Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sub-tropical

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Sub-tropical'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Sub-tropical"

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Chadwick, Robin. "Sub-tropical drying explained." Nature Climate Change 7, no. 1 (November 14, 2016): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3167.

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Streten, C., and K. S. Gibb. "Phytoplasma diseases in sub-tropical and tropical Australia." Australasian Plant Pathology 35, no. 2 (2006): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap06004.

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McIvor, John G., and David J. Reid. "Germination characteristics of tropical and sub-tropical rangeland species." Rangeland Journal 33, no. 2 (2011): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj10026.

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A study was made of the germination characteristics of a broad spectrum of rangeland species by studying their behaviour under different conditions. Seeds of common species (both native and exotic) were collected from tropical (north-east Queensland) (36 species) and sub-tropical areas (south-east Queensland) (47 species). The seeds were exposed to three storage treatments: in a shade-house for 60 months, in a seed store (tropical collection) or freezer (sub-tropical collection) for 60 months, or in an oven with fluctuating temperatures (25/60°C) for 3 (tropical collection) or 4 (sub-tropical collection) months. Germination was tested during and after storage under standard conditions of 30/25°C (tropical collection) or 30/20°C (sub-tropical collection) with light during the 12-h period of higher temperature. In addition, germination of the sub-tropical collection was tested in the dark and at lower temperature (20/10°C). The species were divided into groups on the basis of changes in germination during storage in a shade-house or in a seed store or freezer. The species showed a wide range of germination behaviour, changes during storage, and responses to germination conditions. Differences in the responses of seed lots of the same species in the two collections show that care is needed when extrapolating results from one experiment to other collections and regions.
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Garzoli, K. V. "COOLING OF GREENHOUSES IN TROPICAL AND SUB-TROPICAL CLIMATES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 257 (December 1989): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.257.12.

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Partin, Judson W., KM Cobb, and JL Banner. "Climate variability recorded in tropical and sub-tropical speleothems." PAGES news 13, no. 3 (August 2008): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22498/pages.16.3.9.

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Thornton, J. A. "ASPECTS OF EUTROPHICATION MANAGEMENT IN TROPICAL/SUB-TROPICAL REGIONS." Journal of the Limnological Society of Southern Africa 13, no. 1 (January 1987): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03779688.1987.9634541.

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Rose, Athur W. "Regolith exploration geochemistry in tropical and sub-tropical terrains." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 49, no. 3 (December 1993): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(93)90050-v.

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Badger, Andrew M., and Paul A. Dirmeyer. "Remote tropical and sub-tropical responses to Amazon deforestation." Climate Dynamics 46, no. 9-10 (July 16, 2015): 3057–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2752-5.

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Mills, Lawrence, Benjamin Taylor, Raj Sharma, and Shameen Jinadasa. "Stormwater Treatment in Future Tropical and Sub-Tropical Climates." Water 17, no. 5 (February 28, 2025): 715. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17050715.

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Stormwater treatment systems play an integral part in achieving sustainable urban development. The performance of these systems is likely to be impacted by potential changes in climatic patterns, including precipitation. This project investigates the simulated impacts of climate change on the performance of stormwater treatment systems used as a part of Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). Townsville and the Gold Coast of Queensland, Australia, were selected for the study to investigate tropical and sub-tropical climates experienced by cities across the globe adjoining sensitive coastal environments such as wetlands and coral reefs. The daily precipitation output projected by Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models was downscaled to pluviograph input into the Model for Urban Improvement Conceptualisation (MUSIC). The treatment performance of bioretention systems and constructed wetlands was variable across both locations, with some models showing little to no change or improvement. Worsening of treatment performance was more prominent in the tropical climate, with numerous models reaching a decline of up to 16%. However, the highest observed reduction from a single model output occurred in the sub-tropical climate location. To make the WSUD treatment system effective under the future climate scenarios, physical modification is necessary to increase the treatment area or depth. Increasing the area in the worst-case scenario could incur a cost increase of 20% to 30% and present challenges due to development constraints. Increasing the depth could be a viable alternative for bioretention systems but is likely impractical for constructed wetlands.
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Olguin, Eugenia J. "Aquatic phytoremediation: Novel insights in tropical and sub-tropical regions." Journal of Biotechnology 136 (October 2008): S606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1404.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sub-tropical"

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Engelbrecht, Nicolaas Carel Marthinus. "Foggage value of sub-tropical grasses." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28505.

