Academic literature on the topic 'Subject To Liability'
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Journal articles on the topic "Subject To Liability"
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Akramov, J. D., and Kh N. Tukhtaboev. "CONCEPTS, TYPES AND BASES OF OFFENSES AND LEGAL LIABILITY." Oriental Journal of History, Politics and Law 01, no. 01 (2021): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojhpl-01-04.
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This article discusses the concept and types of offenses, the concept, types and bases of legal liability. The article covers the following topics; legal behavior, its bases, forms, active legal behavior, ordinary legal behavior, weak legal behavior objects, subjects are covered. On the subject of offense; issues such as what the offense is, its main features, objects, subjects of the offense, revenge, negligence, crime, misdemeanor. On the subject of legal responsibility- about the types of liability, its signs, types of legal liability, ie criminal liability, civil liability, administrative liability, signs of disciplinary liability, legality, fairness, inevitability of liability in case of violation, individuality issues such as In the coverage of these topics, drawings on these topics, questions on the topic, terms are also mentioned.
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李, 霞. "Subject: The Liability of Bill Guarantor." Open Journal of Legal Science 08, no. 03 (2020): 502–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ojls.2020.83071.
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Retnowinarni, Rini. "PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA TERHADAP KORPORASI DI INDONESIA." Perspektif Hukum 19, no. 1 (2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/phj.v19i1.192.
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<em>Criminal liability against corporations in Indonesia is still ambiguous, because the Criminal Code cannot capture corporations as legal subjects who can be convicted, because it still adheres to the principle of the subject of law is only natural man. Some laws and regulations outside the Criminal Code have begun to deviate from the general principle, by trying to put corporations as the subject of criminal law and the problem of criminal liability. In the ius constituendum perspective the subject of corporate crime and criminal liability has been formulated explicitly and in detail in the draft draft Criminal Code 2006, Article 44 to Article 50. Thus in principle the corporation has been accepted as a legal subject in criminal law, so that the corporation can be prosecuted and sentenced criminal. The acceptance of the principle which deviates from the principle of error is not contrary to the philosophy of the Pancasila. In other words, the deviation of the principle of error has juridical, sociological, and philosophical relevance.</em>
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Zalcmane, Karina, and Marina Kameņecka-Usova. "Whether Sports Liability is an Independent Type of Legal Liability." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 2, no. 20 (2021): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.255-267.
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Sport law as a highly developed complex branch of law regulates legal relations related to the subject of the different branches of law. Liability for violation of rights, non-performance or improper performance of duties is the basis of criminal, administrative, disciplinary and civil liability. However, there is another type of liability and sanctions provided for violation of sport rules. Nevertheless, no commonly accepted opinion has still been formed whether sports liability is a new type of legal liability or not. Therefore, the aim of the research paper, through general scientific methods (monographic method, analytical method, historical method, comparative method, induction deduction) and methods of interpreting legal norms (grammatical, historical, teleological and systemic methods) is to determine the concept and content of sport liability. To reach the proposed aim, the authors of the study have formulated the concept and signs of sports liability, determined the types of a sports offense, analysed non-standard cases that outside the sports industry would not be subject to any liability and have identified main types of sports sanctions.
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Pugina, O. A., and A. A. Korobova. "The State as a Subject of Legal Liability." Pravo: istoriya i sovremennost', no. 4 (2019): 018–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/pravo.2019.04.pp.018-026.
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Abzalova, Khurshida Mirziyatovna. "Subject Of A Crime Under French Criminal Legislation." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 03, no. 01 (2021): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume03issue01-10.
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This article deals with the issues of criminal liability of persons (the subject of the crime) for committing crimes under the Criminal Code of France. It is noted that the French criminal law does not contain any special chapter devoted to the subject of the crime, but provides for important provisions on the responsibility of individuals and legal entities. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that it is necessary to apply the experience of France in terms of liberalizing the responsibility of minors and introducing the responsibility of legal entities.
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Sheirenov, Zhanatbek Nurlanovich. "Grounds for finding a legal entity to be the subject of criminal liability for corruption crimes." Право и политика, no. 7 (July 2020): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2020.7.32962.
