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Academic literature on the topic 'Subcommittee on Problems of the Aged and Aging'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Subcommittee on Problems of the Aged and Aging"

1

MATSUDA, Shouzou, Katsuhiro SAWADA, Shigeru KURISU, Hisanori OHYABU, Shirou TACHIBANA, Masahiko UMEKI, Hiroaki FUKUOKA, et al. "SURGICAL PROBLEMS IN THE AGED IN AWAJI-ISLAND WITH AGING POPULATION." Journal of the Japanese Practical Surgeon Society 50, no. 1 (1989): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3919/ringe1963.50.1.

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Evans, Gareth. "The aged foot." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 12, no. 2 (May 2002): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259802012297.

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Foot problems are common in elderly people and healthy feet are recognized as a key factor in maintaining activity and independence. People aged over 75 years exhibit a greater degree of foot pathology than a younger population and foot pain is prevalent in a high percentage of elderly patients. Foot problems impair mobility in many older people and may also contribute to falls. The immobility that results from a local foot problem can have a significant impact on the patient’s ability to maintain life as a useful member of society and has been identified as a common cause of unreported disability, often accepted as an accompaniment of the aging process. With increasing age, many foot problems which may have been well compensated for earlier in life will begin to reduce an elderly person’s mobility and health-related quality of life.

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Markides, Kyriakos S. "Minority Status, Aging, and Mental Health." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 23, no. 4 (December 1986): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/n0x1-2486-l9nn-jkmq.

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Research findings on mental health and life satisfaction among aged blacks, Mexican-Americans and native Americans are reviewed. Although the literature has generally followed a social stress perspective that predicts greater mental health problems among minority group aged, the evidence shows that mental health and life satisfaction of these groups is not any lower than might be anticipated based on their relative socioeconomic standing. It is concluded that, despite increased research, little is known about how ethnicity and minority group status influence psychopathology and life satisfaction in late life.

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Morse, Alan R., and Dagmar B. Friedman. "Vision Rehabilitation and Aging." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 80, no. 6 (June 1986): 803–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8608000607.

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Approximately two million Americans estimated to have severe visual impairment could be helped by services not readily available through the nation's vision care system. Ophthalmologists do not routinely suggest low vision services to their severely visually impaired patients that could help prevent deterioration in the quality of life. Many patients with limited vision go unidentified and untreated. This is particularly true for those over 65 whose numbers are rising and who are experiencing more low vision problems than any other age group. Significant visual impairment occurs in more than 25 percent of the aged population in general, and more than 12 percent of the population over age 65 are legally blind. Approximately 990,000 elderly had severe visual impairment in 1977, and by the year 2000, this number will rise to 1,760,000. As the aged population increases, so does the need for low vision services.

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Kim, Han Kyeol, Ja Young Kim, Soomin Kim, Ga-Young Kim, Nam-Bin Cho, Seok In Nam, Heecheon You, and HyangHee Kim. "Chief Complaints of Swallowing Problems in Korean Community-Dwelling Older Adults." Communication Sciences & Disorders 26, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 463–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.21825.

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Objectives: Normal older persons often experience presbyphagia due to aging. This study utilized the 18-item self-reported questionnaire of the Swallowing Monitoring & Assessment Protocol (SMAP) to identify swallowing difficulties that might appear during natural aging.Methods: After excluding those with neurological disorders, dysphagia-related disorders, and/or cognitive problems, a total of 822 healthy older adults aged 65 or older (mean age= 76.88± 5.60; men:women= 277:545) were surveyed by the self-reported swallowing function questionnaire of the SMAP. The total score of the 18-item questionnaire (5-point Likert scale: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) was extracted and the ranking was determined based on the mean score of each item. Ranking among two age groups (aged 65-74 and aged 75≤ ) was compared with a Spearman rank correlation, and the difference in total scores by age group was examined with the Mann-Whitney test.Results: The mean total score was 7.81± 7.63 (range 0-58). Swallowing problems related to ‘dry mouth’, ‘meal volume’, ‘mealtime’, and ‘choking on water or liquid’ were regarded as chief complaints. There was a significant correlation between the ranking of questions by age group. The mean total score was significantly higher for groups aged 75 or older (n = 494; mean age = 80.46 ± 3.98) than those aged 65 to 74 (n= 328; mean age= 71.49± 2.51) (<i>p</i>< .01).Conclusion: The chief complaints for swallowing reported by older adults can be considered as main swallowing problems caused by aging. By identifying precise swallowing difficulties that appear during normal aging, we should be able to alleviate presbyphagia via early detection and intervention.

