 GHz (3.34–3.73 GHz), and 5.5 GHz (4.57–6.75 GHz) with a stable gain and radiation patterns. Moreover, the MIMO antenna shows good isolation characteristics. The isolation is more than 20 dB, the envelope correlation coefficient is <0.003, and diversity gain is 9.98 dB, within the frequency band of interest. Furthermore, the MIMO antenna has a compact size of 48 mm × 31 mm × 1.6 mm. These features of the proposed antenna make it a suitable candidate for I.S.M., 5G sub-6 GHz, and WLAN applications.
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Thangarasu, Deepa, Sandeep Kumar Palaniswamy, and Rama Rao Thipparaju. "Quad Port Multipolarized Reconfigurable MIMO Antenna for Sub 6 GHz Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2023 (March 28, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8882866.
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Recent reconfigurable technological advancements for wireless communication systems provide various global solutions. This research work presents a quad port multipolarized switchable multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna for sub 6 GHz applications. It covers the frequency range from 3.1 to 5.1 GHz, including the 5G NR band n78 (3.3 to 3.8 GHz) and 5G NR band n79 (4.4 to 5 GHz). The proposed antenna comprises four offset-fed monopole antenna elements with an overall dimension of 60 mm × 65 mm. To achieve circular polarization (CP), a parasitic meandering resonator is integrated with antenna elements using four PIN diodes. The polarization diversity is obtained by controlling the bias states of four PIN diodes. The radiating element −1/−3 offers left hand circular polarization (LHCP), while element −2/−4 procures right hand circular polarization (RHCP) when all diodes are ON. Consequently, the proposed antenna provides linear polarization (LP) under reverse bias conditions. Moreover, the designed antenna acquires a wide axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 36.1%. In addition, the developed MIMO antenna exhibits isolation greater than 15 dB using the common ground plane, and the obtained ECC is less than 0.13. The prototype is fabricated, and the simulated responses are in good correlation with the measured results.
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Lambert, Udoh Mary, Udofia Kufre Michael, and Obot Akaninyene Bernard. "Ultra-wideband Metamaterial-based Rectangular Microstrip Antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G and other Microwave Applications." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 25, no. 7 (2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i7932.
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This paper presents a novel design of an ultra-wideband metamaterial-based rectangular microstrip antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G and other microwave applications. The proposed antenna consist of a rectangular microstrip patch, two metamaterial unit cells, Flame Resistant (FR-4) substrate and partial ground plane. The metamaterial unit cell comprises complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) with double negative characteristics (negative permeability and negative permittivity) as well as negative refractive index (NRI). The NRI medium enhanced the bandwidth and radiation efficiency of the antenna by reducing the surface waves and mutual coupling. The antenna operates over frequency range of 3.4009 to 11.721 GHz and 2.869 to 3.211 GHz, covering the sub-6 GHz 5G bands and other microwave applications such as Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and WLAN. Also, the proposed antenna had optimized dimensions of and exhibited good impedance matching, omnidirectional radiation pattern, and stable gain across the operating band. From simulation results, a combined bandwidth of 8.66 GHz was achieved which shows good agreement with outlined objective. The proposed antenna is suitable for sub-6 GHz 5G and other microwave applications that require ultra-wideband performance and low-profile design.
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Bai, Jie, Shun Yuan, and Zhaobin Duan. "Research on the Interference Effects of 5G’s Key Parameters on Radio Altimeters." Aerospace 12, no. 1 (2024): 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12010016.
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The 5G frequency band is extremely close to the operating frequency band of radio altimeters (RAs), so an in-depth study of the possible interference of 5G’s key parameters on RAs is especially necessary to ensure aviation safety. In this paper, the interference magnitude of 5G waveforms on an altimeter was measured by simulating the Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio (ACLR) values for different sub-carrier spacing (SCS) and channel bandwidth configurations. Furthermore, interference injection experiments on simulated 5G signals and the interference thresholds of a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) altimeter were compared to experiments on the effects of the different configurations of 5G SCSs, channel bandwidths, and center frequency points. The interference thresholds of this FMCW altimeter were found to be in the range of 1 dBm to 6 dBm and −4 dBm to 0 dBm under the interference of 5G signals at the center frequency points of 3.7 GHz and 3.9 GHz. These results provided a certain reference for the engineering judgement margin of the interference thresholds.
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Kapoor, Ankush, Ranjan Mishra, and Pradeep Kumar. "Complementary frequency selective surface pair-based intelligent spatial filters for 5G wireless systems." Journal of Intelligent Systems 30, no. 1 (2021): 1054–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2021-0082.