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The object of this research is the question of criminal liability of a legal entity for corruption crimes. The subject of this research is the theoretical views of the scholars upon legal nature of a legal entity, as well as the experience of foreign countries in which legal entity is a subject of criminal liability. The author explores the field experience of foreign countries, in which legislation establishes the institution of collective liability for socially dangerous acts committed by private entities. The article also analyzes different perspectives of Russian scholars upon the nature of collective institution and its vicarious liability for the acts of private entities. The scientific novelty consists in turning attention to the fundamentals of the theory and other branches of law, in which a legal entity is full subject of legal relations, and along with the rights and responsibilities, possesses a tort law&rsquo;s capacity. It is concluded that legal entity has all essential characteristics of the subject of law for its recognition as a subject of criminal liability. The author also notes the effectiveness and necessity of the institution of legal liability of a legal entity in the national legislation as a productive criminal law instrument for countering corruption. &nbsp;
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FOLEY, D. L., M. C. NEALE, and K. S. KENDLER. "Genetic and environmental risk factors for depression assessed by subject-rated Symptom Check List versus Structured Clinical Interview." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 8 (2001): 1413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004755.
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Background. It is not known if a subject's characteristic level of self-rated depression symptoms index their genetic or environmental liability to major depressive disorder when measurement error and other occasion-specific influences are taken into account.Method. Monozygotic (N = 408) and dizygotic (N = 295) adult female twin pairs from a population-based registry were surveyed twice with an average follow-up interval of 61 months. At each occasion subjects completed a structured clinical interview (SCID) to assess lifetime history of major depression and the subject-rated Symptom Check List (SCL) to assess current level of depressive symptomatology. A bivariate measurement model was used to estimate the genetic and environmental correlations between liability to reliably diagnosed lifetime history of major depression and the characteristic or temporally stable SCL depression score.Results. The genetic and non-familial environmental correlation between liability to reliably diagnosed major depression and the characteristic level of SCL depression symptoms (and the proportion of variance shared between measures) is +0·70 and +0·24 respectively.Conclusions. When allowance is made for diagnostic unreliability and temporal fluctuations in the level of subject-rated symptoms, 70% of the variance in genetic risk factors and 24% of the variance in environmental risk factors is shared by a diagnosis of lifetime major depression and total SCL depression symptom score. SCL depression scores may therefore be a useful screening measure for many of the genetic risk factors which influence liability to major depression.
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Садовенко, А. І. "Administrative and Legal Liability of Entities Providing Cosmetological Services in Ukraine." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 90, no. 3 (2020): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2020.3.16.
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The problematic issue of legislative regulation of cosmetological activities in Ukraine, which concerns the subjects of providing cosmetological services and liability for the violation of their professional duties, has been studied. The author has offered own definition of the term of “administrative liability in the field of providing cosmetological services”. It has been established that administrative liability in the studied area arises on the basis of the commission of a tort by a specific subject. The classification of administrative liability in the field of providing cosmetological services, depending on the subject of the tort, has been accomplished. The author has offered to consider a person who provides assistance aimed at improving a person’s appearance, treatment or masking the defects in appearance in order to change the psychophysical condition of a person and meet his aesthetic needs as a subject of providing cosmetological services. It has been determined that the improvement of administrative legislation in the field of providing cosmetological services in Ukraine should be understood as the development of theoretical and practical areas of capacity building for further development of this phenomenon and the settlement of disputes that arise by revising, repealing or creating regulatory acts in this sphere. The necessity of codification of the legislation on the provision of cosmetological services has been substantiated. The existing theoretical provisions have been summarized and a new solution to the scientific problem of improving the administrative and legal liability of the entities providing cosmetological services in Ukraine has been suggested. It has been clarified that it is important to establish the basic requirements for the procedural aspects of providing medical and cosmetological services, for updating administrative legislation in this part, as well as the definition and consolidation of administrative and legal liability of entities providing cosmetological services in Ukraine.
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Suhariyanto, Budi. "PUTUSAN PEMIDANAAN TERHADAP KORPORASI TANPA DIDAKWAKAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF ”VICARIOUS LIABILITY”." Jurnal Yudisial 10, no. 1 (2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29123/jy.v10i1.68.
