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Journal articles on the topic 'Sub clinical hepatic encephalopathy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Dr., Abdul Haque Khan* Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany Dr. Mukhtiar Hussain Jaffery Dr. Aida Nasar Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon Dr. Abdul Subhan Talpur and Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch. "EVALUATION OF SUB-CLINICAL HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY BY PSYCHOMETRIC TESTS." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 10 (2017): 3698–701. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1036536.

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Objective: To evaluate the sub-clinical hepatic encephalopathy by psychometric tests. Patients and Methods: The cross sectional study of six months was conducted at the tertiary care hospital Hyderabad. The inclusion criteria were the patients of ≥12 years of age, either gender, diagnosed to have cirrhosis of liver by history, clinical examination, laboratory findings, ultrasonography and liver biopsy and spare from the medications the impaired the cognitive function. A detailed clinical history, physical examination including neuropsychological tests [NCT and DST] and the baselines and specif

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Kato, Akinobu, Yuki Watanabe, Kei Sawara, and Kazuyuki Suzuki. "Diagnosis of sub-clinical hepatic encephalopathy by Neuropsychological Tests (NP-tests)." Hepatology Research 38 (November 2008): S122—S127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1872-034x.2008.00437.x.

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Ushapadmini, Dr V., Dr Akila Md, and Dr C. Vignesh. "Evaluation of the Prevalence of Sub-Clinical Hepatic Encephalopathy in Compensated Cirrhotics." IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 15, no. 08 (2016): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0853-150806144147.

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Gajender, Kumar Kumawat, Pipliwal P.S., Kumar Kasana Rajendra, and Ishran Rohit. "Altered Mental Status Patients Associated Evaluations in the Medicine Department." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15, no. 1 (2023): 1082–89. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13155044.

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<strong>Background: </strong>Altered mental status (AMS) comprises a group of clinical symptoms rather than a specific diagnosis, and includes cognitive disorders, attention disorders, arousal disorders and decreased level of consciousness. Patients often manifest vague symptoms, thus, AMS diagnosis and treatment are highly challenging for general medicine physicians. <strong>Material & Methods: </strong>Within the Department of General Medicine, SMS Medical College and the attached group of hospitals, Jaipur, our research team explored patterns in 150 AMS patients from June

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5

Hamed, Amr, Reda Elwakil, Eman Gawish, Walid Kamel, and Ahmed Elbaz. "Sub-Clinical Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhotic Patients Subjected to Sedation with either Propofol or Midazolam‎." Afro-Egyptian Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases 13, no. 3 (2023): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/aeji.2023.219593.1298.

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6

Williams, Mary-Jane OU, Hossein Akhondi, and Omar Khan. "Primary Hepatic Follicular Lymphoma Presenting as Sub-acute Liver Failure: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Clinical Pathology 12 (January 2019): 2632010X1982926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2632010x19829261.

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Sub-acute liver failure is a term that describes the relatively sudden loss of liver function, usually >21 days and <26 weeks, with impaired synthetic function and associated encephalopathy in a person with no pre-existing liver disease or cirrhosis. It is commonly caused by viruses and drugs, less so by malignancy. Our patient is a 71-year-old Japanese man who presented with signs of sub-acute liver failure. A subsequent liver biopsy demonstrated involvement by B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Evaluation of the bone marrow demonstrated significant marrow involvement by B-cell lymphoma. The

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Abdelhalim, Boucaid, Rafik Anis, and Rhorfi Abderahman Ismail. "ACUTE SUB FULMINANT HEPATITISINDUCED BY ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS DRUGS." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 11 (2024): 1169–71. https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/19931.

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Introduction :Hepatotoxicity is a prominent adverse effect of anti-tuberculosis drugs, with a frequency of up to 20%, but it is often reversible on cessation of treatment, and fatal outcome is exceptional. We report an observation of acute subfulminant hepatitis induced by antituberculosis treatment. Observation : A 60-year-old patient with a three-year history of insulin-dependent diabetes was started on anti-tuberculosis treatment for smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. After two months of treatment, the patient complained of asthenia, epigastric pain, and conjunctival jaundice. Physical

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Kullmann, Frank, Stephan Hollerbach, Guntram Lock, Axel Holstege, Thomas Dierks, and Jürgen Schölmerich. "Brain electrical activity mapping of EEG for the diagnosis of (sub)clinical hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease." European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 13, no. 5 (2001): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042737-200105000-00009.