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Abstract Frequency selective surface (FSS)-based intelligent spatial filters are capturing the eyes of the researchers by offering a dynamic behavior when exposed to the electromagnetic radiations. In this manuscript, a concept of creating complementary structures which stems from Babinet’s principle is illustrated. A hybrid complementary pair of FSS (CPFSS) comprising double square loop FSS (DSLFSS) and double square slot FSS (DSSFSS) on either side of the dielectric substrate is proposed. DSLFSS offers band-pass behavior and can be placed as a superstrate, whereas DSSFSS behaves as a band-stop intelligent spatial filter that blocks the radiations falling on it, thus making them applicable for use as a substrate. The technique utilized for analyzing DSLFSS and DSSFSS structures is based on the equivalent circuit modeling and transmission line methodology. The CPFSS structure offers the design simplicity, hence, suitable for placing them with the printed patch antenna radiators in wireless networking devices operating in sub-6 GHz 5G spectrum. DSLFSS offers band-pass behavior ranging from 2.99 to 5.56 GHz, whereas DSSFSS offers band-stop behavior ranging from 2.85 to 5.42 GHz covering all n77 (3.3–4.2 GHz), n78 (3.3–3.8 GHz), and n79 (4.4–5 GHz) bands of FR1 spectrum of sub-6 GHz 5G range. The passband and the stopband offered by the two structures of CPFSS geometry are stable to oblique angles of incidence and the proposed design also offers polarization-independent behavior. The thickness of the dielectric region existing within the pair of designed structures is critical for the location of the passbands and the stopbands. The impact of the overall thickness of the dielectric substrate on the passbands and stopbands is also reported in this article.
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Gençoğlan, Duygu Nazan, Şule Çolak, and Merih Palandöken. "Spiral-Resonator-Based Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Design for Sub-6 GHz Applications." Applied Sciences 13, no. 15 (2023): 8719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13158719.
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This paper presents a novel frequency reconfigurable antenna design for sub-6 GHz applications, featuring a unique combination of antenna elements and control mechanisms. The antenna is composed of an outer split-ring resonator loaded with an inner spiral resonator, which can be adjusted through the remote control of PIN diode or Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switches. The compact antenna, measuring 22 × 16 × 1.6 mm3, operates in broadband, or tri-band mode depending on the ON/OFF states of switches. The frequency reconfigurability is achieved using two BAR64−02V PIN diodes or two CG2415M6 SPDT switches acting as RF switches. SPDT switches are controlled remotely via Arduino unit. Additionally, the antenna demonstrates an omni-directional radiation pattern, making it suitable for wireless communication systems. Experimental results on an FR-4 substrate validate the numerical calculations, confirming the antenna’s performance and superiority over existing alternatives in terms of compactness, wide operating frequency range, and cost-effectiveness. The proposed design holds significant potential for applications in Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 a/n/ac), Bluetooth (5 GHz), ISM (5 GHz), 3G (UMTS), 4G (LTE), wireless backhaul (4G and 5G networks), WLAN (IEEE 802.11 a/n/ac/ax), 5G NR n1 band, and Wi-Fi access points due to its small size and easy control mechanism. The antenna can be integrated into various devices, including access points, gateways, smartphones, and IoT kits. This novel frequency reconfigurable antenna design presents a valuable contribution to the field, paving the way for further advancements in wireless communication systems.
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Ahmed, Heba, Allam M. Ameen, Ahmed Magdy, Ahmed Nasser, and Mohammed Abo-Zahhad. "A Sub-6GHz Two-Port Crescent MIMO Array Antenna for 5G Applications." Electronics 14, no. 3 (2025): 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14030411.
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The fifth generation of wireless communication (5G) technology is becoming more innovative with the increasing need for high data rates because of the incremental rapidity of mobile data growth. In 5G systems, enhancing device-to-device communication, ultra-low latency (1 ms), outstanding dependability, significant flexibility, and data throughput (up to 20 Gbps) is considered one of the most essential factors for wireless networks. To meet these objectives, a sub-6 5G wideband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array microstrip antenna for 5G Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications on hotspot devices has been proposed in this research. The 1 × 4 MIMO array radiating element antenna with a partial ground proposed in this research complies with the 5G application standard set out by the Federal Communications Commission. The planned antenna configuration consists of a hollow, regular circular stub patch antenna shaped like a crescent with a rectangular defect at the top of the patch. The suggested structure is mounted on an FR-4 substrate with a thickness “h” of 1.6, a permittivity “εr” of 4.4, and a tangential loss of 0.02. The proposed antenna achieves a high radiation gain and offers a frequency spectrum bandwidth of 3.01 GHz to 6.5 GHz, covering two 5G resonant frequencies “fr” of 3.5 and 5.8 GHz as the mid-band, which yields a gain of 7.66 dBi and 7.84 dBi, respectively. MIMO antenna parameters are examined and introduced to assess the system’s performance. Beneficial results are obtained, with the channel capacity loss (CCL) tending to 0.2 bit/s/Hz throughout the operating frequency band, the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) yielding 0.02, a mean effective gain (MEG) of less than −6 dB over the operating frequency band, and a total active reflection coefficient (TARC) of less than −10 dB; the radiation efficiency is equal to 71.5%, maintaining impedance matching as well as good mutual coupling among the adjacent parameters. The suggested antenna has been implemented and experimentally tested using the 5G system Open Air Interface (OAI) platform, which operates at sub-6 GHz, yielding −67 dBm for the received signal strength indicator (RSSI), and superior frequency stability, precision, and reproducibility for the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and a high level of positivity in the power headroom report (PHR) 5G system performance report, confirming its operational effectiveness in 5G WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) application.
