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Journal articles on the topic 'Sub-standard materials'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Engebø, Atle, Nina Kjesbu, Ola Lædre, and Jardar Lohne. "Perceived Consequences of Counterfeit, Fraudulent and Sub-standard Construction Materials." Procedia Engineering 196 (2017): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.209.

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Panda, Anton, Ján Duplák, and Jozef Jurko. "Analytical Expression of T-v_C Dependence in Standard ISO 3685 for Cutting Ceramic." Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (June 2011): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.317.

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Durability is very important property of every cutting material. This property of cutting materials defined theirs life-time. Technical science defines a lot of different factors, that they may be cause of shorter life-time of cutting tool. Maximally possible elimination of these factors is necessary for optimization of cutting materials life-time. Durability of cutting materials is defined in standard ISO 3685. The main part of standard ISO 3685 is T-vc dependence definition for selected cutting materials. One of these cuting materials contained in this standard is cutting ceramic. Standard I

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3

Ayodele, Elijah Olusegun, and Victoria Omodunbi Ayodele. "SPECIFICATION; A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY IN THE BUILDING INDUSTRY OF NIGERIA – IMPLICATIONS FOR ARCHITECTS." Continental J. Engineering Sciences 6, no. 3 (2011): 26–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.833981.

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This study examined specification as a communication strategy in the building industry of Nigeria. It was carried by the use of structured questionnaire distributed to Contractors and Quantity Surveyors and then structured and unstructured questionnaire to Architects who have practiced for at least ten years in the South West of Nigeria. Data collected from sixty-two Contractors and Quantity Surveyors and then forty-three Architects all formed the basis of this study and were analyzed by severity index. The results showed that partial and scanty specifications accompanied building drawings and

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Tsynka, Anatolii, Sergey Illyasch та Tetyana Tereshchenko. "СRUSHED STONE MATERIALS AND GRAVEL MATERIALS BOUND BY MINERAL BINDERS. STANDARDIZATION". Dorogi i mosti 2021, № 24 (2021): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36100/dorogimosti2021.24.028.

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Introduction. This paper presents the results of the standardization of requirements for granular mixtures bound by mineral binders for bases, sub-bases and top layers of road pavements used as framework for national standard «Crushed stone materials and gravel materials for the road building industry — Specifications. Part 3: The materials bound by mineral binders». Standardization. The standard covers the requirements for crushed stone-sand and sand-gravel mixtures treated with mineral binders and derived from them hardened materials as well as the requirements for source constituents. Miner

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Koyama, Koichiro. "Standard Gibbs Energies of Formation of CoMoO₄ and Co₂Mo₃O₈ Determined by Electromotive Force Measurement." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 57, no. 2 (1993): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.57.2_154.

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Mouhib, Y., M. Belaiche, C. Ahmani Ferdi, Mohammed Lacham, and Abdelhamid Elacham. "New technique for elaboration and characterization of a high voltage spinel LiCo2O4 cathode and theoretical investigation." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 6 (2020): 2538–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj06126f.

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Nanoparticles of LiCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> were elaborated for the first time at low temperature using non-standard Moroccan raw materials. All theoretical and experimental results confirm the obtaining of spinel LiCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> at 400 °C, with high crystalline purity.

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Getu, Tamiru, and Ponnurangam Palani. "Effects of Sub Grade and Sub Base Materials Quality on Flexible Pavement A Case Study." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 6 (2018): 835–45. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18635.

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Flexible pavements are composed of asphaltic layer, base course sub base materials which laid over a well compacted and strong sub grade foundation soil. Basic engineering properties of Sub grade materials are required for design and Coarse grained soils serves as good for supporting pavements whereas fine grained soils, particularly clayey soils pose problem to pavement. Jimma town is a big trade center and coffee production areas of in Ethiopia but, the current existing condition most parts of the road are deteriorated. The objective of this research was to investigate effects of subgrade an

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8

Cuervo Farfán, Javier A., Críspulo E. Deluque Toro, Carlos A. Parra Vargas, David A. Landínez Téllez, and Jairo Roa-Rojas. "Experimental and theoretical determination of physical properties of Sm2Bi2Fe4O12 ferromagnetic semiconductors." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 42 (2020): 14925–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc02935a.