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9

Hollerbach, S., G. Lock, F. Kullman, et al. "Assessment of functional cognitive impairment in patients with (sub)clinical hepatic encephalopathy (HE) by brain topographic evoked P300-potentials." Gastroenterology 108, no. 4 (1995): A1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(95)28640-3.

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10

Miwa, Takao, Tatsunori Hanai, Kayoko Nishimura, et al. "A simple covert hepatic encephalopathy screening model based on blood biochemical parameters in patients with cirrhosis." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (2022): e0277829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277829.

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Aim Covert hepatic encephalopathy (CHE) adversely affects clinical outcomes in patients with liver cirrhosis, although its diagnosis is difficult. This study aimed to establish a simple CHE screening model based on blood-related biochemical parameters. Methods This retrospective study enrolled 439 patients who were assessed for CHE using a neuropsychiatric test between January 2011 and June 2019. A simple CHE (sCHE) score was calculated with hypoalbuminemia (≤ 3.5 g/dL) and hyperammonemia (≥ 80 μg/dL) as 1 point each. The association between sCHE score and CHE or overt hepatic encephalopathy (

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11

Harnois, D. M. "Sub-clinical hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients is not aggravated by sedation with propofol compared to midazolam: A randomized controlled study." Yearbook of Gastroenterology 2011 (January 2011): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygas.2011.07.084.

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12

Khamaysi, Iyad, Nseir William, Alexandrov Olga, et al. "Sub-clinical hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients is not aggravated by sedation with propofol compared to midazolam: A randomized controlled study." Journal of Hepatology 54, no. 1 (2011): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.023.

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Nimer, Assy, and I. Khamaysi. "Sub-clinical hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients is not aggravated by sedation with propofol compared to midazolam: A randomized controlled study." Journal of Hepatology 54, no. 6 (2011): 1322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2010.12.002.

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14

Bharadwaj, Balaji, Ayyanar Sugaparaneetharan, and Ravi P. Rajkumar. "Graves' disease presenting with catatonia: a probable case of encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 24, no. 6 (2012): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2012.00654.x.

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Bharadwaj B, Sugaparaneetharan A, Rajkumar RP. Graves' disease presenting with catatonia: a probable case of encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease.Introduction: Encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (EAATD) is diagnosed when neuropsychiatric symptoms of acute or sub-acute onset occur along with clinical or subclinical autoimmune thyroid dysfunction. Supporting evidence includes the presence of anti-thyroid antibodies in the serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid. The thyroid hormone alteration is not sufficient to explain the neuropsychiatric manifestations. T

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Syed, Shazia, Humera Noreen, Humaira Masood, Ismat Batool, Hina Gul, and Nighat Naheed. "COVID-19 and Pregnancy Outcome: An Experience in ‘COVID-19 Management Designated’ Tertiary Care Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan." Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College 24, Supp-1 (2020): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37939/jrmc.v24isupp-1.1453.

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Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic has affected almost 17.3 million victims worldwide with mortality of almost 674K. Pregnancy is one of the most susceptible conditions for COVID-19 infection, but limited data is currently available about the clinical characteristics of pregnant women with the disease. Objective; to describe the clinical characteristics, co-morbidities, management, feto-maternal, and neonatal outcome in COVID-19 positive pregnant women. Methodology: A descriptive case series study was conducted in Obs/Gynae dept of Benazir Bhutto Tertiary Care Hospital, Rawalpindi

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Khan, Sarwar, Kapeel Raja, Muzzamil Riaz Malik, Sohail Hussain, Khalil Ur Rehman, and Hira Tahir. "Frequency and Outcomes of Hepatorenal Syndrome in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 8 (2022): 410–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22168410.

