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1
Azumah, John. "Beyond Jihad: The Pacifist Tradition in West African Islam." International Bulletin of Mission Research 41, no. 4 (June 30, 2017): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2396939317720379.
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Lamin Sanneh’s book Beyond Jihad deals with the peaceful transmission of Islam in West Africa by a pacifist clerical group. The author challenges the claim that the old African kingdom of Ghana was conquered by the militant Berber Almoravids in the eleventh century. Islam was not introduced into sub-Saharan Africa through militant jihad, as generally believed. The principal agents for the dissemination of Islam in West Africa were local clerics, who used the peaceful means of accommodation and adaptation. The clerical tradition was pacifist, emphasizing learning and teaching, not war and political office.
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Macadam, I., DP Rowell, and H. Steptoe. "Refining projections of future temperature change in West Africa." Climate Research 82 (October 8, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr01618.
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Future warming in West Africa will have a detrimental effect on the communities living there. To support assessments of climate change impacts, we propose a method for refining regional temperature projections and demonstrate its application to West Africa for the mid-21st century. Our focus is on characterising uncertainty more comprehensively by considering projections of global warming. We calculate a transformation between a frequency distribution of global warming values derived from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models and a broader published probability distribution of global warming developed by the Met Office. The latter draws on perturbed parameter ensembles of simpler climate models to account for uncertainties related to the atmosphere, ocean, carbon cycle and aerosol processes that are not well characterised by the CMIP5 ensemble. Noting that West African warming is highly correlated with global warming in the CMIP5 ensemble, and that a significant portion of the uncertainty in projected West African warming arises from the uncertainty in global warming, we then apply the same transformation to CMIP5-derived distributions for warming in different regions of West Africa. The resultant regional warming distributions have longer tails than distributions estimated directly from the CMIP5 ensemble. Our results imply that CMIP5-based assessments of temperature-sensitive applications may underestimate the probability of large (and small) impacts. Our method could be used to refine temperature projections for other regions of the world in which regional temperature changes are highly correlated with global mean temperature changes.
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Stratton, Rachel A., Catherine A. Senior, Simon B. Vosper, Sonja S. Folwell, Ian A. Boutle, Paul D. Earnshaw, Elizabeth Kendon, et al. "A Pan-African Convection-Permitting Regional Climate Simulation with the Met Office Unified Model: CP4-Africa." Journal of Climate 31, no. 9 (April 2, 2018): 3485–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0503.1.
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Abstract A convection-permitting multiyear regional climate simulation using the Met Office Unified Model has been run for the first time on an Africa-wide domain. The model has been run as part of the Future Climate for Africa (FCFA) Improving Model Processes for African Climate (IMPALA) project, and its configuration, domain, and forcing data are described here in detail. The model [Pan-African Convection-Permitting Regional Climate Simulation with the Met Office UM (CP4-Africa)] uses a 4.5-km horizontal grid spacing at the equator and is run without a convection parameterization, nested within a global atmospheric model driven by observations at the sea surface, which does include a convection scheme. An additional regional simulation, with identical resolution and physical parameterizations to the global model, but with the domain, land surface, and aerosol climatologies of CP4-Africa, has been run to aid in the understanding of the differences between the CP4-Africa and global model, in particular to isolate the impact of the convection parameterization and resolution. The effect of enforcing moisture conservation in CP4-Africa is described and its impact on reducing extreme precipitation values is assessed. Preliminary results from the first five years of the CP4-Africa simulation show substantial improvements in JJA average rainfall compared to the parameterized convection models, with most notably a reduction in the persistent dry bias in West Africa, giving an indication of the benefits to be gained from running a convection-permitting simulation over the whole African continent.
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Tall, Arame, Simon J. Mason, Maarten van Aalst, Pablo Suarez, Youcef Ait-Chellouche, Adama A. Diallo, and Lisette Braman. "Using Seasonal Climate Forecasts to Guide Disaster Management: The Red Cross Experience during the 2008 West Africa Floods." International Journal of Geophysics 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/986016.
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In 2008, the seasonal forecast issued at the Seasonal Climate Outlook Forum for West Africa (PRESAO) announced a high risk of above-normal rainfall for the July–September rainy season. With probabilities for above-normal rainfall of 0.45, this forecast indicated noteworthy increases in the risk of heavy rainfall. When this information reached the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) West and Central Africa Office, it led to significant changes in the organization’s flood response operations. The IFRC regional office requested funds in advance of anticipated floods, prepositioned disaster relief items in strategic locations across West Africa to benefit up to 9,500 families, updated its flood contingency plans, and alerted vulnerable communities and decision-makers across the region. This forecast-based preparedness resulted in a decrease in the number of lives, property, and livelihoods lost to floods, compared to just one year prior in 2007 when similar floods claimed above 300 lives in the region. This article demonstrates how a science-based early warning informed decisions and saved lives by triggering action in anticipation of forecast events. It analyses what it took to move decision-makers to action, based on seasonal climate information, and to overcome traditional barriers to the uptake of seasonal climate information in the region, providing evidence that these barriers can be overcome. While some institutional, communication and technical barriers were addressed in 2008, many challenges remain. Scientists and humanitarians need to build more common ground.
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Mulcahy, J. P., D. N. Walters, N. Bellouin, and S. F. Milton. "Impacts of increasing the aerosol complexity in the Met Office global NWP model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 11 (November 21, 2013): 30453–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-30453-2013.
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Abstract. Inclusion of the direct and indirect radiative effects of aerosols in high resolution global numerical weather prediction (NWP) models is being increasingly recognised as important for the improved accuracy of short-range weather forecasts. In this study the impacts of increasing the aerosol complexity in the global NWP configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) are investigated. A hierarchy of aerosol representations are evaluated including three dimensional monthly mean speciated aerosol climatologies, fully prognostic aerosols modelled using the CLASSIC aerosol scheme and finally, initialised aerosols using assimilated aerosol fields from the GEMS project. The prognostic aerosol schemes are better able to predict the temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric aerosol optical depth, which is particularly important in cases of large sporadic aerosol events such as large dust storms or forest fires. Including the direct effect of aerosols improves model biases in outgoing longwave radiation over West Africa due to a better representation of dust. However, uncertainties in dust optical properties propogate to its direct effect and the subsequent model response. Inclusion of the indirect aerosol effects improves surface radiation biases at the North Slope of Alaska ARM site due to lower cloud amounts in high latitude clean air regions. This leads to improved temperature and height forecasts in this region. Impacts on the global mean model precipitation and large-scale circulation fields were found to be generally small in the short range forecasts. However, the indirect aerosol effect leads to a strengthening of the low level monsoon flow over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal and an increase in precipitation over Southeast Asia. Regional impacts on the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) are also presented with the large dust loading in the aerosol climatology enhancing of the heat low over West Africa and weakening the AEJ. This study highlights the importance of including a~more realistic treatment of aerosol-cloud interactions in global NWP models and the potential for improved global environmental prediction systems through the incorporation of more complex aerosol schemes.
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Mulcahy, J. P., D. N. Walters, N. Bellouin, and S. F. Milton. "Impacts of increasing the aerosol complexity in the Met Office global numerical weather prediction model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 9 (May 13, 2014): 4749–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4749-2014.
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Abstract. The inclusion of the direct and indirect radiative effects of aerosols in high-resolution global numerical weather prediction (NWP) models is being increasingly recognised as important for the improved accuracy of short-range weather forecasts. In this study the impacts of increasing the aerosol complexity in the global NWP configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) are investigated. A hierarchy of aerosol representations are evaluated including three-dimensional monthly mean speciated aerosol climatologies, fully prognostic aerosols modelled using the CLASSIC aerosol scheme and finally, initialised aerosols using assimilated aerosol fields from the GEMS project. The prognostic aerosol schemes are better able to predict the temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric aerosol optical depth, which is particularly important in cases of large sporadic aerosol events such as large dust storms or forest fires. Including the direct effect of aerosols improves model biases in outgoing long-wave radiation over West Africa due to a better representation of dust. However, uncertainties in dust optical properties propagate to its direct effect and the subsequent model response. Inclusion of the indirect aerosol effects improves surface radiation biases at the North Slope of Alaska ARM site due to lower cloud amounts in high-latitude clean-air regions. This leads to improved temperature and height forecasts in this region. Impacts on the global mean model precipitation and large-scale circulation fields were found to be generally small in the short-range forecasts. However, the indirect aerosol effect leads to a strengthening of the low-level monsoon flow over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal and an increase in precipitation over Southeast Asia. Regional impacts on the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) are also presented with the large dust loading in the aerosol climatology enhancing of the heat low over West Africa and weakening the AEJ. This study highlights the importance of including a more realistic treatment of aerosol–cloud interactions in global NWP models and the potential for improved global environmental prediction systems through the incorporation of more complex aerosol schemes.