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9

CHINO, Atsushi, Youichi ISHIBASHI, Naoki GUNJI, and Hideo IWATA. "The Simple Determination Method of Precipitates in Steels by X-ray Diffraction Technique with Y₂O₃ as Internal Standard Materials." Tetsu-to-Hagane 77, no. 11 (1991): 2027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.77.11_2027.

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10

Sarsenbay, G., L. A. Myltykbaeva, R. A. Abdulwalyev, and S. B. Satylganova. "The Study of Method for Complex Processing Turgay Sub-Standard Aluminum-Containing Raw Materials." Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry 02, no. 04 (2012): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ampc.2012.24b055.

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11

Tulepov, Marat, Larissa Sassykova, Almagul Kerimkulova, et al. "Preparation of Briquettes on the Basis of Sub-Standard Coal of Kazakhstan Fields." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 16, no. 1 (2022): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht16.01.118.

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A technology of briquetting of sub-standard coal of Kazakhstan fields to obtain high-quality briquetting fuel has been developed. A modifying additive in the form of oil residues has been selected, that make it possible to obtain a binder composition for brown coal briquetting. The material for the preparation of coal briquettes is coal fines from dry, poorly sintered coals, which cannot be used for direct combustion in the furnace. The optimal parameters for obtaining high-quality fuel briquettes have been determined. The introduction of a modifying additive into the oil residues makes it pos

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12

Koyama, Koichiro, and Yasuhiko Hashimoto. "Determination of Standard Gibbs Free Energies of Formation of Co₃B, Co₂B and CoB by EMF Measurement." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 53, no. 11 (1989): 1129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.53.11_1129.

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13

İlkan, KAVLAK. "APPLYING OF THE NEW GENERATION PLASTIC ADDITIVES TO THE KITCHEN APPLIANCES: INVESTIGATION OF STRUCTURAL AND THERMOSTATIC PROPERTIES OF ORGANOMETALLIC MN (II) AND CU (II) STREAT- BORATE COMPLEXES." Journal of Natural Science and Technologies 1, no. 1 (2022): 62–76. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252851.

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In this study, two new organometallic stearate complexes are described in Mn(C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>35</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. (B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub>) (1) and Cu(C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>35</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. (B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub>) (2) have been synthesized as plastic additive materials. Thermostatic behaviors of the complexes have been analyzed with described methodology at the ISO 182-2 standard. Additionally, the structural properties of the synthesized complexes were investigated by elemental analysis, powder XRD, and vibrational (FT-IR and Raman) spectroscopic te

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Ueda, Shigeru, Keita Utagawa, and Katsunori Yamaguchi. "Activity Coefficient of Strontium in Liquid Copper and the Standard Free Energy of Formation for SrO·6Al₂O₃ and SrO·2Al₂O₃." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 49, no. 6 (2008): 1338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.mra2008044.

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15

Paraschiv, Alexandru, Gheorghe Matache, Mihaela Raluca Condruz, and Cristian Dobromirescu. "Assessment of Additive Manufactured IN 625’s Tensile Strength Based on Nonstandard Specimens." Materials 16, no. 14 (2023): 4930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16144930.

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The study aimed to evaluate the tensile strength of additively manufactured (AMed) IN 625 using sub-sized test pieces and compare them to standard specimens. Cylindrical round coupons of varying diameters were manufactured along the Z-axis using the laser powder bed fusion technique and subjected to heat treatment. The simulation of the alloy solidification predicted the formation of several intermetallics and carbides under equilibrium conditions (slow cooling), apart from the γ phase (FCC). Sub-sized tensile specimens with different gauge diameters were machined from the coupons and tensile

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Dimou, Helen, and Achilles Kameas. "Quality assurance model for digital adult education materials." Quality Assurance in Education 24, no. 4 (2016): 562–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qae-03-2015-0008.