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Objective: To determine the frequency of hepatorenal syndrome in patients presented with chronic liver disease, also examine one month mortality in patients diagnosed with hepatorenal syndrome. Study Design: Prospective/Observation Study Place and Duration: Medical Ward, THQ Hospital Dargai Malakand and Ziauddin University Karachi, From November, 2021 to April, 2022. Methodology: One hundred and five patients of either gender presented with chronic liver disease having ages 18 to 65 years were enrolled. Detailed demographics including age, sex, BMI, duration of disease and etiology of liver ci

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Sack, Jordan, Todd Reid, Eric Schlossberg, and Nikroo Hashemi. "A Smartphone App for Patients With End-Stage Liver Disease Can Detect Behavioral Changes That Predict Liver-Related Events." Iproceedings 5, no. 1 (2019): e15229. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15229.

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Background Patients with end-stage liver disease have significant morbidity and mortality. The 90-day readmission rate for these patients is up to 53% at a cost of $4.45 billion annually. Healthcare delivery for these patients is often fragmented and inadequate. Smartphone-based remote health monitoring may reduce hospitalizations by earlier detection of premonitory warning signs associated with liver-related complications. Hepatic encephalopathy which is a common cause of hospitalization and sleep disturbance and subtle/sub-clinical behavioral changes are early warning signs. Objective In thi

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Uwimana, Ange, Prince Alain Kubwayo, Damas Dukundane, et al. "Risk factors, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma in Rwanda." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, no. 16_suppl (2023): e16339-e16339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.e16339.

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e16339 Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing worldwide with limited treatment options, a poor prognosis, and survival rates of less than 5 years. In Sub-Saharan Africa, over 46,000 new cases are reported every year, and HCC is commonly associated with alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, especially Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV), aflatoxin exposure, obesity, type II diabetes, and HIV infection. In Rwanda, often young people are diagnosed with HCC in the late stages of the disease, and treatment options are limited. Rwanda has made great achievements in the prevention and tre

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19

Lockwood, Alan H. "Hepatic Encephalopathy." Neurologic Clinics 20, no. 1 (2002): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8619(03)00061-6.

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20

Rafalska, Natalia. "Hepatic encephalopathy. Clinical case." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 5 (2021): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.05.017.

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Hepatic encephalopathy is a neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with abnormal liver function and portosystemic venous shunting. According to the West-Haven classification, depending on the degree of neurological disorders, there are minimal, I - IV stages of HE, which are characterized by a gradual progression of the disease. To date, the pathogenesis of HE is controversial.

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Vossler, David G. "Hepatic encephalopathy." Journal of Epilepsy 6, no. 4 (1993): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0896-6974(93)90018-6.

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22

Aldworth, Giles. "Hepatic encephalopathy." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 54, no. 3 (2017): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004563217693562.

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Ridola, Lorenzo, Oliviero Riggio, Stefania Gioia, Jessica Faccioli, and Silvia Nardelli. "Clinical management of type C hepatic encephalopathy." United European Gastroenterology Journal 8, no. 5 (2020): 536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050640620909675.

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Type-C hepatic encephalopathy is a complex neurological syndrome, characteristic of patients with liver disease, causing a wide and complex spectrum of nonspecific neurological and psychiatric manifestations, ranging from a subclinical entity, minimal hepatic encephalopathy, to a deep form in which a complete alteration of consciousness can be observed: overt hepatic encephalopathy. Overt hepatic encephalopathy occurs in 30–40% of patients. According to the time course, hepatic encephalopathy is subdivided into episodic, recurrent and persistent. Diagnostic strategies range from simple clinica

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ZAKARIA, MANZAR, SYED RIZWAN HUSSAIN, MUJEEB-UR-REHMAN ABID BUTT, and Ghulam Farid Rana. "HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY;." Professional Medical Journal 15, no. 03 (2008): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2008.15.03.2835.

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Introduction: Hepatic encephalopathy is a common complication of cirrhosis.Its development heralds a poor prognosis. Hepatic encephalopathy is often precipitated by an identifiable factor. Promptdiagnosis of precipitating factors is the key to management of this reversible complication of cirrhosis. Objective: Todetermine the frequency of precipitating factors for hepatic encephalopathy in patients diagnosed with cirrhosis. StudyDesign: Descriptive Study. Place and Duration of study: The study was carried out at Combined Military HospitalLahore from 18.6.07 to 18.12.2007. Patients and methods:

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Schiano, Thomas D. "Clinical Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy." Pharmacotherapy 30, no. 5, part 2 (2010): 10S—15S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1592/phco.30.pt2.10s.