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James, Rachel, Richard Washington, Babatunde Abiodun, Gillian Kay, Joseph Mutemi, Wilfried Pokam, Neil Hart, Guleid Artan, and Cath Senior. "Evaluating Climate Models with an African Lens." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 313–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0090.1.
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Abstract Climate models are becoming evermore complex and increasingly relied upon to inform climate change adaptation. Yet progress in model development is lagging behind in many of the regions that need the information most, including in Africa. Targeted model development for Africa is crucial and so too is targeted model evaluation. Assessment of model performance in specific regions often follows a “validation” approach, focusing on mean biases, but if models are to be improved, it is important to understand how they simulate regional climate dynamics: to move from validation to process-based evaluation. This evaluation may be different for every region and requires local weather and climate expertise: a “one size fits all” approach could overlook important, region-specific phenomena. So which are the important processes in African regions? And how might they be evaluated? This paper addresses these questions, drawing on the expertise of a team of scientists from Central, East, southern, and West Africa. For each region, the current understanding of climate models is reviewed, and an example of targeted evaluation is provided, including analysis of moist circulations, teleconnections, and modes of variability. A pan-African perspective is also considered, to examine processes operating between regions. The analysis is based on the Met Office Unified Model, but it uses diagnostics that might be applied to other models. These examples are intended to prompt further discussion among climate modelers and African scientists about how to best evaluate models with an African lens, and promote the development of a model evaluation hub for Africa, to fast track understanding of model behavior for this important continent.
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Roberts, Alexander J., Margaret J. Woodage, John H. Marsham, Ellie J. Highwood, Claire L. Ryder, Willie McGinty, Simon Wilson, and Julia Crook. "Can explicit convection improve modelled dust in summertime West Africa?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 12 (June 28, 2018): 9025–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9025-2018.
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Abstract. Global and regional models have large systematic errors in their modelled dust fields over West Africa. It is well established that cold-pool outflows from moist convection (haboobs) can raise over 50 % of the dust over parts of the Sahara and Sahel in summer, but parameterised moist convection tends to give a very poor representation of this in models. Here, we test the hypothesis that an explicit representation of convection in the Met Office Unified Model (UM) improves haboob winds and so may reduce errors in modelled dust fields. The results show that despite varying both grid spacing and the representation of convection there are only minor changes in dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) and dust mass loading fields between simulations. In all simulations there is an AOD deficit over the observed central Saharan dust maximum and a high bias in AOD along the west coast: both features are consistent with many climate (CMIP5) models. Cold-pool outflows are present in the explicit simulations and do raise dust. Consistent with this, there is an improved diurnal cycle in dust-generating winds with a seasonal peak in evening winds at locations with moist convection that is absent in simulations with parameterised convection. However, the explicit convection does not change the AOD field in the UM significantly for several reasons. Firstly, the increased windiness in the evening from haboobs is approximately balanced by a reduction in morning winds associated with the breakdown of the nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ). Secondly, although explicit convection increases the frequency of the strongest winds, they are still weaker than observed, especially close to the observed summertime Saharan dust maximum: this results from the fact that, although large mesoscale convective systems (and resultant cold pools) are generated, they have a lower frequency than observed and haboob winds are too weak. Finally, major impacts of the haboobs on winds occur over the Sahel, where, although dust uplift is known to occur in reality, uplift in the simulations is limited by a seasonally constant bare-soil fraction in the model, together with soil moisture and clay fractions which are too restrictive of dust emission in seasonally varying vegetated regions. For future studies, the results demonstrate (1) the improvements in behaviour produced by the explicit representation of convection, (2) the value of simultaneously evaluating both dust and winds and (3) the need to develop parameterisations of the land surface alongside those of dust-generating winds.
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Kim, Maeng-Ki, William K. M. Lau, Mian Chin, Kyu-Myong Kim, Y. C. Sud, and Greg K. Walker. "Atmospheric Teleconnection over Eurasia Induced by Aerosol Radiative Forcing during Boreal Spring." Journal of Climate 19, no. 18 (September 15, 2006): 4700–4718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3871.1.
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Abstract The direct effects of aerosols on global and regional climate during boreal spring are investigated based on numerical simulations with the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office finite-volume general circulation model (fvGCM) with Microphyics of Clouds with the Relaxed–Arakawa Schubert Scheme (McRAS), using aerosol forcing functions derived from the Goddard Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport model (GOCART). The authors find that anomalous atmospheric heat sources induced by absorbing aerosols (dust and black carbon) excite a planetary-scale teleconnection pattern in sea level pressure, temperature, and geopotential height spanning North Africa through Eurasia to the North Pacific. Surface cooling due to direct effects of aerosols is found in the vicinity and downstream of the aerosol source regions, that is, South Asia, East Asia, and northern and western Africa. Significant atmospheric heating is found in regions with large loading of dust (over northern Africa and the Middle East) and black carbon (over Southeast Asia). Paradoxically, the most pronounced feature in aerosol-induced surface temperature is an east–west dipole anomaly with strong cooling over the Caspian Sea and warming over central and northeastern Asia, where aerosol concentrations are low. Analyses of circulation anomalies show that the dipole anomaly is a part of an atmospheric teleconnection pattern driven by atmospheric heating anomalies induced by absorbing aerosols in the source regions, but the influence was conveyed globally through barotropic energy dispersion and sustained by feedback processes associated with the regional circulations. The surface temperature signature associated with the aerosol-induced teleconnection bears striking resemblance to the spatial pattern of observed long-term trend in surface temperature over Eurasia. Additionally, the boreal spring wave train pattern is similar to that reported by Fukutomi et al. associated with the boreal summer precipitation seesaw between eastern and western Siberia. The results of this study raise the possibility that global aerosol forcing during boreal spring may play an important role in spawning atmospheric teleconnections that affect regional and global climates.
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Arendt, Maryse, and Annelies Allain. "Annelies Allain: Pioneer of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes." Journal of Human Lactation 35, no. 1 (December 5, 2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334418812075.
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Annelies Allain has been at the forefront of global efforts to support and promote breastfeeding for more than 30 years. Her accomplishments continue to affect all of us who work with breastfeeding families. Born in the Netherlands in 1945, Annelies Allain-van Elk received a scholarship and completed a BA from the University of Minnesota, Duluth, USA. Back in Europe, she obtained a BA in French language and literature (University of Geneva, Switzerland) as well as a translator’s diploma. After 4 years working in West Africa and visits to South America, she returned to Geneva to obtain an MA in development studies. She is fluent in English, French, and Dutch and has working knowledge of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and German. Ms. Allain was a co-founder of IBFAN (1979) and the coordinator of IBFAN Europe (1980-1984). In 1984, she moved to Penang, Malaysia, and IBFAN work soon took over as a full-time job. She was instrumental in developing the Code Documentation Centre (1985) and by 1991 it became a foundation (ICDC) registered in the Netherlands. Subsequently, the Centre has trained over 2,000 officials from 148 countries about the International Code, making it the world’s top International Code implementation institution. Among her many other education and advocacy activities, Ms. Allain was a co-founder of WABA (1990) and for many years has been a consultant with UNICEF and WHO’s Western Pacific Regional Office on International Code implementation and monitoring. In this interview she provides a firsthand account of how most of the major global breastfeeding protection efforts influencing our current situation came into being. (This is a verbatim interview: MA = Maryse Arendt; AA = Annelies Allain.)
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Shakya, Evaniya, Nan Dou, Raphia Ngoutane, Anne-Sophie Le Dain, Aashima Garg, Stephen Kodish, Laura Caulfield, Laura Murray-Kolb, Muzi Na, and Denis Garnier. "Promising Trends of Complementary Feeding Practices in Côte D'lvoire: An Analysis of Nationally Representative Survey Data Between 1994–2016." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab045_069.