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Purpose This paper aims to present a model for the quality assurance of digital educational material that is appropriate for adult education. The proposed model adopts the software quality standard ISO/IEC 9126 and takes into account adult learning theories, Bloom’s taxonomy of learning objectives and two instructional design models: Kolb’s model (the learning cycle) and Gagne, Briggs and Wager’s model. Design/methodology/approach The structure of this paper is as follows: in the second section, the theory of “the learning cycle of Kolb” is discussed. The third section discusses the model of G

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Yamamoto, Hiroaki, Yoshitsugu Taniguchi, Kazuto Nishiyama, et al. "Composition–Oxygen Partial Pressure Diagram of the Cr–B–O Ternary System Based on the Standard Gibbs Energies of Formation of CrB₄, CrB₂, Cr₃B₄, Cr₅B₃ and CrBO₃ Determined by Solid Electrolyte." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 62, no. 6 (2021): 821–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.mt-m2020323.

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18

Park, Yun Mi, Hong Cheol Shin, Young Jun Son, and Chae Yong Lim. "A Study on the Production of Low-heat Cement Using Non-carbonate Raw Materials with 5% Substitution of Limestone." Ceramist 26, no. 4 (2023): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2023.26.4.07.

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This study aims to produce low heat cement by substituting limestone, the main raw material of cement, with non-carbonate raw materials for 2050 carbon neutrality. The use of non-carbonate raw materials can reduce CO<sub>2</sub> generated by the calcination of limestone and reduce the amount of energy required for the calcination. The non-carbonate materials reviewed in this study are BOF slag, KR slag, and blast furnace slag with a CaO content of more than 40%. Compared to limestone, non-carbonate materials have lower grindability and higher Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3

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Falcnik, Michal, Petr Novosad, Pavel Pesek, and Mylos Kytka. "Applicability of Sub-Size Charpy Specimens to Transition Behaviour of RPV Materials." Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (September 2007): 977–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.977.

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The advancement of proper methodology to determination of VVER reactor pressure vessel (RPV) materials transition behaviour has been followed. The project included selection of proper specimen geometries (standard 10x10x55 mm, sub-size 3x4x27 mm and 5x5x27.5 mm Charpy-V samples) and impact as well as dynamic fracture toughness testing. All the fundamental criterions have been applied to consider an applicability of small-sized specimens to Cr-Mo-V and Cr-Ni-Mo-V steel radiation embrittlement studies. Selected specimen geometries have been found to be fully valid for impact and dynamic fracture

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20

Lee, Martin, Ali Mazaheri, Herre S. J. van der Zant, Riccardo Frisenda, and Andres Castellanos-Gomez. "Drawing WS2 thermal sensors on paper substrates." Nanoscale 12, no. 43 (2020): 22091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr06036d.

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21

Fiore, Cecilia, Oleksii Shemchuk, Fabrizia Grepioni, Raymond J. Turner, and Dario Braga. "Proflavine and zinc chloride “team chemistry”: combining antibacterial agents via solid-state interaction." CrystEngComm 23, no. 25 (2021): 4494–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ce00612f.

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Mechanochemical and solution reaction of ZnCl<sub>2</sub> with proflavine yields the antimicrobials [HPF]<sub>2</sub>[ZnCl<sub>4</sub>]·H<sub>2</sub>O and ZnCl<sub>3</sub>(HPF), more active, with respect to the separate components and the AgNO<sub>3</sub> standard, towards P. aeruginosa, E. coli and S. aureus.

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22

Ižvolt, Libor, Peter Dobeš, Martin Mečár, and Deividas Navikas. "Analysis of the Influence of Incorporating Different Thermal-Insulating Materials into the Sub-Ballast Layers." Buildings 15, no. 2 (2025): 239. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15020239.

