Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sub-Longueur d'onde'
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Colas, Des Francs Gérard. "Optique sub-longueur d'onde et fluorescence moléculaire perturbée." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002498.
Full textColas, des Francs Gérard. "Optique sub-longueur d'onde et fluorescence moléculaire perturbée." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30095.
Full textWe propose here to study near-field optics interaction with a fluorescent molecule. In the first part, we use the Drude-Lorentz model to describe the fluorescent signal in confined geometry. That leads us to introduce the field-susceptibility formalism. The field-susceptibility is a tensor which gives the electric field scattered by an oscillating dipole, taking into account the surroundings influence. Then, we apply this formalism to two configurations of scanning near-field optical microscopes using a single fluorescent molecule probe as a detector or a light source. In particular, we precise the role of the local density of states in the images formation. .
Vincent, Grégory. "Réseaux métalliques sub-longueur d'onde, applications à l'optique infrarouge." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00433294.
Full textLevesque, Quentin. "Conception de micro-optiques par structuration sub-longueur d'onde." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2014. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01086505/document.
Full textAn optical device modifies the magnitude, the phase or the polarization state of the incident light. My thesis consists in developing optical components in infrared range based on sub-wavelength nanostructures. The possibility to integrate them directly on the top of the array of detectors leads to an improvement of the compactness of the optical device and a better robustness relatively to mechanical stresses. First, I have developed two kinds of devices to control the phase based on phase shifting or diffractive nanoslits that permit for example to conceive planar lenses at the wavelength scale. Besides, I have also demonstra- ted, based on these devices, new optical functions such as the combination of a filtering or a prism function with a lens function. Second, I have conceived, fabricated, and characterized metasurfaces based on array of sub-wavelength plasmonic antennas in order to control spa- tially and spectrally the polarization. In particular, I have realized a wide band and efficient linear polarization converter used in reflection in the infrared range
Kaïna, Nadège. "Métamatériaux localement résonants : cristaux photoniques et phononiques sub-longueur d'onde." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC113.
Full textThis thesis deals with the control of the wave propagation at deep sub-wavelength scales in locally resonant metamaterials. Those composite media are composed of small resonators arranged on spatial scales much smaller than their typical wavelength at resonance. They are hence generally considered as homogeneous media and described with effective parameters. We here prove that, going beyond those homogenization approaches, the properties of most metamaterials can be reinterpreted at the light of a microscopic approach. The latter evidences that the wave propagation in metamaterials only results from phenomenon analog to what happens in photonic/phononic crystals: namely interferences and multiple scattering. We hence demonstrate that concepts developed for wave manipulation in photonic/phononic crystals can be transposed in metamaterials while taking advantage of the latter sub-wavelength spatial organization. For instance, locally modifying the medium, at the scale of the unit celé, creates cavities and waveguides confining and guiding waves on dimensions that are independent of the wavelength. We further study the possibility offered by those waveguides to both mold and slow down the flow of waves. We finally highlight the importance of the spatial subwavelength structuration of metamaterials due to the presence of multiple scattering. We prove that a so-called single negative metamaterial (presenting only one negative effective property) can be turned into a double negative one (hence presenting a negative index of refraction), simply by smartly organizing the building blocks of the metamaterial, at scales much smaller than the wavelength
Yves, Simon. "Métamatériaux cristallins : du motif sub-longueur d'onde au comportement macroscopique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC226.
Full textMany material properties arise from the interaction between their constituents and a wave. This is mainly conditioned by two characteristics: the composition and the structural arrangement. This interdependence is precisely described by condensed matter physics. This motivated the discovery of composite materials whose characteristics also stem from these two criteria. They divide in two categories. The first is the photonic/phononic crystals, whose properties are linked to their periodic arrangement. The second category is the one of metamaterials, whose properties come from the interaction of their constituents with the waves. The structural effects are generally neglected in the description of these media and they are considered to be homogeneous media with effective parameters. These two types of systems seem very different from the point of view of the interaction with the waves. In this thesis, we focus on locally resonant metamaterials, whose unit cell is a sub-wavelength resonator. Instead of seeing them as effective homogeneous media, the idea is to start from the characteristics of the unit cell of the medium as well as from its spatial arrangement in order to obtain its macroscopic properties. This microscopic approach makes it possible to jointly apprehend the effects of structure and composition. This is described in Chapter I, where we introduce the concept of polariton whose dispersion relation has a band linked to subwavelength modes, and a hybridization bandgap. In Chapter II, we use the latter to induce a localized coupling between resonant defects that is similar to the hopping term found in tight-binding solid-state physics Hamiltonians. We reproduce the band structures of graphene and of the dice lattice, which allows us to measure Dirac cones within the system. In Chapter III, we introduce the concept of crystalline metamaterials, which amounts to seeing these media as photonic/phononic crystals, but on a very small scale compare to the operating wavelength. This allows us to induce a negative band in the system but also a relatively flat band, and Dirac cones. In Chapter IV we break these cones by creating an analogue of the quantum Hall effect of Valley, which amounts to jointly modifying the structure and composition of the unit cell. In Chapter V we again break these cones in order to induce topological properties in the medium and to create a macroscopic analogue of a topological isolator
Tuambilangana, Christelle. "Conception et caractérisation de structures sub-longueur d'onde pour l'infrarouge." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC249.