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Abstract Objectives Poor complementary feeding practices pose a major challenge for early childhood growth and development in Côte d'Ivoire, where more than 20% children under five suffer from stunting. We aimed to examine the trends and risk factors of suboptimal complementary feeding among children aged 6–23 months in Côte d'Ivoire. Methods We estimated the country-level prevalence, trends, and risk factors of four complementary feeding indicators: introduction of complementary foods (INTRO), minimum meal frequency (MMF), minimum dietary diversity (MDD), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD). Data was extracted from Demographic and Health Surveys (1994 to 2011) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (2000–2016) to estimate the complementary feeding indicators for children between 6 to 23 months in Côte d'Ivoire. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with these complementary feeding indicators in 2016. Results On average, 59.2% of children aged 6–8 months achieved INTRO between 1994–2016. In 2016, the proportion of children aged 6–8 months meeting INTRO was 65.5% showing an increase of around 15 percentage points from 2006. Between 2011 – 2016, the proportion of children aged 6–23 months meeting MMF, MDD, and MAD also increased from 40.2% to 47.7%, 11.3% to 26.0%, and 4.6% to 12.5%, respectively. Child age (MDD, MAD), maternal education (INTRO), and breastfeeding status (MMF, MAD) were significantly and positively associated with achieving at least one of the complementary feeding practices: INTRO, MMF, MDD, and MAD. Higher household wealth was significantly associated with greater odds of achieving all four complementary feeding criteria compared to poorer households Conclusions Suboptimal complementary feeding practices remain a problem and disparities in complementary feeding still exist in Côte d'Ivoire. However, complementary feeding practices have improved in the past decade. Additional research is needed to understand the policy and programmatic efforts that may explain the promising trends of complementary feeding practices in Côte d'Ivoire. Funding Sources UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (Grant # 43279190).
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Ojakorotu, Victor, and Adewole Ayodeji Adeleke. "Nigeria and Conflict Resolution in the Sub-regional West Africa: The Quest for a Regional Hegemon?" Insight on Africa 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975087817735386.
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The role of Nigeria in conflict resolution and peacekeeping efforts in Africa and other parts of the world cannot be overemphasised. The country has contributed more than 200,000 soldiers to peacekeeping missions around the world since independence. These efforts have earned it much respect in the council of nations and the recognition as being the ‘giant of Africa’. Also, Nigeria has been regarded as a ‘regional hegemon’ by some scholars because of its population size, comparatively large economic and human resources, and a bigger and well-equipped armed forces, equal in numerical strength to the armed forces of all the other countries in West Africa combined. The country played a very important role at spearheading the formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) in the 1990s. It has contributed the highest fund in defraying the costs of ECOMOG deployment to Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, Cote d’Ivoire and Mali. This study analyses the hegemonic tendencies of Nigeria in the sub-region of West Africa. It argues that although the country is the most populous and the biggest economy in the sub-region but it does not possess the military, economic and the international support to function as a hegemonic power in West Africa.
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Dou, Nan, Evaniya Shakya, Raphia Ngoutane, Roger Sodjinou, Christine Kaligirwa, Anne-Sophie Le Dain, Aashima Garg, et al. "Trends and Influencing Factors of Complementary Feeding Practices in Niger: An Analysis of National Surveys From 2000 – 2018." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab045_021.
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Abstract Objectives To examine the trends and influencing factors of suboptimal complementary feeding (CF) practices among children aged 6–23 months in Niger using national data from 2000 to 2018. Methods Using data from the 2000 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, 2012 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), and 2018 Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions survey in Niger, the trends and predictors of WHO-UNICEF CF indicators including timely introduction of complementary foods (INTRO), minimum meal frequency (MMF), minimum dietary diversity (MDD), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD) were estimated. Using the most completed data in CF and influencing factors (available from 2012 DHS), multilevel logistic regression models were applied to identify factors at the individual, household and community levels that were associated with meeting INTRO, MMF, MDD, and MAD. Results The weighted proportion of children aged 6–8 months meeting INTRO increased from 56.0% in 2000 to 84.4% in 2018. The weighted proportion of children meeting MMF (51.3% to 77.9%), MDD (9.8% to 14.2%), and MAD (5.6% to 10.9%) also increased between 2012 - 2018. At the individual level, children with mothers who were employed had higher odds of meeting all four indicators as compared to those whose mothers were unemployed. Older child age and maternal exposure to media were significantly associated with higher odds of meeting MMF, MDD, and MAD. Maternal education and child birth weight greater or smaller than average (reference) were positively associated with the odds of meeting MMF and MAD, and antenatal iron supplementation and currently breastfeeding were positively associated with the odds of achieving MDD and MAD. At the household level, the odds of meeting MMD and MAD were higher among children from wealthier households. At the community level, the odds of meeting INTRO and MMF were higher among children from communities with greater access to health services. Conclusions Despite the improvement in CF practices since 2000, only 10% of children from 6–23 months received minimum acceptable diets. Factors associated with CF were distributed across individual, household and community levels, suggesting the need for multi-level strategies to improve child nutrition in Niger. Funding Sources UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office (Grant # 43279190).
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Kornprobst, Markus. "The management of border disputes in African regional sub-systems: comparing West Africa and the Horn of Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 40, no. 3 (September 2002): 369–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x02003968.
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In Africa, the management of border disputes varies from sub-region to sub-region. Most puzzling is the difference between West Africa and the Horn of Africa. In the latter, border disputes are much more likely to escalate into war than in the former. Seeking to solve this puzzle, this study focuses on the territorial integrity norm. It departs from existing accounts of this norm in two ways: first, it does not choose the region but the sub-region as the level of analysis. Second, it does not isolate the territorial integrity norm from its social context but analyses the interplay of the norm with the social structure in which it is embedded. It concludes that the territorial integrity norm in West Africa is part of a social structure different from that in the Horn of Africa. It is this difference that explains the different patterns of conflict management in the two sub-regions.
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Bredeloup, Sylvie. "African Trading Post in Guangzhou: Emergent or Recurrent Commercial Form?" African Diaspora 5, no. 1 (2012): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187254612x646206.
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Abstract In the early 2000s, nationals of Sub-Saharan Africa who had settled in the market places of Hong Kong, Bangkok, Jakarta, and Kuala Lumpur, moved to Guangzhou and opened offices in the upper floors of buildings in Baiyun and Yuexiu Districts. These were located in the northwest of the city, near the central railway station and one of the two fairs of Canton. Gradually these traders were able to create the necessary conditions of hospitality by opening community restaurants on upper floors, increasing the number of showrooms and offices as well as the services of freight and customs clearance in order to live up to an African itinerant customer’s expectations. From interviews carried out between 2006 and 2009 in the People’s Republic of China and in Hong Kong, Bangkok, Dubai, and West Africa, the article will first highlight the economic logics which have contributed to the constitution of African trading posts in China and describe their extension from the Middle East and from Asia. The second part will determine the respective roles of migrants and traveling Sub-Saharan entrepreneurs, before exploring their interactions with Chinese society in the setting up of these commercial networks. It will also look at the impact of toughening immigration policies. It is the principle of the African trading posts of anchoring of some traders in strategic places negotiated with the host society that allows the movement but also the temporary settlement of many visitors. The first established traders purchase products manufactured in the hinterland to fulfill the demand of the itinerant merchants who in turn supply customers located in other continents.
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Akanji, Olajide O. "Sub-regional Security Challenge: ECOWAS and the War on Terrorism in West Africa." Insight on Africa 11, no. 1 (January 2019): 94–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975087818805842.
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In recent years, the West African sub-region has been faced with a wave of terrorism, resulting in the death of hundreds of people, destruction of public and private properties, and the displacement of millions. In response, states and multilateral institutions within and outside the sub-region have developed and introduced different mechanisms to address the issue. This article, however, investigates the experience of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in counterterrorism in West Africa. The idea is not to go over the role of ECOWAS with a fine-tooth comb but to focus attention on the themes that have emanated from its different efforts to address the problem. Specifically, it examines the kind of issues and challenges ECOWAS has faced in the current international political environment and the factors that influenced its ability to respond effectively to these issues and challenges.
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Lebedeva, E. "Sub-Saharan Africa: Conflicts and Development." World Economy and International Relations, no. 12 (2014): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-12-102-112.