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Dellatore, Peter, Maggie Cheung, Noah Y. Mahpour, Augustine Tawadros, and Vinod K. Rustgi. "Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Encephalopathy." Clinics in Liver Disease 24, no. 2 (2020): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2020.01.010.

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27

Amodio, Piero, and Sara Montagnese. "Clinical Neurophysiology of Hepatic Encephalopathy." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology 5 (March 2015): S60—S68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2014.06.007.

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Hussain, Mazhar, Habib-Ur Rehman, Lubna Akhtar, and Muhammad Bilal Ghafoor. "HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 07 (2017): 947–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.07.1087.

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Background: Hepatic encephalopathy is one of the fatal complications of livercirrhosis in clinical setting. A number of drugs with varied response have been tried up till now.Objectives: To compare the efficacy of lactulsoe alone and in combination with rifaxamin incases with hepatic encephalopathy. Study Design: Randomized control trail. Setting: SheikhZayed Hospital (SZH) Rahim Yar Khan (RYK). Period: January 2015 to October 2015. Patientsand Methods: 120 cases of liver cirrhosis with encephalopathy were randomized into differentgrades according to West Haven’s criteria. These cases were the

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Tamai, Yasuyuki, Motoh Iwasa, Yuichi Yoshida, et al. "Development of a New Index to Distinguish Hepatic Encephalopathy through Automated Quantification of Globus Pallidal Signal Intensity Using MRI." Diagnostics 12, no. 7 (2022): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071584.

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Hyperintensities within the bilateral globus pallidus on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were present in some liver cirrhosis patients with hepatic encephalopathy. The symptoms of covert hepatic encephalopathy are similar to those of mild dementia. We aimed to develop a new diagnostic index in which to distinguish hepatic encephalopathy from dementia. The globus pallidus signal hyperintensity was quantified using three-dimensional images. In addition, the new index value distribution was evaluated in a cohort of dementia patients. Signal intensity of globus pallidus significantly increas

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Basu, P. Patrick, and Niraj James Shah. "Clinical and Neurologic Manifestation of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy and Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy." Clinics in Liver Disease 19, no. 3 (2015): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2015.05.003.

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Stinton, Laura M., and Saumya Jayakumar. "Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 27, no. 10 (2013): 572–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/547670.

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Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is the earliest form of hepatic encephalopathy and can affect up to 80% of cirrhotic patients. By definition, it has no obvious clinical manifestation and is characterized by neurocognitive impairment in attention, vigilance and integrative function. Although often not considered to be clinically relevant and, therefore, not diagnosed or treated, MHE has been shown to affect daily functioning, quality of life, driving and overall mortality. The diagnosis of MHE has traditionally been achieved through neuropsychological examination, psychometric tests or the

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Häussinger, D. "Hepatic encephalopathy: clinical aspects and pathogenesis." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 129 (September 2004): S66—S67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-831375.

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Motoi, O., A. V. Ditoiu, and D. V. Nitoiu. "Hepatic encephalopathy — clinical and ethiological correlations." Journal of Hepatology 32 (2000): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80943-5.

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Häussinger, Dieter, Markus Butz, Alfons Schnitzler, and Boris Görg. "Pathomechanisms in hepatic encephalopathy." Biological Chemistry 402, no. 9 (2021): 1087–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2021-0168.

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Abstract Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent neuropsychiatric complication in patients with acute or chronic liver failure. Symptoms of HE in particular include disturbances of sensory and motor functions and cognition. HE is triggered by heterogeneous factors such as ammonia being a main toxin, benzodiazepines, proinflammatory cytokines and hyponatremia. HE in patients with liver cirrhosis is triggered by a low-grade cerebral edema and cerebral oxidative/nitrosative stress which bring about a number of functionally relevant alterations including posttranslational protein modifications,

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Kuznetsova, P. I., A. A. Raskurazhev, S. N. Morozova, I. M. Lovchev, M. S. Novruzbekov, and M. M. Tanashyan. "Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: clinical, neurophysiological, neuroimaging markers." Russian neurological journal 28, no. 5 (2023): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/2658-7947-2023-28-5-21-27.

