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Journal articles on the topic 'Subcentre'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sick Nielsen, Thomas A. "The Role of Subcentres for Commuting and Non-Work Travel Distances and Modes in the Copenhagen Metropolitan Region." Built Environment 45, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 462–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2148/benv.45.4.462.

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Understanding the functional geography of the metropolitan region, and developing location criteria for smart growth, requires analysis of subcentres and their effects. Subcentres were identified in the Copenhagen area based on spatial analysis of micro-level employment and retail data. Subcentres' effects on transport in addition to regional centrality were studied with regression analysis of work and nonwork travel behaviour data. Distance to employment subcentres with a minimum of 10,000 jobs and distance to subcentres identi fied from retail data and having a minimum of 400 retail jobs affects residents' daily travel distance and/or transport modes. A short distance to a subcentre allows for shorter daily travel distances and, in the case of retail subcentres, for a higher probability of using public transport or walking/cycling. However, the effects of subcentres are well below the still strong and significant effect of regional centrality upon travel distances as well as mode choice.

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Patil, D. J., and M. M. Shindhe. "Nutritional status assessment of elderly using MNA tool in rural Belagavi: a cross sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 4799. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184572.

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Background: Worldwide the elderly population gradually increasing and that will definitely pose several challenges. Malnutrition is one of the major but neglected problem in elderly. They are at risk of malnutrition due to physical, psychological, social, dietary and environmental risk factors. Malnutrition in elderly is associated with adverse health effects. Hence to study the nutritional status of elderly.Methods: The study was carried out between January 2016- June 2017. 545 elderly were included in the study. Out of the 6 subcentres, 1 subcentre (Uchagaon) was selected by simple random sampling technique and house to house survey was carried out to select eligible elderly participants in the villages of selected subcentre. Data was collected from eligible elderly by using mini nutritional assessment (MNA) tool.Results: Majority of the participants (65.1%) were between the age group of 60-69 years. 55% were females. 23.5% were malnourished, 49% were at risk of malnutrition and 27.5% had normal nutritional status.Conclusions: The present study concluded that majority of the elderly were at risk of malnutrition. There is a need of actions to improve the nutritional status of the elderly.

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Duquet, Benjamin, and Cédric Brunelle. "Subcentres as Destinations: Job Decentralization, Polycentricity, and the Sustainability of Commuting Patterns in Canadian Metropolitan Areas, 1996–2016." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 28, 2020): 9966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239966.

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Adopting more sustainable modes of transportation and shorter daily commutes remains a fundamental challenge in the struggle for the sustainable transition of cities. While past studies on the sustainability of commuting behaviours partly focused on the place of residence and how the characteristics of commuters or residential neighbourhoods impact sustainable travel, other studies looked at the place of employment to analyze these dynamics. In this study, we investigate the extent to which the recent phase of the rise of peripheral employment has promoted more sustainable travel behaviour, based on the hypothesis that polycentricity has recently favoured a better job–housing balance and co-location. We develop a general typology of employment centres, using Census microdata at fine spatial scale over the 1996–2016 period to observe commuting modes and distances by subcentre types for six major Canadian cities. Our results show that despite recent developments in planning practices—transit-oriented development, transport infrastructure, and changing travel behaviour, the emergence of peripheral subcentres promoted less sustainable commuting patterns in most Canadian metropolitan areas over the period. However, we find sustainable commuting emerging in subcentres where large public transport infrastructure investments have been made, such as in the case of Vancouver’s Millennium and Canada lines. Our study also shows that central business districts (CBDs) and downtown subcentres are becoming relatively more sustainable over the period, which confirms the positive effect of the back-to-the-city movement and changing behaviour toward active transportation in these locations.

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G., Sugunadevi. "Quality of antenatal care services at subcentres: an infrastructure, process and outcome evaluation in a district in Tamil Nadu." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 11 (October 25, 2017): 4071. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20174647.

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Background: Quality of care is a priority concern all over the world and all the countries are trying to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of their health care delivery systems. Recognizing the potential to improve the reproductive health status in developing countries, quality of care in reproductive health field has been the priority area of research by WHO.Methods: This study assesses the quality of antenatal care services delivered at subcentre level by comparing with the recommended Structural attributes, Process attributes and Initial outcome attributes. By simple random sampling, ten subcentres under three Block Primary Health Centres in Coimbatore district were included in the study.Results: On observing the quality of client-provider interaction, most of the women were treated with dignity (98.5%), but there were deficiencies in examination for pallor (19.2%), pedal edema (18.5%) and pulse (10.6%) which is very critical for good antenatal care. The exit interview revealed that most clients (98.6%) were satisfied with the antenatal care.Conclusions: The findings of this quality assessment study provide information about training needs for improving the quality of service and serves as a baseline data on status before implementing NRHM.