Full textThis work aims at designing infrared optical components based on subwavelengt structures. Two different approaches can be followed. Firstly, I studied an indirect optical characterization method suitable for subwavelength structures considered as homogeneous materials : it consists in measuring the intensities diracted by gratings with periods much larger than the wavelength, the gratings being made of the materials to be characterized. I have implemented this method to determine the complex refractive index of silicon nitride as a validation. Moreover, I have shown that applying this method to articial nanomaterials would allow to characterize their anisotropy and would permit to evidence the spatial dispersion phenomenon speficic of the subwavelength domain, both being very important to understand the optical properties. Secondly, I introduced a matrix formalism to design infrared band-pass filters on substrate. The optical properties of the metal-dielectric subwalength structures considered in that case are due to guided-mode resonances originating from complex interactions between diffracted orders. This formalism allows to model the optical response of these filters ; a symmetry criterion is also formulated. I have finally shown that symmetric Iters on substrate can be designed with an optimal optical response valued with respect to the transmission maximum, the quality factor, the angular tolerance and the rejection
Rupin, Matthieu. "Cavité réverbérante et résonateurs sub-longueur d'onde : approches numériques et expérimentales." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY082/document.
Full textThis thesis is divided into two parts. First, we present a new technique for focusing waves with one emitter in reverberant cavity (OCIF) inspired by inverse filter algorithm. Through the experimental study of reverberant cavities in the field of ultrasound, we demonstrate the ability of the OCIF to optimize the focusing no matter what type of cavity (ergodic type or not). In a second part, we investigate the propagation of elastic waves in a system formed by a set of aluminum rods glued to a thin plate of the same material. These rods form a set of quasi-punctual resonators in the propagation plane of waves. It is possible to arrange them periodically or randomly on a subwavelength scale. The metamaterial thus formed shows a complex wave field within it, including the presence of wide prohibited frequency ranges (bandgaps). The experimental and numerical approaches described in this manuscript show the existence of both flexural and compressional resonances in the resonators. Added to the presence of a conversion of a portion of the energy from the $A0$ Lamb mode to the $S0$ one in the plate, such a complexity makes this type of metamaterials, quite unusual objects at the mesoscopic scale
Strupiechonski, Élodie. "Confinement photonique extrêmement sub-longueur d'onde pour les lasers à cascade quantique térahertz." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943200.
Full textLe, Perchec Jérôme. "Localisations et exaltations de la lumière dans des structures métalliques sub-longueur d'onde." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10014.
Full textThis thesis presents theoretical works based on a modal approach, about the optical properties of metallic surfaces with rectangular grooves whose dimensions are smaller than the wavelength of the incident light. These surfaces show reflection anomalies related to local enhancements of the electromagnetic field, due to, in particular, Fabry-Pérot like resonances inside the grooves. The problem of two near-field coupled sub-wavelength cavities is analysed. Hot spot phenomena occur, and we show how to control the localization of light at sub-wavelength scales. The results could find important applications: optical switching, quantitative light addressing, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). . . We also study the localization effects due to structural disorder: breaking the symmetry of periodic arrangements, different lighting configurations may appear, very sensitive to the excitation frequency. Some theoretical predictions are evidenced experimentally. Finally, we deal with the case of very sub-wavelength lamellar gratings, in connection with the Abnormal Optical Absorption and the SERS effect observed for some rough metallic films. Giant enhancements of the electric field, calculated inside nano-cavities with the exact modal method, in the visible region, are explained by the excitation of surface plasmons-polaritons whose wave vectors are much larger than those of light
Bigeon, John. "Propagation sub-longueur d'onde au sein de nanotubes et nanofils polymères passifs et actifs." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S075/document.