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Political instability is growing in sub-Saharan Africa. The situation has left the Sahelian countries increasingly vulnerable to insecurity resulting from armed conflicts, terrorist activities, illicit trafficking and related organized crime, ecological crisis, «resource» wars and the like. These new global and regional challenges superimposed on traditional factors, provoking conflicts (social polarization, widespread corruption, coupled with the inability of the involved governments to deliver basic services, weak administration and other). At the same time, chronic political instability is a direct result of the lack of institutionalized political dialogue, of national consensus on strategy of national security and, also, because of the continuing unwillingness of the ruling elites to engage in the development of peripheral areas. Crises in Mali and Nigeria have clearly demonstrated the «fragility» of sub-Saharan states in the face of these threats. The scale of problems in the Sahel is so great that the United Nations has proposed a new conceptual and organizational approach to their solution. Nowhere is the development–security nexus more evident than in the Sahel. Major emphasis is placed on integrated and coordinated implementation of measures in the field of security and development in the region and regional and interregional cooperation among Sahelian, West African and Maghreb states. The UN declares a top priority of “partner peacekeeping", which is based on the cooperation of the UN as the main actor with international regional organizations – the EU, AU, ECOWAS, financial institutions and donor countries as well as other bilateral partners. Currently, ensuring a coherent and mutually supportive peacekeeping of the UN and the AU becomes most urgent issue for the organizations, since the relations between them are characterized by mistrust and tension.
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Negm, Namira. "AU AIM Strategy and the Fragmentation of IUU Fishing Regulations in Africa: the Case of West Africa." International Community Law Review 22, no. 3-4 (August 20, 2020): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341441.
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Abstract In Africa, the west suffers the most from Illegal, Unreported, and unregulated fishing which necessitated national, regional, and continental efforts to put in place legal mechanisms to halt the situation. This resulted in the fragmentation of rules dealing with IUU, with AU’s 2050 African Maritime Strategy and the Lomé Charter being the grand Continental ones. This article will provide a brief assessment of the legal mechanisms of the African Union vis-à-vis the rules of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the fragmentation or harmonization of those rules. The paper argues that fragmentation of rules at regional and sub-regional levels is not necessarily counterproductive as long as all parties coordinate by focusing on filling existing gaps rather than allowing overlaps.
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Ibeh, Kevin I. N., Idika Awa Uduma, Dilshod Makhmadshoev, and Nnamdi O. Madichie. "Nascent multinationals from West Africa." International Marketing Review 35, no. 4 (July 9, 2018): 683–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-08-2016-0158.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the motivations underpinning the foreign direct investment (FDI) activities, including the location and entry mode decisions, of nascent multinational enterprises (MNEs) from West Africa. Design/methodology/approach This research adopted a case study approach entailing the triangulation of interview data with documentary evidence on two leading West African financial service companies that have FDI footprints in over 50 country markets. Findings Evidence suggests the primacy of market-seeking motivations in explaining the FDI activities of the explored nascent MNEs, with relationship, efficiency and mission-driven motivations emerging as strong sub-themes. Having neither the global resonance of their traditional counterparts nor the government-augmented resource profile of their Asian counterparts, the study firms appear to have shied away from costly strategic asset and prestige-seeking FDI, and preferred psychically and institutionally proximate sub-Saharan African markets and non-organic collaborative entry modes. Research limitations/implications The above insights should be considered tentative given the study’s limited evidence base. This underscores the need for a larger scale empirical effort to assess the propositional inventory outlined at the end of this paper. Practical implications Africa’s growing population of MNEs are urged to continue to strengthen their positions across African markets, view these regional markets as a platform to learn and upgrade their capabilities for future expansion into more challenging global markets, and to augment their limited resource profiles, including by tapping into their global diaspora networks. Policy makers should support their market-seeking initiatives given evidence that they could be a pathway to higher order FDI motivations. This evolutionary approach reflects enduring lessons from earlier generations of MNEs. Policy makers should also support continuing intra-African investment flows as a pathway to creating more sizeable, integrated African markets and generating positive spill-overs, including in typically blind-sided post-conflict or fragile African markets. This also entails pushing for cross-border regulation needed to minimise the transfer of systemic risks across countries. Originality/value The study provides rare empirical evidence on hitherto neglected MNEs from sub-Saharan Africa, thus extending the geographic compass of research on FDI motivations. It identifies some distinctive aspects of the explored MNEs’ FDI behaviour, including the previously unheralded mission-driven motivation, whilst also revealing shared characteristics with traditional MNEs and emerging market multinational enterprisess.
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Banjo, Adewale. "Constitutional and Succession Crisis in West Africa: The Case of Togo." African Journal of Legal Studies 2, no. 2 (2008): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221097312x13397499736624.
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AbstractThe politics of succession in post-independence West Africa has left much to be desired and, by extension, has affected the quality of democracy and human security in the sub-region. This article briefly assesses succession politics in Togo, a small West African nation of approximately 5 million people, following the death of President Gnassingbe Eyadema, one of Africa's longest serving dictators. The author describes the military takeover and subsequent election that legitimized the illegal take over of power by Eyadema's son despite sustained domestic opposition from politicians and civil society, as well as sub-regional, regional and international condemnation of a Constitutional "coup d'etat" in Togo. The article concludes that the succession crisis in Togo is far from over, given the continuing manipulation of what the author calls the geo-ethnic divide in that country.
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Ogbuabor, Jonathan E., Onyinye I. Anthony-Orji, Oliver E. Ogbonna, and Anthony Orji. "Regional integration and growth: New empirical evidence from WAEMU." Progress in Development Studies 19, no. 2 (January 31, 2019): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464993418822883.
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This study provides a pioneer analysis of the growth effect of WAEMU integration at the econometric level, unlike the extant literature that relied on descriptive analysis of the sub-region’s trade statistics. The study used robust instrumental variables system GMM regression in the framework of a cross-country growth model and annual panel data for the period 2000 to 2015. Contrary to the widely held view that regional economic integration fosters economic growth of the participating countries, we did not find any empirical support for a positive growth impact of WAEMU integration in West Africa, which may be due to a variety of factors that mainly point to the characteristics of the WAEMU economies. However, the results indicate that foreign direct investment (FDI), institutional quality, capital, labour and the initial real per capita GDP are important drivers of growth in the sub-region. Interestingly, the results further indicate that FDI and institutional quality are the channels through which WAEMU integration may impact on growth in West Africa. The study therefore concludes that policy reforms towards improved institutions and increased FDIs will enhance economic growth in West Africa.
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Helfer, Laurence R. "Backlash Against International Courts in West, East and Southern Africa." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 109 (2015): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/procannmeetasil.109.2015.0027a.
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In a working paper based on extensive field research and interviews, Karen Alter, James Gathii, and I analyze three recent backlash attempts against sub-regional courts in East, West, and Southern Africa. Our paper analyzes credible proposals by African governments to restrict the jurisdiction of these courts in response to politically embarrassing rulings. These events are not widely known, and they are at odds with the prevailing view that it is difficult to sanction international judges.
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Prabhakar, Akhilesh Chandra. "Regional Energy Security Cooperation and Geo-Politics with Specific References to India." African and Asian Studies 4, no. 3 (2005): 357–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920905774270484.
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Abstract The path from Africa to Indonesia – via West Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia – has been of vital interest to North America. Situated at a junction of three continents – namely Asia, Africa, and Europe – linkage over land and across sea between Europe and the Indian Sub-continent on the one side and Africa and India on the other side, it offers the shortest and cheapest trade and transit routes between the West and the East. It commands a vast reservoir of oil – about 60 percent of the world's proven reserves of oil – which enormously contributes to the affluence of the United States.
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Bala, Maiyaki Theodore. "The Challenges and Prospects for Regional and Economic Integration in West Africa." Asian Social Science 13, no. 5 (April 19, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n5p24.
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The age-long practice of the individual survival of nations have long given way to the emergent concept of integration and cooperation among states as an option to meeting the collective development needs of the cooperating states. Practice has shown over time that when states take comparative advantage of each other’s strength and weaknesses, it opens the space and engenders the potentials for specialization, development of the economies of scale and indeed reduces the cost of production. Consequently, it enhances the purchasing power of the citizenry. In recent times, there have been significant increases in the efforts of developing countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve regional economic integration. The advent of the African Union (AU) and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) have given new impetus to the global African and regional integration processes and has focused particular attention on the need to take decisive action to tackle the continent’s numerous problems through the instrument of the economic integration strategy. This paper appreciates the evolution of regional integration and analyses the rationale for economic integration in West Africa. It evaluates the challenges and prospects of integration in West Africa.