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Bougas, Ioannis D., Maria S. Papadopoulou, Achilles D. Boursianis, Spyridon Nikolaidis, and Sotirios K. Goudos. "Dual-Band Rectifier Circuit Design for IoT Communication in 5G Systems." Technologies 11, no. 2 (2023): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies11020034.
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Radio-frequency (RF) energy harvesting (EH) is emerging as a reliable and constantly available free energy source. The primary factor determining whether this energy can be utilized is how efficiently it can be collected. In this work, an RF EH system is presented. More particularly, we designed a dual-band RF to DC rectifier circuit at sub-6 GHz in the 5G bands, able to supply low-power sensors and microcontrollers used in agriculture, the military, or health services. The system operates at 3.5 GHz and 5 GHz in the 5G cellular network’s frequency band FR1. Numerical results reveal that the system provides maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) equal to 53% when the output load (sensor or microcontroller) is 1.74 kΩ and the input power is 12 dBm.
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Kalyani, G., Dr G. Srinivas Rao, K. Sravani, N. Sirisha, and B. Mahathi. "Design of a Wide Band Circular Patch Antenna for WiMAX, C-Band and 5G Sub-6 GHz Communication Applications." International Journal of Research and Review 12, no. 5 (2025): 113–21. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20250514.
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The Advancement of Fifth-generation of Wireless Communication System Necessitates Sophisticated antenna designs capable of supporting increased band-width, Higher data rates, and low latency. This Paper Invokes the design and analysis of Circular Patch Antenna for WiMAX and 5G C-Band applications Operating within the 5G Sub – 6GHz Spectrum across frequency bands of N77 (3.3-4.2GHz), N78 (3.3-3.8GHz), N79 (4.4-5GHz). As communication network evolve towards higher frequencies and faster data rate. The Antenna is outlined on FR-4 Epoxy material in co-ordination with Dimensions of 30mm x 24mm x 1.6 mm. This antenna focuses on Single element circular patch antenna with S-paramters, VSWR, Radiation Pattern are analyzed in both 2D and 3D plots. The design and simulation were conducted using CST Studio Suite. The results demonstrate that the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for Sub-6 GHz 5G and WiMAX communications, offering enhanced performance, compact size, and reliable operation. Keywords: 5G Sub-6GHz, Wireless Communication, WiMAX, C-Band, Circular Patch Antenna.
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Qazwan, Abdullah, Abdullah Noorsaliza, Balfaqih Mohammed, et al. "Maximising system throughput in wireless powered sub-6 GHz and millimetre-wave 5G heterogeneous networks." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 18, no. 3 (2020): 1185–94. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i3.15049.
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Millimetre wave (mm-Wave) bands and sub-6 GHz are key technologies in solving the spectrum critical situation in the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks in achieving high throughput with low transmission power. This paper studies the performance of dense small cells that involve a millimetre wave (mm-Wave) band and sub-6 GHz that operate in high frequency to support massive multiple-input-multiple-output systems (MIMO). In this paper, we analyse the propagation path loss and wireless powered transfer for a 5G wireless cellular system from both macro cells and femtocells in the sub-6 GHz (µWave) and mm-Wave tiers. This paper also analyses the tier heterogeneous in downlink for both mm-Wave and sub-6 GHz. It further proposes a novel distributed power to mitigate the inter-beam interference directors and achieve high throughput under game theory-based power constraints across the sub-6 GHz and mm-Wave interfaces. From the simulation results, the proposed distributed powers in femtocell suppresses inter-beam interference by minimising path loss to active users (UEs) and provides substantial power saving by controlling the distributed power algorithm to achieve high throughput.
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Ullah, Shakir, Issa Elfergani, Inzamam Ahmad, et al. "A Compact Frequency and Radiation Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G and Multistandard Sub-6 GHz Wireless Applications." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (February 10, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4658082.