Full textIn the field of nanophotonics, the understanding of optical phenomena related to sub-wavelength guiding in filled structures (nanowires) or hollow (nanotubes) is a priority. The objective of this thesis focused on the study of light propagation in new passive and active nanoscale waveguides. For this, nanowires and nanotubes based polymer has been designed and developed by template wetting method. To characterize their optical behavior and in particular the sub-wavelength propagation, new numerical and experimental tools have been developed. Modelling phenomena propagating in these nanofibers was performed by the numerical FDTD method. The effects of the geometry of these nanotubes and nanowires, by their size (outer and inner diameter for nanotubes) and propagating on the substrate and the behavior of losses have been determined in particular. Experimentally, two types of nanofibers have been used: - "passive" nanofibers based on SU8 polymer and - "active" polymer nanofibers having a waveguiding polymer and a luminophor as a source at nanoscale. To study nanofibers SU8, direct injection was performed through an microlensed optical fiber. A striking result is the assessment of optical losses measured by the cut-back around 1.25 dB/mm for nanotubes to external and internal diameters respectively 240 nm and 120 nm. This assessment of optical losses appear very competitive compared to other systems currently envisaged for integrated nanophotonics. Regarding the active nanofibers which comprise luminophors (organometallic cluster or fluorescent polymer PFO), our studies have validated the excitation of mode by characterization in Fourier space. Our results showed the potential of organic nanofibers as bricks for nanophotonics
Gay, Guillaume. "Atomes et Nanostructures: Dispositif de lithographie atomique et Réponse Optique d'ouvertures sub-longueur d'onde." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00154594.
Full textnanostructurés. Deux études expérimentales liées à cette
thématique ont été menées. La première a été consacrée à la mise
en place d'un jet de césium intense refroidi transversalement par
mélasse optique et à sa caractérisation. Cette souce a été
appliquée à la lithographie atomique de film d'or \emph{via} des
monocouches moléculaires auto-assemblées. Après une
caractérisation des différentes étapes du procédé, nous avons
employé des masques matériels pour graver des motifs de taille
sub-micrométrique sur la surface d'or. Nous avons obtenu des
trous de 250 nm de diamètre, cette résolution étant limitée par la
taille des masques employés.
Le deuxième ensemble d'expériences concerne la réponse optique
d'ouvertures sub-l'ongueur d'onde dans des films minces
métalliques. Nous avons d'abord mis en place un dispositif
d'imagerie par microscopie de fluorescence qui nous a permis de
cartographier le champ lumineux mis en forme par une fente \SLO
entourée par des sillons périodiques. Pour mieux comprendre les
méchanismes en jeu dans la transmission de la lumière par ces
éléments, les propriétés de structures simples on été étudiées par
interférométrie en champ lointain. Les résultats quantitatif
obtenus permettent une description phénoménologique des procédés
élémentaires en jeu dans ces éléments qui peut être comparée aux
modèles théoriques.
Portier, Benjamin. "Concepts 2D et 3D de résonateurs sub-longueur d'onde pour application à la photodétection." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00933300.
Full textEstruch, Thomas. "Extinction extraordinaire par superposition en champ proche de filtres élémentaires nanostructurés : Mise en évidence, théorie et application au filtrage infrarouge." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077158.
Full textDevices structured to the sub-wavelength scale are the subject of light-matter interactions that enable spectrally localized resonances with extraordinary amplitude. Thus, they allow the realization of spectral filters in the infrared range. To improve those filters performances and more particularly regarding the rejection efficiency, I have studied during my PhD the superposition of identical sub-wavelength structures that bring propagative and evanescent modes into play. This way, I have evidenced the presence of an extraordinary extinction of either the transmission or the reflection when the structures are in near-field. The extraordinary extinction's origins is revealed in the manuscript using a phenomenological approach based on the combination of Mason's rule with signal flow graphs that translate interactions between propagative and evanescent modes. This way, I have been able to establish conception rules that pave the way to the design of high performances filtering structures with strong rejection efficiency out of the band pass. To be able to confirm this theoretical study, I have then designed and built a structure encapsulated into dielectric which has allowed to demonstrate the improvement on the rejection efficiency for cascaded structures. At the same time, I tried to investigate the spectral agility of the extraordinary extinction by dynamically superimposing two filtering structures using piezoelectric actuators. True experimental challenge, this optical bench has required the development of an original alignment protocol to be able to assemble the two sub-wavelength gratings in near field
Chevallier, Christ-Yves. "Conception de miroirs à réseau sub-longueur d'onde pour application VCSEL dans le moyen infrarouge." Phd thesis, Supélec, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01024257.
Full textPang, Chengxin. "Contribution à l'étude de composants optiques intégrés passifs et actifs : couplage et cartographie optiques sub-longueur d'onde." Troyes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TROY0029.