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ABSTRAKKorporasi telah ditetapkan sebagai subjek tindak pidana, maka terhadapnya dapat dituntutkan pertanggungjawaban pidana. Sebagai subjek hukum, korporasi juga ditentukan mekanisme pemidanaannya mulai dari proses penyidikan, penuntutan, dan pemeriksaan di sidang pengadilan. Mahkamah Agung dalam Putusan Nomor 2239 K/PID.SUS/2012 mengesampingkan prosedur hukum acara dengan menjatuhkan putusan pemidanaan terhadap korporasi tanpa didakwakan. Permasalahannya bagaimanakah eksistensi pemidanaan korporasi menurut hukum acara pidana di Indonesia, dan bagaimanakah pemidanaan korporasi dalam praktik penegakan hukum, serta bagaimana putusan pemidanaan terhadap korporasi tanpa didakwakan dalam perspektif vicarious liability? Metode penelitian normatif digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan ini. Terdapat tiga pendekatan untuk mengkaji permasalahan yaitu pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus, dan pendekatan konseptual. Metode analisis yang diterapkan untuk mendapatkan kesimpulan atas permasalahan yang dibahas adalah melalui analisis yuridis kualitatif. Dari hasil pembahasan dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam perspektif vicarious liability, korporasi dapat dipertanggungjawabkan atas perilaku seseorang yang secara personifikasi mewakili korporasi sehingga dapat dijatuhkan putusan pemidanaan.Kata kunci: putusan pemidanaan, pemidanaan korporasi, vicarious liability.ABSTRACTA corporation has been set as the subject of criminal offense, and so criminal liability on this subject is enforceable by law. As the subject of law, a corporation has its own mechanism in term of criminal liability, starting from investigation process, prosecution and examination before trial. The Supreme Court Decision Number 2239 K/PID.SUS/2012 overruled the ordinances of the procedural law by imposing a sentencing decision against a corporation without charges. The problems are: how does the corporate criminal liability exist according to the criminal procedural law in Indonesia, and how is the corporate criminal liability implemented in the practices of law enforcement, as well as how is the corporate criminal liability without charges examined through the perspective of vicarious liability? Normative research method is applied in responding to this problem. Three approaches to examine these problems are the statutory regulations, the case-based, and conceptual approaches. The analytical method applied to come to the conclusion of the issues discussed is through the qualitative juridical analysis. The results of discussions deduce that in the perspective of vicarious liability, a corporation is liable for the criminal conduct of a person who is in personification of the corporation and may be subject to corporate criminal liability.</p>Keywords: sentencing decision, corporate criminal liability, vicarious liability.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Subject To Liability"
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MacDonald, Keith D. "An Archaeological Analysis of Canadian Immigration Legislation: From Welfare State Liability to Neo-Liberal Subject." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19860.
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This study analyzes the three most recent pieces of Canadian immigration legislation: the Immigration Act of 1952, the Immigration Act of 1976, and the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of 2001 (herein referred to collectively as the documents). The intent is to contribute to the archaeology of immigration in Canadian Federal legislation, and more specifically, to the ways that the immigration applicant, immigrant, and the immigration process in Canada, have been constituted over time. This project uses a modified version of Jean Carabine’s (2001) method of Foucauldian discourse analysis to articulate the various meanings and potential effects that are produced in the documents. The work of Michel Foucault and the governmentality approach is then applied to make sense of these findings. Two main conclusions are generated. The first details how elements of state racism and bio-nationalism are apparent in all three acts, and must be regarded as complimentary to one another, as they co-exist and operate together on different planes. The second discusses a shift in the documents from a focus on welfare rationalities, to neo-liberal rationalities, using the example of the shifting portrayal of the immigrant (and immigration applicant) from someone with the potential to become a liability to the welfare state, to a neo-liberal subject.
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Meini, Méndez Iván Fabio. "The penalty: function and requirements." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116002.