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Adverse climatic conditions, particularly excessive water and frost, necessitate the design of thick protective sub-ballast layers when dealing with frost-susceptible subgrade surfaces, especially when using standard natural materials (crushed aggregate or gravel–sand). Given the current preference for conserving natural construction materials and promoting sustainable development in the dimensioning of sub-ballast layers, it is advisable to incorporate various thermal insulation, composite, or suitable recycled materials in their design. Therefore, the paper analyses the impact of incorporati

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23

Viacheslav, Borysov, Hevko Ihor, Torubara Oleksii, et al. "REVEALING NEW PATTERNS IN RESOURCESAVING PROCESSING OF CHROMIUMCONTAINING ORE RAW MATERIALS BY SOLIDPHASE REDUCTION." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 12 (103) (2020): 24–29. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.196653.

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The physical and chemical properties of products from the carbon-thermal reduction of oxide chromo-containing ore raw materials have been investigated. This is necessary to determine the parameters that reduce the loss of Cr in the processing of ore materials and the use of metallized chromium doping additives in steelmaking. It has been determined that the increase in processing temperature from 1,250 K to 1,450 K led to an increase in the manifestation of Cr<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> and (Cr, Fe)<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub>. In this case, the diffraction maxima of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</su

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24

Dagwa, Ishaya Musa, and A. O. Akii Ibhadode. "Computerised Design Approach to a Sub-Press Mould for Composite Materials Manufacture." Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (February 2009): 700–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.700.

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This paper focuses on the design of a sub-press mould mounted on a 100-Tonne hydraulic press during compression moulding of composite materials manufacturing process. The sub-press consisting of platens, punch and mould, and guide columns were designed using Microsoft Visual Basic software to minimize time wastages in trail-and-error procedures and mould modifications resulting after the mould is manufactured. Graphical representations of variables which were used in the design such as: platen thickness, guide pin dimensions, clamping force, heat supply, heat losses, and heating element were o

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Abiodun, O. FATOYE. "Geochemical characteristics of unexplored mine tailings in Ijero Ekiti, Nigeria." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 2 (2022): 057–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6770377.

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Waste materials from mining tailings, often contain significant amounts of potentially valuable minerals. This study aimed at unearthing the valuable minerals in Ijero Ekiti mine tailings. The tailing samples were randomly collected in five locations of the study area. The samples were analyzed for selected physico-chemical parameters: pH values, electrical conductivity, chloride, organic matter and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) using standard analytical techniques. The physico-chemical parameters of tailings range in different concentration. The x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysi

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NAGATA, Kazuhiro, Jun TANABE, and Kazuhiro S. GOTO. "Standard Free Energies of Formation of CaO-Al₂O₃ Intermediate Compounds by Means of EMF Measurement of Galvanic Cells." Tetsu-to-Hagane 75, no. 11 (1989): 2023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.75.11_2023.

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Göbel, Gerhard, Thomas Wriedt, and Klaus Bauckhage. "Micron and sub-micron aerosol sizing with a standard phase-Doppler anemometer." Journal of Aerosol Science 29, no. 9 (1998): 1063–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(98)80003-7.

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28

Beale, A. M., I. Lezcano-Gonzalez, W. A. Slawinski, and D. S. Wragg. "Correction: Correlation between Cu ion migration behaviour and deNOx activity in Cu-SSZ-13 for the standard NH3-SCR reaction." Chemical Communications 55, no. 11 (2019): 1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc90036e.

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Correction for ‘Correlation between Cu ion migration behaviour and deNO<sub>x</sub> activity in Cu-SSZ-13 for the standard NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR reaction’ by A. M. Beale et al., Chem. Commun., 2016, 52, 6170–6173.

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Doni Widodo, Rahmad, Rusiyanto, Wahyudi, et al. "Effect of compression molding temperature on the characterization of asbestos-free composite friction materials for railway applications." AIMS Materials Science 10, no. 6 (2023): 1105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2023059.

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<abstract> <p>Brake pads significantly affect the braking performance of railways under both normal and emergency operating conditions. In previous studies, brake pads were made using the hand lay-up method and produced the best properties on specimens with epoxy, rice husk, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> compositions of 50%, 20%, 15% and 15%. However, the resulting density does not meet the density standard set by PT Industri Kereta Api Indonesia (PT INKA), which is 1.7–2.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. T

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Anderson, Benjamin R., Natalie Gese, and Hergen Eilers. "Subsurface Spectroscopy in Heterogeneous Materials Using Self-Healing Laser Beams." Optics 5, no. 2 (2024): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/opt5020022.