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Lee, Hyo Jung, Kyungmin Kim, Lauren R. Bangerter, Steven H. Zarit, and Karen L. Fingerman. "Aging Parents’ and Middle-Aged Children’s Evaluations of Parents’ Disability and Life Problems." Journal of Adult Development 27, no. 2 (July 25, 2019): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10804-019-09336-x.

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Shimkin, Demitri B. "Aging in the Soviet Union: A West Siberian Perspective." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 28, no. 3 (April 1989): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/qfdp-dlkj-9ekx-r6yb.

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A half-year's residence in the Siberian industrial city of Kemerovo permitted a variety of ethnographic observations on the aged and aging. These were supplemented by interactions with medical personnel, as well as a review of the scanty literature (geriatrics is not a recognized medical specialty in the Soviet Union). The integration of the aged in families is noteworthy, as is the respect generally given them. But hard living conditions, difficulties of transportation, dietary inadequacies, and a severe paucity of specialized facilities present problems for the elderly.

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Jo, Danbi, Byeong C. Kim, Kyung A. Cho, and Juhyun Song. "The Cerebral Effect of Ammonia in Brain Aging: Blood–Brain Barrier Breakdown, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neuroinflammation." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 2773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132773.

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Aging occurs along with multiple pathological problems in various organs. The aged brain, especially, shows a reduction in brain mass, neuronal cell death, energy dysregulation, and memory loss. Brain aging is influenced by altered metabolites both in the systemic blood circulation and the central nervous system (CNS). High levels of ammonia, a natural by-product produced in the body, have been reported as contributing to inflammatory responses, energy metabolism, and synaptic function, leading to memory function in CNS. Ammonia levels in the brain also increase as a consequence of the aging process, ultimately leading to neuropathological problems in the CNS. Although many researchers have demonstrated that the level of ammonia in the body alters with age and results in diverse pathological alterations, the definitive relationship between ammonia and the aged brain is not yet clear. Thus, we review the current body of evidence related to the roles of ammonia in the aged brain. On the basis of this, we hypothesize that the modulation of ammonia level in the CNS may be a critical clinical point to attenuate neuropathological alterations associated with aging.

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Bangerter, Lauren R., Courtney A. Polenick, Steven H. Zarit, and Karen L. Fingerman. "Life Problems and Perceptions of Giving Support: Implications for Aging Mothers and Middle-Aged Children." Journal of Family Issues 39, no. 4 (December 29, 2016): 917–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x16683987.

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Giving support may be a stressful or rewarding experience, and little is known about how family members perceive giving support amid problems or crises. Using a sample of 226 mother–child dyads (mother mean age = 75.04 years; child mean age = 49.57 years), we examine how mothers and their middle-aged children perceive giving support in the context of life problems. Actor–partner interdependence models tested whether associations between problems and perceptions of support are moderated by frequency of support given and if associations were stronger for daughters or sons. Children perceived giving support to their mother as more stressful when they had more of their own problems and gave high levels of support. Daughters, but not sons, considered helping their mother more stressful when their mother had more problems and they gave high levels of support. Distinctions between mother–son and mother–daughter dyads demonstrate the merit of a dyadic approach to understanding mother–child relationships.

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Grams, Armin E., and Stephen J. Cutler. "Predictors of Self-Reported Problems of Confusion among the Aged." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 35, no. 4 (December 1992): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/kw5g-kpy2-5tjc-jwxn.

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Responses to questions on the 1984 Supplement on Aging to the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) about the experience of personal confusion revealed that two-thirds of those interviewed reported never having an episode of confusion during the preceding year. Of those who reported episodes, fewer than one in five said they were happening with increased frequency. The many meanings of confusion found in the literature prompted a modest local study of what respondents understood by the term when asked the NHIS questions. Of those who admitted occasional confusion, almost two-thirds gave definitions that included memory loss or forgetfulness. Consequently, increased frequency of memory problems and difficulty in remembering were included with other variables in the analyses to identify significant predictors. They emerged the single best predictors of how often a respondent reported getting confused. Others were change in health status, number of functional limitations, educational attainment, and vision problems.

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Books on the topic "Subcommittee on Problems of the Aged and Aging"

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United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Aging. Subcommittee on Housing and Consumer Interests. Section 202: Present problems--proposed alternatives : hearing before the Subcommittee on Housing and Consumer Interests of the Select Committee on Aging, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session, April 11, 1984. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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Soehnel, Sonja. Women's solutions to problems of aging. Oakland, Calif: S. Soehnel, 1995.