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This paper presents a reconfigurable antenna operating in three modes at different frequency bands with pattern reconfiguration. Frequency and pattern reconfigurability are achieved using four PIN diodes. In particular, two diodes are mounted in the radiating part of the hexagon shape to perform the frequency reconfiguration of the antenna. The other two PIN diodes are connected with the inverted L-shaped and CPW ground by changing the main lobe beam steering to achieve the pattern reconfiguration. An antenna has been designed, fabricated, and numerically and experimentally assessed. The prototype of the antenna is fabricated on a commercially available FR-4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm ( ε r = 4.3). Thus, the proposed antenna supports several 5G sub-6 GHz bands (3.1 GHz, 4.1 GHz, and 3.8 GHz), WiFi (2.45 GHz), as well as (7.8 GHz, 9.5 GHz) X-Band Satellite applications. The obtained results are quite promising. In particular, it is observed that the measured results are in close agreement with the simulation results, and the proposed (compact) antenna prototype can be a prospective candidate for future portable devices, sensor networks, and telecommunication applications.
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Nandamuri, Shilpa, and Shankar Stevens. "Space Diverse and Frequency MIMO Antenna with Defected Ground Structure." Journal of Telecommunication Study 7, no. 2 (2022): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jts.2022.v07i02.005.
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A four-port DGS (defective ground structure) MIMO antenna is the subject of an inquiry. The proposed design in this study operates at a range of frequencies (1.8 GHz NB-IoT band, 2.4 GHz ISM band, 3.1 GHz sub 6 GHz, Wi-Max, and 4.8 GHz 5G connectivity band). The antenna is driven by an excited microstrip transmission line. All ports of the recommended MIMO antenna are isolated by less than -15dB, and its tiny (20 cm by 15 cm) footprint. It also takes into account radiation characteristics including s-parameters, radiation pattern, directivity, gain, return loss, and bandwidth. Measurements of MIMO performance such the Envelop correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), and mean effective gain (MEG) are also employed to ensure proper diversity performance. Utilizing CST Microwave Studio, the proposed antenna is examined. The resonant frequencies of antennas 1, 2, 3, and 4 are 1.8 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 3.1 GHz, and 4.8 GHz, respectively. The greatest gain it provides is 9.15dB. There is 20 dB isolation between ports.
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Ibrahim, Ahmad S., Ahmad M. Yacoub, and Daniel N. Aloi. "A 3-Dimensional Multiband Antenna for Vehicular 5G Sub-6 GHz/GNSS/V2X Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2022 (July 5, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5609110.
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A compact multiband monopole antenna is proposed for vehicular roof top shark-fin applications. The proposed multiband antenna covers 5G sub-6 GHz and LTE bands starting at 617 MHz to 5000 MHz and the higher GNSS band from 1559 to 1606 MHz as well as the V2X band at 5900 MHz. The presented antenna is a three-dimensional monopole antenna with two branches to cover the required bands with compact size to fit inside a roof top shark-fin. The long antenna branch covers the lower cellular frequency band from 617 to 960 MHz, while the short branch covers the higher frequency band from 1559 to 6000 MHz. The presented antenna is mounted on a double-sided FR4 PCB and is feeded through a short cable. The proposed antenna covers multiple frequency bands with compact size (H x L x W) of 58 × 37 × 17 mm3. The antenna is simulated and optimized, and then, a prototype is fabricated, and its radiation characteristics are measured when mounted on one-meter ground plane and on a vehicle’s roof. The maximum measured linear average gain is 3 dBi at 1900 MHz, and the maximum measured efficiency is 88% at 787 MHz. The active GNSS antenna gain is measured using an LNA with good isolation. A good agreement is achieved between the simulated and measured results when compared in terms of voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), radiation patterns, linear average gain (LAG), and antenna efficiency.
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Khan, Jalal, Sadiq Ullah, Farooq A. Tahir, Faisel Tubbal, and Raad Raad. "A Sub-6 GHz MIMO Antenna Array for 5G Wireless Terminals." Electronics 10, no. 24 (2021): 3062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10243062.
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This paper presents a novel antenna with its array and MIMO configuration for the 5G sub-6 GHz applications. The proposed antenna element operates at the central frequency of 5.57 GHz dedicated for Sub-6 GHz 5G communication applications. The antenna element holds a circular-shaped radiating portion with an inner-circular slot, plus a rectangular slot at its right edge to make the proposed design resonate at the desired frequency band. The RT5880 substrate is used with a thickness of 0.787 mm, and the low-loss tangent of 0.0009. To achieve a desired gain of 12 dB, a four-element array configuration is adopted, which improved a bore side gain to 12.4 dB from 6.66 dB. Then, the two-port configuration is adopted such that the isolation achieved between them is more than −30 dB. The total efficiency of the proposed antenna array is observed to be more than 80% within the operating bandwidth. Moreover, the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analysis is also presented for the proposed MIMO configuration, obeying the standard value (i.e., <2 W/kg for any 10 g of tissue). The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results. All the simulations of the proposed design are performed in the CST MWS software.