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M. Fuentes, César, and Vladimir Hernández. "La evolución espacial de los subcentros de empleo en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua (1994-2004): un análisis con indicadores de autocorrelación espacial global y local / The Spatial Evolution of Employment Subcenters in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua (1994-2004): An Analysis Using Global and Local Spatial Autocorrelation Indicators." Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 30, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v30i2.1480.

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El objetivo del artículo es identificar los subcentros de empleo total mediante el uso de indicadores de autocorrelación espacial global y local en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, en el periodo 1994-2004. Esta metodología usa matrices de pesos espaciales e incorpora la noción de unidades vecinas y no está limitada al criterio de contigüidad del método de doble umbral. La variable usada fue la densidad bruta de empleo total (manufactura, comercio y servicio) en los años 1994 y 2004 a nivel de AGEB, obtenida de los Censos Económicos (INEGI, 1994 y 2004). Mediante el uso de dos indicadores de autocorrelación espacial, en específico el I de Moran y los indicadores locales de asociación espacial (LISA por sus siglas en inglés), fue posible identificar varios centros y subcentros de empleo total. Los resultados muestran la presencia de dependencia y heterogeneidad espacial que se manifiestan en la forma de agrupamientos de alta densidad de empleo (alto-alto) tanto en el distrito central de negocios (DCN) como en el subcentro de empleo mixto localizado en el corredor industrial de la avenida Rafael Pérez Serna. Asimismo, existen varios subcentros de empleo manufacturero aislados de alta densidad (alto-alto) localizados sobre las principales vialidades dirigidas a puertos internacionales. En este contexto, se puede concluir que la distribución del empleo fuera del DCN, producto de economías de aglomeración, implica la presencia de una estructura urbana policéntrica.Abstract:The objective of this article is to identify total employment subcenters through the use of global and local spatial autocorrelation indicators in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, during the period from 1994-2004. This methodology uses spatial weights matrices, includes the notion of neighboring units and is not restricted to the contiguity criterion of the double threshold method. The variable used was the gross density of total employment (manufacturing, trade and service) in 1994 and 2004 at the ageb level, obtained from the Economic Census (INEGI, 1994 and 2004). Two spatial autocorrelation indicators, specifically Moran’s I and local indicators of spatial association (LISA) were used to identify several centers and sub-centers of total employment. The results show the presence of dependence and spatial heterogeneity expressed in the form of groups of high density employment (high-high) in both the central business district (CBD) and the mixed employment subcenter located in the industrial corridor of Avenida Rafael Pérez Serna. Likewise, there are several isolated high density manufacturing employment subcenters (high-high) located on the main roads leading to international ports. In this context, one can conclude that employment distribution outside the CBD, resulting from agglomeration economies, implies the presence of a polycentric urban structure.

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Patil, Darshan J., and Maheshkumar M. Shindhe. "Effect of socio-economic, demographic and environmental factors on nutritional status of elderly: a cross sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 3483. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20193476.

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Background: Worldwide elderly population is rapidly increasing. This is posing many challenges in elderly population. Malnutrition in them is one of the major problems but ignored component. Socio-economic, demographic and environmental factors are those greatly influence their nutritional status. Hence the present study was undertaken to assess the effect of socio-economic, demographic and environmental factors on nutritional status of elderly.Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study which included 545 elderly population of Uchagaon subcentre and was carried out over a period of 1½ years. After selecting Uchagaon subcentre by simple random sampling technique and house to house survey was carried out to select eligible elderly participants who met the selection criteria. Data was collected from eligible elderly by using pretested questionnaire and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool.Results: 65.1% were between the age group of 60-69 years. 55% were females, 66% were currently married, 60% had no formal schooling, 67.2% were belongs to socio-economic status of either class IV/V. 23.5% were malnourished and 49% were at risk of malnutrition. There was association found between nutritional status of elderly with increase in age, marital status, educational status, occupation, socio-economic status, type of family and housing condition.Conclusions: In the present study majority of the elderly were at risk of malnutrition. The nutritional status of elderly was associated with increase in age, marital status, educational status, occupation, socio-economic status, type of family and housing condition of rural elderly and subsequently modify those factors to improve the nutritional status of elderly and this can be a scope for further study in future.

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Nisar, Auqfeen, S. Muhammad Salim Khan, and Sheikh Mohd. Saleem. "Community health profiling and accessibility of health care services at subcentre Abedal, central Kashmir." Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine 6, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/2394-6776.2019.0011.

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8

Pasaribu, Mansyur Hidayat. "PLANNING OF SECONDARY SCHOOL LOCATION AT SUBCENTRE OF MEDAN SELAYANG SERVICE BASED ON GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATON SYSTEM." International Journal on Language, Research and Education Studies 1, no. 1 (August 8, 2017): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30575/2017081206.

