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Fritzsche, Martina. "Lärares åsikter om ämnesintegrering : En studie om ämnesintegrering mellan matematik och karaktärsämnena på de yrkesförberedande programmen." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Computer Science, Physics and Mathematics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-8768.
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<p>Syftet med denna rapport är att utreda vad matematik- respektive karaktärsämneslärare på yrkesprogrammen på gymnasiet anser att det finns för för- respektive nackdelar med en ämnesintegrering mellan deras ämnen. Med hjälp av en enkät har de två grupperna fått delge sina för- och nackdelar samt i vilken utsträckning de tillämpar en sådan ämnesintegrering. Enkäten användes också som underlag för en intervju som låg till grund för en beskrivning av hur ett ämnesintegrerat arbete kan gå till. Majoriteten av lärarna var positiva till att ämnesintegrera och ansåg att de tillämpade en sådan undervisning men endast ett fåtal samarbetade med sina kollegor över ämnesgränserna.</p>
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Rais, Ing-Marie, and Anna Blomqvist. "Läs- och skrivsvårigheter : Elevers upplevelser av sin studiesituation på gymnasieskolans yrkesförberedande program." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-8677.
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Den här studien vill synliggöra elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter och deras situation på yrkesförberedande gymnasieprogram. Studien är baserad på kvalitativa halvstrukturerade intervjuer med kvinnliga elever som studerar vid yrkesförberedande gymnasieprogram. Resultatet belyser det stöd och bemötande som eleverna upplever från skola, familj och kamrater. Ett tydligt resultat i denna studie är brist på information från lärare till elever om tillgängliga kompenserande hjälpmedel. I slutsatsen presenteras förslag på utvecklingsprojekt mellan berörda parter i skolan för att förbättra måluppfyllelsen för elever i behov av särskilt stöd.
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Muller, Jacobus Hendrik. "Modelling subject-specific patellofemoral joint dynamics." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5306.
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Thesis (PhD (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A methodology to facilitate analysis of dynamic subject-specific patellofemoral function is presented. An enhanced understanding of patellofemoral biomechanics will enable orthopaedic surgeons to identify the mechanisms responsible for imbalances in the joint stabilisers, while also providing objective information on which to base treatment methods. Dynamic patellofemoral function of three volunteers was simulated with a musculoskeletal computational model. The individuals underwent scans from which three-dimensional models of their patellofemoral joints were constructed. Skeletal muscles and soft tissue stabilisers were added to the skeletal models, after which subject-specific motion was simulated.
After trochlear engagement, the patellae of the volunteers followed a lateral path, whereas patella tilt was subject-specific. Comparison of the predicted tilt and mediolateral position values at 30 degrees knee flexion to in-vivo MRI values showed a mean accuracy of 62.1 % and 96.9 % respectively. The patellofemoral contact load . quadriceps tendon load ratio varied between 0.7 and 1.3, whereas the mediolateral load component . resultant load ratio ranged between 0 and 0.4. Both parameters. values were similar to previous findings. The medial patellofemoral ligament tension decreased with knee flexion, while the patellar tendon-quadriceps tendon ratio followed a similar trend to that of previous findings (varied between 0.4 and 1.2).
After induction of a tubercle osteotomy in the coronal plane, Volunteer One.s patella engaged the trochlear groove at an earlier knee flexion angle, while the patella of Volunteer Two only underwent a small medial displacement. Finite element analyses were employed to investigate the influence of the osteotomy on the patellofemoral pressure distribution. The mean pressure in Volunteer One.s patellofemoral joint was alleviated (17 % smaller) at all angles of flexion with the exception of 60 degrees (12 % greater). Pressure in Volunteer Two.s joint was alleviated at 30 and 45 degrees knee flexion (6 % smaller), while it was elevated (9.1 % greater) at other angles of flexion.
Two commercial patellofemoral prostheses were tested on the three Volunteers. joints in the virtual environment. Prosthesis Two delivered patella shift and tilt patterns similar to the baseline values. Patellar tendon tension was slightly greater after resurfacing, with the tensions elevated most with Prosthesis Two. Medial patellofemoral ligament tension was reduced most with Prosthesis Two, while lateral retinaculum tension was increased slightly. Prosthesis Two was the best candidate to reproduce patella kinematics, while the patellofemoral kinetics was largely independent from the type of prosthesis used. The prostheses performed worse for Volunteer Three, supporting the need for the development of patient-specific prostheses. Three validated subject-specific musculoskeletal models facilitated the analysis of the individuals. patellofemoral biomechanics. The technique can potentially be employed by orthopaedic surgeons to visualise the change that an osteotomy or patellofemoral arthroplasty might induce on an individual.s patellofemoral joint. This technique might aid in the development of a tool to assist biomedical engineers in the development of new patellofemoral prostheses. Most importantly, the outcome of surgical intervention may be predicted beforehand, and a treatment procedure may be tailored to optimally fit the patellofemoral biomechanics of that individual.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Ondersoekmetode van die dinamiese gedrag van pasiënt-spesifieke patellofemorale gewrigte word beskryf. Indien die patellofemorale biomeganika beter verstaan word, kan ortopediese chirurge die meganismes wat verantwoordelik is vir oneffektiewe stabiliseerders identifiseer en behandeling op objektiewe bevindinge baseer. Die dinamiese patellofemorale funksie van drie vrywilligers is gesimuleer m.b.v. `n spier-skelet rekenaarmodel. Drie-dimensionele modelle van die individue se patellofemorale gewrig is gekonstrueer m.b.v. skanderings. Die skeletspiere en sagte ondersteuningsweefsel is tot die model toegevoeg, voordat vrywilliger-spesifieke beweging gesimuleer is.
Die knieskywe van die vrywilligers het `n laterale pad gevolg nadat dit die groef binnegetree het, met die tiltwaardes uniek vir elke vrywilliger. Vergelyking van die beraamde knieskyf mediolaterale tilt en posisies by 30 grade fleksie met in-vivo magnetiese resonansieskandering waardes het `n akkuraatheid van 62.1 % en 96.9 % respektiewelik getoon. Die patellofemorale kontaklas-kwadriseps seningspanning verhouding het gewissel tussen 0.7 en 1.3; asook die mediale komponent – resultante komponent patellofemorale kontaklas wat gewissel het tussen 0 en 0.4. Beide parameters se waardes was soortgelyk aan voorheen-gepubliseerde data. Die mediale patellofemorale ligamentspanning het afgeneem met fleksie. Die patella sening-kwadriseps seningspanning verhouding was soortgelyk aan vorige gepubliseerde waardes en het gewissel tussen 0.4 en 1.2.
Nadat 'n tuberkel-osteotomie in die koronale vlak aangebring is, het Vrywilliger Een se patella die femorale groef vroeër binnegetree. Vrywilliger Twee se patella het slegs `n mediale verskuiwing ondergaan. Eindige element analises is ingespan om die effek van die osteotomie op die spanningsverspreiding in die patellofemorale gewrig te ondersoek. Die gemiddelde spanning in Vrywilliger Een se gewrig was minder by alle hoeke van fleksie (17 % minder), met uitsondering van die spanning by 60 grade (12 % meer). Die spanning in Vrywilliger Twee se gewrig was minder by 30 en 45 grade (6 % minder), maar hoër by ander hoeke (9.1 % meer).
Twee kommersiële patellofemorale prosteses is getoets op die drie Vrywilligers d.m.v. die model. Prostese Twee het die knieskyf-kinematika die beste nageboots. Die patella-seningspanning was effens groter na die vervanging. Prostese Twee het gesorg vir die grootste toename. Die mediale patellofemorale ligamentspanning was die kleinste toe Prostese Twee gebruik is, maar dit het gesorg vir effense hoër laterale retinakulumlaste. Die analises het getoon dat Prostese Twee die beste kandidaat is om die korrekte kinematika te herbewerkstellig. Die kinetika daarteenoor was onafhanklik van die tipe prostese wat gebruik is. Geeneen van die twee prosteses was geskik vir Vrywilliger Drie nie, wat as motivering vir die ontwikkeling van pasiënt-spesifieke prosteses dien. Drie bekragtigde vrywilliger-spesifieke spier-skelet modelle het die analise van patellofemorale biomeganika bewerkstellig. Die tegniek het die potensiaal om ortopediste in staat te stel om die effek van `n osteotomie of patellofemorale vervanging te visualiseer. Die tegniek kan verder gebruik word deur biomediese ingenieurs in die vervaardiging van nuwe patellofemorale prosteses. Meer belangrik is die feit dat die resultaat van chirurgiese ingryping voorspel kan word en optimale behandelingsprosedures beplan kan word vir die patellofemorale biomeganika van `n individu.
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Machlouzarides-Shalit, Antonia. "Development of subject-specific representations of neuroanatomy via a domain-specific language." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASG041.