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Odimegwu, Clifford, Oluwaseyi Dolapo Somefun, and Vesper H. Chisumpa. "REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN POSITIVE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG YOUTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." Journal of Biosocial Science 51, no. 2 (April 10, 2018): 254–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193201800010x.
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SummaryThe question of youth sexual behaviour has been widely debated, with researchers such as Berhan and Berhan (2015) arguing that young adults aged 15–24 are more likely to engage in risky behaviours. However, research has not adequately addressed the issue of positive sexual behaviours, in particular among young people in sub-Saharan Africa. Adapting the compensatory model of risk and resiliency theory, this study examined the determinants of positive sexual behaviours among youth in sub-Saharan Africa. Using recent data from Demographic and Health Surveys of sixteen countries representative of each African region (East, West, Southern and Central), it was hypothesized that positive sexual behaviours of youth (condom use at last sex and single sexual partnership) would be most strengthened by protective factors at the individual and family levels, and that these behaviours would differ by region due to regional variation in socio-cultural practices. Delayed age at sexual debut (first sex after the age of 15) was found to be the strongest protective factor for positive sexual behaviours among males and females in sub-Saharan Africa. Certain socioeconomic variables were found to be positively associated with positive sexual behaviours and the associations differed by gender.
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Havik, Philip J. "Regional cooperation and health diplomacy in Africa: from intra-colonial exchanges to multilateral health institutions." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 27, suppl 1 (September 2020): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702020000300007.
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Abstract Tracing the pathways of cooperation in health in sub-Saharan Africa from hesitant exchanges to institutionalized dimensions from the 1920s to the early 1960s, this article addresses regional dynamics in health diplomacy which have so far been under-researched. The evolution thereof from early beginnings with the League of Nations Health Organization to the Commission for Technical Assistance South of the Sahara and the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Africa, shows how bilateral dimensions were superseded by WHO’s multilateral model of regional cooperation in health. Alignments, divergences, and outcomes are explored with respect to the strategies and policies pursued by colonial powers and independent African states regarding inter-regional relations, and their implications for public health and epidemiological interventions.
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Amari, A. S. G., A. N’Guessan, J. G. Sackou, A. C. Amonkou, P. M. Alloukou, and R. Duncan. "MEDICINES HARMONIZATION IN WEST AFRICAN ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION (WAEMU) COUNTRIES." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 2, no. 1 (February 11, 2018): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v2i1.121.
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With the blessing of WHO, the different regions of West Africa engaged in Pharmaceutical regulation harmonization processes on the continent.
Indeed, In west Africa, WAEMU actions on the matter ended in the production of juridical rules opposable to member states who rationalize watching/control procedures and medicine marketing for both human medicine and veterinary products.
What remains then to member states is to appropriate community regulation hoping that Pharmaceutical cooperation reinforcement with ECOWAS, that other sub regional economical organization, grows stronger in order to improve drug use and manufacturing in West African area.
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Enaifoghe, Andrew Osehi. "Conflicts Intervention and Peace-Building Mechanisms in the West Africa Sub-Region." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 4(J) (September 14, 2018): 300–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i4(j).2429.
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Conflict prevail when there is the absence of peace. African countries probably get the worst representation globally with the exception of Syria when it comes to conflicts and violence in the continent. Seemingly, every story emanating from the continent project one atrocity or another. Despite the shouldering of the larger share of the world’s conflict, Africa has relatively become more peaceful as well, however in Nigeria, the Boko Haram insurgence in the north is another epicentre. This paper centres on the intervention besides collaborative determination of ECOWAS – AU in mediating peace, and the peacebuilding mechanisms in resolving states conflicts, and to strengthen democracy in West Africa, with the case of Côte d’Ivoire. The organizations’ efforts in the Ivorian case reflect discourses and the dynamics of the operations of an effective regional organization, and the international community in addressing conflicts. The collaborative theory was embraced to put things inappropriate perception. Findings show that the implementation of the Contrivance and the Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance by ECOWAS were better prepared to meet challenges related to peace and security in the region. This paper concludes and recommends that organisations who mediate peace in any conflict zone must first understand the cause of the conflict, thereafter timely intervene, and take common positions in applying different mechanisms to prevent, manage and resolve conflicts. It is recommended that to prevent violence and human rights abuses in crisis situations, the organisations of ECOWAS and AU, and particularly SADC should improve interventions procedure.
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Gonzales FSC, Andrew. "Bilingual Communities: National/Regional Profiles and Verbal Repertoires." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 6 (March 1985): 132–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026719050000310x.
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The 1980 Census of the Philippines (National Census and Statistics Office 1983) shows a multi-ethnic population speaking various Austronesian languages of the West Indonesian branch, which are not mutally intelligible but are clearly related to each other under various sub-groupings. The clearest divisions are the Northern Group and the Central Group, with the Northern Group situated in Northern and Central Luzon, and the Central Group located in Central and Southern Luzon, the Visayas, and parts of Mindanao (Zorc 1984). Smaller groups may be found in Eastern Mindanao (Eastern Mindanao Group), Southern Mindanao and Sulu (Sama-Bajaw Group), the area around Lake Lanao (Danao language group), Central Mindanao (the Manobo Group), and the islands of Palawan (the Palawanese Group) (cf., Pallesen 1985).
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Salami, Olawale Bakare. "The Politics of a Viable Alternative to Underdevelopment in Africa: The Case of Economic Integration in West Africa, 1960-1975." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (March 30, 2016): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n2p246.
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<p>The paper examines the political obstacles facing economic co-operation in West Africa between 1960 and 1975. By comparing the economic and political factors that formed the pillars of sub-regional cooperation, the study submits that efforts to integrate the region before 1975 were marred by suspicion among members states and the meddlesomeness of foreign Powers such as France in the region. Drawing from its findings, the paper concludes that lack of commitment from member states delayed the integration of the region till 1975.</p>
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Amini, Clifford, and Oluwaseun Oluyide. "Building Capacity for Open and Distance Learning (ODL) in West Africa Sub-region: The Pivotal Role of RETRIDAL." Open Praxis 8, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.8.4.346.
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The paper posits the Regional Training and Research Institute for Distance and Open Learning (RETRIDAL) as an institution established for the purpose of enhancing Open and Distance Learning in the West African sub-region. The institute has pursued this mandate with an unparalleled vigour since its establishment in 2003 —a partnership of the Commonwealth of Learning and the National Open University of Nigeria. It is the opinion of this paper that enhancing the Open and Distance Learning mode of education in the West African subregion will require building capacity. Consequently, RETRIDAL has championed this cause through workshops and training sessions as well as commissioning research studies in Nigeria and other West African countries. The objective is to produce suitably qualified manpower that is able to utilise ODL to mitigate the exploding demand for access to education in the sub-region. The paper also foresees a future of ODL and RETRIDAL for West Africa, as many universities are keying into the distance education paradigm.
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de Barros, Philip. "Bassar: a quantified, chronologically controlled, regional approach to a traditional iron production centre in West Africa." Africa 56, no. 2 (April 1986): 152–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972000041553.
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Opening ParagraphUntil quite recently little was known about the output of traditional ironworking centres in sub-Saharan Africa. Although some estimates were made for a few centres by colonial administrators and agents, the reliability of many of these figures is doubtful (see Pole, 1983; de Barros, 1985: 270–71) and some of the more interesting data still lie buried in colonial archives. The first serious scholarly attempt at quantification of precolonial African iron production was made by Warnier and Fowler (1979) who investigated iron production in the Iron Belt of the Cameroon grasslands, particularly that associated with the nineteenthcentury Babungo chiefdom. Since then Goucher (1981, 1984) and Pole (1983), and to a lesser extent Haaland (1980), have provided some important quantitative data regarding both large and small iron working centres in West Africa.
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Sacré Regis M., Didi, Ly Mouhamed, Kouadio Kouakou, Bichet Adeline, Diedhiou Arona, Coulibaly Houebagnon Saint. J., Kouadio Koffi Claude A., Coulibaly Talnan Jean H., Obahoundje Salomon, and Savané Issiaka. "Using the CHIRPS Dataset to Investigate Historical Changes in Precipitation Extremes in West Africa." Climate 8, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8070084.