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The use of foggage as winter feed for animal maintenance is unlikely to totally replace hay and/or silage, but should be used as an alternative for the early winter. The most important objective in producing foggage is to feed animals to at least maintain body weight through the winter season. As foggage is generally not a high quality feed, it usually can not be used for producing animals without supplementation. Using foggage can also mininise expensive inputs, such as labour and machinery. This is the single most outstanding advantage of using pasture foggage over hay, haylage, crop residues or silage. Although pastures also have establishment and fertilizer costs, these are less than costs associated with intensive annual crops. Many pastures are also perennial, which means less establishment costs. This emphasises the importance for less intensive farming systems. Depending on what the objectives of the farmer are, he can manage foggage to produce a high yield with a lower quality or vice versa. Thus it is critical to maintain a balance between yield and quality. Foggage quality was inversely related to the growing season after the pasture was closed-up and thus the quality will be lower with earlier closing-up time. Fertilisation, especially with nitrogen, will increase the nutritive value of the product (6% - 12%CP). The aim of this study was to determine which pasture provides the best foggage in different scenarios. The conclusion is, therefore, that a farmer must first decide on his management plan and where his foggage will fit in. Then it is recommended to choose the species (or accession) that is best adapted to his specific area of farming. Silk sorghum and Coastcross II had the best yields recorded. Smutsfinger grass was very palatable, had high digestibility and would, therefore, be recommended for quality in the higher rainfall eastern parts of the country. Because of their drought resistance, Molopo and Kleingrass will be recommended for the warmer areas with less rainfall and Molopo especially for small farmers who lack overall grazing management skills or infrastructure.<br>Dissertation (MSc (Agric) Pasture Science)--University of Pretoria, 2002.<br>Plant Production and Soil Science<br>unrestricted
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Bakmeedeniya, Lekha Udayanganie. "MODELLING POLYGENERATION WITH DESICCANT COOLING SYSTEM FOR TROPICAL (AND SUB - TROPICAL) CLIMATES." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-43253.

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Modelling Polygeneration with Desiccant Cooling System for Tropical(and Sub Tropical) ClimatesAbstractSpace cooling has become a necessity in tropical countries. Maintainingcomfortable indoor conditions in industrial environments incur high energy bills due toheavy dependency on electrically operated air conditioning systems. In order to exploreways and means to improve the energy efficiency and alternative energy resources, afeasibility study was conducted using a transient simulation software TRNSYS toimplement a combined cooling, heating and power system suitable for a tropicalcountry.It is proven from the literature search that desiccant dehumidification inconjunction with evaporative coolers can reduce air conditioning operating costssignificantly since the energy required to power a desiccant cooling system is small andthe source of this required energy can be diverse.(Low exergy heat such as solar, wasteheat and natural gas)This research is conducted to evaluate the performance and applicability ofdesiccant cooling systems under tropical climatic conditions. Two operating modes;ventilation and recirculation modes of solid desiccants based open cycle air conditioningthat use waste heat from a CHP plant are analysed to understand their operatingranges, performances and applicability. The model developed is used to propose asuitable desiccant cooling system for a selected industry environment in Sri Lanka.Preliminary results obtained by a parametric analysis for weather data for Colombo, SriLanka shows 0.95 and 1.02 optimum coefficients of performance for the ventilation andrecirculation modes respectively when heat is available at 85°C. Based on thecomparisons of the analysis it is seen that the desiccant cooling appears to be a logicalsupplement for space cooling applications in tropical climates like Sri Lanka. And for thecase study taken to investigate can be proposed with a desiccant cooling system with ahot water storage as the energy supply and it can maintain a COP of about 0.48 undertropical weather conditions.
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Al-Yazeedi, Saleh Ali Bin Shiekhan. "Epidemiology of foot infection in a sub-tropical climate." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286319.

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Newham, Michael John. "Nitrate Retention and Removal in Sub-Tropical Riparian Zones." Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366141.

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Worldwide, contamination of streams and groundwater with excess nitrate has been linked to agricultural land use and particularly to the application of nitrogen fertilisers to increase agricultural production. Nitrate is an effective contaminant in agricultural areas; it is highly mobile, having a low affinity for soil sorption, and so moves with runoff and sub-surface flows. Excess nitrate can cause ecological impacts on waterways and coastal receiving water through eutrophication and, in some cases, contributes to coastal ‘dead zones’. Nitrate also has toxicological effects on aquatic organisms and those using contaminated water as a drinking source. Riparian zones, those zones where interaction of aquatic and terrestrial environments occurs, are identified as areas of intense biogeochemical cycling and can act as buffers against excess nitrate by reducing the amount of nitrate reaching stream channels. Nitrate retention processes of biotic uptake and transformation to less mobile forms can increase the residence time of nitrate within the riparian zone, while removal processes of denitrification can permanently remove nitrate-nitrogen in gaseous forms.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Griffith School of Environment<br>Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology<br>Full Text
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Breedt, Machiel Christoffel. "Gold exploration in tropical and sub-tropical terrains with special emphasis on Central and Western Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005578.