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Mamarou Diallo, Mamadou, Dominic Bernard Onyango Konditi, and Olivier Videme Bossou. "A miniaturized dual-band planar antenna with a square ring defected ground structure for 5G millimetre-wave applications." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 29, no. 1 (2022): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v29.i1.pp197-205.
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The high demand for wireless wideband services has led to evolving of a new mobile network standard, which is known as ‘5G’. For 5G to meet the essentials in terms of bandwidth, the industry should leverage the mm-Wave band (24-300 GHz). Further, miniaturized antennas that operate in multiple frequency bands are required for future space-constrained devices. In this manuscript, a compact dual-band circular microstrip antenna which has a square ring defected ground structure (SR-DGS) is investigated for 5G mobile systems. The design is accomplished using Ansys-HFSS 2021R1. The Rogers RT/duroid (5880) substrate, which has a permittivity of 2.2, a tangent loss of 0.0009, and a thickness of 1.575 mm, is used as a dielectric material. The antenna has physical dimensions of 5x4x1.575 mm3 with an electrical size of 0.458λ<sub>0</sub> x0.366λ<sub>0</sub> x0.144λ<sub>0</sub> ; λ<sub>0</sub> represents the wavelength in free space at 27.50 GHz. Impedance bandwidths of 1.34 GHz (27.50 GHz-28.84 GHz) and 2.26 GHz (37.74 GHz-40 GHz) are achieved at the 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands, respectively. The antenna resonates at 28.1875 GHz and 38.5625 GHz with respective gains of 7.2 dB and 7.65 dB. The proposed antenna is a promising candidate for 5G communications due to its miniaturized size.
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Zhang, Qinghu, Bitian Chai, Jianxin Chen, and Wenwen Yang. "A Compact Aperture-Sharing Sub-6 GHz/Millimeter-Wave Dual-Band Antenna." Sensors 23, no. 9 (2023): 4400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094400.
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In this article, a microwave (MW)/millimeter wave (MMW) aperture-sharing antenna is proposed. The antenna is constructed using two orthogonal columns of grounded vias from a 3.5 GHz slot-loaded half-mode substrate-integrated waveguide (HMSIW) antenna. These vias are reused to create two sets of 1 × 4 MMW substrate-integrated dielectric resonator antenna (SIDRA) arrays. With this proposed partial structure reuse strategy, the MW antenna and MMW arrays can be integrated in a shared-aperture manner, improving space utilization and enabling dual-polarized beam steering capability in the MMW band, which is highly desirable for multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) applications. The integrated antenna prototype was manufactured and measured for verification. The 3.5 GHz antenna has a relative bandwidth of 3.4% (3.44–3.56 GHz) with a peak antenna gain of 5.34 dBi, and the 28 GHz antenna arrays cover the frequency range of 26.5–29.8 GHz (11.8%) and attain a measured peak antenna gain of 11.0 dBi. Specifically, the 28 GHz antenna arrays can realize dual-polarization and ±45° beam steering capability. The dual-band antenna has a very compact structure, and it is applicable for 5G mobile communication terminals.
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Ahmad, Ikhlas, Wasi Ur Rehman Khan, Haris Dildar, et al. "A Pentaband Compound Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G and Multi-Standard Sub-6GHz Wireless Applications." Electronics 10, no. 20 (2021): 2526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202526.
Full textAbstract:
This work proposes a low-profile, printed antenna that offers pattern and frequency reconfiguration functionalities printed on FR-4 substrate with a size of 46 × 32 × 1.6 mm3. The proposed antenna can operate in five different frequency bands, each one identified as a Mode, wherein there are possibilities of pattern reconfiguration. The frequency and pattern reconfigurability are made possible through 12 p-i-n diode switches (S1 to S12). The former is enabled through the switches S1 to S4 within the radiating patch, hence effectively controlling the resonant bands of the antenna; the latter is made possible through main lobe beam steering, enabled by the rest of the eight switches (S5 to S12), loaded in split parasitic elements designed on both sides of the radiator. The proposed antenna operates in the 5 GHz (4.52–5.39 GHz) band when all switches are OFF. When S1 is ON, the operating band shifts to 3.5 GHz (2.96–4.17 GHz); it changes to a 2.6 GHz (2.36–2.95 GHz) band when S1 and S2 are ON. When S3 is also turned ON, the antenna shifts to the 2.1 GHz Band (1.95–2.30 GHz). When S1–S4 are ON, the operating band shifts to a 1.8GHz (1.67–1.90 GHz) band. In all these bands, the return loss remains less than −10 dB while maintaining good impedance matching. At each operating band, the ON/OFF states of the eight p-i-n diode switches (S5 through S12) enable beam steering. The proposed antenna can direct the main beam in five distinct directions at 3.5GHz, 2.6 GHz, and 2.1 GHz bands, and three different directions at 5 GHz and 1.8 GHz bands. Different 5G bands (2.1, 2.6, 3.5, and 5) GHz, which fall in the sub 6GHz range, are supported by the proposed antenna. In addition, GSM (1.8 GHz), UMTS (2.1 GHz), 4G-LTE (2.1 GHz and 2.6 GHz), WiMAX (2.6 GHz and 3.5 GHz) and WLAN (5 GHz) applications are also supported by the proposed antenna, which is a candidate for handheld 5G/4G/3G devices.