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Legitimacy of criminal sanction is originated on its own purposes pursued in a state governed by the Rule of Law. That legitimacy should include the penalty as well as security measures, bearing in mind that both are imposed to someone breaking a rule of conduct, and therefore, someone capable to do it. Reviewing penal capacity or criminal liability concepts is required because if penal capacity means the capacity to understand the reality and adjust the behavior to it, and if every legitimate criminal sanction have to be imposed to someone who have the capacity of break it, then security measures also have to be imposed only to people responsible, capable to understand rules and act in accordance. With regard to people not subject to criminal liability they are standing outside Criminal Law and punish them would be illegitimate. In this line, criminal liability should be seen not only as a crime assumption but also as a basic statement for any dialogue the state shall have with the citizens: at the level of crime itself, proceedings and sentence execution .<br>La legitimación de la sanción penal se deriva de los fines que persigue en un Estado de derecho. Dicha legitimación debe abarcar tanto a la pena como a la medida de seguridad, y tener en cuenta que tanto la pena como la medida de seguridad se imponen a quien infringe una norma de conducta y, por tanto, a quien tiene capacidad para infringirla. Esto presupone revisar el concepto de capacidad penal o imputabilidad,pues si imputabilidad es capacidad para comprender la realidad y adecuar el comportamiento a dicha comprensión, y toda sanción penal legítima ha de imponerse a quien tiene dicha capacidad, también las medidas de seguridad han de ser impuestas solo a imputables. Los verdaderos inimputables son aquellos que están al margen del derecho penal y a quienes resulta ilegítimo imponer alguna sanción. En esta línea, la imputabilidad ha de ser vista no solo como presupuesto del delito, sino como presupuesto de cualquier diálogo que tenga el Estado con el ciudadano con respecto al delito, al proceso y a la ejecución de la pena.
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Nejedlá, Lucie. "Problematika pojištění motorových vozidel vybraného podnikatelského subjektu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221568.
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This master's thesis assesses the actuel situation of the insurance of Miroslavské strojírny vehicles and contains suggestions for its optimalization. It deals with analysis of the insurance products in motor vehicles insurance in the Czech market.
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Fiřtík, Václav. "Společnost s ručením omezeným jako podnikatelský subjekt." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-5505.
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Waterlot, Maxence. "L'effet réel du contrat." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0348.
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Pour une doctrine actuellement majoritaire, le contrat désigne l’acte juridique donnant exclusivement naissance à des obligations, soit une contrainte pesant sur la seule personne des parties. Cette approche subjectiviste du contrat fait obstacle à ce qu’il puisse être justifié que certains actes relatifs à une chose se doublent d’un effet réel, c'est-à-dire, d’une limite assignée au libre exercice des prérogatives juridiques relatives à la chose objet du contrat. En consentant à l’acte, le débiteur ne s’oblige pas seulement ; il s’engage à permettre la réalisation du contrat. Le sujet renonce à une part d’autonomie juridique, laquelle se traduit notamment par l’affectation du bien et donc par une perte du libre exercice de sa prérogative sur la chose. À l’effet personnel du contrat s’ajoute un effet réel. La prise en compte de l’effet réel du contrat permet de résoudre, par exemple, les difficultés liées à la détermination de la portée de l’engagement consenti par le propriétaire engagé à une promesse unilatérale, d’expliquer la situation du bailleur ou encore celle de l’apporteur d’un bien en propriété à une société. Inconnu du Code civil et des divers projets de réforme du droit des obligations, mais encore de la doctrine, l’effet réel du contrat ne peut être traduit à l’aide d’une notion existante. L’étude menée suppose donc de procéder à l’élaboration tant de la notion d’effet réel du contrat que d’un régime spécifique. Au terme de cette étude, il est conclu que la consécration de la notion d’effet réel du contrat permet d’appréhender l’ensemble des manifestations de l’engagement contractuel<br>For the dominant legal doctrine, a contract is an act creating obligations between parties. This subjective approach, centered on the parties’ personal liability tends to preclude any justification of a potential effect in rem – i.e. a limit to the free exercise of legal powers on the subject matter of the contract. By agreeing to the contract, the contractor not only takes on an obligation, but also pledges to allow the completion of the contract, which implies his submission to a limitation of his rights, especially those relevant to the subject matter of the contract. In addition, as it may carry an assignment of property, a contract cannot be reduced to a simple creation of obligations. The admission of effets in rem makes it possible to establish the duties of an owner bound by a unilateral promise to sell and to explain the commitment of a lessor or of a shareholder bringing assets into the business. Ignored by law and by doctrine, the in rem effect of a contract cannot be fully understood through pre-existing notions. The subject of the study therefore consists in developing an entire theory of effect in rem of contract. In conclusion, it will appear that its recognition is a necessity to fully measure the scope of contractual liability
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Gailiūnienė, Ugnė. "Atsakomybė už viešojo administravimo subjektų asmenims padarytą žalą Lietuvoje." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20140106_111710-62307.