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9

Prinja, S., and R. Verma. "Quality of records for maternal and child health services at subcentre level in a rural block of Rohtak." Indian Journal of Community Medicine 32, no. 1 (2007): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.53420.

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10

Макарова, М., M. Makarova, Е. Ладик, Elena Ladik, С. Киселев, and S. Kiselev. "MODERN TRENDS IN THE FORMATION OF PUBLIC BUSINESS SPACES." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 4, no. 4 (April 25, 2019): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/article_5cb1e65c39c480.46537349.

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This article examines the urban public and business subcenters as secondary elements of the city system, the closest in properties to its main center. The criteria defining the public business subcenters are highlighted. The current trends in the formation of social and business subcenters in large cities and megalopolises are considered. Analysis of world experience is produced. Foreign concepts of spatial development are analyzed on the example of several existing urban subcenters. Various available cartographic materials and literature sources have been studied. They cover the development of urban business centers and various aspects of urban development. The methods of spatial formation of the planning structure of urban public business subcenters are highlighted: the cluster and channel. The development stages of urban subcenters from the territory of concentration of small trade and residential establishments to large-scale multifunctional urban planning formations are presented. The prospects for the development of business subcenters in major cities of the Russian Federation are analyzed and trends are identified: social and business polycentrism, disposition of administrative and business centers on the outskirts of cities and the formation of self-organizing business subcenters, mainly based on shopping and entertainment centers in residential areas. Prospects for development of urban subcenter in a large city are considered on the example of the city of Belgorod. Conclusions are drawn on the need to develop new models of urban public business subcenters taking into consideration the modern planning specifics of large cities and megalopolises of the Russian Federation. Models of urban public business subcenters must meet the requirements of polyfunctionality, to have high architectural and town planning qualities, to take into account the needs of population in the design area and to ensure the sustainable development of the urban periphery.

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Choudhury, Shaheen Akhtar, and Jutika Ojah. "A STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF IMMUNIZATION SERVICES AMONG AUXILIARY NURSE MIDWIVES OF SUBCENTRE AT CHIRANG DISTRICT, ASSAM." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 3, no. 16 (February 24, 2016): 618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2016/141.

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12

Quintanilla Rodríguez, Ernesto. "Jerarquía de centros según flujos de personas en el área metropolitana de Monterrey." Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 1, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v1i3.603.

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El propósito de este trabajo es investigar si en la actualidad existen uno o más subcentros que desconcentren las actividades comerciales y de servicios en el Área Metropolitana de Monterrey (AMM). Para ello se aplica la técnica de Nystuen y Dacey (a través de la cual se recurre a la teoría de grafos para la identificación de regiones nodales). Utilizando la información proveniente de una encuesta de origen y destino de pasajeros, realizada en 1981 en esa área metropolitana.El trabajo explica cómo se ha utilizado la técnica de análisis y describe, asimismo, los resultados de su aplicación. Se llega a la conclusión de que todas las zonas en que se divide el AMM están subordinadas al centro principal, lo cual demuestra que se trata de una ciudad muy centralizada, con un subcentro ya consolidado y otros dos subcentros incipientes. Se termina afirmando que el AMM se encuentra inmersa en un proceso de transición de una ciudad monocéntrica a una policéntrica, proceso que acompaña al gran crecimiento físico, demográfico y económico experimentado por la misma.

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13

Singh, Vaibhav, Dhiraj Kumar Srivastava, Pankaj Kumar Jain, Sandip Kumar, Sushil Kumar Shukla, Nishant Singh, and Harshita Baranwal. "A cross sectional study to determine the reasons for non-utilization of reproductive and child health services in district Etawah." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20200987.

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Background: The utilization of social services, including health services, has never been equitably distributed in the society. Cost, distance, attitude of health providers, and other factors put the secondary care and private sector facilities out of reach of most of the poor residents. The socioeconomic factors also have a complex relationship with some of the supply factors, and often in the scarcity of good data, it is very difficult to explain the poor utilization of reproductive and child health (RCH) services.Methods: A cross sectional study conducted on 80 recently delivered women at home in the villages covered under the selected subcentre to interview all recently delivered women to find out the reasons for non-utilization of RCH services. The data was collected by using pre designed semi-structured questionnaire.Results: Most of the participants belong to age group of 20 to 24 (55%) and joint family (51.3%). Main reason for not having institutional delivery was found to be long waiting time in hospital/lack of proper facilities (50%) followed by non-cooperative hospital staff (36.2%). The study showed that most common reason for not getting money under JSY was found to be non-issuance of JSY card (33.3%) and non-cooperative hospital staff (33.3%). It was found that non utilisation of contraceptive services was mainly due to objection by husband (45.5%).Conclusions: This study revealed lack of knowledge, no felt need and financial constraints as the most common reason for not utilizing the different RCH services.