Full textNowadays, integrated optical components al-low many optical functions including modulation, guiding and amplification. The component size has reduced gradually owing to the development of technologies such as SOI (Silicon on Insulator) and III-V technologies. In recent years, optical near-field microscopy (SNOM) has developed to become today a quantitative characterization technique as demonstrated in the laboratory on SOI structures with both amplitude and phase mapping (heterodyne SNOM). In this thesis, we address both the instrumentation development and the characterization of new samples. The first objective was to optimize the coupling stability of the heterodyne s-SNOM setup. This has allowed us to characterize single-mode nanostructured (porous) silicon waveguide for which coupling stability was found to be especially critical. More generally, addressing coupling stability led us to investigate the coupling of light in sub-wavelength waveguides. Efficient coupling has been demonstrated using adjustable Polymer-Tipped Optical Fiber (PTOF). Considering the complexity of the heterodyne SNOM, we studied a new simplified approach called Trans-SNOM where the tip-modulated light is detected though the transmission of the structure. Finally, prospective results have been obtained on the characterization of active components such as photonic crystal based micro-laser
Aouani, Heykel. "Nano-antennes optiques pour l'exaltation et le contrôle de la fluorescence moléculaire dans des volumes sub-longueur d'onde." Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00624233.
Full textBouffaron, Renaud. "Modélisation et Réalisation de Réseaux Sub-Longueur d'Onde :Application au Contrôle de la Réflectivité Large Bande, Large Incidence." Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00353626.
Full textNouho, Ali Ali. "Confinement électromagnétique sub-longueur d'onde et couplage entre nano-structures photoniques : Calcul de forces et de moments optiques." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD057.
Full textThis thesis work is a contribution to the numerical modeling of new optical devices based on photonic nano-structures such as photonic crystals, plasmonic nano-antennas or enhanced-transmission metamaterials. The objective is to enhance the light confinement in these structures to further use it as a source of trapping to manipulate resonant or non-resonant metallo-dielectric particles.The first part is devoted to the modeling of the local electrostatic field generated by the application of a DC voltage across two electrodes, on a nano-structured dielectric acting as an active material in electro-optical modulators. The idea is to enhance the local electrostatic and optical fields in the material to induce a more substantial modification of its local index, thus leading to an amplification of its nonlinear effects. In particular, we have shown that by optimizing the geometrical shape of the electrodes, the local electrostatic field can be further exalted inside the material leading to exacerbate the electro-optical effect by a factor 6.The second part concerns the modeling of optical forces and moments acting in nanostructures by the Finite Difference Time Domain Method (FDTD). After presenting the principle of modeling of the optical forces and torques, a specific application is considered to study the translational and rotational motions of a dielectric disk placed at the output side of a quarter-wave plate made of metamaterial formed of coaxial apertures with elliptical section engraved in an opaque metal film. On the other hand, we show how an optical tweezer based on Diabolo nano-antennas can be used to sort and arrange dielectric nanoparticles according to their size by tuning the wavelength of the incident beam.The third and last part is dedicated to the study of optical trapping of metallo-dielectric nano-particles and the coupling between different optical nano-resonators according to the distance separating them and according to their natures. A detailed study is presented to analyze and understand the properties (scattering, absorption, extinction,) of these nano-resonators at the sub-wavelength scale. An application has been processed on the trapping of dielectric nano-particles by an optical nano-tweezers based on a photonic crystal coupled to a Bowtie nano-antenna
Mulin, David. "Etude en champ proche optique de la propagation du champ électromagnétique dans des structures périodiques planes sub-longueur d'onde : application au couplage entre guides d'ondes par cristaux photoniques." Besançon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BESA2040.
Full textMacé, Léopold. "Nouveaux concepts de nano-filtres infrarouges à l'échelle du pixel." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30184/document.
Full textIn the near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectral domains (3-10 µm), requirements and needs evolve toward more complex optical functions and highly-integrated systems. This is especially relevant in the context of space and aeronautics applications for earth observation, where the aim is to increase the number of acquired spectral bands while simultaneously reducing the device footprint. These requirements translate into a pixelization of the filters so that they can be integrated into a mosaic which also performs the spatial filtering and different spectral functions. As of today, conventional thin films filter technologies haven't been shown to achieve this goal. As a result, different filtering concepts originating from the field of photonics which could overcome these limitations must be investigated. "Zero-contrast gratings" (ZCG) are a kind of guided-mode resonance filters that have proved to implement efficient tunable transmission filters in the MIR, while having a very simple structure. Nevertheless, their narrow transmission linewidth and weak angular acceptance hinder their applicability for pixelated applications in the MIR. We present in this work several structures based on the ZCG concept. On the one hand, we have introduced doubly-corrugated 1D filters with bandwidths ranging from 1 to 200 nm, allowing for 100 µm pixel sizes and tunable over a domain of 200 nm. On the other hand, we have shown a novel filtering concept, which we called "TE/TM ZCG". This new generation of ZCG is not bound by stringent material requirements inherent to conventionnal ZCGs. Their fabrica- bility have been demonstrated through cleanroom operations. A first doubly-corrugated 1D filter has been fabricated and characterized optically
Tardieu, Clément. "Étude de structures sublongueur d’onde filtrantes, application à la spectroscopie d’absorption infrarouge." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX074/document.