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Ullah, Atta, Naser Ojaroudi Parchin, Mohamed Abdul-Al, et al. "Dual-Band MIMO Antenna Design for 5G Smartphones Mobile Communications." Journal of Techniques 5, no. 2 (2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51173/jt.v5i2.1259.
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In this research, an innovative L-shape slot that is fed by F-shape dual-band six-Elements multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for mobile phones that operate in a 5G spectrum is demonstrated. This proposed antenna has six antenna elements that can operate in dual band sub-6 GHz for 5G band spectrums at 3.42–3.77 GHz and at 5.30–5.63 GHz. Every antenna element has an L-shaped slot in the ground fed by the same feedline that support the matching of the F-shaped microstrip lines. Important features of the anticipated layout are examined. It provides excellent efficiency at the operation band, appropriate isolation, adequate radiation coverage, and good S-parameters. Ant 3's provided the maximum return loss at 3.6 GHz which is -35 dB, whereas Ant 5 and Ant 6 provide the highest return losses at 5.4 GHz which is -38dB of the suggested dual-band frequency of 5G smartphones. To validate the exactness of the constructed MIMO antenna performances, the sample prototyping and experimentally measured outcomes were carried out in the Lab. Both simulated and measure result assessments revealed an extremely excellent understanding of both results. satisfactory input impedance and mutual coupling characteristics. Future smartphones can leverage the proposed design for high data-rate cellular connectivity because of these appealing properties.
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Cheng, Houyuan, Helin Yang, Jiong Wu, Yujun Li, Lina Hua, and Yuejie Yang. "A novel pattern reconfigurable dual beam Vivaldi antenna with water-based absorbers." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 26 (2022): 265102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac629f.
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Abstract In this paper, a novel orthogonal dual-beam Vivaldi antenna loaded with metamaterial lenses (MLs) is designed as the original antenna. Then, we designed two simple water-based absorbers (WBAs) containers using 3D printing technology, which can be mounted on the ML. WBA filled with water can absorb electromagnetic waves radiated from antenna aperture, while empty WBA does not affect antenna radiation. The antenna radiation pattern can be reconstructed by selectively injecting water into WBAs. The proposed antenna can realize three radiation states in the operating frequency band, including radiation along the X direction and Y direction at the same time (state 1), radiation along X direction (state 2), and radiation along the Y direction (state 3). The proposed antenna has an operating frequency range from 3 GHz to 6 GHz, which realizes the coverage of the 5G sub-6 GHz main frequency band. Finally, the measured results of the antenna are consistent with the simulated. The work in this paper has potential application value in the 5G communication system and point-to-point communication system.
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Qi, Yu, and Yi-hu Xu. "A Novel Design of Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G Mobile Terminal Equipment." International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering 9, no. 3 (2020): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijcce.2020.9.3.134-140.
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The development of 5G New Radio (NR) is widely concerned. In order to solve the problem of working frequency band, a design scheme of frequency reconfigurable antenna module covering 3.5 GHz and 4.9 GHz frequency band is proposed in this paper. It can be applied to 3.4-3.6 GHz band and 4.8-5.0 GHz band, which can meet the application of sub 6GHz band in 5G communication. The antenna module adopts a feed port, a tune stub, and five switches which can realize frequency reconfiguration. In this paper, the analysis of the parameters of the ground plane and the length of the tune stub is given, and the discussions of the S-parameter, the simulated electrical field distributions, the radiation pattern, the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and the Smith chart are also given, which proves the practicability of the proposed antenna. The size of the antenna module is suitable and the performance is excellent.