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Kalliath, Jacob D., Twinkle Agrawal, Farah N. Fathima, Sonu Antony, Amal Antony, Swarajyam Gampala, and Dilip K. Bata. "Adequacy of iodisation of salt at the household level and its associated factors in a rural sub-centre area of Bangalore Urban District, Karnataka, India: a cross-sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 6 (May 27, 2019): 2654. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192339.

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Background: Consumption of iodised salt is a simple, eﬀective and inexpensive preventive measure to prevent iodine deﬁciency disorders. Lack of awareness, faulty practices in storage as well as poor production quality lead to decreased availability of iodine at consumer level. The objective of the study was to estimate the proportion of households using adequately iodised salt and to assess their awareness and practices regarding iodised salt consumption in a subcentre region of Sarjapur PHC area in Bangalore Urban District.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in 382 households selected by two stage method involving proportional allocation based on village size followed by systematic random sampling at village level. MBI salt testing kit was used to check for iodisation level.Results: Of the 382 households, 22.3% used inadequately iodised salt. Out of the 382 individuals interviewed, 72% were females and only 21% were aware about iodised salt. Majority of the households purchased salt from a general store, was stored in tightly closed plastic containers and kept on shelves. Only 5% looked for the iodine logo on the packets before purchase of salt. Individuals with poor awareness, purchase of salt at public distribution system store, storage of salt on the floor, use of crystal salt were significantly associated with presence of inadequately iodised salt at the household.Conclusions: Nearly 30% of the salt packets used by households were inadequately iodised. Awareness regarding iodised salt was poor which contributed to the presence of inadequately iodised salt at household level.

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Soman, B. "Participatory GIS in action, a public health initiative from Kerala, India." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 27, 2014): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-233-2014.

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Community ownership is essential for sustainable public health initiatives. The advantages of getting active involvement of homebound village women in a public health campaign to establish community health surveillance are being reported in this paper. With the support of the local self government authorities, we had selected 120 village women, and they were given extensive training on various healthcare schemes, home based management of local ailments, leadership skills and survey techniques. Afterwards, they had been asked to share their knowledge with at least 10-15 women in their neighbourhood. This had improved their status in the neighbourhood, as more and more people started getting their advice on healthcare and social services related matters. Subsequently, they had collected the socio-demographic and morbidity details of the entire households, including the geometric coordinates (longitude and latitude) of the households and public offices. In this process, they began to use the geographic position system (GPS) machines, dismissing the myth that women are not that techno savvy, further improving their acceptability in the community. Many among them were seen proudly describing the implications of the thematic maps to the village people and line department staff in the monthly subcentre meetings. Many were offered seats in the local body elections by leading political parties, a few of them did stand in the elections and three of them had won the elections. This experience reinforces our belief that the empowerment of villagers with newer technology could be a public health tool with much wider positive implications.

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Keskinen, Kirsi E., Merja Rantakokko, Kimmo Suomi, Taina Rantanen, and Erja Portegijs. "Environmental Features Associated With Older Adults’ Physical Activity in Different Types of Urban Neighborhoods." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 28, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 540–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2019-0251.

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The authors studied associations of nature- and infrastructure-based features with physical activity (PA) in different urban neighborhood types; 848 community-dwelling people aged 75–90 years reported PA and three perceived nature-based destinations and seven infrastructure-based features as outdoor mobility facilitators. Neighborhood type was defined using a geographic information system based on proximity to central service areas and residential density (city center, subcenter, and dense and dispersed areas outside centers). PA was higher in dense areas and the city center. Binary logistic regression showed that perceiving nature-based destinations increased the odds for higher PA in the city center and areas outside centers. In dispersed areas, perceived infrastructure-based facilitators were especially associated with higher PA. Environmental features were not associated with PA in subcenters. Higher residential density, as a proxy for a higher amount of infrastructure, rather than center proximity, may underlie older adults’ PA. The spatial context should be acknowledged in studies on environment–PA associations.

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Pradeep R, Pithadia, Shah Viral R, Makwana Naresh R, and Parmar Dipesh. "Structure and Process Evaluation of Cold Chain Management and Routine Immunization Services in Rural Western Gujarat." Journal of Basic and Applied Research in Biomedicine 6, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51152/jbarbiomed.v6i2.16.