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This study aims to provide improved knowledge and evidence on current (1986–2015) climate variation based on six rainfall indices over five West African countries (Senegal, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, and Benin) using the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) dataset. On average, precipitation has increased over the central Sahel and the western Sahel. This increase is associated with increase in the number of rainy days, longer wet spells and shorter dry spells. Over the Guinea Coast, the slight increase in precipitation is associated with an increase in the intensity of rainfall with a shorter duration of wet spells. However, these mean changes in precipitation are not all statistically significant and uniform within a country. While previous studies are focused on regional and sub-regional scales, this study contributes to deliver a climate information at a country level that is more relevant for decision making and for policy makers, and to document climate-related risks within a country to feed impact studies in key sectors of the development, such as agriculture and water resources.
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Saragih, Khairunnisa, Eko Darwiyanto, and Hetti Hidayati. "Implementation of Service Oriented Architecture in Cloud Computing for Periodic Salary Increment." Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Terapan 7, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/jtit.v7i2.181.
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Technological advances are used to help improve government performance in matters relating to the use of technology in the process of Periodic Salary Increment, which is the task of the sub-division of staffing at the Regional Government Forestry Service Office of West Java Province. Judging from the document for Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for the subdivision of the West Java Provincial Government Forestry Service office in 2018, in the work process section of periodic salary increases with stages that require time and energy so that the performance process appears less effective. So that it implements a system that can complete the periodic salary work process using the Cloud Computing-based Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) method. The purpose of using cloud computing is to increase reliability and flexibility without increasing computing costs. Cloud computing has become a solution and opportunity for the development of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry to get better advantages over other technologies. On the other hand, the user does not need to see or have knowledge of the physical location and system configuration of the service. This research resulted in the performance of the sub-division of the staffing of the West Java Provincial Government Forestry Service in the process of making regular salary increases more effective. And from the test can prove that 74.74% of the questions answered "Yes" are successful.
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Conway, Declan, Aurelie Persechino, Sandra Ardoin-Bardin, Hamisai Hamandawana, Claudine Dieulin, and Gil Mahé. "Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century." Journal of Hydrometeorology 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm1004.1.
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Abstract River basin rainfall series and extensive river flow records are used to characterize and improve understanding of spatial and temporal variability in sub-Saharan African water resources during the last century. Nine major international river basins were chosen for examination primarily for their extensive, good quality flow records. A range of statistical descriptors highlight the substantial variability in rainfall and river flows [e.g., differences in rainfall (flows) of up to −14% (−51%) between 1931–60 and 1961–90 in West Africa], the marked regional differences, and the modest intraregional differences. On decadal time scales, sub-Saharan Africa exhibits drying across the Sahel after the early 1970s, relative stability punctuated by extreme wet years in East Africa, and periodic behavior underlying high interannual variability in southern Africa. Central Africa shows very modest decadal variability, with some similarities to the Sahel in the adjoining basins. No consistent signals in rainfall and river flows emerge across the whole of the region. An analysis of rainfall–runoff relationships reveals varying behavior including strong but nonstationary relationships (particularly in West Africa); many basins with marked variations (temporal and spatial) in strength; weak, almost random behavior (particularly in southern Africa); and very few strong, temporally stable relationships. Twenty-year running correlations between rainfall and river flow tend to be higher during periods of greater rainfall station density; however, there are situations in which weak (strong) relationships exist even with reasonable (poor) station coverage. The authors conclude for sub-Saharan Africa that robust identification and attribution of hydrological change is severely limited by data availability, conflicting behavior across basins/regions, low signal-to-noise ratios, sometimes weak rainfall–runoff relationships, and limited quantification of the magnitude and effects of land use change.
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Ohanyan, Anna. "The Global Political Economy of Fractured Regions." Global Governance 24, no. 3 (September 12, 2018): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02403005.
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Abstract Despite ebbs and flows in comparative regional studies over the past few decades, the regional dimension of world politics is gaining sustained attention from scholarly and policymaking communities. Thus far much of the focus has been on regional integration, which is traditionally viewed as a necessary condition for economic development and security provision. This article describes the problem of regional fracture in conflict regions; it delineates the political and economic dimensions of regional fracture; and examines the security implications of each. It examines the problem of fractured regions in Russia’s post-Soviet neighborhoods, the Balkans, and sub-Saharan Africa. The article concludes with implications for security policy as exercised by the West in the post-American world.
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BROWN, MARK SIMON. "COITUS, THE PROXIMATE DETERMINANT OF CONCEPTION: INTER-COUNTRY VARIANCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." Journal of Biosocial Science 32, no. 2 (April 2000): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000001450.
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There is a general consensus in the literature that fertility differences between populations can be accounted for by differences in just four key proximate determinants: nuptiality, the postpartum non-susceptible period, contraception and abortion. Natural fecundibility is generally assumed to be constant between populations. This paper puts the theoretical and empirical case for a re-evaluation of that assumption, drawing on the under-utilized data on sexual activity collected in the Demographic Health Surveys (DHSs). Using data for married women in nine African countries, the analysis finds substantial population level differences in mean monthly coital frequency, which, if accurate, suggest an important demographic effect. There is a clear regional patterning to these differences, with levels of activity considerably lower among women in the West African populations included in the study than those from East and southern Africa. For West Africa in particular the data indicate the normality of exceptionally long periods of very infrequent or no intercourse by married women outside the period of postpartum abstinence. The findings challenge prevailing presumptions concerning susceptibility to pregnancy in marriage on which statistics for unmet need for family planning are derived. While doubts are raised over the precision of the sexual activity data used, the paper argues for the need for a greater effort to operationalize the ‘proximate determinant of conception’, not only for more accurate fertility modelling, but also as a planning tool for a more sensitive provision of family planning services in Africa.
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Omilusi, Mike, and Lucy Iyabo Jegede. "A theoretical exploration of non-State actors and gendered dimensions of conflict prevention/sustainable peacebuilding in West Africa." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 7, no. 2 (September 17, 2018): 228–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2018.v7n2.03.p228.
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In countries rebuilding from war and violence, women are becoming important voices for peace, rights and inclusion. They are increasingly mobilizing across communities and using their social roles and networks to prevent violence and promote peace. Women individually and collectively contribute to peacebuilding in many ways. Yet, their contributions are often overlooked because they take unconventional forms, occur outside formal peace processes, or are considered extensions of women’s existing gender roles. Even when women do not reach formal positions of power, they have been at the forefront of impactful movements related to global peace and nonviolence. Thus, building inclusive, sustainable, peace in societies affected by violent conflicts requires analysing and addressing gendered power dynamics, as well as gender roles and expectations. This study, therefore, examines the role of non-state actors in conflict prevention, management, and peacebuilding in the West African Sub-region, and seeks to evaluate the relationship among civil society groups, regional and sub-regional organizations from a gender perspective. It specifically investigates the role of women in conflict transformation and peacebuilding and concludes that women must be allowed and encouraged to bring their unique insights and gifts to the process because women and men have different experiences of violence and peace.
Recebido em: abril/2018
Aprovado em: julho/2018
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Konare, A., C. Liousse, B. Guillaume, F. Solmon, P. Assamoi, R. Rosset, J. M. Gregoire, and F. Giorgi. "Combustion particulate emissions in Africa: regional climate modeling and validation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 2 (April 7, 2008): 6653–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-6653-2008.
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Abstract. Africa, as a major aerosol source in the world, plays a key role in regional and global geochemical cycles and climate change. Combustion carbonaceous particles, central in this context through their radiative and hygroscopic properties, require ad hoc emission inventories. These inventories must incorporate fossil fuels FF (industries, traffic,...), biofuels BF (charcoal, wood burning,... quite common in Africa for domestic use), and biomass burning BB regularly occurring over vast areas all over the African continent. This latter, subject to rapid massive demographic, migratory, industrial and socio-economic changes, requires continuous emission inventories updating, so as to keep pace with this evolution. Two such different inventories, L96 and L06 with main focus on BB emissions, have been implemented for comparison within the regional climate model RegCM3 endowed with a specialized carbonaceous aerosol module. Resulting modeled black carbon BC and organic carbon OC fields have been compared to past and present composite data set available in Africa. This data set includes measurements from intensive field campaigns (EXPRESSO 1996, SAFARI 2000), from the IDAF/DEBITS surface network and from MODIS, focused on selected west, central and southern African sub-domains. This composite approach has been adopted to take advantage of possible combinations between satellite high-resolution coverage of Africa, regional modeling, use of an established surface network, together with the patchy detailed knowledge issued from past short intensive regional field experiments. Stemming from these particular comparisons, one prominent conclusion is the need for continuous detailed time and spatial updating of combustion emission inventories apt to reflect the rapid transformations of the African continent.