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Sandeep, Kakade, Deshpande Asmita, Patil Shrishail, Nitin Shivale, and Vijay Sonawane. "A Novel Four-Element Button Mushroom MIMO Antenna for Enhanced Sub-6 GHz 5G Communication." International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Scope 06, no. 02 (2025): 397–409. https://doi.org/10.47857/irjms.2025.v06i02.03051.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a high-performance four-element button mushroom MIMO antenna tailored for sub-6 GHz fifthgeneration (5G) wireless communication systems. The antenna is fabricated on an FR4 epoxy substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6 mm, offering a cost-effective and mechanically robust solution. The design comprises rectangular patch elements optimized for dual-band operation at 3.48 GHz and 4.75 GHz, effectively covering key segments of the sub-6 GHz 5G spectrums. A button mushroom structure is incorporated between elements to significantly reduce mutual coupling and enhance isolation, achieving values consistently below –20 dB across the targeted bands. Simulations conducted using Ansys HFSS demonstrated excellent MIMO performance, with an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of less than 0.03, channel capacity loss (CCL) below 0.4 bits/s/Hz, and diversity gain (DG) approaching 10 dB. The antenna supports a total bandwidth of 2.11 GHz, ensuring reliable wideband performance. Experimental validation using a vector network analyzer and anechoic chamber confirmed the simulation outcomes. The compact size, high isolation, and wide operational bandwidth make the proposed antenna a strong candidate for modern 5G MIMO applications. Future enhancements may include the integration of tunable components for dynamic frequency adaptability and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analysis for user safety and regulatory compliance.
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Addepalli, Tathababu, Maragani Satish Kumar, Chandrasekhar Rao Jetti, Naveen Kumar Gollamudi, Bandi Kiran Kumar, and Jayshri Kulkarni. "Fractal Loaded, Novel, and Compact Two- and Eight-Element High Diversity MIMO Antenna for 5G Sub-6 GHz (N77/N78 and N79) and WLAN Applications, Verified with TCM Analysis." Electronics 12, no. 4 (2023): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040952.
Full textAbstract:
A novel compact fractal loaded two- and eight-element multiple input multiple output (MIMO) with strong diversity is designed for 5G Sub 6 GHz and WLAN applications. The suggested antenna is designed and manufactured on inexpensive FR4 dielectric material with small size of 72 mm × 72 mm × 1.6 mm (0.792λ × 0.792λ × 0.0176λ, where λ is calculated at a lower operating frequency). The proposed layout features a partially grounded, protruding T-shaped stub on the underside of the substrate and a set of fractally loaded circular patch antenna elements on the top. Four triangular slots on the substrate and a T-shaped stub on the ground are employed to produce good isolation over the intended bands. The proposed antenna has a frequency range of (3.3–6.0) GHz, making it compatible with the 5G sub-6 GHz bands and the WLAN band thanks to its high isolation of above 15 dB and good impedance matching characteristics. Good agreement is observed between the antenna results and the theory of characteristic mode analysis approach. The designed antenna is well suited for 5G sub-6 GHz and WLAN communication applications due to its low ECC (0.005), total active reflection coefficient (TARC) (−10 dB), mean effective gain (MEG) (−3 dB), and diversity gain (DG) (−10 dB), channel capacity losses (CCL) (0.05), peak gain (>2.5 dBi), radiation efficiency (>95%), and stable boresight radiation patterns.
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Sandeep, Kakade, Nirmal Sharma, and Navnath Narwade. "SUB-6 5G NETWORKS: DESIGN OF BUTTON MUSHROOM MIMO ANTENNA AND IT’S INVESTIGATION." International Journal of Innovations & Research Analysis 04, no. 03(I) (2024): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.62823/4.3(i).6789.
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The unlicensed National Information Infrastructure radio band (n77, n78, and n46) is taken into consideration for this research work's "Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)" antenna with dual band features. Gradually, the form design of simple single-patch MIMO antennas gives way to four-element MIMO antennas. Four microstrip antennas are integrated using button-like circular caps on the main patches. Reduced ground is also used in the construction of many band characteristics. Excellent isolation can be achieved by using Rectangular Metallic Strip (RMS). The suggested MIMO antenna has the advantage of covering two significant frequency bands. At 3.07 GHz and 6.31 GHz, the antenna system resonates with a total bandwidth of 2.43 GHz. The antenna design uses a FR4 substrate measuring 35 mm by 49 mm by 1.6 mm in thickness. For simulation purposes, Teflon and a specially made SMA connector with a perfect electrical conductor (PEC) are used to enhance impedance matching. An 8.2 mm feed line with an inset feed is also utilized. Research and investigation are conducted on radiation properties, including mean effective gain, envelope correction coefficient, reflection coefficient, and more. Both the reflection and isolation coefficients have values of less than -10 dB, with the former being less than -15 dB. It is a 16.30 dB increase overall. 5G applications will greatly benefit from having this smaller, four-element MIMO antenna.
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Sandeep, Kakade, Nirmal Sharma, and Navnath Narwade. "SUB-6 5G NETWORKS: DESIGN OF BUTTON MUSHROOM MIMO ANTENNA AND IT’S INVESTIGATION." International Journal of Innovations & Research Analysis 04, no. 03(I) (2024): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.62823/ijira/4.3(i).6789.