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3

Emotional problems of aging. Springfield, Ill., U.S.A: Thomas, 1989.

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4

Kasthoori, R. The problems of the aged: A sociological study. New Delhi: Uppal Pub. House, 1996.

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5

Hynes, Thomas J. The problems of aging Americans: A critical analysis of the issues surrounding the quality of life for aging U.S. citizens. Lincolnwood, Ill. USA: National Textbook Co., 1988.

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6

Chapman, Elwood N. The unfinished business of living: Helping aging parents help themselves. Los Altos, Calif: Crisp Publications, 1988.

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7

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources. Subcommittee on Aging. New directions in aging policy: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Aging of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on examining new directions in policy for the aging population, April 28, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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Silverstone, Barbara. You & your aging parent: A family guide to emotional, social, health, and financial problems. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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9

United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Aging. Health care problems of the black aged: Hearing before the Select Committee on Aging, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, March 21, 1986, Detroit, MI. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Aging. Health care problems of the black aged: Hearing before the Select Committee on Aging, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, March 21, 1986, Detroit, MI. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Subcommittee on Problems of the Aged and Aging"

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Peng, Lu, Rita W. L. Yu, Alan H. S. Chan, and Hin Piu Yim. "Chronic Health Problems of Older Workers and Their Occupational Safety: A Meta-Analysis." In Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population. Healthy and Active Aging, 365–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50249-2_27.

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Frisina, Robert D., and D. Robert Frisina. "Methods for Studying Hearing Impairment and Auditory Problems of the Aged." In Handbook of Models for Human Aging, 911–22. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012369391-4/50077-1.

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Chen, Mingxing, Hua Zhang, and Yinghua Gong. "China's Population Aging and New Urbanization." In Population Growth and Rapid Urbanization in the Developing World, 106–24. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0187-9.ch006.

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In recent years, fast demographic transition, urbanizationand socio-economic development in China draws attention of the world. The reproduction type of Chinese population has changed from “high rate of birth, high rate of death, and low rate of natural growth” to “low rate of birth, low rate of death, and low rate of natural growth”, which promotes the population transition, bringing the problems of aging of population. In China, the scale of aged population is large, and its developing speed is fast. Along with the increasing of aged population in China, the advantage of labor quantity in China is challenged. China regards new urbanization as the important work content of state in the future for a long time, providing a large opportunity for the study in the field of urbanization. For China, new urbanization plan is just a beginning. The sustainable development of Chinese population and urbanization has important meaning in the world.

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Chen, Mingxing, Hua Zhang, and Yinghua Gong. "China's Population Aging and New Urbanization." In E-Planning and Collaboration, 382–400. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5646-6.ch018.

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In recent years, fast demographic transition, urbanizationand socio-economic development in China draws attention of the world. The reproduction type of Chinese population has changed from “high rate of birth, high rate of death, and low rate of natural growth” to “low rate of birth, low rate of death, and low rate of natural growth”, which promotes the population transition, bringing the problems of aging of population. In China, the scale of aged population is large, and its developing speed is fast. Along with the increasing of aged population in China, the advantage of labor quantity in China is challenged. China regards new urbanization as the important work content of state in the future for a long time, providing a large opportunity for the study in the field of urbanization. For China, new urbanization plan is just a beginning. The sustainable development of Chinese population and urbanization has important meaning in the world.

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Kijanka, Emilia, and Katarzyna Lipska. "The More Aging, The More Managing?" In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, 115–29. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2019-2.ch007.

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The contemporary world is continuously changing. These changes are dynamic and take place under the influence of some social, economic, political, and cultural processes, subject to a global economy. Its further active development will depend both on their ability to compete more and more based on non-cost factors as well as existing external constraints, including regulatory barriers. Based on anonymous surveys, the chapter aims to present an analysis of motives, fears, problems, support, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of creating and running startups by people aged 50+.

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Greenhalgh, Charlotte. "Experts and the Elderly." In Aging in Twentieth-Century Britain, 18–45. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520298781.003.0002.

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Researchers and policymakers became increasingly interested in improving the lives of older Britons over the course of the twentieth century. Expert attention was first drawn to the particular poverty of the elderly during the late nineteenth century. Charles Booth both surveyed elderly paupers and argued for state pensions (introduced in Britain in 1908) in order to alleviate their poverty. Subsequently, the growing popularity of psychology encouraged greater attention to the private lives of the aged. Postwar reformers contributed to the expansion of welfare services for older Britons after 1945 and aimed to improve their inner lives. Yet many researchers still omitted the testimony of the old from their studies. Postwar research became skewed towards problems that the state welfare system could solve.