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Dans le domaine de la cartographie cérébrale, nous avons identifié le besoin d'un outil fondé sur la connaissance détaillée des sulci. Dans cette thèse, nous développons un nouvel outil de cartographie cérébrale appelé NeuroLang, qui s’appuie sur la géométrie spatiale du cerveau.Nous avons abordé cette question avec deux approches: premièrement, nous avons fermement fondé notre théorie sur la neuroanatomie classique. Deuxièmement, nous avons conçu et implémenté des méthodes pour les requêtes spécifiques au sulcus dans le langage spécifique au domaine, NeuroLang. Nous avons testé notre méthode sur 52 sujets et évalué les performances de NeuroLang pour des cartographie du cortex spécifiques à la population et au sujet. Ensuite, nous proposons une nouvelle organisation hiérarchique basée sur les données de la stabilité sulcal appuyée sur ces données.Pour conclure, nous avons résumé l'implication de notre méthode dans le domaine actuel, ainsi que notre contribution globale au domaine de la cartographie cérébrale<br>Within the field of brain mapping, we identified the need for a tool which is grounded in the detailed knowledge of individual variability of sulci. In this thesis, we develop a new brain mapping tool called NeuroLang, which utilises the spatial geometry of the brain.We approached this challenge with two perspectives: firstly, we grounded our theory firmly in classical neuroanatomy. Secondly, we designed and implemented methods for sulcus-specific queries in the domain-specific language, NeuroLang. We tested our method on 52 subjects and evaluated the performance of NeuroLang for population and subject-specific representations of neuroanatomy. Then, we present our novel, data-driven hierarchical organisation of sulcal stability.To conclude, we summarise the implication of our method within the current field, as well as our overall contribution to the field of brain mapping
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Basson, Tamsyn. "Guidelines for a sport specific Employee Assistance Programme." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10182005-105208.
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Reimann, Nicola. "Non-continuation on an institution-wide language programme." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340618.
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Bevan, Rhodri L. T. "A locally conservative Galerkin approach for subject-specific biofluid dynamics." Thesis, Swansea University, 2010. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42314.
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In this thesis, a parallel solver was developed for the modelling of blood flow through a number of patient-specific geometries. A locally conservative Galerkin (LCG) spatial discretisation was applied along with an artificial compressibility and characteristic based split (CBS) scheme to solve the 3D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The Spalart-Allmaras one equation turbulence model was also optionally employed. The solver was constructed using FORTRAN and the Message Passing Interface (MPI). Parallel testing demonstrated linear or better than linear speedup on hybrid patient-specific meshes. These meshes were unstructured with structured boundary layers. From the parallel testing it is clear that the significance of inter-processor communication is negligible in a three dimensional case. Preliminary tests on a short patient-specific carotid geometry demonstrated the need for ten or more boundary layer meshes in order to sufficiently resolve the peak wall shear stress (WSS) along with the peak time-averaged WSS. A time sensitivity study was also undertaken along with the assessment of the order of the real time step term. Three backward difference formulae (BDF) were tested and no significant difference between them was detected. Significant speedup was possible as the order of time discretisation increased however, making the choice of BDF important in producing a timely solution. Followed by the preliminary investigation, four more carotid geometries were investigated in detail. A total of six haemodynamic wall parameters have been brought together to analyse the regions of possible atherogenesis within each carotid. The investigations revealed that geometry plays an overriding influence on the wall parameter distribution. Each carotid artery displayed high time-averaged WSS at the apex, although the value increased significantly with a proximal stenosis. Two out of four meshes contained a region of low time-averaged WSS distal to the flow divider and within the largest connecting artery (internal or external carotid artery), indicating a potential region of atherosclerosis plaque formation. The remaining two meshes already had a stenosis in the corresponding region. This is in excellent agreement with other established works. From the investigations, it is apparent that a classification system of stenosis severity may be possible with potential application as a clinical diagnosis aid. Finally, the flow within a thoracic aortic aneurysm was investigated in order to assess the influence of a proximal folded neck. The folded neck had a significant effect on the wall shear stress, increasing by up to 250% over an artificially smoothed neck. High wall shear stresses may be linked to aneurysm rupture. Being proximal to the aneurysm, this indicated that local geometry should be taken into account when assessing the rupture potential of an aneurysm.
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Yeung, Ka-po, and 楊嘉寶. "An evaluation of a supplemental instruction programme in a business statistics subject." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30250870.
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Oberhofer, Katja. "Anatomically-based, subject-specific modelling of lower limb motion during gait." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/5444.
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Nardini, Fabrizio <1985>. "Subject Specific Knee Joint Modelling Based on In Vivo Clinical Data." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7588/.
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The knee is one of the most complex and studied joint of the musculoskeletal system provided its great importance in locomotion. Therefore, a deep understanding of its behaviour and of the role played by each of the structures composing it is fundamental. Knee joint models are an invaluable tool to understand the behaviour of the knee and their usefulness is proved in many fields such as surgical planning and prosthetic design. A huge amount of models has been proposed in the literature focusing on the kinematic, the kinetostatic and the dynamic behavior of the joint. Models can be based on in vivo or in vitro data. While the kinematic and the kinetostatic models are defined properly on in vitro data, the dynamic ones cannot. This discrepancy leads to a gap, a lack of coherence, between the usually in vitro defined kinematic and kinetostatic models and the study of the active structures of the joint. In order to achieve a comprehensive knee joint description in which the kinematic, kinetostatic and dynamic models coherently stem one from the other, the identification of a procedure that allows to obtaining reliable kinematic and kinetostatic models in vivo is needed. In the present dissertation a procedure is defined that allows for the identification of a subject specific knee joint model in vivo starting from standard clinical data obtained by the use of non invasive techniques such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluoroscopy. This procedure leads to an accurate identification of the parameters needed to personalize the 5-5 parallel mechanism and its patello-femoral extension on a single patient in order to accurately reply the knee joint original motion. Furthermore, following the sequential approach to the modelling of the joint, a stiffness model of the knee is specialized on the specific subject's anatomy.
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Natarajan, Amla. "Hexahedral meshing of subject-specific anatomic structures using registered building blocks." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/717.
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To extend the use of computational techniques like finite element analysis to clinical settings, it would be beneficial to have the ability to generate a unique model for every subject quickly and efficiently. To this end, we previously developed two mapped meshing tools that utilized force and displacement control to map a template mesh to a subject-specific surface. This work is an extension of those methods; the objective of this study was to map a template block structure, common to multi-block meshing techniques, to a subject-specific surface. The rationale was that the blocks are considerably less refined and may be readily edited, thereby yielding a mesh of high quality in less time than mapping the mesh itself. In this paper, the versatility and robustness of the method was verified by processing four datasets. The method was found to be robust enough to cope with the variability of bony surface size, spatial position and geometry, producing building block structures that generated meshes comparable to those produced using building block structures that were created manually.
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Langroudi, Jahanbakhsh. "Evaluation of the English for specific purposes (ESP) programme in Iran." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285063.
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Dittrich, Regina, Reinhold Hatzinger, and Walter Katzenbeisser. "Subject-Specific Covariates in the Bradley-Terry Model. A Log-Linear Approach." Department of Statistics and Mathematics, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1996. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1026/1/document.pdf.
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The purpose of this paper is to give a log-linear representation of a generalized Bradley-Terry (BT-) Model for paired comparisons which allows the incorporation of ties, order effects, concomitant variables for the objects and categorical subject specific covariates and interactions between all of them. An advantage of this approach is that standard software for fitting log-linear models, such as GLIM, can be used. The approach is exemplified by analysing data from an experiment concerning the ranking of European universities. (author's abstract)<br>Series: Forschungsberichte / Institut für Statistik
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Dardari, Luca. "Modellazione muscoloscheletrica subject-specific: applicazione a casi clinici e analisi delle incertezze." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/11660/.
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Lo sviluppo sistematico di modelli subject-specific computerizzati per l’analisi di trattamenti personalizzati è attualmente una realtà. Infatti di recente sono state sviluppate molte tecnologie per la creazione di modelli virtuali ad elementi finiti, che ricreano accuratamente le geometrie specifiche del soggetto e tutte le proprietà fondamentali per ricreare le capacità motorie, basandosi su analisi d’immagine quantitative.
Tuttavia, per determinare le forze agenti sul sistema, necessitiamo di una intera analisi di cammino, solitamente in combinazione con uno studio di simulazione di dinamica inversa. In questo elaborato, mi propongo di illustrare i procedimenti per creare un modello subject-specific partendo da dati di imaging (da tomografie computerizzate) di un paziente reale affetto da displasia congenita dell’anca, e gli strumenti che ci permettono di effettuare le simulazioni del modello, al fine di ottenere informazioni quantitative circa le grandezze che governano la dinamica del cammino del paziente.
Il corpi rigidi del modello scheletrico saranno costruiti mediante la tecnica della segmentazione 3D, e verranno utilizzati per costruire un sistema articolato dotato di attuatori muscolo-tendinei e giunti articolari a due o tre gradi di libertà. Per conseguire questo obiettivo si farà uso del software, “NMSBuilder”, per poi inserirlo in un programma di simulazione di dinamica del movimento, “OpenSim”, che ci permetterà di calcolare forze muscolari, forze di contatto e momenti articolari del modello.
Questi risultati saranno di fondamentale importanza per studiare riabilitazioni ad hoc per pazienti affetti da DCA che devono essere sottoposti ad artroprotesi totale.
Lo scopo di questo studio sarà anche quello di analizzare la sensibilità delle previsioni dei modelli specifici durante la deambulazione tenendo conto delle incertezze nell'identificazione delle posizioni dei body-landmarks, della massima tensione muscolare e della geometria muscolo-tendinea.