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Omoruyi, Ikponmwonsa, Stephen Osaherumwen Idahosa, Mahamat Mugadam Mugadam, and Oumar Sidibe. "Nigeria - South Africa Rivalry in Quest for Regional Power Status: from Material Potential to UN Security Council Membership." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-1-147-157.
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The paper explores the role and the power potential of Nigeria and South Africa with special attention to their comparatively high military, economic, political capabilities that enable them to shape and dominate regional agenda. It also analyses the internal, regional and external dynamics within Africa, particularly in Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and Southern African Development Community (SADC). The paper further thoroughly examines the hegemonic contest for the UN Security Council membership among the dominant African states through the lens of Ezulwini Consensus, as well as the Pan-African credentials of Nigeria and South Africa in accordance to their contribution to ensuring peace, stability and development on continental and sub-regional levels. Nigeria and South Africa are the most important actors on the African continent, but there are obvious constraints undermining their ability to play an effective regional role. Thus, the research was guided by the comparison case-study of Nigeria and South Africa in crucial for understanding power potential areas. The study concludes that although Pan-Africanism stands of Nigeria and South Africa are commendable, both powers mostly follow this strategy for advancing their national interests. Taking into account the whole set of internal and external factors, both countries need to unite their efforts and practical strategies to advance the common goal of Africa development, peace and security.
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Ogiri, Itotenaan Henry. "Sustainable Development i n ECOWAS: A Super Highway Study." Journal of Business and Economics 9, no. 9 (September 22, 2018): 815–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/09.09.2018/006.
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Over the last four decades, countries in West Africa sub-region have continued to search for an economic integration model through which its socio-economic prosperity will be enhanced. However, despite numerous sub-regional summits, little has been achieved to date in terms of sustainable economic development thus securing an almost permanent seat for the region as one of the world poorest. While regional integration is increasingly being accepted as essential in facilitating socio-economic growth, various accounts from the extant literature indicates that the lack of political will by ECOWAS leaders, among other concomitant factors, have led to the region’s inability to drive home the lofty ideas as contained in its numerous protocols. This paper examines the critical factors that have hampered socio-economic growth in the West Africa sub-region and highlights the imperative of an ECOWAS Super Highway as a driving force for the rapid transformation of a region so rich in human and materials resources yet is nested in a web of abject poverty. The study adopts survey method for its data collection. Data were collected by means of self-designed questionnaire designed on a 5-point Likert scale. The SPSS data software was used in the empirical analysis. Three main hypotheses were formulated and tested for this study. Results from this study indicate a strong association between a super Highway and improve economic integration in the ECOWAS sub-region. Our study further reveals that a Super Highway will serve to promote political stability within the ECOWAS sub-region, although not to a significant extent. Our findings also show that the challenge of language will be highly mitigated if an ECOWAS Super Highway is in place as this will aid in bridging the cultural divide that has existed between its Anglo-phone and Franco-Phone member-states. As a policy-driven research, this study has implications for theory and practice. The study makes original contribution to knowledge as the empirical literature is enriched. Furthermore, the study provides a platform that brings the ECOWAS Super Highway conundrum to both regional and International conversations. Finally, the paper provides an opportunity for further research to assist regional policy formulation particularly as it affects cross-border transportation system within the ECOWAS sub-region.
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Fagbayibo, Babatunde. "Common Problems Affecting Supranational Attempts in Africa: An Analytical Overview." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 1 (April 26, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i1a2303.
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Ever since the colonial era, attempts have been made throughout the various regions of Africa at building supranational units chiefly for administrative and legal convenience. Examples of such attempts include the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, the East African High Commission and the federations in former French West and Equatorial Africa, all of which were attempts at forging a supranational nation state. These experiments laid the foundation for further supranational initiatives in post-colonial Africa. In this respect, every region in Africa has either experimented with or is currently experimenting with the idea of supranational regional organisations. This article aims at investigating selected attempts at supranationalism on the continent, the successes and failures of such experiments, and the lessons to be learnt from them. As Africa embarks on the journey of solidifying its unity through the establishment of leviathan continental institutions, efforts should be geared towards building on the experiences of past and present experiments at the sub-regional level. Such experiments offer instructive lessons as they are rooted in similar historical and social contexts.
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Afriyie, Doris Osei, Jennifer Nyoni, and Adam Ahmat. "The state of strategic plans for the health workforce in Africa." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 9 (October 2019): e001115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001115.
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Many African countries have a shortage of health workers. As a response, in 2012, the Ministers of Health in the WHO African Region endorsed a Regional Road Map for Scaling Up the Health Workforce from 2012 to 2025. One of the key milestones of the roadmap was the development of national strategic plans by 2014. It is important to assess the extent to which the strategic plans that countries developed conformed with the WHO Roadmap. We examine the strategic plans for human resource for health (HRH) of sub-Saharan African countries in 2015 and assess the extent to which they take into consideration the WHO African Region’s Roadmap for HRH. A questionnaire seeking data on human resources for health policies and plans was sent to 47 Member States and the responses from 43 countries that returned the questionnaires were analysed. Only 72% had a national plan of action for attaining the HRH target. This did not meet the 2015 target for the WHO, Regional Office for Africa’s Roadmap. The plans that were available addressed the six areas of the roadmap. Despite all their efforts, countries will need further support to comprehensively implement the six strategic areas to maintain the health workers required for universal health coverage
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Pritchard, Colin, and Steven Keen. "Child mortality and poverty in three world regions (the West, Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa) 1988–2010: Evidence of relative intra-regional neglect?" Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 44, no. 8 (October 22, 2016): 734–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494816675550.
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Aims: Poverty kills children. This study assesses the relationship between poverty and child mortality rates (CMRs) in 71 societies from three world regions to determine whether some countries, relative to their region, neglect their children. Methods: Spearman rank order correlations were calculated to determine any association between the CMR and poverty data, including income inequality and gross national income. A current CMR one standard deviation (SD) above or below the regional average and a percentage change between 1988 and 2010 were used as the measures to assess the progress of nations. Results: There were positive significant correlations between higher CMRs and relative poverty measures in all three regions. In Western countries, the current CMRs in the USA, New Zealand and Canada were 1 SD below the Western mean. The narrowest income inequalities, apart from Japan, were seen in the Scandinavian nations alongside low CMRs. In Asia, the current CMRs in Pakistan, Myanmar and India were the highest in their region and were 1 SD below the regional mean. Alongside South Korea, these nations had the lowest percentage reductions in CMRs. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the current CMRs in Somalia, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola were the highest in their region and were 1 SD below the regional mean. Conclusions: Those concerned with the pursuit of social justice need to alert their societies to the corrosive impact of poverty on child mortality. Progress in reducing CMRs provides an indication of how well nations are meeting the needs of their children. Further country-specific research is required to explain regional differences.
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Orogun, Paul. "Plunder, Predation and Profiteering: The Political Economy of Armed Conflicts and Economic Violence in Modern Africa." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 2, no. 2 (2003): 283–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915003322763593.
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AbstractThis paper presents a comparative analytical study that is based on a political economy perspective concerning the effects of economic violence and the specter of predation-induced armed conflicts in modern African states. Although "blood diamonds," crude oil, "conflict timber," and illicit arms trafficking have engendered and exacerbated civil wars, cross-border raids, and protracted regional destabilization in Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo, my primary focus is on the ongoing military debacle in Liberia and the recently concluded mayhem in Sierra Leone. The "resource curse" hypothesis will be utilized to examine and to illuminate the impact of economic pillaging, illicit arms trade, and predatory warlordism on the political instability and humanitarian atrocities in these two West African countries. A review of the internal regime types and the regional security relations within the sub-region will help to contextualize the recurrent trends and discernable systemic patterns that have been associated with these pillaging wars in the post-cold war era of Africa's international relations. In short, armed conflicts have weakened state capabilities, strained the financial resources of nongovernmental organizations and even raised provocative questions about the political will and sustaining capacities of the international community and regional security organizations to keep the peace and create conditions that are conducive to long-term, sustainable and viable political stability and economic development in the conflict-ridden and war-ravaged Sub-Saharan African States.