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Maintenance of cold chain points are vital for preserving potency of vaccines for immunization of children and thereby averting vaccine preventable diseases in the community. Cold chain handlers should have sufficient knowledge and skills related to cold chain equipment handling and immunization practices. The present study aims to evaluate maintenance of cold chain facilities at primary health care centers (PHCs), related logistics and observation of Mamta Day (Immunization Day). The observations include knowledge and practice of health workers about immunization activities, their communication skills, training status etc. Methods: There are total 31 Primary Health Centers in Jamnagar district, out of which, we decided to include 50% (15) of primary health centers and observed their cold chain, and Immunization day at a subcentre or Anganwadi centre of the selected PHC to assess the quality of immunization services. We included equal number of cold chain points from each block of the district to make it representative of entire district. Results: Average population served by a cold chain point is 21985. Vaccine related logistics like cold boxes, vaccine carriers etc. were adequate in all facilities. All cold chain equipments were placed as per standard guidelines. The posts of medical officers and pharmacists were vacant in almost one fourth of cold chain points and they were run on deputation from other facilities. The knowledge and skills of health workers related to immunization practices were found to be satisfactory. Conclusion: We observed that routine immunization program was implementing in the district satisfactorily. The posts of medical officers and pharmacists need to be filled up at the earliest for smooth functioning of immunization program in primary health centres.

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K., Sunitha, and Vijayalakshmi M. "Traditional practices followed by the mothers after delivery in a rural area of Tamil Nadu." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 1 (December 23, 2017): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20175815.

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Background: India is culturally diverse and traditional practices differ from region to region. Even though the prevalence and degree may vary, traditional practices which have long term devastating effects are performed all over the world. Harmful traditional methods are always perpetrated against infants. Hence it is important to understand the local practices to comprehend fully the determinants of adverse health outcomes of infants. This study was planned to assess the prevalence of harmful traditional practices adopted by the mothers of infants in Tirunelveli and to assess the association of various socio demographic factors influencing these practices among the mothers. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 100 mothers of infants in the subcentre of Patthamadai Primary Health Centre, Tirunelveli. Mothers with infants of less than one-year-old were selected randomly from the Family register and after obtaining their consent were interviewed at their door steps with a pretested semi- structured questionnaire. Data collected were analysed using SPSS software. Results: Among 100 mothers who were interviewed, 36 of them had given pre lacteal feeds, 24 of them did not practice exclusive breast feeding, 44 had used feeding bottles, 10 had reported some application on umbilical cord stump, 16 of them took native treatment for diarrhoea, 12 of them had instilled oil in eyes and 60% of them had practices of blowing of air into ear and nose. Conclusions: Almost all the mothers have practiced at least one harmful traditional practice following delivery of their child and these practices were mostly under the influence of the grandparents. The most commonly adopted harmful practices were administration of pre lacteal feeds and not practicing exclusive breast feeding which are contributing factors in increasing the Infant mortality.

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Helsley, Robert W., and Arthur M. Sullivan. "Urban subcenter formation." Regional Science and Urban Economics 21, no. 2 (July 1991): 255–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(91)90036-m.

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McMillen, Daniel P. "Nonparametric Employment Subcenter Identification." Journal of Urban Economics 50, no. 3 (November 2001): 448–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/juec.2001.2228.

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Deng, Liu, Liu, and Luo. "Detecting Urban Polycentric Structure from POI Data." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8060283.

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It is meaningful to analyze urban spatial structure by identifying urban subcenters, and many methods of doing so have been proposed in the published literature. Although these methods are widely applied, they exhibit obvious shortcomings that limit their further application. Therefore, it is of great value to propose a new urban subcenter identification method that can overcome these shortcomings. In this paper, we propose the density contour tree (DCT) method for detecting urban polycentric structures and their spatial distributions. Conceptually, this method is based on an analogy between urban spatial structure and terrain. The point-of-interest (POI) density is visualized as a continuous mathematical surface representing the urban terrain. Peaks represent the regions of the most frequent human activity, valleys represent regions with small population densities in the city, and slopes represent spatial changes in urban land-use intensity. Using this method, we have detected the urban “polycentric” structure of Beijing and determined the corresponding spatial relationships. In addition, several important properties of the urban centers have been identified. For example, Beijing has a typical urban polycentric structure with an urban center area accounting for 5.9% of the total urban area, and most of the urban centers in Beijing serve comprehensive functions. In general, the method and the results can serve as references for the later research on analyzing urban structure.

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., Bharti, and Sumit Chawla. "Perinatal outcome in hypertensive disorder of pregnancy in a rural community of Haryana." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 4267. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20194478.