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Barton, Heidi. "The impact of the New Opportunities Fund (NOF) ICT in Subject Teaching training programme." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30884.
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The following thesis examines the impact of the New Opportunities Fund (NOF) ICT in Subject Teaching training, and specifically whether the programme adequately facilitated the development of teachers' knowledge, understanding and pedagogic skill in the use of ICT. Teachers within 17 Primary schools participated within this study over the period 2002 to 2003, and their perceptions of / attitudes towards ICT, response to the NOF training, ICT use within the classroom and perception of barriers to such use were reported within questionnaires, during interview and within ICT diaries. These self-reports form the basis for the findings detailed within this thesis and offer new insights into the ways in which teachers interface with ICT. Analysis of these self-reports suggests that many teachers continue to hold a negative view of ICT and that whilst the training did result in an overall improvement in teachers' ICT confidence, it did not leave all teachers feeling confident to make use of ICT in the classroom. Combined with some teachers' apparent dissatisfaction with the NOF training, this finding suggests that the programme was not able to fully meet the needs and/or expectations of all participating teachers. Consequently, despite pressure from Government many teachers continue to make infrequent use of ICT in the classroom, and where such ICT use is made this is often restricted to familiar ICT applications (word processing and the Internet) and to particular subject contexts, this resulting in a narrow ICT experience for pupils. It would seem therefore that whilst a lack of ICT skills and poor resourcing may no longer represent the barriers they once were, teachers continue to face major obstacles to their ICT use, which they must be helped to overcome, if they are to successfully implement ICT in the classroom and truly transform teaching and learning.
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Putzer, Michael [Verfasser]. "Development of subject-specific musculoskeletal models for studies of lumbar loading / Michael Putzer." Düren : Shaker, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188553569/34.
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Choi, Jiwoong. "Multiscale numerical analysis of airflow in CT-based subject specific breathing human lungs." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2685.
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An imaging-based computational framework for simulation of airflow in subject specific breathing human lungs is established. The three-dimensional (3D) airways of up to 9 generations and lobes are segmented and reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) images. Beyond the CT-resolved 3D airways, a volume filling method is applied to generate the one-dimensional (1D) conducting airway tree that bridges the central airway with the lung parenchyma. Through 3D-1D airway coupling, a novel image-registration-based boundary condition (BC) is proposed to derive physiologically-consistent regional ventilation for the whole lung and provide flow-rate fractions needed for the 3D airway model via the 1D-tree connectivity and the mass conservation. The in-house parallel finite-element large-eddy simulation (LES) code enables to capture genuinely complex airflow characteristics in a computationally-efficient manner. The 3D-1D coupling framework is multiscale because it can not only predict detailed flows in the 3D central airways at a local level, but also yields subject-specific physiologically-consistent regional ventilation at the whole lung level.
The framework has been applied to investigate pulmonary airflow and lung physiology. For example, the study of intra- and inter-subject variability provides insight into the effect of airway geometry on airflow structure. The relations between airflow structure, energy dissipation, and airway resistance under normal breathing condition have also been studied, showing similarity behaviors for inspiratory and expiratory flows. In the study of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, we have compared counter-flow structures near flow reversal (namely phase change between inspiration and expiration) and quantified associated convective mixing in both idealized and CT-based airway models. Furthermore, the image-registration-derived displacement field is used to deform 3D-1D airway models for breathing lung simulation and estimate diameter changes of 1D airway segments during deformation. In conjunction with an arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian method, airflow in a breathing lung has been simulated and compared with that of a rigid airway model. The results show that the proposed computational framework is promising in better understanding the human lung physiology and improving the treatment of diseased lung.
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Borotikar, Bhushan S. "Subject Specific Computational Models of the Knee to Predict Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1260910363.
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Renner, Johan. "Towards Subject Specific Aortic Wall Shear Stress : a combined CFD and MRI approach." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanisk värmeteori och strömningslära, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-65910.
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The cardiovascular system is an important part of the human body since it transports both energy and oxygen to all cells throughout the body. Diseases in this system are often dangerous and cardiovascular diseases are the number one killer in the western world. Common cardiovascular diseases are heart attack and stroke, which origins from obstructed blood flow. It is generally important to understand the causes for these cardiovascular diseases. The main causes for these diseases are atherosclerosis development in the arteries (hardening and abnormal growth). This transform of the arterial wall is believed to be influenced by the mechanical load from the flowing blood on the artery and especially the tangential force the wall shear stress. To retrieve wall shear stress information in arteries invivo is highly interesting due to the coupling to atherosclerosis and indeed a challenge. The goal of this thesis is to develop, describe and evaluate an in-vivo method for subject specific wall shear stress estimations in the human aorta, the largest artery in the human body. The method uses an image based computational fluid dynamics approach in order to estimate the wall shear stress. To retrieve in-vivo geometrical descriptions of the aorta magnetic resonance imaging capabilities is used which creates image material describing the subject specific geometry of the aorta. Magnetic resonance imaging is also used to retrieve subject specific blood velocity information in the aorta. Both aortic geometry and velocity is gained at the same time. Thereafter the image material is interpreted using level-set segmentation in order to get a three-dimensional description of the aorta. Computational fluid dynamics simulations is applied on the subject specific aorta in order to calculate time resolved wall shear stress distribution at the entire aortic wall included in the actual model. This work shows that it is possible to estimate subject specific wall shear stress in the human aorta. The results from a group of healthy volunteers revealed that the arterial geometry is very subject specific and the different wall shear stress distributions have general similarities but the level and local distribution are clearly different. Sensitivity (on wall shear stress) to image modality, the different segmentation methods and different inlet velocity profiles have been tested, which resulted in these general conclusions: The aortic diameter from magnetic resonance imaging became similar to the reference diameter measurement method. The fast semi-automatic level-set segmentation method gave similar geometry and wall shear stress results when compared to a reference segmentation method. Wall shear stress distribution became different when comparing a simplified uniform velocity profile inlet boundary condition with a measured velocity profile. The method proposed in this thesis has the possibility to produce subject specific wall shear stress distribution in the human aorta. The method can be used for further medical research regarding atherosclerosis development and has the possibility for usage in clinical work.
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Nasiri, Sarvi Masoud. "Assessment of hip fracture risk by a two-level subject-specific biomechanical model." Elsevier, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31139.
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Sideways fall-induced hip fracture is a major worldwide health problem among the elderly population. Biomechanical modeling is a practical way to study hip fracture risk. However, all existing biomechanical models for assessing hip fracture risk mainly consider the femur-related parameters. Their accuracy is limited as hip fracture is significantly affected by loading conditions as well. The objective of this study is to introduce a two-level subject-specific model to improve the assessment of hip fracture risk.
The proposed biomechanical model consists of a whole-body dynamics model and a proximal femur finite element model, which are constructed from the subject’s whole-body and hip DXA (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) scan. The whole-body dynamics model is used to determine the impact force onto the hip during a sideways fall. Obtained load/constraint conditions are applied to the finite element model in order to determine the stress/strain distribution in the proximal femur. Fracture risk index is then defined over the critical locations of the femur using the finite element solutions.
It is found that hip fracture risk is significantly affected by the subject’s body configuration during the fall, body anthropometric parameters, trochanteric soft tissue thickness, load/constraint conditions, and bone mineral density, which are not effectively taken into account by currently available hip fracture discriminatory tools. Predicted hip fracture risk of 130 clinical cases, including 80 females and 50 males, by the proposed model reveals that biomechanical determinants of hip fracture differ widely from individual to individual. This study presents the first in-depth subject-specific model that provides a comprehensive, fast, accurate, and non-expensive method for assessing the hip fracture risk. The proposed model can be easily adopted in clinical centers to identify patients at high risk of hip fracture who may benefit from the in-time treatment to reduce the fracture risk.<br>May 2016
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Klets, Olesya. "Subject-specific musculoskeletal modeling of the lower extremities in persons with unilateral cerebral palsy." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Strukturmekanik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-37002.
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The computational musculoskeletal models that are used to study muscle moment-generating capacities of persons with movement disorders and planning treatment options must be accurate, and take into account the inter-individual variability of musculoskeletal geometry. In Paper I the methods of creating the subject-specific musculoskeletal model of the lower extremities from magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were developed. The subject-specific model was used to analyze hip, knee and ankle muscle moment arms (MALs) and muscle-tendon lengths (MTLs) during gait in a subject with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP), and to evaluate the accuracy of widespread and commonly-used scaled generic model. It was found that the scaled generic model delivered accurate values for changes in MTLs in most muscles. However, the scaled generic and the subject-specific lower extremity musculoskeletal models showed substantial differences in MALs calculated during gait. In Paper II subject-specific musculoskeletal models of nine subjects with unilateral CP were created to study muscles volumes, MTLs and MALs; and to examine the accuracy of MALs calculated by the scaled generic models. It was shown that the scaled generic model significantly underestimated hip MALs discrepancies between the affected and the non-affected sides of the lower extremities. However, it significantly overestimated hip adduction/abduction of gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae and biceps femoris long head; and hip flexion of adductor longus and rectus femoris in the affected and the non-affected sides. It was also found that muscle volumes and hip abduction MALs in gluteus medius and gluteus minimus, hip flexion MALs in iliacus and hip rotation in gluteus maximus were smaller in the affected side of lower extremities. MTLs in the affected and the non-affected sides throughout the range of hip motion were similar. This thesis suggests the need for the subject-specific musculoskeletal models that can account for variability of muscle attachments and musculoskeletal geometry of persons with movement disorders. Based on inaccuracies of the scaled generic model reported here, the generic models that are used to guide treatment decisions must be tested, and interpreted with care.<br>QC 20110901
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Åström, I. Maria. "Integrated and Subject-specific : An empirical exploration of Science education in Swedish compulsory school." Licentiate thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Department of Social and Welfare Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15343.