Full textNanostructures have demonstrated their utility in different optical applications. Our interest has focused on two of them: the spectral filtering and absorption spectroscopy. In the first case, the application is limited in particular by the rejection outside the passband of the filter nanostructures.In this thesis, I studied and developed a free-standing structure composed of two metalic subwavelength gratings encapsulated in a dielectric. This structure has an extinction at high wavelengths which improves the filter rejection. A fabricating process has been developed, and optical characterizations demonstrate experimentally the presence of the extinction of the transmission.In the second case, the nanoantennas conventionally used require optimization of the structure for each observed bond and limit the type of detectable molecules. I have proposed a new method of absorption spectroscopy of molecules based on nanorods. These structures composed of a free-standing dielectric rods array exhibit a perfect reflection disturbed by the presence of molecules around these rods. I have theoretically shown the potential of this method based on the spectral scanning reflection resonant with the incident angle and I compared to metalic nanoantennas described in the literature.Then, I fabricated and characterized nanogrilles of two different sections and showed the impact of experimental parameters on our detection method
Lee, Mane-Si Laure. "Matériaux artificiels pour l'optique diffractive." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112266.
Full textThis work concerns blazed binary diffractive optics, a family of diffractive elements composed of binary structures with variable size that is slightly smaller than the wavelength. Their principle of operation is based on artificial materials, composed of ridges, pillars or other simple geometries etched in an dielectric thin film, which effective index depends on the fill factor. Thus, by varying locally the fill factor, one cansynthesize any phase function. The objet of the study is to identify tha advantage of artificial materials for applications in diffractive optic, a domain that is highly increasing with the nano-technology improvements. First, the experimental results obtained in the visible have shown that, in the resonance domain, blazed binary optcs offer higher performances than the standard diffrative optics. It is due to a guiding effect through the sub-wavelength structures that compose the artificial matérials
Degiron, Aloyse. "De l'autre côté du miroir : Etude de la transmission exaltée de la lumière par des ouvertures de taille sub-longueur d'onde creusées dans un métal." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/DEGIRON_Aloyse_2004.pdf.
Full textMahboub, Oussama. "Aspects fondamentaux de la transmission optique exaltée de la lumière à travers des ouvertures sub-longueurs d'onde : optimisations, modélisations et applications." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6027.
Full textOne of the constraints imposed by the wave nature of light is the diffraction limit. This constraint limits the performance of optical technologies. Indeed, the miniaturization of optical devices requires manipulation of light at the submicron scale, which is not possible with traditional optics. One example of this limitation is the extremely low light transmission through an aperture smaller than the wavelength of light. However, a periodic arrangement of sub-wavelength apertures on metal surface allows the enhancement of transmission at a given wavelength. In other words, the intensity of transmission of such a hole array can be higher than the sum of the transmissions of each hole taken individually. This effect of a periodic lattice, first demonstrated in our laboratory a decade ago, is known as "Extraordinary Optical Transmission" (EOT). The aim of this thesis is to study some fundamental aspects of EOT through subwavelength apertures in different configurations to demonstrate their potential to be integrated into different applications : from molecular detection to manufacture of new miniature optical components. The work reported in this thesis, forms part on ongoing research effort in our laboratory. The manuscript is divided into six chapters. In Chapter 1 we introduce the general concepts and motivations behind this thesis topic. Subsequently, different properties of surface plasmons, which are central in to EOT mechanism, will be reviewed and we close this chapter with a description of the EOT phenomenon. After giving a description of the different fabrication and characterization techniques of the studied structures in Chapter 2, we will focus in Chapter 3 on optical transmission through hole arrays of isosceles triangles (RTTI). We observe that the transmission through RTTI has resonances in a broad spectral range, from the visible to infrared, and their spectra are dominated by resonances attributed to localized modes of the holes. [. . . ]
Diallo, Alpha Ousmane. "Modélisation hyperfréquence de problèmes multi-échelles appliquée au cas des antennes à métamatériaux diélectriques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066356/document.