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Hepatic encephalopathy in the initial stages is a diagnostically challenging clinical phenomenon, based on the accumulation of ammonia. Symptoms of encephalopathy are extremely varied: from a slight cognitive decrease and minimal affective disorders to disorders of consciousness and coma in the terminal stages. However, the severity of liver pathology and neurophysiological and neuroimaging data do not always correlate with the severity of encephalopathy. The greatest difficulties in diagnosis arise at the initial stage of the disease, and a timely recognized and established diagnosis can not

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Abedin, Md Forhad, Md Joynal Abedin, Mamun Al Mahtab, and Nooruddin Ahmad. "Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy is an under Recognized Entity in Clinical Practice of Bangladeshi Physician." Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons 36, no. 2 (2018): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v36i2.36067.

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Background: Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy, the mildest from of Hepatic Encephalopathy is characterized by subtle motor and cognitive deficits and impairs health related quality of life. Though the prevalence of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in cirrhotic patient is high but awareness regarding MHE is yet not satisfactory. Moreover diagnosis of MHE, the cut off normative value for psychometric test is yet not established in Bangladesh. This is the first study in Bangladesh to find out the normative value for psychometric test and see the prevalence of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in cirrhoti

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Tsimmerman, Y. S. "Hepatic encephalopathy: definition, etiology, pathogenesis factors, clinical picture, diagnostic and treatment methods." Bulletin of the Club of Pancreatologists 39, no. 1 (2018): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33149/vkp.2018.01.07.

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The review presents modern information on such an actual clinical problem as hepatic encephalopathy syndrome upon acute and chronic hepatic insufficiency: its definition, etiology, detailed description of pathogenesis factors, clinical features, classification, diagnostic methods (clinical and laboratory-instrumental). The possibilities of treatment are fully highlighted: dietotherapy and pharmacotherapy of hepatic encephalopathy upon acute and chronic hepatic insufficiency.

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Fowler, T. "BOOK REVIEWS: Hepatic Encephalopathy." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 56, no. 8 (1993): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.56.8.941.

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39

Zieve, Leslie. "Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy." Metabolic Brain Disease 2, no. 3 (1987): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00999607.

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Pokhrel, Shweta, Pramesh Sunder Shrestha, Rahul Pathak, Suju Bhattarai, Bipin Karki, and Shachi Paudel. "Hepatic Encephalopathy Induced Transient Cortical Blindness." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 20, no. 01 (2022): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v20i01.3813.

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Hepatic encephalopathy describes a spectrum of potentially reversible neuropsychiatric abnormalities seen in a patient with severe liver dysfunction with porto-systemic shunting. Cortical blindness can be a rare presentation of hepatic encephalopathy and can even precede the onset of altered sensorium. We report a case of 57 years female with chronic liver disease who presented with bilateral loss of vision, with no focal neurological deficits. From clinical and laboratory examination, a diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy with cortical blindness was proposed. Her visual disturbances gradually

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Pathak, Rahul, Manoj Lamsal, and Mohan Bhusal. "Efficacy of Lactulose and Polyethylene Glycol in the Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 23, no. 01 (2025): 132–37. https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v23i01.5442.

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Background: Hepatic encephalopathy presents a significant clinical challenge in individuals with advanced liver dysfunction, manifesting as confusion, altered consciousness, and personality changes. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of lactulose and polyethylene glycol in managing Hepatic encephalopathy. Methods: The study is conducted at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital in Nepal; the study enrolled 45 cirrhotic patients with altered mental status in each study group. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. The basic demographic and clinical data were collected, inclu

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MUKHAMETOVA, D. D., Е. S. BODRYAGINA, А. V. GORN, et al. "Clinical significance of blood ammonium level for diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver diseases." Practical medicine 20, no. 6 (2022): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32000/2072-1757-2022-6-85-92.