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Background: Pregnancy in hypertension may complicate pregnancies with variable incidence among different settings. Pregnancies complicated with hypertensive disorders are associated with increased risk of adverse fetal, neonatal and maternal outcome including preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), perinatal death etc. The present study was undertaken to study the perinatal outcome of hypertension in pregnancy in a rural block of Haryana.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the all the 20 subcenters under Community Health Center (CHC) Chiri, Block Lakhanmajra. All the pregnant women registered at the particular subcenter at a point of time of visit were included in the study. Pregnancy outcome was followed-up by contacting the health worker of respective sub-center or mother. Information regarding stillbirth, abortion, maturity, birth weight, mode of delivery and early neonatal death was collected. Appropriate statistical tests were used for analysis.Results: A total of 931 pregnant women were included in the present study. Prevalence of hypertension in pregnancy was found to be 6.9%. Hypertension in pregnancy is significantly associated with premature births still births (6.7% vs 1.4%; p=0.003), low birth weight (26.7% vs 4.9%; p=0.000) and early neonatal deaths (8.3% vs 2.8%; p=0.017).Conclusions: Perinatal mortality is significantly high in mothers with hypertensive disorders. Early diagnosis and treatment through regular antenatal checkup is a key factor to prevent hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and its complications.

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Henke, Ellen. "Subcentric linking systems." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 371, no. 5 (October 26, 2018): 3325–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/tran/7388.

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Fariña Perez, Mg Carolina. "Paradero 14." Revista de Arquitectura 23, no. 35 (December 31, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-5427.2018.47927.

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El paradero 14 de La Florida es un subcentro comercial y de servicios de Santiago, nodo de intercambio modal entre el centro y la periferia sur de la ciudad. Desde sus inicios este lugar surge como centro comunal, pero es hasta la llegada de Mall Plaza Vespucio cuando logra posicionarse como subcentro metropolitano. Diversas investigaciones han problematizado los fenómenos urbanos del mall y su conectividad metropolitana. Sin embargo, no se ha profundizado sobre las transformaciones que el espacio público de este enclave ha experimentado, en relación con el comercio, parte primordial de su origen. El presente artículo caracteriza diversas tipologías comerciales que han determinado el uso de los espacios públicos del Paradero 14 consignando el cambio de escala desde un equipamiento comercial comunal a un subcentro metropolitano, siendo posible reconocer su historia, desde que ubicó al borde de la ciudad, hasta que pasó a estar totalmente inmerso por ella.

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Blom-Hansen, J. "Macroeconomic Control of Subcentral Governments: Experience from the USA and Scandinavia." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 16, no. 3 (June 1998): 323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c160323.

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Subcentral governments have gradually become more and more important in the general level of public economic activity in Western nations, To an increasing extent, macroeconomic management implies that the economic activity of subcentral governments is taken into account. But how can central governments coordinate the economic activity of numerous subcentral governments? What kind of intergovernmental arrangement is necessary? The author argues that fiscal federalism, the traditional approach to this problem, cannot answer these questions satisfactorily. The focus of fiscal federalism is on economic incentives in intergovernmental relations. The author argues that this is not sufficient. Fiscal federalism must be supplemented by a focus on political methods of influence. An analysis of Scandinavian and US ways of involving subcentral governments in macroeconomic management shows that the role played by subcentral government associations is crucial in the effectiveness of macroeconomic management.

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SHUI, Chao, and Hui LI. "Community structure identification algorithm based on subcenter." Journal of Computer Applications 32, no. 8 (May 6, 2013): 2154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1087.2012.02154.

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Sun, Tieshan. "A longitudinal study of changes in intra-metropolitan employment concentration in Beijing: Decentralisation, reconcentration and polycentrification." Urban Studies 57, no. 4 (September 4, 2019): 748–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019861382.

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This article explores the spatial trend of intra-metropolitan employment concentration in the Beijing metropolitan area from 2004 to 2013. We use multiple-year economic census data and construct a unique longitudinal dataset of employment at the subdistrict level, applying the locally weighted regression method to identify employment centres in Beijing. The results show that jobs continued to decentralise from the urban core to the suburbs in Beijing over the studied period; however, different from the common trajectory of Western metropolitan spatial evolution, decentralised jobs tended to be more concentrated in subcentres and the polycentric urban structure prevailed in Beijing. Polycentricity strengthened in Beijing from 2004 to 2008, but job dispersion increased at the expense of polycentricity during 2008–2013. However, job dispersion did not follow an unstructured model; instead, subcentres played an increasingly important role in structuring the dispersed jobs. Job dispersion in Beijing has been more associated with the scatteration of service jobs, while manufacturing jobs tended to be more concentrated in subcentres, which contributed to the polycentric development of the capital. We also observe the persistence in the location of employment centres in Beijing over the studied period, as well as substantial spatial changes in the boundaries of employment centres, which suggests that the employment concentrations within the metropolitan area are persistent but not static.

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Zhang, Yang, and Komei Sasaki. "Effects of subcenter formation on urban spatial structure." Regional Science and Urban Economics 27, no. 3 (June 1997): 297–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0462(96)02164-3.

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Polívka, Jan. "Social differentiation in the area of Prague subcentres." Geografie 112, no. 3 (2007): 266–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2007112030266.