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Appiah, Divine Odame, and Stephanie Esinu Adjoa Gbeddy. "A synthesis of the implementation ambivalence of REDD+ in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia." Forest and Society 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v2i1.2918.
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Reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation and associated benefits (REDD+), has received much attention as one of the most controversial climate change initiatives, especially by forest fringed community actors in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Southeast Asia, (SEA) who are skeptical of the scheme.The object of this paper is to examine the seeming potential benefits and accompanying risks and challenges of REDD+ on the livelihoods among smallholder farmers in SSA and SEA. The paper espouses the sustainability context of REDD+ projects as pro-poor forest management mechanisms; through the provision of alternative livelihood. This is achieved through critical review and critique of scientific articles, project reports and relevant documents on REDD+ interventions from a worldwide, regional to local scale. The paper identifies projects that seem to solidify claims that REDD+ projects are simply a new form of colonialism; which the West is using to take advantage of vulnerable groups in the South. The paper concludes with the need to actively engage sub-Saharan African and Southeast Asian women in climate change mitigation benefit schemes on account of the expedient role women play in agricultural activities (which may involve deforestation and forest land degradation).
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Buerkert, A., H. P. Piepho, and A. Bationo. "MULTI-SITE TIME-TREND ANALYSIS OF SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON CROP PRODUCTION IN SUB-SAHARAN WEST AFRICA." Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 2 (March 28, 2002): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479702000236.
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Soil fertility constraints to crop production have been recognized widely as a major obstacle to food security and agro-ecosystem sustainability in sub-Saharan West Africa. As such, they have led to a multitude of research projects and policy debates on how best they should be overcome. Conclusions, based on long-term multi-site experiments, are lacking with respect to a regional assessment of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer effects, surface mulched crop residues, and legume rotations on total dry matter of cereals in this region. A mixed model time-trend analysis was used to investigate the effects of four nitrogen and phosphorus rates, annually applied crop residue dry matter at 500 and 2000 kg ha−1, and cereal-legume rotation versus continuous cereal cropping on the total dry matter of cereals and legumes. The multi-factorial experiment was conducted over four years at eight locations, with annual rainfall ranging from 510 to 1300 mm, in Niger, Burkina Faso, and Togo. With the exception of phosphorus, treatment effects on legume growth were marginal. At most locations, except for typical Sudanian sites with very low base saturation and high rainfall, phosphorus effects on cereal total dry matter were much lower with rock phosphate than with soluble phosphorus, unless the rock phosphate was combined with an annual seed-placement of 4 kg ha−1 phosphorus. Across all other treatments, nitrogen effects were negligible at 500 mm annual rainfall but at 900 mm, the highest nitrogen rate led to total dry matter increases of up to 77% and, at 1300 mm, to 183%. Mulch-induced increases in cereal total dry matter were larger with lower base saturation, reaching 45% on typical acid sandy Sahelian soils. Legume rotation effects tended to increase over time but were strongly species-dependent.
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Ularamu, H. G., J. O. Ibu, J. N. Abenga, D. D. Lazarus, Y. S. Wungak, D. O. Ehizibolo, D. Shamaki, and M. I. Adah. "Incursion of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Serotype O East Africa Topotype -3 (O/EA-3) in Nigeria." Nigerian Veterinary Journal 41, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v41i1.4.
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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic transboundary animal disease that affects livestock health across most of sub-Saharan Africa. Since the first official report of FMD in Nigeria in 1924, serotypes O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 have been documented within the country. Molecular epidemiology has been used to trace the origin of FMD outbreaks in the case of animal movement, inter-species transmissions and trans-continental introductions. Phylogenetic analyses of VP1 nucleotide sequences of the twelve isolates (n=12) provide evidence for the presence of type O/EAST AFRICA 3 (EA-3) in Nigeria. The epidemiological situation of FMD in Nigeria and other West African countries is further complicated by the emergence of the O/EA-3 lineage that is causing new outbreaks in the region in addition to the West Africa (WA) topotype that has been known to be in circulation in Nigeria and other parts of West African and Central African regions. These recent development in west and central Africa, indicates the dynamic and complex nature of FMD epidemiology in the region and this is not un-connected to the nomadism in the region. In addition the un-restricted animal movement across the porous border in the region in search of pasture and water for their animal has contributed to the spread of diseases across the region. From the results the phylogenetic analysis of the O/EA-3 has close identity and was closely related to O/EA-3 from the 2009 outbreak in Sudan. Therefore, based on these findings a sustained surveillance is required to yet understand the epidemiology of FMD in West and Central Africa that will inform the type of vaccine and target areas in other to control the disease. The need to restrict animal movement across the border should be put in place and where necessary all animals that must move from one point to another must have proper evidence of vaccine certification before it should be allow access into the area. Finally for effective FMD control, regional vaccination and surveillance should be advocated and it should be backed by law. The need to have FMD vaccination at national as well as regional FMD control policy is strongly advocate for effective FMD control in Nigeria and across the regions.
Key words: Topotype, West African; FMD and Nigeria
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Awopegba, Oluwafemi Emmanuel, Amarachi Kalu, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, and Anthony Idowu Ajayi. "Prenatal care coverage and correlates of HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa: Insight from demographic and health surveys of 16 countries." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): e0242001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242001.
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Background Prenatal screening of pregnant women for HIV is central to eliminating mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV. While some countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have scaled up their prevention of MTCT programmes, ensuring a near-universal prenatal care HIV testing, and recording a significant reduction in new infection among children, several others have poor outcomes due to inadequate testing. We conducted a multi-country analysis of demographic and health surveys (DHS) to assess the coverage of HIV testing during pregnancy and also examine the factors associated with uptake. Methods We analysed data of 64,933 women from 16 SSA countries with recent DHS datasets (2015–2018) using Stata version 16. Adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression models were used to examine correlates of prenatal care uptake of HIV testing. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results Progress in scaling up of prenatal care HIV testing was uneven across SSA, with only 6.1% of pregnant women tested in Chad compared to 98.1% in Rwanda. While inequality in access to HIV testing among pregnant women is pervasive in most SSA countries and particularly in West and Central Africa sub-regions, a few countries, including Rwanda, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Zambia have managed to eliminate wealth and rural-urban inequalities in access to prenatal care HIV testing. Conclusion Our findings highlight the between countries and sub-regional disparities in prenatal care uptake of HIV testing in SSA. Even though no country has universal coverage of prenatal care HIV testing, East and Southern African regions have made remarkable progress towards ensuring no pregnant woman is left untested. However, the West and Central Africa regions had low coverage of prenatal care testing, with the rich and well educated having better access to testing, while the poor rarely tested. Addressing the inequitable access and coverage of HIV testing among pregnant women is vital in these sub-regions.
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Ude, Nwoke, Kingsley Ude, Ugonma Ugbor, Chukwuemeka Igwe, and Esomchi Ogu. "E-GOVERNANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A CASE OF NIGERIA." International Journal of Development Strategies in Humanities, Management and Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijdshmss.v11.i1.07.
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The study examined e-governance and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Nigeria. Secondary data were used for the study. The result indicated high internet use in South Africa (43% to 59%) followed by Senegal (34% to 46%) and then Nigeria (33% to 42%); it showed a positive impact on education, economy, personal relationships, politics and morality in the year 2017. The Internet’s contribution to GDP in Africa varies, ranging from a high of 59% in South Africa to a low of 25% in Tanzania. The West African region had the lowest regional index in the 2020 Survey scoring 0.2209 in 2020 as compared with the world average of 0.4939. Cape Verde (0.4221) continues to lead the region, with Nigeria (0.3491) and Ghana (0.3201) taking the top three spots. With respect to service delivery by stages (percent utilization index), Nigeria scored 9.7 and 0.5 in the implementation of stage 4 and stage 5 of the e-government indicator in 2020, while the ranking for the previous years at this two stages were not better. Nigeria’s infrastructure Index moved up from 0.0492 in 2010 to 0.0792 in 2020. Nigeria’s Human Capital Index also showed an increase from 0.59 in 2010, 0.61 in 2015 and 0.63 in 2020 with her Web Measure Index moving from 0.1303 in 2010 to 0.2241 in 2020. Currently, Nigeria’s e-government readiness index is placed at 0.5053 which shows improvement but strictly in an African context. The study recommended that government play a leading role in developing the ICT infrastructure, this is important for successful e-government implementation in a developing economy.