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<p>This thesis is an explorative experimental study in two parts of different ways of organising Science education in the Swedish context. The first study deals with the question if students attain higher scores on test results if they have been working with integrated Science compared to subject-specific Science i.e. Biology, Chemistry and Physics. The second study concerns the similarities and differences between integrated Science education and Science education in Biology, Chemistry and Physics, especially in the teaching organisation.</p><p>The introduction describes the nature of integrated curriculum, what integrated learning is, issues about integrated Science education, in what way integration is carried out, between subjects or within subjects, what the opposite to integrated Science is (here named as subjectspecific science education) in the Swedish context and what the Swedish curriculum has to say about integrated Science. Previous studies in integrated curriculum looking at students’ results are referred to, and it is argued for the use of the OECD’s PISA assessment instrument in this study.</p><p>The thesis consists of two studies, one quantitative and one qualitative, within the above framework. The quantitative study is an attempt to find differences in scores on students’ written results on a large-scale assessment in scientific literacy between students studying in different organisations of Science education. The qualitative study is an attempt to describe differences at classroom level between integrated Science and subject-specific Science. This gives a quite rich description of four schools (cases) in a small town and how they organise their teaching integrated or subject-specific.</p><p>No differences in students’ results between different Science organisations were found in the quantitative study in this thesis. Possible explanations for the lack of differences in students’ results are discussed in the article. An additional investigation that attempts to test the variable used in the quantitative study is carried out in the thesis, with an attempt to sharpen the teacher organisation variable. This is done to find out if it is possible that there can be found differences with the sharpened variable.</p><p>The qualitative study gives a glimpse of some differences in the implemented curriculum between schools working with integrated Science education and a school that works subjectspecifically. The teachers do the overall lesson plans in different ways according to which organisation according to integrated or subject-specific Science they work with. When asked in a survey what kind of Science organisation they have, students from the four schools studied answered differently between schools and also, sometimes, within the same school. A further analysis of this second study is carried out by defining a conceptual framework used as structure and a possible explanation for differences between students’ views and teachers’ views on the organisation of Science education. This latter analysis tries to give an enriched description in mainly the two levels of the implemented and attained curricula, and tries to discuss the difference in students’ attained curriculum.</p><p>A final discussion concludes the thesis and concerns an elaboration of the results of the thesis, problems with the main variable involved in the two studies and the possibility that the teacher actions effects also the magnitude of students’ achievement on tests.</p>
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Åström, Maria. "Integrated and subject-specific : an empirical exploration of science education in Swedish compulsory school." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet.Institutionen för samhälls- och välfärdsstudier, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-44856.
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This thesis is an explorative experimental study in two parts of different ways of organising Science education in the Swedish context. The first study deals with the question if students attain higher scores on test results if they have been working with integrated Science compared to subject-specific Science i.e. Biology, Chemistry and Physics. The second study concerns the similarities and differences between integrated Science education and Science education in Biology, Chemistry and Physics, especially in the teaching organisation. The introduction describes the nature of integrated curriculum, what integrated learning is, issues about integrated Science education, in what way integration is carried out, between subjects or within subjects, what the opposite to integrated Science is (here named as subjectspecific science education) in the Swedish context and what the Swedish curriculum has to say about integrated Science. Previous studies in integrated curriculum looking at students’ results are referred to, and it is argued for the use of the OECD’s PISA assessment instrument in this study. The thesis consists of two studies, one quantitative and one qualitative, within the above framework. The quantitative study is an attempt to find differences in scores on students’ written results on a large-scale assessment in scientific literacy between students studying in different organisations of Science education. The qualitative study is an attempt to describe differences at classroom level between integrated Science and subject-specific Science. This gives a quite rich description of four schools (cases) in a small town and how they organise their teaching integrated or subject-specific. No differences in students’ results between different Science organisations were found in the quantitative study in this thesis. Possible explanations for the lack of differences in students’ results are discussed in the article. An additional investigation that attempts to test the variable used in the quantitative study is carried out in the thesis, with an attempt to sharpen the teacher organisation variable. This is done to find out if it is possible that there can be found differences with the sharpened variable. The qualitative study gives a glimpse of some differences in the implemented curriculum between schools working with integrated Science education and a school that works subjectspecifically. The teachers do the overall lesson plans in different ways according to which organisation according to integrated or subject-specific Science they work with. When asked in a survey what kind of Science organisation they have, students from the four schools studied answered differently between schools and also, sometimes, within the same school. A further analysis of this second study is carried out by defining a conceptual framework used as structure and a possible explanation for differences between students’ views and teachers’ views on the organisation of Science education. This latter analysis tries to give an enriched description in mainly the two levels of the implemented and attained curricula, and tries to discuss the difference in students’ attained curriculum. A final discussion concludes the thesis and concerns an elaboration of the results of the thesis, problems with the main variable involved in the two studies and the possibility that the teacher actions effects also the magnitude of students’ achievement on tests.
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Saddler, Derrick. "Relationships between the Algebraic Performance of Students in Subject-Specific and Integrated Course Pathways." Scholar Commons, 2015. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5571.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the algebraic performance gains of high school students who enroll in an integrated mathematics course pathway (i.e., Integrated Mathematics I-II-III) to the algebraic performance gains of high school students who enroll in a subject-specific course pathway (i.e., Algebra I-Geometry-Algebra II). Several studies have been performed in which researchers examined relationships between mathematics outcomes and the course-taking patterns of high school students enrolled in subject-specific course pathways. However, there is little extant research in which researchers have investigated effects of content organization on students' learning and achievement. Therefore, this study addresses calls for more studies that examine the high school mathematics performance of students who learn from subject-specific and integrated course pathways. Data from a large scale observational study known as the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 was used to compare relationships between the course pathways and students' performance on an assessment of algebraic skills. A pretest-posttest study design was used to statistically compare gain scores of high school students who learn from subject-specific course pathways to the gain scores of a comparable group of high school students who learn from integrated course pathways. Propensity score matching was used to reduce the threat of selection bias due to nonrandom assignment. The results revealed no statistical differences exist in the algebraic performance gains between high school students who learn mathematics from integrated course pathways and high school students who learn from subject-specific course pathways. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Burger, Ian H. "A control system approach to subject specific prospective respiratory motion correction in cardiac MRI." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10220.
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Includes bibliographical references.<br>Respiratory motion of the heart is a problem for high-resolution cardiac MRI. Diaphragmatic navigator gating with a 5mm acceptance window is most commonly used to address this but has an inherently low respiratory efficiency that is further compromised by respiratory drift. A novel method is presented that uses data from multiple navigators prior to the imaging segment as input for a control system to predict the diaphragm position throughout the imaging segment and correct the slice position in real time.
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Channa, Naik Ravi Kumar. "Reduction of Biomechanical Models for Subject Specific Real-Time Simulation of Surgical Trocar Insertion." Thesis, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71521.
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Trocar insertion is the first step in Laparoscopy, Thoracoscopy and most other micro surgery procedures. It is a difficult procedure to learn and practice because procedure is carried out almost entirely without any visual feedback of the organs underlying the tissues being punctured. A majority of injuries is attributed to excessive use of force by surgeons. Practicing on cadavers and synthetic tissues may not accurately simulate the process. So there is a need for haptic based computer simulator to train and enhance the trocar insertion skills.For realistic force and torque haptic feedbacks, there is need for realistic modeling of tissue layers and real-time finite element computation. Geometrical complexities of anatomical structures, non-linear complex material properties and their variations with sex, age, person body built, makes patient specific accounting of material properties very difficult. These complexities also make the real time computation of biomechanical models to be prohibitively expensive.In the first half of this thesis a novel method of obtaining patient specific initial conditions, boundary conditions, tissue layers dimensions and their mechanical properties are proposed. A typical patient sample is worked out and cross verified with the available data. In the second half of the thesis, to reduce simulation computation load, a novel method of accounting different tissue mechanical properties by defining tissue specific mapping functions to a single linear function and parallel interpolation of the computation results to the real tissue properties for real-time simulation is proposed.<br>Reduction of Biomechanical Models and Subject Specific Properties for Real-Time Simulation of Surgical Trocar Insertion
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Toy, Jason Robert Siegler Sorin. "Subject specific models of the hindfoot reveal a relationship between morphology and passive mechanical properties /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/3183.
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Tang, Keyi. "A feasibility study of template-based subject-specific modelling and simulation of upper-airway complex." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61489.
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The upper-airway complex is involved in a number of life-sustaining functions, such as swallowing, speech, breathing and chewing. Disorders associated with these functions can dramatically reduce the life quality of the suffers. Biomechanical modelling is a useful tool that can bridge the gap between the human knowledge and medical data.When tailored to individual patients, biomechanical models can augment the imaging data, to enable computer-assisted diagnosis and treatment planning.