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The aim of this dissertation is an attempt to' provide a general guide for future gold exploration in tropical and sub-tropical terrains. The dissertation includes a brief discussion of the various exploration techniques used in regional and local exploration. This provide the necessary background knowledge to discriminate between the constraints and applications and to be able to select the techniques which are more suitable for gold exploration in tropical and sub-tropical terrains. Weathering, gold geochemistry and soil formation, fields often neglected, are emphasized to illustrate the importance of the mobility and dispersion of gold in the weathering of the lateritic soil profile. A sound knowledge and experience in regolith mapping is to the advantage of the explorationist. Case studies with special emphasis on Central- and Western Africa are included to illustrate the effectiveness of some of the gold exploration techniques in tropical and sub-tropical terrains. Gold exploration is a highly complex and demanding science and to be successfull involves the full intergration of all geological, geochemical and geophysical information available. An intergrated exploration method and strategy would enhance the possibility of making viable discoveries in this highly competative environment where our mineral resources become more depleted every day. Where applicable, the reader is refered to various recommended literature sources to provide the necessary background knowledge which form an integral part of gold exploration.
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Boucek, Ross E. "Investigating Sub-tropical Community Resistance and Resilience to Climate Disturbance." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2993.

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Changes in global climate will likely increase climate variability. In turn, changes in climate variability have begun to alter the frequency, intensity, and timing of climate disturbances. Continued changes in the climate disturbance regime experienced by natural systems will undoubtedly affect ecological processes at every hierarchical scale. Thus, in order to predict the dynamics of ecological systems in the future, we must develop a more mechanistic understanding of how and in what ways climate disturbance affects natural systems. In South Florida, two climate disturbances recently affected the region, a severe cold spell in 2010, and a drought in 2011. Importantly, these disturbances affected an ecosystem of long-term, comprehensive, and persistent ecological study in the Shark River estuary in the Everglades National Park. The aims of my dissertation were to (1) assess the relative severity of these two climate disturbances, (2) identify effects of these disturbances on community structuring, (3) compare community change from the 2010 cold spell with community change from another extreme cold spell that affected sub-tropical China in 2008, (4) assess the effects of the drought on predator prey interactions in the Shark River and (5) apply a spatial approach to predicting population resistance to these events. My results show that the 2010 cold spell was the most severe cold event to affect the Shark River in the last 80 years, while the drought was the worst drought to occur in the last 10 years. The cold spell drove community change that was predictable based on the traits of component species, whereas community change was less predictable using trait-based approaches. When comparing community change from the extreme 2010 event in Florida with the event in China, I identified three consistencies related to community change from extreme cold events that occurred across both events that will help build generalized understanding of community resistance to increasingly extreme climate events in the future. From the trophic study, I found that the drought reduced prey for estuarine piscivores. Not only was prey biomass reduced, the drought drove a compositional shift in prey communities from fish to invertebrates, which are lower in calories. Last, I found that animal movement may create temporally dynamic resistance scenarios that should be accounted for when developing predictive models.
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Walkington, Ian A. "Wind and bouyancy driven models of sub-tropical ocean gyres." Thesis, Keele University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397658.

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Paul, Miriam. "Restoring Rainforest – the Capacities of Three Different Reforestation Pathways to Re-establish Ecosystem Properties." Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366066.