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Self-healing optical beams are a class of propagation modes that can recover their beam shapes after distortion or partial blockage. This self-healing property makes them attractive for use in applications involving turbid media as they can—in theory—penetrate further into these materials than standard Gaussian beams. In this paper, we characterize the propagation of two different self-healing beams (Bessel and Airy) through a solid scattering material with different scatterer concentrations and find that both beams do recover after scattering for samples below a threshold scatterer concentrat

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Lee, Hoohee. "Foundational Study for Developing an ADHD Children's Empathy Program with a Delphi Research Approach." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 45, no. 9 (2023): 1027–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2023.09.45.09.1027.

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This study lays groundwork for an empathy program for ADHD children in inclusive education. A Delphi survey establishes program goals, content, methods, assessment, and materials. A total of 10 expert panelists were selected. A Delphi survey was conducted over 3 phases, and analysis included calculating means, standard deviations, and content validity ratios using the IBM SPSS/WIN 27.0 program. Each of the finally selected sub-items will provide significant educational insights when the program is actually implemented, and these sub-items are considered valuable as foundational materials for t

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Ravariu, Cristian, and Florin Babarada. "Modeling and Simulation of Special Shaped SOI Materials for the Nanodevices Implementation." Journal of Nanomaterials 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/792759.

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In the industrial chain of the nanomaterials for electronic devices, a main stage is represented by the wafer characterization. This paper is starting from a standard SOI wafer with 200 nm film thickness and is proposing two directions for the SOI materials miniaturization, indexing the static characteristics by simulation. The first SOI nanomaterial is a sub-10 nm Si-film with a rectangular shape. The influence of the buried interface fixed charges has to be approached by the distribution theory. The second proposal studies the influence of the vacuum cavity in a “U” shaped SOI nanofilm. In a

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Derouicha, MATMOUR, Fateh Eddine HASSAM Khalil, HAMOUM Nadjib, et al. "Quantitative Determination of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Raw Materials by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography." Algerian Journal of Materials Chemistry 5, no. 2 (2022): 67–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7368115.

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The main objective of this work was to apply a HPLC method for the quantitative determination of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical raw material in seven samples collected from seven pharmaceutical industries installed in Algeria. A liquid chromatography apparatus HPLC-UV device (Thermo Scientific Dionex UltiMate 3000 Rapid Separation LC systems, Germany) equipped with an automatic injector and UV/Vis detector was used, the chromatographic conditions were regled at temperature: 40 °C, flow rate: 1.5 mL/min, injection volume: 10 µl, Column: C<sub>18</sub> (5 µm x 4.6

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G.I, Obiefuna, Oreagbune M.O., and David C. "GEOTECHNICAL EVALUATION OF SOILS IN NUMAN AND ITS ENVIRONS, NORTH EAST NIGERIA." Continental J. Earth Sciences 5, no. 1 (2017): 20–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.833382.

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A geotechnical evaluation of some soils in Numan, Adamawa, North –East, Nigeria has been carried out. This was done to determine the suitability of the soils for use as sub-grade/filling, sub-base and base course materials for road construction. The samples were collected from five different areas, at surface and sub-surface levels. The areas are New Demsa, Farei, Dowaya, Numan Town and Imbru. The soil samples were subjected to laboratory investigations in conformity with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation (AASHTO) and the Bristish Standard Institution (BSI) Standard

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Schmaltz, Brian. "Packaging Materials for 2.5/3D Technology." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2013, no. 1 (2013): 000276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2013-tp33.

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The age of advanced mobile devices is on the direct horizon, are we ready for it? Less power consumption, faster processing, high reliability, high yield, low cost are words engineers are all too familiar with. 2.5/3D utilizing interposer technology, Thru Silicon Via (TSV), sub-50μm die thickness are a few of the latest techniques engineers use to solve these issues. As technology progresses to smaller process generations, new packaging applications are being demanded. The standard solder reflow process is being pushed by advancements in Cu pillar bumps, thermal compression bonding (TCB) and w

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Chang, Tianci, Xun Cao, Yi Long, Hongjie Luo, and Ping Jin. "How to properly evaluate and compare the thermochromic performance of VO2-based smart coatings." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 42 (2019): 24164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta06681k.