This thesis introduces a model-registration framework for creating subject-specific models of the upper-airway complex based on 3D medical images.Our framework adapts a state-of-art comprehensive biomechanical model of head and neck, which represents the generic upper-airway anatomy and function. By morphing this functional template to subject-specific data, we create upper-airway models for particular individuals. In order to preserve the functionality of the comprehensive model, we introduce a multi-structure registration technique, which can maintain the spatial relationship between the template components, and preserve the regularity of the underlying mesh structures. The functional information, such as the muscle attachment positions, joint positions and biomechanical properties, is updated to stay relevant to the subject-specific model geometry. We demonstrate the functionality of our subject-specific models in the biomechanical simulations.
Two illustrative case studies are presented. First, we apply our modelling methods to simulating the normal swallowing motion of a particular subject based on the kinematics (of the airway boundary, jaw and hyoid) extracted from dynamic 3D CT images. The results suggest that our model tracks the oropharyngeal motion well, but has limited ability to reproduce the hyolaryngeal movements of normal swallowing. Second, we create two speaker-specific models based on 3D MR images, and perform personalized speech simulations of the utterance ageese. The models reproduce the speech motion of the tongue and jaw recorded in tagged and cine MRI data with sub-voxel tracking error, predict the muscular coordinating patterns of the speech motion.
This study demonstrates the feasibility of using template-based subject-specific modelling methods to facilitate personalized analysis of upper-airway functions. The proposed model-registration framework provides a foundation for developing a systematic and advanced subject-specific modelling platform.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of<br>Graduate
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Klets, O. (Olesya). "Subject-specific finite element modeling of the knee joint to study osteoarthritis development and progression." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526218175.
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Abstract Primary hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA) is the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage. An accurate estimation of cartilage mechanics is important when analyzing the subject-specific function of the knee joint and risks for the onset and development of OA due to cartilage damage. Finite element (FE) modeling can help to estimate peak joint stresses and strains and explain how they could lead to OA. FE models of the knee joint during simplified gait were developed to define the level of material complexity required for 3D FE modeling of the knee joint in estimation of reliable tissue stresses and strains within articular cartilage of the knee joint; and to investigate the predictive value of FE modeling of the knee joint on the development and progression of radiographic OA within obese and normal weight subjects. It was found that maximum principal stresses and strains within articular cartilage in the knee joint during walking are highly sensitive to the material parameters of cartilage. It was not possible to match simultaneously stresses, strains and contact pressures between simplified (non-fibrillar) and advanced (fibrillar) models. Though, it was possible to find parameters for transversely isotropic models that enable the estimation of stresses and strains throughout the depth of cartilage similarly to more advanced fibril reinforced models. Locations of peak cumulative stresses in obese subjects at the baseline without radiographic OA showed a good agreement with the locations of cartilage loss and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based scoring in four year follow-up when they had developed OA. Simulated weight loss in obese subjects significantly reduced the highest cumulative stresses in cartilage to the level of normal weight subjects. The cartilage degeneration algorithm was able to predict subject-specific progression of OA similarly with MRI follow-up data and separate subjects with radiographic OA from healthy subjects. The computational FE models developed in this thesis represent useful tools to identify possible risk locations within the knee joint and how they relate to OA onset and progression. The presented methods have clinical potential in the diagnostics of knee joint OA in a subject-specific manner and in simulating the effect of interventions on the progression of OA thus helping with an effective treatment planning<br>Tiivistelmä Nivelrikon tunnusomaisin piirre on nivelrustokudoksen rappeutuminen ja kuluminen. Nivelruston tehtävänä on tasata niveliin kohdistuvaa kuormitusta. Rustokudoksen mekaanisten ominaisuuksien määrittäminen on tärkeässä roolissa, kun halutaan arvioida tarkemmin polvinivelen toimintakykyä sekä rustokudoksen rappeutumista. Magneettikuvantamisen pohjalta tehtävä polvinivelen biomekaaninen tietokonemallinnus mahdollistaa rustokudoksen jännitys- ja puristusjakauman arvioinnin simuloidun kuormituksen aikana, mikä edelleen voi antaa vastauksia siihen, kehittyykö niveleen tulevaisuudessa nivelrikko, tai miten tietyn nivelrikkopotilaan sairaus etenee. Tämän tutkimuksen päätavoitteena oli kehittää kolmiulotteisia polvinivelen biomekaanisia tietokonemalleja, joiden perusteella simuloitiin normaalia kävelyä. Polvinivelen kolmiulotteinen geometria luotiin terveiden koehenkilöiden sekä nivelrikkopotilaiden magneettikuvista. Malleilla selvitettiin aluksi, miten monimutkaisena materiaalina nivelrusto tulee mallintaa, jotta mallin ennustama jännitys- ja puristusjakauma on silti realistinen. Tämän jälkeen tutkittiin, miten hyvin tietokonemallinnus ennustaa polvinivelrikon kehittymistä ja etenemistä sekä nivelruston rappeutumista ylipainoisilla potilailla. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että tietokonemallin ennustamat jännitys- ja puristusjakaumat nivelrustossa kävelyn aikana riippuvat merkittävästi nivelrustolle valitusta materiaalimallista ja sen parametreista. Tietokonemallien ennustamat nivelruston jännityskeskittymien sekä ruston rappeutumisen sijainnit vastasivat erittäin hyvin nivelrustokudoksen todellisen kulumisen sijainteja magneettikuvasta arvioituna neljän vuoden seuranta-ajan jälkeen. Tietokonemalleilla oli myös mahdollista simuloida painon pudotuksen vaikutusta, jolloin nivelrustokudoksen jännitys- ja puristusjakaumat palautuivat normaalien koehenkilöiden tasolle. Tässä tutkimuksessa kehitetyt polvinivelen tietokonemallit tarjoavat tutkijoille uuden työkalun paikallistaa sellaiset kohdat nivelpinnalta, joissa kuormituksen aiheuttama mekaaninen jännitys on suurta; nämä kohdat ovat kaikista riskialtteimpia nivelrikon kehittymiselle. Kehitettyjä malleja voidaan perustutkimuksen lisäksi jatkokehittää edelleen kohti kliinistä sovellusta, jolloin niitä voitaisiin hyödyntää esimerkiksi simuloitaessa erilaisten hoitojen vaikutusta kuormitusjakaumiin ja rustokudoksen rappeutumiseen
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Herold, Frank. "The development of pre-service teachers subject knowledge during a post-graduate physical education teacher education programme." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13618.
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This study is concerned with the development of subject knowledge in pre-service teachers of secondary physical education (PE) during their one year Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) course. It investigates the knowledge bases for teaching which pre-service teachers recognised, developed and prioritised, as well as the key influences that impacted on their subject knowledge development. Adopting an interpretive methodology informed by constructivist grounded theory, the study employed interviews, lesson observations and post-lesson reflections as principal research methods. Pre-service teachers were seen to make wide-ranging progress in their subject knowledge, including the development of content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, general pedagogical knowledge, knowledge of curriculum and knowledge of pupils. Through this they advanced their view of the nature of PE and how they wanted to teach it. The research highlights, that the process of knowledge development in PETE is socially constructed and complex. Much of the pre-service teachers development was influenced by various communities of practice, particularly their school placements PE departments, but also their University-based learning community. Of these, the legitimised practices within the PE departments were found to be especially important to pre-service teachers development. University-based learning was credited by pre-service teachers with enhancing their holistic understanding of the learning process, developing those aspects of critical pedagogy that were under-developed in schools. The impact of different subject knowledge profiles and the consequences of knowledge deficits are identified. This raises questions about the role and development of subject knowledge within PETE and calls for a re-vitalised debate on the nature of the knowledge in PE. Framed within an ever-changing policy landscape is the need for enhanced and stable partnerships that promote shared visions of PETE, an essential part of which is the need to collaboratively design and evaluate explicit knowledge development pathways which allow pre-service teachers to fulfil their potential and genuinely decide how they want to teach PE.
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Johansson, Annika. "Det handlar om att ge och ta : fyra lärarperspektiv." Thesis, Södertörn University College, Lärarutbildningen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1443.
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<p>This study deals with integration between core subjects and character subjects on the upper secondary schools Electrical Engineering Programme. The purpose is to investigate how four teachers define subject integration, which the advantages and disadvantages are according to them and what the purpose is whit integrate the core subjects and the character subjects.</p><p>The finding in this study highlighted that between themselves the teachers had different definitions of subject integration. In order to start up with a integrated working model the teachers had to come up whit a mutual definition of subject integration.</p>
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Carstens, Adelia. "The effectiveness of genre-based approaches in teaching academic writing subject-specific versus cross-disciplinary emphases /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2010. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05152010-235928.
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Benemerito, Ivan. "Extended discrete element method for subject specific modelling and analysis of the ankle joint contact mechanics." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21994/.