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The broad scale destruction of tropical and subtropical rainforests has been one of the largest land-cover conversions taking place on earth, with a wide range of deleterious consequences at local, landscape, and global scales. While the resulting loss of biodiversity and habitat for rainforest-dependent fauna and flora has been well-studied as a major effect, clearing of rainforests also significantly influences soil processes such as biochemical cycles and microbial functions. More recently, there has been a growing public interest in reforestation activities. There are a range of different pathways by which rainforest cover can be restored to cleared land, including autogenic, or „natural‟, regrowth, management of this autogenic regrowth, and tree planting for ecological restoration. However, little is known about the recovery processes of ecosystem properties under different reforestation pathways in the same landscape. The broad objective of this thesis was to assess both the effects of deforestation on a range of ecosystem processes and the potential of different reforestation pathways to restore these processes. The study was conducted in the Big Scrub area in subtropical eastern Australia, a basaltic plateau that once supported the continent‟s largest continuous stand of lowland subtropical rainforest, which was mostly cleared for pasture in the mid to late 19th century. In this landscape, the properties of five site-types were compared, with five replicate sites in each. The site-types consisted of two reference conditions, pasture and intact rainforest, and three different reforestation pathways. These pathways were: autogenic regrowth dominated by the non-native tree species camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora); similar regrowth managed in order to remove the camphor laurel and release the growth of recruited rainforest seedlings; and ecological restoration plantations. Camphor laurel is a dominant species in the Big Scrub region, where it readily colonises abandoned pastures and is known to facilitate the recruitment of later successional rainforest tree species. In ecological restoration plantings, a high diversity of native rainforest tree seedlings is planted to restore biodiversity. The main ecosystem properties studied within the sites were as follows: 1. size and composition of viable soil seed banks; and 2. soil physical properties and nutrient cycles. This study also assessed the consequences of altered soil properties and nutrient dynamics for the early growth of rainforest pioneer seedlings. To assess the effects of deforestation and reforestation on soil seed banks, germination experiments were conducted using soil from all five site-types (three reforestation pathways, pasture, and rainforest sites). Germination trays were positioned in a shade-house and seedling emergence was monitored over a period of six months. Germinated seedlings were classified into functional groups according to their life-form, origin, successional stage, and dispersal mode. Additionally, floristic data from a subset of the study sites was used to examine how the seed bank was related to the standing vegetation. Despite a much larger total abundance of seeds in seed banks from pasture sites, these sites contained very few native woody plants and were dominated by grasses and herbaceous species. Further, seed banks of reforested and rainforest sites were mainly composed of pioneer and early secondary species, whereas late secondary and mature phase species appeared almost solely in the standing vegetation. The abundance and diversity of most of the functional groups that were impacted by deforestation showed values similar to rainforest in at least one of the three reforestation pathways; whilst the three pathways differed only slightly in their capacities to restore soil seed banks. In the initial phases of reforestation, however, seed banks play no vital role after long-term pasture establishment. The effects of deforestation and reforestation on the physical and biochemical properties of soil were tested by measuring a range of properties in soil samples from all five site-types. The main emphasis was placed on carbon- and nitrogen-related soil properties, as they are major nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems. Before these data were collected, a study was performed in a subset of the sites to identify the variation of soil properties at different spatial scales (subplot, site, and site-type level) and to develop a spatial design for the collection of soil samples within sites. For each of the five site-types, two replicate sites were measured, with 16 subplots in each site. Subplots were seven cm in diameter and regularly aligned with a spacing of 10 m. The seven soil properties measured in this soil variability study were: gravimetric water content; soil organic matter; pH; total organic carbon; microbial biomass carbon; nitrate-nitrogen, and nitrification rate. Across all sites, water content, soil organic matter, and pH showed a consistently low variability at all three spatial scales. In contrast, soil properties related to microbial processes exhibited higher degrees of spatial variability at the site and the subplot level. However, even in soil properties with a high tendency for spatial variability, the physical mixing of subsamples from subplots within a site, in contrast to analysing subsamples individually, could be validated as a useful technique to reduce analytical effort and cost. In the main study of soil properties under deforestation and reforestation, 19 properties were measured at each of five sites in each of the five site-types (the same 25 sites used for the seedling germination experiment). These properties consisted of: eight nitrogen-related variables (total nitrogen (N), ammonium-N, nitrate-N, total inorganic N, plant-available ammonium-N, plant-available nitrate-N, nitrification rates, and denitrification rates); six carbon-related properties (total carbon (C), total organic carbon, soil organic matter, 13C value, microbial biomass carbon, and soil microbial activity); and five general soil properties (gravimetric water content, pH, bulk density, fine root biomass, and plant-available phosphate). Of the 19 soil properties, nine differed significantly between rainforest and pasture. Nitrate-N levels, plant-available nitrate-N levels, nitrification rates, and fine root biomass were significantly greater in rainforest than in pasture sites, while plant-available ammonium-N levels, 13C values, pH, bulk density, and plant-available phosphate concentrations showed greater levels in pasture sites. Apart from fine root biomass, all of these soil properties were re-established to a level similar to that in rainforest in at least one of the three reforestation pathways. However, the capacity to re-establish soil properties varied among the three reforestation pathways. For example, autogenic regrowth dominated by camphor laurel showed a good recovery of nitrification, ammonium, and phosphate levels, but did not significantly facilitate the re-establishment of nitrate-N and bulk density. The impacts of soil properties – and hence deforestation and reforestation – on early seedling development were tested by measuring the growth of rainforest pioneer seedlings in soils collected from the three different reforestation pathways, as well as from pasture and rainforest soils. Three species, Alphitonia excelsa, Guioa semiglauca, and Omalanthus nutans, all fast-growing pioneer species that are common in the Big Scrub region, were chosen for this study. The seedlings were kept in a shade-house over a period of about seven months, and height and diameter were measured at regular time intervals. Although the three species varied significantly in height and diameter growth, they responded similarly to the five site-types, with generally lower growth rates in untreated autogenic regrowth and higher rates in soils from all other site-types, including pasture. However, there was little evidence that seedling performance was directly influenced by soil properties. Across all three species and all 25 sites, seedling growth rates...<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Griffith School of Environment<br>Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology<br>Full Text
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Kavanagh, Lydia Jane. "An engineered ecosystem for environmentally sustainable wastewater treatment for remote tourist resorts in tropical/sub-tropical regions /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16958.pdf.

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Honey, David James. "Heme b in marine cyanobacteria and the (sub-) tropical North Atlantic." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/359063/.