Full textThis work focuses on the improvement of the antennas compactness used primarily for embedded systems while respecting the performance and competitiveness requirements. The approach explored consists in using artificial materials operating in transmission and designed by structuring the dielectric material on a scale smaller than the wavelength (sub-wavelength). This structuring makes it possible in practice to achieve a variation in the effective refractive index in order to produce diffractive elements capable of performing a microwave function. However, the particularity of this type of structured element is to mix several physical scales generating complexity in their study. The largest dimension of a structured component can reach several tens of wavelength, for example 20λ, while the minimum size of the sub-wavelength structures may be less than a fraction of the wavelength, as than λ / 20. This multi-scale aspect increases the simulation times of antenna devices integrating these structured elements, thus preventing any possibility of multi-parameter optimization in reasonable times. In order to exploit fully the potential of these structured materials, a numerical model of computation has been developed on the basis of optical paths. This model gives results on the maximum gain of structured diffractive lens antennas with an accuracy of 0.5 dB. The computation time of the model is of the order of the minute compared to more than 6 hours for a complete simulation with the electromagnetic calculation software CST Microwave Studio. The speed and precision of this model have been used to optimize the design of a structured diffractive lens. To illustrate the relevance of this structured approach, its performances were compared with those of Fresnel lens antenna and hyperbolic lens antenna. This comparison was carried out under identical footprint conditions with a length to diameter ratio L / D of 0.5. The gain of the structured lens was found to be 1.6 dB higher than the Fresnel lens and 2.7 dB higher than the hyperbolic lens
Dupré, Matthieu. "Contrôle des micro-ondes en milieux réverbérants." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC181.
Full textThis thesis, dealing with controlling microwaves in reverberating media, is in the straight line of previous works performed at the Institut Langevin. We start by considering the general principles of the propagation of waves in complex media, which are basically reverberating or multiple scattering media. We review the concept of degrees of freedom and explain why techniques such as time reversai and wave front shaping are efficient to control waves in such media. We introduce a novel and efficient way to control the coupling of a cavity to the exterior. To do so, we propose to open a cavity with a sub-wavelength diffraction grating. We show that the latter behaves as a partially reflecting mirror. We then show how we can replace such grating by a fractal planar resonator in order to focus waves on very subwavelength dimensions Finally we detail the concept, the design and the use of a reconfigurable reflect array that allow to passively control spatial degrees of freedom of a reverberating media. We show that this modulator permits to optimize a signal at WIFI frequencies by shaping the field in a similar way than it is done in scattering media in otpics with spatial light modulators. We present a mode) adapted to our situation and a new numerical approach based on the boundary layers potential to obtain the eigenmodes of a cavity with mixed boundary conditions
Sauvan, Christophe. "Etude de la propagation et du confinement de la lumière dans des nanostructures." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011142.
Full textTout d'abord, nous avons réalisé une étude théorique et numérique de la propagation de la lumière dans des guides à cristaux photoniques. Nous nous sommes intéressés à un système modèle, le guide à une rangée manquante, ainsi qu'à trois quantités physiques essentielles, l'atténuation, la durée de vie et le coefficient de réflexion du mode fondamental.
Nous avons également étudié le confinement de la lumière dans des microcavités à cristaux photoniques. Nous avons en particulier montré que, même à l'échelle de la longueur d'onde, la physique du confinement est essentiellement gouvernée par des quantités classiques : les pertes radiatives à l'interface des miroirs et la vitesse de groupe du mode de Bloch guidé à l'intérieur de la cavité.
Finalement, nous avons étudié une application des cristaux photoniques à l'optique diffractive en espace libre. Leurs propriétés de dispersion structurale originales nous ont permis de concevoir des optiques diffractives qui restent efficaces sur une large bande spectrale.
Estruch, T. "Extinction extraordinaire par superposition en champ proche de filtres élémentaires nanostructurés." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01020030.
Full textPaulillo, Bruno. "Circuit-tunable subwavelength terahertz devices." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS130/document.
Full textThe need for small, fast, low-power and low-cost optoelectronic components is driving the research towards radiation sources and detectors having a dimension that is smaller than the emitted/detected wavelength. This is hampered by the optical diffraction limit which constrains the minimum dimension of optical devices at half the operating wavelength. Conversely, electronic devices, such as antennas and oscillating circuits, are not diffraction-limited in size and can be frequency tuned with lumped components. Hence, blending the worlds of photonics and electronics has the potential to enable novel optoelectronic devices with no lower size limit imposed by the wavelength, and with novel functionalities borrowed from electronic circuits. The ideal spectral region to develop this paradigm is the terahertz (THz) range, halfway between the electronics and optics realms. In the first part of this work, we present novel subwavelength 3D micro-resonators that behave as microscopic LC circuits, where the resonant frequency can be tuned acting separately on the capacitive and/or inductive regions. In the second part we illustrate the power of this concept by implementing novel lumped-elements-based passive THz meta-devices (polaritonic, optically switchable, optically active). The last part of this thesis is devoted to active meta-devices. Single-pixel and arrays of THz quantum well photodetectors featuring a ≈λeff/10 dimension are demonstrated, thanks also to an effective and original contact scheme to extract (inject) current from (into) the semiconductor core embedded by each resonator. Finally, a feasibility study of a subwavelength laser at THz frequencies is reported
Sakat, Émilie. "Structures métal-diélectriques à résonance de mode guidé et applications au filtrage et à l'imagerie infrarouge." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00840623.