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Osteoporosis related bone fractures and osteoarthritis affect the lifes of millions of people in the world and constitute a significant burden on the healthcare systems of several countries. It is believed that mechanical actors such as excessive joint loading during daily activities might play a role in their onset. Predictive methods based on computational modelling could identify the early development of such diseases and, among these techniques, the multiscale modelling approach shows promising potential in view of its capability to describe the musculoskeletal (MSK) system across different spatial and temporal levels. The development of a multiscale model of the MSK system, however, poses great computational challenges and requires the determination of multiscale links such as the joint contact pressure, which is typically predicted by means of computationally expensive methods such as the finite element method. An accurate low cost alternative is represented by the discrete element method (DEM), a computational method in which a spring mattress is used to describe the contact interactions within the joints. The method, however, has been developed for static cases and does not offer the possibility of tracking the physiological motion of the contacting bones over time. Furthermore, time dependent properties such as viscoelasticity are often neglected within these frameworks. This thesis aims at extending the discrete element method (EDEM) to track the bone motion and include the viscoelastic phenomena. The methodology is used, in conjunction with subject specific MSK models, for the development of subject specific ankle models to compute the contact pressure during gait. Evaluation of EDEM and DEM outputs found that not considering the physiological displacement of the talus causes an underestimation of the joint pressure distribution, while the peak values remain substantially unaffected. Comparison against experimental pressure data shows that EDEM can identify the patterns of pressure in cadaveric ankle specimens. Finally, the viscoelastic formulation of EDEM proved successful in describing the typical creep behaviour of articular cartilage.
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Valente, Giordano <1981>. "Subject-specific musculoskeletal models of the lower limbs for the prediction of skeletal loads during motion." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5561/.
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The determination of skeletal loading conditions in vivo and their relationship to the health of bone tissues, remain an open question. Computational modeling of the musculoskeletal system is the only practicable method providing a valuable approach to muscle and joint loading analyses, although crucial shortcomings limit the translation process of computational methods into the orthopedic and neurological practice. A growing attention focused on subject-specific modeling, particularly when pathological musculoskeletal conditions need to be studied. Nevertheless, subject-specific data cannot be always collected in the research and clinical practice, and there is a lack of efficient methods and frameworks for building models and incorporating them in simulations of motion.
The overall aim of the present PhD thesis was to introduce improvements to the state-of-the-art musculoskeletal modeling for the prediction of physiological muscle and joint loads during motion. A threefold goal was articulated as follows: (i) develop state-of-the art subject-specific models and analyze skeletal load predictions; (ii) analyze the sensitivity of model predictions to relevant musculotendon model parameters and kinematic uncertainties; (iii) design an efficient software framework simplifying the effort-intensive phases of subject-specific modeling pre-processing.
The first goal underlined the relevance of subject-specific musculoskeletal modeling to determine physiological skeletal loads during gait, corroborating the choice of full subject-specific modeling for the analyses of pathological conditions. The second goal characterized the sensitivity of skeletal load predictions to major musculotendon parameters and kinematic uncertainties, and robust probabilistic methods were applied for methodological and clinical purposes. The last goal created an efficient software framework for subject-specific modeling and simulation, which is practical, user friendly and effort effective.
Future research development aims at the implementation of more accurate models describing lower-limb joint mechanics and musculotendon paths, and the assessment of an overall scenario of the crucial model parameters affecting the skeletal load predictions through probabilistic modeling.
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Rock, Terryl. "SSE: Improving Task 2 and Task 3 Scores by Planning, Teaching, Assessing the Subject Specific Emphasis." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6034.
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Carstens, Adelia. "The effectiveness of genre-based approaches in teaching academic writing : subject-specific versus cross-disciplinary emphases." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24689.
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The main purpose of the research was to investigate the effectiveness of genre-based approaches in teaching academic writing. The study was motivated by the researcher's perceptions about university students' difficulty in acquiring the essayist literacy of the academy, and the fact that very little empirical research had been conducted on the effect of genre-based writing interventions. The following questions guided the research: (1) Can genre-based approaches be justified theoretically? (2) How effective are genre-based academic writing interventions? (3) Which is more effective: a narrow-angled or a wide-angled approach? The theoretical framework combines foundational principles of Systemic Functional Grammar, Constructivism and Critical Literacies. A mixed methods design was used, including a survey of writing tasks, genre analysis, discourse analysis, and a quasi-experimental comparison of pre- and posttest essay ratings. The survey of writing tasks indicated that the academic essay was the written genre most frequently required by humanities departments, and that argumentation, discussion, explanation, description and analysis were the text types featuring most prominently in writing prompts. Since the materials of the Department of Historical and Heritage Studies contained the largest number of essay-length tasks, the subject-specific intervention was focused on students of history. The cross-disciplinary group included students with Economics, English, History, Philosophy, Political Sciences, Psychology and Sociology as majors. A genre-based presyllabus, comprising exploration, explicit instruction, joint construction, independent construction and critical reflection, was customized for the subject-specific and cross-disciplinary groups. The syllabus gave prominence to the use of rhetorical modes, logical development of an argument, and engagement with other authors. The statistical analyses of the essay scores show that the narrow-angled and the wide-angled genre-based interventions were effective. Although the size of the improvement on the four dimensions of the scoring instrument was not equal, the overall improvement of the students in each of the groups is statistically significant. Despite the more modest overall improvement of the students in the cross-disciplinary group, their mastery of stance and engagement exceeded that of their subject-specific counterparts. Even though both interventions were effective the subject-specific group performed significantly better than the cross-disciplinary group overall (p = 0.043). Their performance was also more consistent across the four dimensions of the scoring instrument. The results of the opinion survey indicate that students from both groups were generally positive about the effect of the respective interventions on their academic writing abilities. The only significant difference is the subject-specific group's more positive evaluation of the transferability of the skills they acquired. The more pronounced skills transfer was probably facilitated by the subject-specific group's deeper level of engagement with source materials and more opportunities for practising content-based writing. Main limitations of the study include the small sample size and non-parallel presentation of the two interventions.<br>Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2009.<br>Unit for Academic Literacy<br>Unrestricted
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Larsson, Emma. "“So when can I start taking English?” : A study on language ideologies at the language preparation programme." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-138642.
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Arioz, Umut. "Developing Subject-specific Frequency Lowering Algorithms With Simulated Hearing Loss For The Enhancement Of Sensorineural Hearing Loss." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614929/index.pdf.
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The hearing and understanding problems of the people with high frequency hearing loss are covered within the scope of this thesis. For overcoming these problems, two main studies, developing hearing loss simulation (HLS) and applying new frequency lowering methods (FLMs) were carried out. HLS was developed with the suprathreshold effects and new FLMs were applied with different combinations of the FLMs. For evaluating the studies, modified rhyme test (MRT) and speech intelligibility index (SII) were used as subjective and objective measures, respectively. Before both of the studies, offline studies were carried out for specifying the significant parameters and values for using in MRT. For the HLS study, twelve hearing impaired subjects listened to unprocessed sounds and thirty six normal hearing subjects listened to simulated sounds. In the evaluation of the HLS, both measures gave similar and consistent results for both unprocessed and simulated sounds. In FLMs study, hearing impaired subjects were simulated and normal hearing subjects listened to frequency lowered sounds with the specified methods, parameters and values. All FLMs were compared with the standard method of hearing aids (amplification) for five different noisy environments. FLMs satisfied 83% success of higher speech intelligibility improvement than amplification in all cases. As a conclusion, the necessity of using subject-specific FLMs was shown to achieve higher intelligibility than with amplification only. Accordingly, a methodology for selection of the values of parameters for different noisy environments and for different audiograms was developed.
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Ricci, Cara. "Developmental connections between verb inflection and subject-verb inversion in pre-school children with specific language impairment." Connect to resource, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/37045.
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Pianigiani, Silvia. "Which data sources may be used to efficiently generate subject-specific knee models to meet clinical questions?" Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/229798.