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Heme b is the iron containing prosthetic group to an important pool of iron proteins known as the hemoproteins. Hemoproteins are functionally diverse, playing key roles in photosynthetic and respiratory electron transfer (e.g. cytochrome b6f, photosystem II, cytochrome bc1) among other fundamental biological processes. Heme b is the most naturally abundant heme structure, but data regarding hemes in the marine environment are limited. An investigation has been conducted to improve our understanding of heme b abundance in marine organisms through laboratory monoculture studies of three marine cyanobacteria grown under varying total iron concentration. The unicellular cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. WH7803 was examined under three total iron concentrations: 12 nmol L-1 (low), 120 nmol L-1 (medium) and 1200 nmol L-1 (high). The marine diazotrophs (i.e. nitrogen fixers) Crocosphaera watsonii (WH8501) and Trichodesmium erythraeum (IMS101) were studied under six total iron concentrations between 0 and 120 nmol L-1. Cultures were analysed for heme b, chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) concentration. Nitrogen fixation rates and biophysical measurements (Fv/Fm and σPSII) were also obtained for diazotroph cultures. Field data regarding the concentration of heme b, chlorophyll a, POC and PON as well as nitrogen fixation rates were collected during two research cruises in the subtropical North Atlantic (STNA, D346) and tropical North Atlantic (TNA, D361); an oceanographic region known to demonstrate high nitrogen fixation rates and receive significant dust (iron) deposition from the Saharan and Sahel deserts of Western Africa. Cultures of Synechococcus sp. WH7803 showed evidence of iron stress at low iron treatments via reduced maximum growth rates (μmax), total biovolume and chlorophyll a concentration. This was also reflected by a significant reduction in cellular heme b content per unit carbon (heme:C) at the lowest iron concentration. An estimated heme b requirement between 1.0 and 1.5 μmol mol-1 C is proposed for Synechococcus sp. WH7803 in order to facilitate μmax. Chlorophyll a to heme b ratios (chl:heme) were significantly decreased in low iron cultures of Synechococcus sp. WH7803, suggesting b-type hemoproteins were conserved when iron stressed. Cultures of Crocosphaera and Trichodesmium were similarly influenced by the availability of iron, with reduced total biovolume and chlorophyll a concentration reported at low iron treatments. However, heme:C ratios were maintained at approximately 1.5 and 0.5 μmol mol-1 C for Crocosphaera and Trichodesmium cultures, respectively. A high iron requirement is associated with marine diazotrophs relating to the iron-rich non-heme nitrogenase enzyme complex responsible for nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation rates increased as total iron concentration increased, with Trichodesmium demonstrating four-fold higher rates than Crocosphaera at corresponding iron concentrations. It has been suggested that relatively low heme b contents of Trichodesmium cultures resulted from increased nitrogen fixation activity. Furthermore, heme:C ratios of Crocosphaera and Trichodesmium were typically lower than five eukaryotic phytoplankton previously investigated, potentially related to the allocation of iron for nitrogen fixation. Mean heme:C ratios from cruises in the STNA and TNA were 0.64 and 0.66 μmol mol-1 C, respectively. Results could imply the region was iron stressed and/or dominated by cyanobacteria. Evidence is also presented suggesting a possible inverse relationship between nitrogen fixation and heme:C ratio in the TNA which could be attributed to natural populations of Trichodesmium.
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Books on the topic "Sub-tropical"

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food and Agricultural Industries Service., ed. Tropical and sub-tropical apiculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986.

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Han, Bo-Ping, and Zhengwen Liu, eds. Tropical and Sub-Tropical Reservoir Limnology in China. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2007-7.

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Acrivos, Nick. A guide to tropical and sub-tropical vegetables. Melbourne, Fla: Brevard Rare Fruit Council, 1988.

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Ghosh, Probir K., Sanat Kumar Mahanta, Debashis Mandal, Biswapati Mandal, and Srinivasan Ramakrishnan, eds. Carbon Management in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Terrestrial Systems. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9628-1.

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Margaret, Kalacska, and Sánchez-Azofeifa Gerardo-Arturo, eds. Hyperspectral remote sensing of tropical and sub-tropical forests. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008.

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Regional Meeting on Tropical and Sub-tropical fruits of West Africa (1st 1998 Accra). Tropical and sub-tropical fruits of West Africa: Proceedings of 1st Regional meeting on Tropical and Sub-tropical fruits of West Africa ... Edited by Haq N, Atkinson M, and International Centre for Underutilized Crops. Southampton: International Centre for Underutilized Crops, 1999.

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Gyapong, John, and Boakye Boatin, eds. Neglected Tropical Diseases - Sub-Saharan Africa. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25471-5.

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Gyapong, John O., and Boakye A. Boatin, eds. Neglected Tropical Diseases - Sub-Saharan Africa. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53901-5.

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Ghosh, S. N., R. K. Tarai, and T. R. Ahlawat. Plant Growth Regulators in Tropical and Sub-tropical Fruit Crops. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003300342.