Full textNanotechnologies have reached a maturity level that allows designing, with high confidence level, functionalized components for complex optical systems. In this context, this work addresses the issue of spectral filtering. I proposed a new design of filter based on the combination of a dielectric waveguide and on a subwavelength metallic grating. In a first time, I fabricated and characterized structures based on this design (with one dimensional 1D or two dimensional 2D geometries). I analyzed in detail the resonance mechanism and I studied the properties of these structures in terms of spectral tunability, polarization behavior, rejection efficiency and angular tolerance. Then, I proposed derivatives of these components with improved rejection efficiency and angular tolerance. Secondarly, I used various derivatives of these components to address angular filtering or multispectral imaging applications. For the latter, a 24-filter matrix has been optimized and integrated inside an infrared multispectral camera for CO2 sensing. Difficulties related to its real use conditions are highlighted and solutions are proposed to improve our results, already promising
Sakat, Emilie. "Structures m étal-di électriques à r ésonance de mode guid é et applications au filtrage et à l'imagerie infrarouge." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00840623.
Full textBierret, Antoine. "Composants nanostructurés pour le filtrage spectral à l’échelle du pixel dans le domaine infrarouge." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX085/document.
Full textSpectral analysis of an infrared scene allows for a better identification of its components. Nanotechnologies offer new opportunities to achieve spectral filtering thanks to optical resonances. In this thesis, I use sub-wavelength gratings to achieve spectral filtering on areas as small as a pixel. I focused on the study of guided-mode resonance filters, made of a coupling grating and a thin dielectric layer acting as a waveguide. This structure typically needs large surfaces to filter infrared light. However, I proposed two possible modifications of this structure: either using a resonant cavity or using metallic gratings.Numerical analysis of the optical response of structures with a metallic grating showed that the spatial extension of the electromagnetic field is limited at the resonant wavelength. Thanks to this short extension, I is possible to achieve filtering with only 30 µm-long guided-mode resonance filters. I also fabricated and characterized those pixel-sized filters.Finally, I studied mosaics of small guided-mode resonance filters. I showed that the dimensions, the resonant transmissions and the angular acceptance of those mosaics are compatible with using them inside multi-spectral cameras. I also showed a sample architecture for an infrared multispectral-camera using a mosaics of guided-mode resonance filters
Jouvaud, Camille. "Étude et application en micro-onde de l'hybridation de modes dans des systèmes localement résonants." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00955269.
Full textLaaroussi, Youness. "Nouvelles approches technologiques pour la fabrication de Lasers à émission verticale dans le moyen infrarouge." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00781795.
Full textRoland, Thibault. "Localized Surface Plasmon Imaging : a non intrusive optical tool to cover nanometer to micrometer scales in biological systems." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENSL0538.
Full textMost of the microscopy techniques used to study biological samples or processes relies on the use of markers or physical probes, which may modify artificially the phenomena considered. So as to propose an alternate to these techniques, a high resolution Scanning Surface Plasmon Microscope (SSPM) has been developed. Plasmons consist in collective oscillations of the free electrons at the surface of a metal. A high numerical aperture objective focuses the incident light on a small area of the metal/observation medium interface, which leads to the localization and the structuring of these waves here. Finally, the local variations of the sample dielectric index are detected while scanning the sample surface. First of all, we present the experimental principle of the SSPM, as well as a modelization of its response thanks to a 3D resolution of the Maxwell's equations. In chapter two, we study the structure of the thin gold films used during the SSPM experiments, after being deposited onto glass substrates by thermal evaporation. We address in the third chapter the problem of imaging in air and in water isolated nanoparticles of different sizes (from 10 to 200 nm of diameter). We show that this method is well suited to visualize such objects and also to discriminate them from their size or the material they are made of (depending on their dielectric index). Finally, we apply in the last chapter the SSPM to the visualization of unlabelled biological samples, such as nucleosomes (nucleoproteic complexes of about 10 nm of diameter) as well as human fibroblasts in which we resolve several subcellular structures (nucleus, nucleolus, cytoskeleton structures)
Davy, Matthieu. "Application du retournement en micro-ondes à l'amplification d'impulsions et l'imagerie." Phd thesis, Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077219.