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Vanadium dioxide (VO<sub>2</sub>)-based thermochromic coatings have been widely studied and many studies have been reported to improve their performance. This paper means to develop an accurate and universal standard of VO<sub>2</sub>-based smart coatings.

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Rusli, Anwar, Rahman Arief, Rusmini, Daryono, and Suparno. "Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Shrimp Shell Waste and Old Coconut Water." International Journal of Life Science and Agriculture Research 03, no. 03 (2024): 118–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10730719.

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Abstract The rapid growth of people and industry generates organic waste of 50-60% of production materials. These wastes can be used for agriculture, as human awareness of healthy consumption causes agriculture to start using organic materials. Organic waste from industry in the form of shrimp shells and old coconut water can be used as organic fertilizer for plant growth and development. This study aims to examine the dynamics of reactions that occur during the process of making organic fertilizer and test the physical and chemical quality of the resulting organic fertilizer.  This resea

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Paliy, Maksym, Sebastiano Strangio, Piero Ruiu, and Giuseppe Iannaccone. "Assessment of Two-Dimensional Materials-Based Technology for Analog Neural Networks." IEEE Journal on Exploratory Solid-State Computational Devices and Circuits 7 (October 19, 2021): 141. https://doi.org/10.1109/JXCDC.2021.3121534.

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Embedding advanced cognitive capabilities in battery-constrained edge devices requires specialized hardware with new circuit architecture and—in the medium/long term—new device technology. We evaluate the potential of recently investigated devices based on 2-D materials for the realization of analog deep neural networks (DNNs), by comparing the performance of neural networks based on the same circuit architecture using three different device technologies for transistors and analog memories. As a reference result, it is included in the comparison also an implementation on a standard

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Alelweet, Omar, and Sara Pavia. "Durability of Alkali-Activated Materials Made with a High-Calcium, Basic Slag." Recent Progress in Materials 3, no. 4 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/rpm.2104041.

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<span>Alkali activated (AA) materials have been investigated for decades as an alternative to Portland cement (PC) products. Most consist of a silicate waste activated with alkalis, which leads to lower green-house gas emissions and a substantial drop in the use of unrenewable material resources. This paper studies the durability of AA materials made with a ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) from Dublin, activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium silicate (Na</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span>SiO</span><sub><span>3

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Onwube, A. U., N. Mashros, N. A. Yusoff, and A. O. Eberemu. "Influence of vibration on sub-ballast layer induced by loading application on a fouled track ballast." Nigerian Journal of Technology 43, no. 1 (2024): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v43i1.5.

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The railway track’s sub-ballast layer is important, but it is often neglected, leading to the contamination and blockage of voids, as well as track deformation and degradation. These issues occur when fouling materials infiltrate the subballast due to load-induced vibration. The purposes of this paper are to investigate the influence of vibration on the sub-ballast layer when loads are applied to a fouled ballast and to determine whether sub-ballast saturation should be ignored. A ballast box was fabricated to represent actual railway conditions and filled with 100 kg of ballast aggregates con

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Kobayashi, Kenji. "Simultaneous determination of cadmium, indium and tin in standard reference materials using sub-stoicheiometric extraction of indium radioisotopes." Analyst 113, no. 7 (1988): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9881301121.

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Janusz, Kocel, and Jodłowski Krzysztof. "Can standardisation of the unit costs of wood extraction be applied in the financial system of the State Forests?" FOLIA FORESTALIA POLONICA, SERIES A – FORESTRY 63, no. 4 (2021): 317–29. https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2021-0032.