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Ainsworth, John. The art of indoor bonsai: Cultivating tropical, sub-tropical, and tender bonsai. North Pomfret, Vt: Trafalgar Square Pub., 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sub-tropical"

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Lin, Qiuqi, and Bo-Ping Han. "Diversity and Community Structure of Zooplankton in Reservoirs in South China." In Tropical and Sub-Tropical Reservoir Limnology in China, 3–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2007-7_1.

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Hu, Zhong-Jun, Hao Wu, and Qi-Gen Liu. "The Ecology of Zoobenthos in Reservoirs of China: A Mini-Review." In Tropical and Sub-Tropical Reservoir Limnology in China, 155–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2007-7_10.

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He, Tianrong, and Xinbin Feng. "Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury in Hongfeng Reservoir, Guizhou, China." In Tropical and Sub-Tropical Reservoir Limnology in China, 169–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2007-7_11.

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Li, Zhe, Jinsong Guo, Fang Fang, Xu Gao, Man Long, and Zhiping Liu. "The Nutrients-Phytoplankton Relationship Under Artificial Reservoir Operation: A Case Study in Tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China." In Tropical and Sub-Tropical Reservoir Limnology in China, 193–210. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2007-7_12.

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Zheng, Jinxiu, and Deju Han. "River Basin Environments and Ecological Succession in Danjiangkou Reservoir." In Tropical and Sub-Tropical Reservoir Limnology in China, 211–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2007-7_13.

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Peng, Liang, Guoen Lin, Tian Wang, and Bo-Ping Han. "Limnological Characteristics of Liuxihe Reservoir." In Tropical and Sub-Tropical Reservoir Limnology in China, 243–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2007-7_14.

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Guo, Zhiqiang, Zhongjie Li, Jiashou Liu, Fengyue Zhu, and H. A. C. C. Perera. "Status of Reservoir Fisheries in China and Their Effects on Environment." In Tropical and Sub-Tropical Reservoir Limnology in China, 259–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2007-7_15.

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Han, Bo-Ping, Zhengwen Liu, and Henri J. Dumont. "Water Supply and Eutrophication of Reservoirs in Guangdong Province, South China." In Tropical and Sub-Tropical Reservoir Limnology in China, 279–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2007-7_16.

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Zhang, Sheng. "Eutrophication of the Three Gorges Reservoir After Its First Filling." In Tropical and Sub-Tropical Reservoir Limnology in China, 293–309. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2007-7_17.

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Han, Bo-Ping, and Zhengwen Liu. "Eutrophication of a Pumped Water Storage Reservoir in South China." In Tropical and Sub-Tropical Reservoir Limnology in China, 311–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2007-7_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sub-tropical"

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Chakraborty, Debraj. "Impact of Atmospheric Turbidity on Terahertz Communication in Tropical Sub-Continent." In 2025 International Conference on Computer, Electrical & Communication Engineering (ICCECE), 1–6. IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/iccece61355.2025.10940213.

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Festy, Dominique, Denise Le Flour, Jean Vittonato, Ian Merchant, and Sven Morten Hesjevik. "ICP-DATA: in Situ Data Collection for Cathodic Protection Design." In CORROSION 2011, 1–15. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11050.

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Abstract The present work was carried out with the objectives of supplying to CP designers data collected in situ, in the actual environment in which the protected structure is deployed. Sensors arrays have been deployed at six different sites from 35 m to 900 m depth. The measurements are based on the deployment of a CPC sensor which records the coupling current between a cathode and an anode, and the cathode potential. The effect of temperature and pressure on calcareous deposit properties was put into evidence and was useful to explain the different pseudo polarization curves. For carbon steel: The results are broadly quite in a good agreement with standard and recomendation1,2. For stainless steel: The initial current was independent of the location; the steady state current demand at -600 mV/Ag.AgCl depends strongly on the environment ; the current demands tent to decrease with time in tropical and arctic zones, but increased in sub-tropical area and the current demand at -950 mV/Ag.AgCl does not depend on the location.
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Castro-Borges, Pedro, Oladis Troconis-Rincón, Eric I. Moreno, Andrés Antonio Torres-Acosta, Miguel Martínez-Madrid, and Asger Knudsen. "Inspecting a Half-Century Concrete Pier Made with Stainless Steel Reinforcement in Mexico." In CORROSION 2002, 1–11. NACE International, 2002. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2002-02207.