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Dawson, Melanie V. "Introduction." In Edith Wharton and the Modern Privileges of Age, 1–29. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066301.003.0001.

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The introduction begins with a narrative of the anxieties surrounding aging, including the crisis it was believed to usher into age-obsessed characters’ lives. Historically, changing demographic patterns allowed for narratives in which age classifications raised as many problems as they attempted to solve across literary modes that included society tales, agrarian novels, anti-aging romances, and coming-into-maturity stories. This chapter introduces several narrative strands that age-based narratives took: that of circumventing the decline narratives associated with aging so as to value the middle and older aged experiences, as well as all less defined experiences between. Stories of communal aging, wherein social roles are distinguished based on qualities rather than strict chronologies, and narratives of stark intergenerational competition, which end in violence, also permeate modern literature.

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Verma, Smita. "Feminization of Old Age and Experiences of Subalternity." In Handbook of Research on Multicultural Perspectives on Gender and Aging, 77–87. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4772-3.ch006.

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The demographic feature of twenty-first century has been the rise of the aged population, making them socially visible. However, the concern is that an aging world is also a feminized world. But this transition does not hold a very vivid future as the elderly women are the most vulnerable section of the population. They make up for the majority of the poor due to scarce access to education, property, and employment opportunities. Widowhood often leaves them impoverished and victims of abuse. Until recently, aging women have not been considered a subject requiring serious attention in India. Most of the studies on old age have adopted a gender-neutral approach to the problems of ageing. It is a paradox that the feminist movement has marginally addressed this issue even though gender along with social, economic, and political factors has a profound impact on how people age, thus making aging a gendered experience. The question remains why aging has not been taken up as a feminist issue in India. This chapter gives insight into the reasons for their vulnerability.

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Chu, C. Y. Cyrus. "Age-Distribution Dynamics During Demographic Transitions." In Population Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121582.003.0017.

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Everyone knows that population aging refers to the phenomenon of a growing proportion of old people. This may happen 60 years after a “baby boom”, as the “baby boomers” begin to reach their old age. Population aging may also be a natural consequence of demographic transitions, for we know that the proportion of old people will increase as the fertility rale declines. Although there have been numerous economics research papers on topics related to population aging, the focus of most of these research projects has not been on the process and dynamics of population aging but rather on the various problems of the elderly (such as housing, pension, medical care, savings, and retirement) that will grow as the population ages. The typical example is the series of research projects on the economics of aging undertaken by the National Bureau of Economic Research. These research reports were edited by David Wise into several books on aging. In order to make some policy suggestions, however, we must be able to derive the future dynamic pattern of the age distribution, so that the macro level prediction of some age-related variables can be arrived at analytically instead of numerically. Unfortunately, little analytical work has been done along these lines. The purpose of this chapter is to derive the analytical pattern of the age distribution dynamics, which not only helps us calculate the aggregate value of age-related variables but also gives us some insight into finding reasonable aging indexes. Previous researchers often adopted the common measure of population aging, “the proportion of the population older than a critical age,” which is called the “head-count ratio” of the aged. As the head-count ratio of the aged rises above 10%, by instinct one may realize the seriousness of the aging problem. But since we know little about either the formal dynamics or the economic implications of population aging, we do not even know whether the head-count ratio is an appropriate index for characterizing the seriousness of the aging problem. We will show in later sections how information on age distribution dynamics helps us identify reasonable indexes of population aging.

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Varghese, Reuben Thomas, and S. P. Goswami. "Assessment of Cognitive-Communicative Functions in Persons With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia of Alzheimer's Type." In Advances in Psychology, Mental Health, and Behavioral Studies, 269–82. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4955-0.ch014.

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According to world population prospects data report, older individuals, especially those aged 60 years and above, have increased substantially over the recent year, which is going to accelerate in the coming decades. The most common problems the aging population faces are dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Assessment of cognitive-communicative markers is essential for persons with MCI and DAT. Furthermore, it can help in the differential diagnosis of DAT and MCI. Proper assessment by speech-language pathologists is warranted in this area as it will throw light on the differential diagnosis of MCI and DAT, the clinical description of the characteristics between the two clinical groups, the prognosis for improved outcomes, recommendations for intervention and support, and referral for other professionals for assessments or services.

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Conference papers on the topic "Subcommittee on Problems of the Aged and Aging"

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Uddin, M., C. Sallaberry, and G. Wilkowski. "Flaw Evaluation Procedure for Cast Austenitic Stainless Steel Materials Using a Newly Developed Statistical Thermal Aging Model." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93711.