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Knee joint kinematics is the result of a complex roto-translation movementcharacteristic of the tibio-femoral (TF) and patello-femoral (PF) articulations.This movement depends on the shape of the femur, the tibial plateau andthe patella. Moreover, it depends also on the morphological and mechanicalproperties of the soft tissues of the knee joint. In fact, the knee is characterizedby an extrinsic stability due to the active constraints (muscles and tendons)and passive soft tissues (menisci, retinaculum and ligaments) that surround it.As a result, knee kinematics and kinetics are different in each human being, andsometimes, even in the same person, with the right knee behaving differentlycompared to the left one.The ideal total knee arthroplasty TKA, used to correct pathologies that couldaffect the knee joint, should enable the restoration of the patient’s functionalknee kinematics and kinetics, so that the patient does not normally notice theTKA implant.Nowadays, TKA surgery is a well-established procedure and surgeons maychoose from among the broad range of TKA solutions available on the marketto meet the patient’s request. Prostheses may differ because of shape, materials,and mechanical constraints of their components. Consequently, the restorationof the knee joint biomechanics is limited by the degrees of freedom guaranteedby the adopted design solution.Despite the success of TKAs, pain and limited motor skills are reportedto still affect the clinical outcomes and not all patients are shown to be happyafter a TKA.Current complaints regarding post-TKA surgery might be related to the absenceof a proven tool that enables predicting patient-specific outcomes based ondifferent TKA solutions and providing guidelines to surgeons. In fact, surgicalpre-planning is usually based on a patient’s evaluation that the clinician canmake also based on medical images, and clinical experience. Data reported inthe literature can help in guiding the surgeon to a final decision regarding thebest subject-specific solution.Numerical methods, able to simulate knee biomechanics for various configurations,can be fundamental for the development of the appropriate reliableand effective tools to support clinically-tailored responses to a question.In particular, they can be used for subject-specific analyses on the intact kneeand for supporting the surgical pre-planning phase by comparing the effect ofdifferent solutions.When developing a subject-specific knee model, different kinds of datainputsare needed, such as the knee shapes and alignment information, softtissuesbehavior and boundary conditions describing the investigated motortasks. Often, most of this requested data are unlikely to be available (e.g.subject-specific soft-tissues material properties). Consequently, it is a commonoperating procedure to integrate literature data with subject-specific informationin order to develop knee models for collecting personalized outputsthat could be used to address research and clinical questions.However, up to now, the resulting effect of different generalized sources, asa mix of subject-specific and literature data, still needs to be evaluated for itsimpact on personalized outputs concerning knee behaviour.Furthermore, clinical questions are often focused on specific requests thatpartially use features of more complex knee models that could require too muchtime to be efficiently incorporated into daily clinical evaluations.For these reasons, the principal aims of this research have been to assess,first, the impact of differently derived generalized sources on the developmentof an intact subject-specific knee model or after a TKA; second,to provide guidelines to identify efficient clinically-tailored data sourcesused in and for knee modeling.To accomplish these tasks, a numerical knee model of an intact knee wasdeveloped based on both subject-specific and literature data sources. Theinfluence of different approaches to deal with a subject’s information, such asthe reconstruction of the knee geometries from different imaging sources, hasiiibeen evaluated. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was performed to understandthe potential changes on kinetics and kinematics outcomes due to differentlyderived literature inputs, such as models and the properties that characterizethe joint materials and ligaments description. The outputs collected after finiteelement analyses were analyzed and compared with already published experimentaloutcomes for the same analyzed specimen and replicated boundaryconditions.Additionally, the effects on knee joint contact forces and kinematics afterTKA surgery and due to the mis-alignment of implant components or misidentificationsof ligament insertions were evaluated in another sensitivityanalysis performed with a rigid body analysis for four different TKA designsimplanted in a subject-specific knee model. As for the intact knee model, theanalyzed configurations were compared against already published experimentaloutputs or literature data replicating similar boundary conditions.Moreover, several dedicated knee models were developed to address specificclinical questions, such as the lack of biomechanical explanations for certainbehaviours of TKA designs.Once compared to already published experimental or literature data, the resultsof the developed models agree.The main results from the numerical simulations performed show that, changingthe values of some of the parameters used as inputs, the knee model kinematicsis less influenced than the contact forces and stresses outputs.In particular, in developing an intact knee model, the main effecting parameteris the material properties selection for the knee cartilage layers. Among theconfigurations analyzed using subject-specific knee models with TKAs, theposition of the tibial component and the height of the patellar buttonare the most effecting inputs.Exploring the different chapters of this research thesis, several specific resultsare shown regarding each main step followed in developing a knee numericalmodel. For example, new approaches based on MRIs have been suggested andtested proving that they are suitable for collecting subject-specific informationregarding geometrical shapes and landmark definitions. Moreover, a newgraphical method was proposed resulting more effective and immediate thanconventional representations in reporting huge amount of data. In particular,the method is the favourite to show complex biomechanical analyses especiallyfor the clinical audience that replied to a survey. Furthermore, the differentmodels tailored to address specific clinical questions collected useful biomechanicalresults, to provide clinical advice or industrial guidelines, and can beconsidered as examples of what should be included in a knee model for similarscenarios.The results of this thesis offer several contributions. Generally, these findingscould provide useful guidelines for knee-model developers to achievea more balanced approach to subject-specific intact knee models based upongeneral sources in order to improve the understanding of personalized kneebiomechanics.To address a general comment to the title of this thesis, there is no singleanswer. In fact, the selection of data sources is case-dependent using, forexample, the subject’s or literature available data to describe material’s behavioror the boundary conditions of a specific motor task. Moreover, differentclinical questions can be addressed with different numerical approaches, e.g.finite element analysis is necessary especially in the case that stress outputs arerequested, but can be too time-consuming for addressing complex sensitivityanalyses.Once the knee model developer has identified the necessary data sources andthe approaches to be implemented, the question-tailored knee models can thusbe used for several applications such as predicting subject-specific abnormalknee kinematics and kinetics for different TKA designs, polyethylene wear,patellofemoral dislocation and bone remodeling, choosing the best fitting TKAdesign for a specific patient, and developing a procedure to optimize TKAimplant designs.<br>Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Ncube, Douglas. "A country-specific economic structural adjustment programme model for the acgricultural sector : a case study of Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Derby, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/200673.
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Traditionally, agriculture has been one of the mainstays of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) economies and plays a pivotal and vital role in economic activity and development (Westlake, 1994). Africa has been a net importer of foodstuffs over the last thirty years (Smith, 1999). This led the donor community to spotlight the agricultural sector as an area where reforms were badly needed. Since the 1970s the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB) have driven Economic Structural Adjustment Programmes (ESAP) in SSA with varying degrees of success (FAO, 1988). Zimbabwe's independence, in 1980, coincided with the start of the first decade of structural adjustment in SSA.
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Luyt, Stanley Arthur. "A study to assess the changes in hygiene of food premises following a specific health education programme." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/800.
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Thesis (Masters Diploma in Technology (Public Health)) -- Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 1992<br>In order to evaluate a health education programme for food handlers at a meat
plant, a bakery/confectionery and a catering premises, changes in hygiene were
assessed by the bacteriological analysis of swabs for hygiene indicator
organisms from food contact surfaces.
In this evaluation three phases were established on the basis of
bacteriological assessment prior to, during and after the education programme.
The first phase involved the establishment of a base line for hygiene
indicator organisms prior to the education programme by taking 5 sets of
bacteriological swabs over a two month period at each of the three premises,
each swab set consisting of 14 swabs of food contact surfaces making a total
of 210 swabs.
During this time the food hygiene educational needs of the employees were
assessed and on this basis a set of three video taped presentations were
produced relating respectively to personal hygiene, environmental hygiene and
food handling practices.
The second phase consisted of the implementation of a health education
programme involving consecutive tutorial sessions at one month intervals
during which the video taped programme was presented. At this stage a further
5 sets of bacteriological swabs was taken at each of the premises.
The third phase involved the assessment of hygiene shortly after completion
of the education programme by taking a final 5 sets of bacteriological swabs
of food contact surfaces at each of the premises over a further two month
period.
Statistically significant reductions in a number of the indicator organisms
were observed during the course of the study.
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Argel, de Melo M. C. P. "The impact of a specific home based exercise programme on fall risk factors in older Portuguese people." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2008. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/08ac3e68-7d89-45a2-aa67-200adb28fdfe.
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The aim of the this study was to develop a moderate intensity, specific and safe homebased exercise programme and evaluate its effectiveness on fall risk factors in Portuguese people over the age of 65.
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Sonkwala, Mxolisi. "An exploration of the LED programme on the Blue Crane Route Municipality with specific reference to Cookhouse." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020926.
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There is a growing consensus globally about the significance of developing local and regional economies in order to create sustainable livelihood for local communities. The policy discourse in South Africa and elsewhere as well as the immense body of literature on local economic development bears testimony to this reality (Nel 1994,Tomlinson 1994, Rogerson 2003, World Bank 2002). The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996) and the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act (Act 36 of 2000) enshrine the role of municipalities in enhancing the economic growth and development, and harnessing the social wellbeing of the communities ‘through creation of employment opportunities and redistribution of resources’. Importantly, this legislative framework must be accompanied by, on the one hand proper structures and political will, and on the other hand provision of resources and institutional capacity for realization of the long term objectives of Local Economic Development (LED). In order to be successfully mainstreamed and implemented the LED must be embodied within the legally prescribed Integrated Development Plans. In addition, the LED strategy must be incorporated within the Provincial Growth and Development Strategies (PGDS). In this research an exploration of the Local Economic Development Programme on the Blue Crane Route Municipality with specific reference to Cookhouse was investigated. The primary aim of this study was to establish the views of the residents regarding their perceptions of the LED and its effects in terms of addressing current poverty related problems and their view on the proposed wind farm project, to investigate the proposed implementation process of LED project, specifically at Cookhouse. The second objective of this research was to present empirical data from both a questionnaire completed by 18 respondents and two interviews, that helps amplify and verify the impact of LED at BCRM. The question answered was whether the proposed wind farm will make an impact on the lives of the ordinary people at Cookhouse. The final objective of this research to identify the shortcomings in the LED development process in the BCRM and to make recommendations on feasible actions that could be employed to alleviate poverty. The findings of the research suggest that the proposed project should be evaluated taking the themes of social, environmental and economic aspects of sustainable development into account. Also the findings of the research have noted that community members are not aware of what opportunities this project will bring to the community of Cookhouse. It should be noted that when this project was identified, the community was never consulted and now it’s very difficult at this stage to reject the project since there employment opportunities. Therefore local authorities are constitutionally obliged create space for community participation, which warrants accessibility and availability of information to local communities to enable to participate effectively.
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Hörnebrant, Bengtsson Marie. "Gender equality in the subject of English in Swedish schools." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-27478.