Full textAbstract:
The unlicensed National Information Infrastructure radio band (n77, n78, and n46) is taken into consideration for this research work's "Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)" antenna with dual band features. Gradually, the form design of simple single-patch MIMO antennas gives way to four-element MIMO antennas. Four microstrip antennas are integrated using button-like circular caps on the main patches. Reduced ground is also used in the construction of many band characteristics. Excellent isolation can be achieved by using Rectangular Metallic Strip (RMS). The suggested MIMO antenna has the advantage of covering two significant frequency bands. At 3.07 GHz and 6.31 GHz, the antenna system resonates with a total bandwidth of 2.43 GHz. The antenna design uses a FR4 substrate measuring 35 mm by 49 mm by 1.6 mm in thickness. For simulation purposes, Teflon and a specially made SMA connector with a perfect electrical conductor (PEC) are used to enhance impedance matching. An 8.2 mm feed line with an inset feed is also utilized. Research and investigation are conducted on radiation properties, including mean effective gain, envelope correction coefficient, reflection coefficient, and more. Both the reflection and isolation coefficients have values of less than -10 dB, with the former being less than -15 dB. It is a 16.30 dB increase overall. 5G applications will greatly benefit from having this smaller, four-element MIMO antenna.
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Solano-Perez, Jose Antonio, María-Teresa Martínez-Inglés, Jose-Maria Molina-Garcia-Pardo, et al. "Terahertz Frequency-Scaled Differential Imaging for Sub-6 GHz Vehicular Antenna Signature Analysis." Sensors 20, no. 19 (2020): 5636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195636.
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The next generation of connected and autonomous vehicles will be equipped with high numbers of antennas operating in a wide frequency range for communications and environment sensing. The study of 3D spatial angular responses and the radiation patterns modified by vehicular structure will allow for better integration of the associated communication and sensing antennas. The use of near-field monostatic focusing, applied with frequency-dimension scale translation and differential imaging, offers a novel imaging application. The objective of this paper is to theoretically and experimentally study the method of obtaining currents produced by an antenna radiating on top of a vehicular platform using differential imaging. The experimental part of the study focuses on measuring a scaled target using an imaging system operating in a terahertz band—from 220 to 330 GHz—that matches a 5G frequency band according to frequency-dimension scale translation. The results show that the induced currents are properly estimated using this methodology, and that the influence of the bandwidth is assessed.
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Farasat, Madiha, Dushmantha N. Thalakotuna, Zhonghao Hu, and Yang Yang. "A Review on 5G Sub-6 GHz Base Station Antenna Design Challenges." Electronics 10, no. 16 (2021): 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10162000.
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Modern wireless networks such as 5G require multiband MIMO-supported Base Station Antennas. As a result, antennas have multiple ports to support a range of frequency bands leading to multiple arrays within one compact antenna enclosure. The close proximity of the arrays results in significant scattering degrading pattern performance of each band while coupling between arrays leads to degradation in return loss and port-to-port isolations. Different design techniques are adopted in the literature to overcome such challenges. This paper provides a classification of challenges in BSA design and a cohesive list of design techniques adopted in the literature to overcome such challenges.
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Ali, Esraa Mousa, Wahaj Abbas Awan, Anees Abbas, Syed Mujahid Abbas, and Heba G. Mohamed. "Compact Frequency-Agile and Mode-Reconfigurable Antenna for C-Band, Sub-6-GHz-5G, and ISM Applications." Micromachines 16, no. 6 (2025): 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16060724.
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This article presents the design and evaluation of a compact-sized antenna targeting heterogenous applications working in the C-band, 5G-sub-6GHz, and the ISM band. The antenna offers frequency reconfigurability along with multi-operational modes ranging from wideband to dual-band and tri-band. A compact-sized antenna is designed initially to cover a broad bandwidth that ranges from 4 GHz to 7 GHz. Afterwards, various multiband antennas are formed by loading various stubs. Finally, the wideband antenna along with multi-stub loaded antennas are combined to form a single antenna. Furthermore, PIN diodes are loaded between the main radiator and stubs to activate the stubs on demand, which consequently generates various operational modes. The last stage of the design is optimization, which helps in achieving the desired bandwidths. The optimized antenna works in the wideband mode covering the C-band, Wi-Fi 6E, and the ISM band. Meanwhile, the multiband modes offer the additional coverage of the LTE, LTE 4G, ISM lower band, and GSM band. The various performance parameters are studied and compared with measured results to show the performance stability of the proposed reconfigurable antenna. In addition, an in-depth literature review along with comparison with proposed antenna is performed to show its potential for targeted applications. The utilization of FR4 as a substrate of the antenna along with its compact size of 15 mm × 20 mm while having multiband and multi-mode frequency reconfigurability makes it a strong candidate for present as well as for future smart devices and electronics.