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Abstract Thermal embrittlement of some cast austenitic stainless steels (CASS) occurs at reactor operating temperatures can lead to a reduction in the fracture toughness and increase in strength. Some aged CASS materials have the potential to have exceedingly low toughness and also show high variability due to the nature of their microstructure or compositional variation within the casting. Because of their low aged toughness with the variability, flaw evaluations of CASS material need to be done with an understanding of the materials aged condition, especially since most US PWR nuclear plants have been given plant life extensions for 60-year operation, and consideration of further extension to 80 years is underway. In this paper, a flaw evaluation procedure for CASS materials is presented using a new statistical model developed to predict the toughness of fully aged CASS using the material’s chemical composition. The new statistical model was developed based on the experimental toughness using standard 1T CT specimens (generally in the L-C orientation) at 288C to 320C and chemical compositions of the CF8m CASS materials. While the detail development of the model is beyond the scope of this paper, a brief validation of predicted toughness using chemical compositions is presented in this paper. Using the predicted toughness, a flaw evaluation procedure was developed using the Dimensionless-Plastic-Zone-Parameter (DPZP) analysis to determine when limit-load is applicable and also approximate the elastic-plastic correction factor (Z-factor) that needs to be applied to the limit-load solution to predict the failure stress for CASS pipe and fittings with a circumferential surface crack. Variability within a single casting was also determined from available test results which was included in the procedure to determine Z-factor. The procedure was then validated against several CF8m pipe test results which include various pipe diameters, crack sizes, ferrite contents, failure modes (i.e., limit load or EPFM), etc. The as-developed flaw evaluation procedure was also used to determine the Z-factors for four different pipe diameters for a database of 274 pipe/elbows in US PWR plants (whose chemical compositions were known) — essentially solving 1096 sample problems to understand what range of Z-factors might exists in US PWR plants (for CF8m CASS materials) considering all variations in pipe dimensions, ferrite contents, materials’ toughness, etc. Finally, the applicability of the CF8m-based statistical model for use with CF3 and CF8 CASS materials was also investigated by comparing the predictions with available test results.

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Vidová, Jarmila. "LIFESTYLE AND WAYS OF LIVING OF SENIOR HOUSEHOLDS." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.279.

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Growing the proportion of older people requires adapting services and products to their needs and preferences, which will support and extend their full life. While once people aged 55 and over considered themselves old, most of them now live an active life. Over the past decade, the proportion of those who are fully employed has changed and their stereotypes and behaviour have increased, thus changing the quality of life demands. With the gradual aging of the population, the problem of dealing with the housing of older people begins to grow. Housing is one of the key factors in the fight against social exclusion. Housing promotes coherence between communities, enabling sustainable development goals to be achieved. Each state uses its own housing policy, based on social policy and historical conditions, to solve housing-related problems. In the paper we will discuss the possibilities of life in retirement age.

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Griesbach, Timothy J., Dilip Dedhia, David O. Harris, Nathaniel G. Cofie, Kyle Amberge, and Aparna Alleshwaram. "The Influence of Flow Strength and Fracture Toughness on the Computed Reliability of Thermally Aged Grade CF-8M Cast Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28089.

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Thermal aging of cast austenitic stainless steel (CASS) piping is a concern for long-term operation of nuclear power plants. Traditional conservative deterministic fracture mechanics analyses lead to tolerable crack sizes well below the sizes that are readily detectable in these large-grained materials. This is largely due to the conservative treatment of the scatter in material properties and the imposition of multipliers (structural factors) on the applied loads. In order to account for the scatter in the tensile and fracture toughness properties that enter into the analysis, a probabilistic approach is taken. Application of the probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) model to representative problems has led to questions regarding the dominant random variables and the influence of the tails of their distributions on computed failure probability. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of a study to identify the important random variables in the PFM model and to investigate the influence of the distribution type on the computed failure probability. Application of the PFM model to a representative piping problem to compute the depth of a part-through part-circumferential crack that will fail with a defined probability (10−6 for example) revealed that the fracture toughness was not a dominant variable and the distribution of the toughness did not strongly affect the results. In contrast to this, the flow strength (which enters into the calculation of the applied crack driving force — J) was important in that low flow strength was controlling the low probability failures in the Monte Carlo simulation. Hence, the low-end tail of the flow strength distribution was influential. Various types of distribution of flow strength consistent with the available data were considered. It was found that the distribution type has a marked, but not overwhelming, effect on the crack depth that would fail with a given probability. From this it is concluded that the PFM model is quite robust, in that it is not highly sensitive to uncertainties in the dominant input distributions.

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