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On the example of three Prague subcentres Budějovická, Pankrác and Smíchov this paper analyses the structure of socially stratified environment of secondary city centres in Prague. The development is discussed within the context of requirements upon the public space in the stage of tertiarization and post-socialist transformation of the urban society. The influx of investments into the local environment of city centres is changing the space patterns and causes changes in the social structure of users. As result, the area of centres is split into functional entities with different social constituency. An active role of public administration is important for preservation of city-centre functionality for most inhabitants of the city.

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Soares, Maria Therezinha Segadas. "Bairros, Bairros Suburbanos e Subcentros." Espaço Aberto 1, no. 1 (July 4, 2011): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36403/espacoaberto.2011.2038.

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Artigo originalmente publicado pelo IBGE em Curso de geografia da Guanabara. Rio de Janeiro, Série Biblioteca Brasileira, nº 21, 1968, p.74-89. Republicação na Revista Espaço Aberto sob permissão concedida pelo FIBGE.

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Jee, Young-Ju, and Hyun-Hwa Hong. "Development of Optimal Models in Health Subcenter through Integrating Management of Health Subcenter & Primary Health Center and Expansion of Role." Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology 6, no. 4 (April 30, 2016): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2016.04.41.

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Shiwa, Renato Massao, and Maria José Martinelli Silva Calixto. "APONTAMENTOS PARA A ANÁLISE DO PAPEL DE UM SUBCENTRO EM UMA CIDADE MÉDIA: DOURADOS - MS." Estudos Geográficos: Revista Eletrônica de Geografia 17, no. 1 (August 2, 2019): 115–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5016/estgeo.v17i1.14225.

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Este texto tem como objetivo analisar o processo de formação de novas centralidades intraurbanas em uma cidade média, a partir da análise do subcentro das ruas Fernando Ferrari e Filomeno João Pires, em Dourados-MS. Com base em um aporte teórico sobre o tema, consideramos sete critérios, na tentativa de comprovar a hipótese da pesquisa de que há nas referidas ruas a formação de um subcentro. Para a realização deste estudo, além de pesquisas bibliográficas, realizamos trabalho de campo, com a aplicação de questionários e/ou entrevistas junto aos moradores, comerciantes e prestadores de serviço da área estudada. Realizamos registros fotográficos, coleta de dados junto a Prefeitura Municipal e levantamento do uso do solo com base na tabela CNAE - Classificação Nacional de Atividades Econômicas. Destacamos que ainda há poucos estudos referentes às novas centralidades nas cidades médias. Neste sentido, acreditamos que esta pesquisa possa contribuir com as discussões acerca da temática.

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Youn, Gab-Seok, and Tae-Won Park. "Urban Form Transformation and Characteristics Yeongduengpo subcenter in Seoul." Journal of Korea Planning Association 51, no. 4 (August 31, 2016): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17208/jkpa.2016.08.51.4.5.

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Barr, Jason, and Troy Tassier. "THE DYNAMICS OF SUBCENTER FORMATION: MIDTOWN MANHATTAN, 1861-1906." Journal of Regional Science 56, no. 5 (July 8, 2016): 754–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jors.12288.

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Sasaki, K. "The Establishment of a Subcenter and Urban Spatial Structure." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 22, no. 3 (March 1990): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a220369.

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Krehl, Angelika. "Urban subcentres in German city regions: Identification, understanding, comparison." Papers in Regional Science 97 (May 27, 2016): S79—S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12235.

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Zhang, Yang, and Komei Sasaki. "Spatial structure in an open city with a subcenter." Annals of Regional Science 34, no. 1 (March 9, 2000): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001680050125.

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Alegría, Tito A. "Subcentros intraurbanos. Teoría y algunas evidencias." Estudios Socioterritoriales. Revista de Geografía, no. 27 (June 29, 2020): 041. http://dx.doi.org/10.37838/unicen/est.27-041.

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El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una teoría que explica la localización e intensidad de subcentros (o centros) intraurbanos y una prueba estadística de la misma. A diferencia de estudios anteriores, la teoría aquí presentada propone, primero, definir centro como centro de actividades terciarias y, segundo, que la intensidad y localización de los centros depende de factores de oferta y demanda localizada de bienes y servicios, factores que operan de manera conjunta en un medio de mercados imperfectos. Con datos de Tijuana se implementó una comprobación estadística de la teoría, corroborando la mayoría de sus postulados.

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McDonald, John F. "The identification of urban employment subcenters." Journal of Urban Economics 21, no. 2 (March 1987): 242–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(87)90017-9.

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40

Giuliano, Genevieve, and Kenneth A. Small. "Subcenters in the Los Angeles region." Regional Science and Urban Economics 21, no. 2 (July 1991): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(91)90032-i.