Full textTime Reversal (TR) methods are applied in microwaves to pulse amplification and imaging. First, we use a reverberation chamber with an aperture on the front face and we take advantage of the pulse compression property of time reversal. High amplitude peaks are generated outside the chamber thanks to the long spreading time of the signals inside. Our device is auto-adaptive in position and in polarization. The second part of the manuscript deals theoretically and experimentally with the DORT method (decomposition of the TR operator). The method is first applied to characterize a dielectric cylinder and work out its parameters. Imaging of two close scatterers separated by a subwavelength distance is then considered. A criterion is especially extracted to deduce the noise level above which the resolution fails. Furthermore, we use thé DORT method to track experimentally people behind a wall. The wave propagation inside the wall is taken into account to localize a human being. This last part leads to the study of the invariants of the TR operator when a pointlike target is moving during the acquisition of the transfer matrix. Eventually, we introduce thé first wideband ambient noise cross-correlation experiment in microwaves. The cross-correlation yields the Green's function between two antennas and allows the passive detection and localization of targets. The analogy with a TR process is developed. Passive people localization is also achieved with the narrow bandwidth signals emitted by a WIFI router
Lévêque, Gaëtan. "Manipulation d'atomes froids par champs optiques confinés : théorie et simulation numérique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006141.
Full textDemésy, Guillaume. "Modélisation électromagnétique tri-dimensionnelle de réseaux complexes. Application au filtrage spectral dans les imageurs CMOS." Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00436046.
Full textBloom, Guillaume. "Combinaison cohérente de lasers à cascade quantique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00678958.
Full textSharshavina, Ksenia. "Nouveaux concepts de filtres spectraux ultra-sélectifs pour spectroscopie embarquée." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30264/document.
Full textGuided Mode Resonance Filters ( GMRF ) are a new generation of narrowband optical filters and are a very promising alternative to conventional multilayer Fabry-Perot filters. The resonance peak of GMRF can be spectrally extremely thin and with a centering wavelength tunable according to the angle of incidence of the light. These properties are particularly important for spectroscopy. Previous works have helped to implement an original structure with two 1D crossed gratings. The performance of this filter overpasses those of conventional filters in their spectral subnanometric response, tunability and their ability to overcome the influence of the polarization of the incident wave under oblique incidence. The aim of this work is to explore the final performances of such devices in terms of resolution and rejection rate, thanks to an approach combining theory, fabrication technology and characterization. We present experimental results of a polarization independent reflective filter, tunable over 40nm with a tunability of 8.3nm / °, having a reflection of 10-3 on a 90nm range outside the resonance and a quality factor over 5000
Diaz, Frédéric. "Systeme d'imagerie hybride par codage de pupille." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00624387.
Full textRoland, Thibault. "Microscopie par Plasmons de Surface Localisés : un outil d'imagerie optique non intrusif pouvant couvrir les échelles du nanomètre au micromètre en biologie." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441957.
Full textLe, Perchec Jérôme. "LOCALISATIONS ET EXALTATIONS DE LA LUMIERE DANS DES STRUCTURES METALLIQUES SUB-LONGUEUR D'ONDE." Phd thesis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00149401.
Full textCes surfaces présentent des anomalies de réflexion liées à des exaltations locales du champ électromagnétique, dues notamment à des résonances de type Fabry-Pérot à l'intérieur des sillons. L'analyse du problème d'un couple de cavités sub-longueur d'onde, couplées en champ proche, montre comment on peut générer des "points chauds" et contrôler la localisation de la lumière à l'échelle sub-longueur d'onde. Les applications sont de première importance: commutation optique, adressage quantitatif de la lumière, diffusion Raman exaltée en
surface (SERS)... On s'intéresse également aux effets de localisations liés au désordre structurel: la rupture de symétrie d'un arrangement périodique génère différents jeux d'allumage des cavités, très sensibles à la fréquence d'excitation. Certaines prédictions théoriques sont étayées expérimentalement.
Enfin, le cas des réseaux lamellaires très fortement sub-longueur d'onde est examiné, en lien avec l'Absorption Optique Anormale et l'effet SERS observés sur certains films métalliques rugueux. Les exaltations géantes du champ électrique, calculées dans les nano-cavités par la méthode modale exacte, dans le domaine visible, s'expliquent par l'excitation de plasmons-polaritons de surface dont les vecteurs d'onde sont très supérieurs à ceux de la lumière.
Lerosey, Geoffroy. "Retournement temporel d'ondes électromagnétiques et application à la télécommunication en milieux complexes." Phd thesis, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003585.
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