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The paper presents a method for grouping forest districts that are characterised by similar natural and forest conditions and the results of standardisation of wood extraction costs for forest districts and regional directorates of the State Forests. The adopted standard costs referred to the costs which determine the reasonable level of costs necessary to perform a specific management task in the given natural, forest and economic conditions of forest districts. Forest districts were grouped based on the forest habitat types and the land diversity index (W<sub>tri</sub>), which were determine

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Beddu, Salmia, Teh Sabariah Abd Manan, Mahyun Mohd Zainoodin, et al. "Characterization of Cenospheres from Malaysian Coal Generated Power Plants: Jimah, Kapar and Manjung." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 34, no. 6 (2022): 1251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2022-34(6)-25.

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Cenosphere is a component of fly ash (FA) and has been used as part of sustainable material in wastewater treatment, automotive, ceramic, and construction industries due to its properties. This research presents the first study on characterization of cenospheres from Malaysian power plants namely Jimah, Kapar and Manjung. The characterization was conducted via X-ray fluorescence (XRF), particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRF analysis consisted of oxides elements ranged from 14.70 to 22.63% (aluminum oxide, Al<sub>2</sub&gt

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Lakusic, Stjepan. "Potential valorisation of steel slag waste as an alternative material for pavement layers." Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers 75, no. 02 (2023): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14256/jce.3571.2022.

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This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of using steel slag waste as an alternative material for pavement layers (sub-base and base layers). This waste is stored and landfilled at a steel production site in JORF LASFAR, city of El Jadida, Morocco. Samples of the waste were collected and underwent standard tests to determine its physical, chemical, mineralogical, and geotechnical properties. Furthermore, the steel slag waste cannot be used alone in pavement layers because of the low fraction of fine aggregates. Additionally, a sterile raw material (rock crushing waste) was used with the

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Tanaka, Ellie, and Neil Robertson. "Polyiodide solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell produced from a standard liquid I−/I3− electrolyte." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 38 (2020): 19991–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta07377f.

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Koirala, Sudeep, Santosh GC, Brijendra KC, et al. "Experimental Analysis on Optimum Use of Filler Materials of River Bed Sub Base Sample for Pavement." Technical Journal 4, no. 1 (2024): 89–98. https://doi.org/10.3126/tj.v4i1.73956.

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Composition of different layers to resist the traffic load as per design on the flexible pavement, among them subbase is one. This research carried out to optimization of filler sample on riverbed sub-base material whose plastic index is nil. The sub-base material plays a pivotal role in supporting the overlying pavement structure, and optimizing its properties is essential for enhancing overall pavement performance The observations through laboratory testing and trials ensure the modified sub-base material meets the necessary performance criteria. The study aims to contribute valuable insight

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Ma, Hongfeng, Jixin Wang, Genwen Li, and Jianfei Qiu. "Fatigue redesign of failed sub frame using stress measuring, FEA and British Standard 7608." Engineering Failure Analysis 97 (March 2019): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.01.032.

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Shu, Jie. "Study of the Interface Between Li[sub 4]Ti[sub 5]O[sub 12] Electrodes and Standard Electrolyte Solutions in 0.0–0.5 V." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 11, no. 12 (2008): A238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2992706.

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Chai, Huo, Rui-chun He, Xiao-yan Jia, Chang-xi Ma, and Cun-jie Dai. "Generalized route planning approach for hazardous materials transportation with equity consideration." Archives of Transport 46, no. 2 (2018): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2101.

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Hazardous materials transportation should consider risk equity and transportation risk and cost. In the hazardous materials transportation process, we consider risk equity as an important condition in optimizing vehicle routing for the long-term transport of hazardous materials between single or multiple origin-destination pairs (O-D) to reduce the distribution difference of hazardous materials transportation risk over populated areas. First, a risk equity evaluation scheme is proposed to reflect the risk difference among the areas. The evaluation scheme uses standard deviation to measure the

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Zhang, Haiwu, and Roger A. De Souza. "Optimising oxygen diffusion in non-cubic, non-dilute perovskite oxides based on BiFeO3." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 44 (2019): 25274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08980b.

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Through molecular-dynamics simulations of rhombohedral BiFeO<sub>3</sub>, substituent cations were identified that could optimize the oxygen diffusivity and the limits of the standard crystal-chemical approach were revealed.

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