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41

Romero de Ávila Serrano, Vicente. "The Intrametropolitan Geography of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS): A Comparative Analysis of Six European and U.S. City-Regions." Economic Development Quarterly 33, no. 4 (September 19, 2019): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891242419875498.

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Analyzing the intrametropolitan locations of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) provides insight into the geography of the knowledge economy. This study focuses on the urban spatial structure and implications of KIBS for urban or regional development and planning through a comparison of KIBS’ structures in six city-regions representing different global contexts. This includes varied socioeconomic and political frameworks: three European city-regions (London, Paris, and Madrid) and three U.S. city-regions (New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago). The results show that (a) there is a relationship between urban spatial structure and KIBS location; (b) KIBS locate in a polycentric form in search of urbanization economies; but (c) certain KIBS are highly concentrated in just a few subcenters, looking for localization economies; (d) proximity to the core and agglomeration economies are a factor in the location of KIBS; and (e) the European cases have more KIBS subcenters but closer to their central business districts, while the American cases have fewer and larger KIBS subcenters located farther from their central business districts.

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Giuliano, Genevieve, and Kenneth A. Small. "The determinants of growth of employment subcenters." Journal of Transport Geography 7, no. 3 (September 1999): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6923(98)00043-x.

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Seifizadeh, Parisa, and Mohammad Mehdi Nasrabadi. "On the subcentral automorphisms of finite groups." MATHEMATICA 62 (85), no. 1 (May 25, 2020): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/mathcluj.2020.1.09.

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Sorensen, André. "Subcentres and Satellite Cities: Tokyo's 20th Century Experience of Planned Polycentrism." International Planning Studies 6, no. 1 (February 2001): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563470120026505.

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45

Oo, Aung Naing, Pruthu Thekkur, Aye Mya Cha Thar, Kyaw Ko Ko Htet, and Htar Htar Lin. "Small Session Size and Big Vial Size: Operational Research Assessing Open Vial Vaccine Wastage at the Service Delivery Points in the Mandalay Region of Myanmar During 2018." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5020060.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends immunization programmes to monitor vaccine wastage at storage and service delivery points. As there were no vaccine wastage assessments in Myanmar, we aimed to assess the vaccine wastage rates in the Mandalay region. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study with the inclusion of all immunization sessions conducted through the twenty randomly selected subcentres in the year 2018. The wastage rates were calculated by aggregating vaccine utilization data from selected subcentres. The vaccine wastage rates for Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) (54.9%), inactivated polio vaccine (28.3%), and measles-rubella (27.4%) were higher than the WHO indicative rates. The high vaccine wastage rates were seen in lyophilized vaccines (36.9%), vaccines requiring only a single dose per child for complete immunization (39.1%), and those with a large vial size of 20 doses (38.8%). The median session size for BCG (6), measles-rubella (4) and inactivated polio vaccine (2) were lower than their vaccine vial size of 20, 10, and 5 doses, respectively. The wastage was high due to smaller session size and larger vial size, necessitating the disposal of unused doses. Better micro-planning to increase the session size and procuring vaccines with smaller vial sizes needs to be tested as a strategy to reduce vaccine wastage.

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Lago-Peñas, Santiago. "Evolving Federations and Regional Public Deficits: Testing the Bailout Hypothesis in the Spanish Case." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 23, no. 3 (June 2005): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0444.

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High debt autonomy and low tax autonomy often characterize evolving federations, making the bailout hypothesis very attractive in resolving subcentral government deficits. However, meeting both conditions is not enough to conclude that bailout expectations are the main reason for a potential deficit. There are many other factors affecting expectations and the real behavior of the agents involved: central government, subcentral governments, and the financial markets. Empirical research is the only means by which to determine the relevance of the bailout problem in each situation. To demonstrate this argument, the author describes an exhaustive analysis of the Spanish case. The main conclusion is that deficit seems to be better understood by a more traditional model of fiscal choices than by bailout expectations.

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McMillen, Daniel P., and Stefani C. Smith. "The number of subcenters in large urban areas." Journal of Urban Economics 53, no. 3 (May 2003): 321–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-1190(03)00026-3.

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Boarnet, Marlon G., Andy Hong, and Raul Santiago-Bartolomei. "Urban spatial structure, employment subcenters, and freight travel." Journal of Transport Geography 60 (April 2017): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.03.007.

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McMillen, Daniel P., and John F. McDonald. "Suburban Subcenters and Employment Density in Metropolitan Chicago." Journal of Urban Economics 43, no. 2 (March 1998): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/juec.1997.2038.

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de la Llave, Rafael, and Florian Kogelbauer. "Global Persistence of Lyapunov Subcenter Manifolds as Spectral Submanifolds under Dissipative Perturbations." SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems 18, no. 4 (January 2019): 2099–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/18m1210344.

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