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The paper presents the results of a survey of 35 patients with liver diseases of various etiologies hospitalized in Gastroenterology Department of Republic Clinical Hospital in Kazan. The patients were distributed according to etiology: liver cirrhosis — 28 (80%), acute hepatitis — 5 (14.3%), after liver transplantation — 2 (5.7%). The patients underwent a complete clinical examination, and psychometric tests were additionally used to assess the stage of hepatic encephalopathy. Blood ammonium level was determined in all patients using the PocketChem BA PA-4140 blood ammonia meter. Connect-the-

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Maevskaya, M. V. "Hepatic encephalopathy: issues relevant to clinical practice." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 15 (October 19, 2021): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-15-104-108.

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Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) remains one of the most serious complications of liver cirrhosis. Its clinical spectrum sometimes creates difficulties in the optimal diagnosis at the patient’s bedside and treatment. To present new data on the field of clinical management of cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy. The role of ammonia in the diagnosis of HE is still under discussion. In clinical practice, in patients with suspected overt HE, normal ammonia concentration can be used to exclude this diagnosis. In contrast, a high concentration of ammonia in the absence of clinical signs of HE

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Onofriychuk, Olena, and Taras Belichenko. "Acute hepatic encephalopathy (Reye’s syndrome) – clinical case." Forensic-medical examination, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2707-8728.2.2016.19.

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Consider the features of the clinical course of Reye’s syndrome. It was found that the syndrome is accompanied by the relevant morphological changes in target organs: liver, kidneys, and brain.The course and prognosis of this syndrome are serious.

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Takuma, Y., K. Nouso, Y. Makino, M. Hayashi, and H. Takahashi. "Clinical trial: oral zinc in hepatic encephalopathy." Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 32, no. 9 (2010): 1080–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04448.x.

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46

Beth Paugh, Partington, and David S. Biller. "Hepatic Encephalopathy: Clinical Signs, Pathogenesis, and Treatment." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 25, no. 2 (1995): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(95)50030-0.

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47

Häussinger, Dieter, and Helmut Sies. "Hepatic encephalopathy: Clinical aspects and pathogenetic concept." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 536, no. 2 (2013): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2013.04.013.

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48

Pavlov, Ch S., I. V. Damulin, and V. T. Ivashkin. "Hepatic encephalopathy: pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostics, treatment." Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology 26, no. 1 (2016): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22416/1382-4376-2016-26-1-44-53.

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The aim of review. To present modern concept on pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostics and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Summary. HE is a complex of neurological and psychiatric disorders that develop on a background of severe liver diseases due to portal blood shunting and impaired liver detoxication function. Expert opinions on the leading mechanism of HE pathogenesis are contradictory. Some believe, that the leading part is played by the effect of hyperammoniemia on neuronal functions; the others give major importance to the change in aminoacid spectrum and neurotransm

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Ridola, Lorenzo, Jessica Faccioli, Silvia Nardelli, Stefania Gioia, and Oliviero Riggio. "Hepatic encephalopathy: Diagnosis and management." Journal of Translational Internal Medicine 8, no. 4 (2020): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2020-0034.

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Abstract Type C hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a brain dysfunction caused by severe hepatocellular failure or presence of portal-systemic shunts in patients with liver cirrhosis. In its subclinical form, called “minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), only psychometric tests or electrophysiological evaluation can reveal alterations in attention, working memory, psychomotor speed and visuospatial ability, while clinical neurological signs are lacking. The term “covert” (CHE) has been recently used to unify MHE and Grade I HE in order to refer to a condition that is not unapparent but also non ove

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Abdaal, Maham, Zafeer-ul-Hassan Iqbal, Numan Ghafoor, Muhammad Usman, Saqib Hussain, and Mehi Naqvi. "Determine the Frequency of Factors Leading to Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 12 (2022): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs20221612197.

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Aim: To determine the frequency of factors leading to hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis. Study design: Retrospective study Place and duration of study: Department of Internal Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical Universityfrom 01-07-2021 to 30-06-2022 Methodology: One hundred patients were included and divided into two groups. One group was those which developed hepatic encephalopathy while the other group was of those which did not develop any hepatic encephalopathy. Various risk factors and their frequencies were measured through a modelled hepatic encephalopathy pharmacologica

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