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Abstract A 60-year old reinforced concrete pier, constructed with stainless steel reinforcing bars (rebars), and exposed to a tropical marine environment, has shown good performance during its service life. Visual inspection has shown no deterioration symptoms on sub- and super-structures, while recent marine structures (adjacent or close to this pier), constructed in the past three decades, have been deteriorated significantly due to severe corrosion of the embedded carbon steel presenting a lot of concrete delamination. A preliminary study has been performed in order to find the reasons why this pier has performed satisfactory in more than 60 years. The paper describes the tests performed to the pier, which included chloride content and concrete resistivity as well as electrochemical measurements to the stainless steel rebar. Brief discussion about durability issues on this pier, based on the obtained results, is given in this paper.
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Tskitishvili, Eka, Lali Jgenti, Nino Lomidze, and Tengiz Vadachkoria. "TAXONOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE NEMATODE COMMUNITIES IN AGROECOSYSTEMS OF SHUAKHEVI (AJARA, GEORGIA)." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024, 331–38. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/3.2/s13.41.

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Potatoes is the fourth important food crop worldwide after maize, wheat, and rice and are grown in more than 100 countries worldwide under temperate, subtropical and tropical conditions, however, they are considered as cool temperature crop. Potato is one of the most important food crops in Georgia and potato growing has always been the subject of great importance for settlement of food supply problems in country. Potato crops are severely affected by approximately forty soil borne diseases worldwide including those caused by soil inhabiting fungi, bacteria and nematodes. Plant-parasitic nematodes are among the important pests of potato production, they can cause serious yield losses but remain unnoticed, in most cases. Above ground symptoms of nematode damage are rarely observed since most nematodes cause damage on roots and tubers. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of plant parasitic nematodes in the main potatoe growing area in Ajara. Fauna of soil nematodes was studied in three villages of Shuakhevi municipality: Dgvani, Dabadzveli and Okhropilauri. Sampling was conducted in nine sites in early spring, in middle summer and in late fall. The 3 composite soil samples collected from each field (weighing 300-500g) consist of 50 individual sub-samples of soil and roots. Nematodes were extracted by a modified Baermann�s method from a sample of 50 g. and exposition time was 48 h. From a total of 83 species of nematodes were found. The richest by the number of species was Dorylaimida order that was presented by 26 species (32 % of species composition). The registered nematodes belong to 2 subclasses, 7 orders, 63 genus and 27 families. The largest abundance of nematodes was observed in the Dgvani village with115 specimens/ 50g soil , and the smallest was in Okhropilauri, with - 37 specimens/50g. Plant-parasitic nematodes from 6 genera (Ditylenchus, Tylechus, Tylenchorhynchus, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Aphelenchus) were found in soil and (or) potato root samples. All these nematodes can be divided into five groups according to their feeding habits. The omnivore group with 23 species (45,9%) in Spring, 38 species (34,2%) in Summer and 41 species (40,2%) in Autumn, constitut the core of nematode community. Investigations reveal that nematode populations and communities vary seasonally. Plant parasitic nematodes does not exceed a certain limit, which causes measurable economic damage.
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Helmken, Henry, and Rodolf Henning. "ACTS sub-tropical Ka-band propagation measurements." In 17th AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-1341.

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Christie, Nanette. "A geme-wide 50K SNP getyping array for tropical and sub-tropical pine tree species." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1053018.

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Ahuna, Mary N., and Thomas J. Afullo. "Fade Slope Prediction Model for Rain Storms over Sub-tropical Africa." In 2019 IEEE AFRICON. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/africon46755.2019.9133736.

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Ahuna, M. N., and T. J. Afullo. "Effects of Storm Attenuation Over Satellite Links in Sub-Tropical Africa." In 2018 Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS-Toyama). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/piers.2018.8597964.

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Kamal, Muhammad, Stuart Phinn, Kasper Johansen, and Novi Susetyo Adi. "Estimation of mangrove leaf area index from ALOS AVNIR-2 data (A comparison of tropical and sub-tropical mangroves)." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYNCHROTRON RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION – SRI2015. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4958480.

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Darkwa, Jo, and Gabriella Suba. "Evaluation of energy saving potential of green roofs in sub-tropical regions." In 9th Annual International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-5963.

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Reports on the topic "Sub-tropical"

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McFarlane, Karis J. 2nd Annual Report: Tropical Forest Response To A Drier Future: Turnover Times Of Soil Organic Matter, Roots, Respired CO2, And CH4 Across Moisture Gradients In Time And Space. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1466169.

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Keeling, Ralph. Developing Model Constraints on Northern Extra-Tropical Carbon Cycling Based on measurements of the Abundance and Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric CO2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1165340.

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Kipnis, Tal, Wayne Hanna, Amos Dovrat, and Glenn Burton. Pennisetum americanum x.p. pupureum: a Potential Forage Crop for Maximum Production of Digestible Nutrients Under Sub-Tropical Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1985.7570577.bard.

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Lima, Eirivelthon, Siwa Msangi, Miroslav Batka, Stephen Vosti, Chad Zanocco, and Ricardo Quiroga. Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Latin America and the Caribbean: Current Situation, Future Trends and One Policy Experiment. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006790.