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The National Agency for Education (Skolverket) and The Swedish National Curriculum have stated that equality between female and male students is important. The present study investigates students in the subject English in Swedish upper secondary school and municipal school for adult education from the perspective of gender dominance in English conversation with a teacher present, with the focus on turn-taking. Two separate observations were made in three classes in adult education and two classes in upper secondary school. The research questions of this investigation are; which gender dominates the on-going conversation in English with a teacher present, how the turns were allocated, given or taken, and if the gender patterns differ between a municipal school for adults and an upper secondary school. The potential impact of the teacher’s sex on the patterns of domination is also taken into consideration. Female dominance as well as male dominance is revealed in the result of the investigated classes’ gender patterns. The results also reveal that the teacher’s sex could have an impact on the patterns of domination.
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Wong, Kin-hang Antonio, and 王健鏗. "An evaluation of graduates' perceptions of a generic skills subject inthe higher diploma in corporate administration and systems programme." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30257438.
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Lagerfors, Helene. "Infärgning av matematik i byggprojekt." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-31815.
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Med gymnasiereformen 1994 fick alla elever en gemensam första kurs i matematik, kurs A, och ett gemensamt nationellt prov på kursen. På de flesta yrkesförberedandeprogrammen är det över 40 procent av eleverna som inte får godkänt på detta kursprov och 30 procent av eleverna förväntas få ”Icke godkänt” i kursbetyg. En av de största anledningarna, till att eleverna lämnar gymnasieskolan utan fullständiga betyg, är bristen på motivation. Det finns därför ett stort behov av att se över vilka förändringar som kan utföras i de teoretiska ämnena för att öka elevernas motivation och självförtroende på de praktiska programmen. I denna rapport undersöks hur elevernas motivation, tron på den egna förmågan samt uppfattningen om behovet av matematikkunskaper i kommande yrkesliv, påverkas efter en termin med ämnesintegrerat arbetssätt. Undersökningen är utförd på eleverna i årskurs ett på en av byggföretaget Peabs gymnasieskolor och deras matematikundervisning under höstterminen 2009. Genom att utgå från moment i projektet ”Husbygge”, där matematik används naturligt i byggprocessen, kan eleverna uppnå kursmål i Matematik A genom att öva på verklighetsanknutna uppgifter både i bygghallen och under matematiklektionerna. Som kvalitativ metod valdes individuella intervjuer med åtta av eleverna före och efter det ämnesintegrerade projektet samt en enkätundersökning före och efter byggprojektet som utfördes på samtliga elever i årskurs ett. Resultatet av intervjuundersökningen visar att flertalet av eleverna har ökat motivationen för matematikämnet. Resultatet av både enkät- och intervjuundersökningen visar dessutom att majoriteten av eleverna har ökat självförtroendet i matematikämnet efter en termin med ämnesintegrerat arbetssätt. Vid den andra enkätundersökningen hade fler elever även insett hur ofta de faktiskt använder matematik i bygghallen och kommer använda matematik i kommande yrkesliv.<br>With the upper secondary school reform in 1994, all students´ got a first common course in matematic, course A, and a common national test in the course. More than 40 percent of the students on the most vocational programmes do not pass the national tests in the Mathematic A course and 30 percent of the students are expected not to pass the course. One of the biggest reasons the students leave upper secondary school without completed grades, is the lack of motivation. There is a great need to oversee what changes can be done in the theoretical subjects to increase the students’ motivation and belief in self-efficiency concerning the practical programmes. This report investigates how the students’ motivation, trust in their own ability as well as the understanding for the need of knowledge in mathematics for future occupations is affected after one semester with subject integrated studies. The investigation is performed on first grade students in one of the construction company Peab’s upper secondary schools and their mathematics teaching during the autumn term of 2009. By starting from elements in the project “House construction”, where mathematics is used naturally in the construction process, the students can achieve the criterions in Mathematics A by practising on reality-based tasks in the building area and in the classroom. As qualitative research method, eight students before and after the subject integrated project were chosen for interviews as well as a poll on the first grade students of the mandatory construction project. The results from the interviews indicate an increase for the majority of the students in motivation for mathematics. The result from both the poll and the interviews indicate an increase in self-efficiency beliefs for mathematics after one semester with subject integrated studies for the majority of the students. At the time for the second poll more students had realized how often they actually use mathematics in the building area and will continue to use it in future occupations.
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López, Picazo Mirella. "3D subject-specific shape and density modeling of the lumbar spine from 2D DXA images for osteoporosis assessment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666513.
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Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease, with a significant morbidity and mortality caused by the increase of bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard technique for osteoporosis and fracture risk evaluation at the spine. However, the standard analysis of DXA images only provides 2D measurements and does not differentiate between bone compartments; neither specifically assess bone density in the vertebral body, which is where most of the osteoporotic fractures occur. Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) is an alternative technique that overcomes limitations of DXA-based diagnosis. However, due to the high cost and radiation dose, QCT is not used for osteoporosis management. In this thesis, a method providing a 3D subject-specific shape and density estimation of the lumbar spine from a single anteroposterior DXA image is proposed. The method is based on a 3D statistical shape and density model built from a training set of QCT scans. The 3D subject-specific shape and density estimation is obtained by registering and fitting the statistical model onto the DXA image. Cortical and trabecular bone compartments are segmented using a model-based algorithm. 3D measurements are performed at different vertebral regions and bone compartments. The accuracy of the proposed methods is evaluated by comparing DXA-derived to QCT-derived 3D measurements. Two case-control studies are also performed: a retrospective study evaluating the ability of DXA-derived 3D measurements at lumbar spine to discriminate between osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures and control groups; and a study evaluating the association between DXA-derived 3D measurements at lumbar spine and osteoporosis-related hip fractures. In both studies, stronger associations are found between osteoporosis-related fractures and DXA-derived 3D measurements compared to standard 2D measurements. The technology developed within this thesis offers an insightful 3D analysis of the lumbar spine, which could potentially improve osteoporosis and fracture risk assessment in patients who had a standard DXA scan of the lumbar spine without any additional examination.<br>La osteoporosis es la enfermedad ósea más común, con una morbilidad y mortalidad significativas causadas por el aumento de la fragilidad ósea y la susceptibilidad a las fracturas. La absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual (DXA, por sus siglas en inglés) es la técnica de referencia para la evaluación de la osteoporosis y del riesgo de fracturas en la columna vertebral. Sin embargo, el análisis estándar de las imágenes DXA solo proporciona mediciones 2D y no diferencia entre los compartimentos óseos; tampoco evalúa la densidad ósea en el cuerpo vertebral, que es donde se producen la mayoría de las fracturas osteoporóticas. La tomografía computarizada cuantitativa (QCT, por sus siglas en inglés) es una técnica alternativa que supera las limitaciones del diagnóstico basado en DXA. Sin embargo, debido al alto costo y la dosis de radiación, la QCT no se usa para el diagnóstico de la osteoporosis. En esta tesis, se propone un método que proporciona una estimación personalizada de la forma 3D y la densidad de la columna vertebral en la zona lumbar a partir de una única imagen DXA anteroposterior. El método se basa en un modelo estadístico 3D de forma y densidad creado a partir de un conjunto de entrenamiento de exploraciones QCT. La estimación 3D personalizada de forma y densidad se obtiene al registrar y ajustar el modelo estadístico con la imagen DXA. Se segmentan los compartimentos óseos corticales y trabeculares utilizando un algoritmo basado en modelos. Se realizan mediciones 3D en diferentes regiones vertebrales y compartimentos óseos. La precisión de los métodos propuestos se evalúa comparando las mediciones 3D derivadas de DXA con las derivadas de QCT. También se realizan dos estudios de casos y controles: un estudio retrospectivo que evalúa la capacidad de las mediciones 3D derivadas de DXA en la columna lumbar para discriminar entre sujetos con fracturas vertebrales relacionadas con la osteoporosis y sujetos control; y un estudio que evalúa la asociación entre las mediciones 3D derivadas de DXA en la columna lumbar y las fracturas de cadera relacionadas con la osteoporosis. En ambos estudios, se encuentran asociaciones más fuertes entre las fracturas relacionadas con la osteoporosis y las mediciones 3D derivadas de DXA en comparación con las mediciones estándar 2D. La tecnología desarrollada dentro de esta tesis ofrece un análisis en 3D de la columna lumbar, que podría mejorar la evaluación de la osteoporosis y el riesgo de fractura en pacientes que se sometieron a una exploración DXA estándar de la columna lumbar sin ningún examen adicional.
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Cargill, Sara C. "Novel methodologies for three-dimensional modelling of subject specific biomechanics : application to lumbopelvic mechanics in sitting and standing." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/18321/.
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This project presented a biomechanical model of the lumbosacral spine and pelvis, including novel methodologies associated with the measurement of human mechanics. This research has, for the first time, produced accurate three-dimensional geometric models of the human skeleton from living subjects using magnetic resonance imaging technology, enabling the prediction of physiological muscle action within individuals.
The model was used to examine changes in the mechanics of the lumbopelvic musculoskeletal system between the standing and seated postures due to the increasing prevalence of the seated posture in the work and home environment.
The outcomes of this research included a novel bone wrapping algorithm used to describe the effect of muscle-bone interactions. a novel method for creating three-dimensional in vivo spinal reconstructions using MRI, three dimensional in vivo helical axis measurements and subject specific normalised moment data.
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Stephen, Asha. "Gender differences in subject-specific academic performance predicted by self-efficacy and interests of 12th grade Indian students." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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