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This study employs the IFPRI IMPACT model to examine the effects of a hypothetical ban on the clearing of native vegetation for agriculture in tropical areas within LAC on GHG emissions, food production, food prices, and child malnutrition at several spatial scales. Results suggest that a complete ban on land clearing for agriculture would significantly reduce GHG emissions associated with the clearing of forests and other forms of natural vegetation vis-à-vis what would have occurred in the absence of the ban. The ban would also reduce agricultural production within tropical areas in LAC, however, the economic losses are not distributed uniformly across the three sub-regions within tropical LAC- the northern South American rim around the Amazon suffers approximately 45% of all losses in gross value of agricultural output attributable to the ban. The report also finds that at global level, the overall effects on commodity prices of the simulated ban on area expansion on LAC are not large and (hence) the effects on childhood malnutrition are small.
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McFarlane, Karis J. Terrestrial Ecosystem Science 2017 ECRP Annual Report: Tropical Forest Response to a Drier Future: Turnover Times of Soil Organic Matter, Roots, Respired CO2, and CH4 Across Moisture Gradients in Time and Space. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1363856.

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Melby, Jeffrey, Thomas Massey, Fatima Diop, Himangshu Das, Norberto Nadal-Caraballo, Victor Gonzalez, Mary Bryant, et al. Coastal Texas Protection and Restoration Feasibility Study : Coastal Texas flood risk assessment : hydrodynamic response and beach morphology. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41051.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District, is executing the Coastal Texas Protection and Restoration Feasibility Study coastal storm risk management (CSRM) project for the region. The project is currently in the feasibility phase. The primary goal is to develop CSRM measures that maximize national net economic development benefits. This report documents the coastal storm water level and wave hazard, including sea level rise, for a variety of flood risk management alternatives. Four beach restoration alternatives for Galveston Island and Bolivar peninsula were evaluated. Suites of synthetic tropical and historical non-tropical storms were developed and modeled. The CSTORM coupled surge-and-wave modeling system was used to accurately characterize storm circulation, water level, and wave hazards using new model meshes developed from high-resolution land and sub-aqueous surveys for with- and without-project scenarios. Beach morphology stochastic response was modeled with a Monte Carlo life-cycle simulation approach using the CSHORE morphological evolution numerical model embedded in the StormSim stochastic modeling system. Morphological and hydrodynamic response were primarily characterized with probability distributions of the number of rehabilitations and overflow.
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Chanson, Hubert. A Hydraulic, Environmental and Ecological Assessment of a Sub-tropical Stream in eastern Australia: Eprapah Creek, Victoria Point QLD on 4 April 2003. Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/9436.

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Richards, J. F., and E. P. Flint. Spatial and temporal patterns of biotic exchanges of CO{sub 2} between the atmosphere and tropical landscapes and their role in the global carbon balance. Progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10102488.

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Skole, D. L. Spatial and temporal patterns of biotic exchanges of CO{sub 2} between the atmosphere and tropical landscapes and their role in the global carbon cycle. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/216174.

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Saillant, Eric, Jason Lemus, and James Franks. Culture of Lobotes surinamensis (Tripletail). Mississippi Department of Marine Resources, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18785/ose.001.

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The Tripletail, Lobotes surinamensis, is a pelagic fish found in tropical and sub-tropical waters of all oceans. Tripletails are often associated with floating debris and make frequent incursions in bays and estuaries where they are targeted by recreational fishermen. In Mississippi waters the species is typically present during the late spring and summer season that also correspond to the period of sexual maturation and spawning (Brown-Peterson and Franks 2001). Tripletail is appreciated as a gamefish but is also prized for its flesh of superior quality. The fast growth rate of juveniles in captivity documented by Franks et al. (2001) and the excellent quality of Tripletail flesh both contribute to the potential of this species for marine aquaculture. In addition, the production of cultured juveniles would be precious to develop a better understanding of the biology, early life history and habitat use of Tripletail larvae and juveniles, a topic largely undocumented to date, through experimental releases and controlled studies. The culture of tripletail thus supports the Tidelands Trust Fund Program through improved conservation of natural resources, potential enhancement of fisheries productivity and potential development of a new economic activity on the Gulf coast producing tripletail via aquaculture. The Objective of this project was to initiate development of methods and techniques needed to spawn captive held tripletail broodfish and raise their offspring to evaluate their growth and development in captivity. In this report we will present the results of studies aiming to develop methods and protocols for captive spawning of tripletail and the first data obtained on the early development of tripletail larvae. A major issue that was encountered with tripletail broodstock development during the project lied in the difficulties associated with identifying the sex of adults caught in the wild and candidates for being incorporated in mating sets for spawning. This issue was addressed during the course of the project by examining the potential of a non-lethal method of hormonal sexing. The results of these preliminary investigations are presented in the third part of this report. All protocols used in the project were determined with the guidance of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of Southern Mississippi (USM IACUC protocol number 10100108).
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