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Disertacijoje nagrinėjama atsakomybė už viešojo administravimo subjektų asmenims padarytą žalą, t. y. teisės požiūriu analizuojama, kam ir kaip taikoma tokia atsakomybė, kur turėtų būti brėžiamos jos ribos, kokios yra ir kaip taikomos šios atsakomybės sąlygos. Pirmojoje disertacijos dalyje pateikiama atsakomybės už viešojo administravimo subjektų asmenims padarytą žalą samprata, nustatoma šio instituto vieta Lietuvos teisės sistemoje, ji atribojama nuo kitų civilinės atsakomybės rūšių: nustatoma, kokiais atvejais už viešojo administravimo subjektų asmenims padarytą žalą yra ir turėtų būti taikomos specialios tokios atsakomybės nuostatos. Antrojoje dalyje analizuojamos atsakomybės sąlygos – neteisėti veiksmai, žala ir priežastinis ryšys. Išsamiai nagrinėjama teismų praktika sprendžiant dėl viešojo administravimo subjektų asmenims padarytos žalos atlyginimo, specialus dėmesys skirtas „pilkosioms zonoms“, t. y. tokioms, kuriose Lietuvos teismai nėra suformulavę vieningų ir aiškių kriterijų, kaip reikėtų taikyti viešąją atsakomybę. Šiuo aspektu tiriamas administracinio akto neteisėtumo ir neteisėtumo kaip civilinės atsakomybės sąlygos santykis, analizuojamos norminių aktų neteisėtumo pasekmės, diskrecinės ir priežiūros veiklos vertinimas, tiriama priežastinio ryšio įtaka tinkamam atsakomybės taikymui, nagrinėjama žalos, asmenų patiriamos dėl neteisėtų viešojo administravimo subjektų veiksmų, įvairovė, išryškinant problemas, kliudančias teisingai atlyginti tokią žalą.<br>This dissertation analyses liability for damage done to individuals by the public administration. This research in the light of legal approach analyses to whom and how such liability is applied, where the margins of this liability should be drawn, what are the conditions of such liability and how they should be applied. In the first part the conception of liability for damage done to individuals by the public administration is presented, the position of this institute in the Lithuanian legal system is determined and the boundaries between such liability and the other types of liability are drawn. In the second part the conditions of liability that is unlawful actions, damage and causality are analyzed. Comprehensive analysis of the case law is presented and special attention is paid to the “grey areas” where the national courts have not formed the clear and unanimous criteria of public liability. In this approach the relation between illegality of administrative acts and unlawfulness as a condition of civil liability, the results of unlawful regulatory act, the assessment of discretionary and supervisory activities are analyzed, the impact of causal link to the proper application of liability is examined, the variety of damage caused by unlawful acts of the public administration is explored indicating problems that prevent proper awarding of damages.
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Mota, Aline Veras Leite. "Análise do discurso da jurisprudência do STJ nas ações de indenização por erro médico: impacto no sistema de saúde." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17157/tde-14102015-230345/.
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As organizações de saúde, instituições de ensino, pesquisadores e profissionais têm investido em mecanismos que visam aperfeiçoar a assistência integral à saúde ofertada aos pacientes. Todavia, a assistência pode estar sujeita a falhas que podem acarretar danos indesejados aos pacientes, familiares e profissionais, além de prejuízos ao sistema de saúde. Acionar o Poder Judiciário é um dos mecanismos adotados para reparar o dano causado. Nos últimos anos, no Brasil, especialmente a partir de 2003, observa-se um crescimento das demandas judiciais relacionadas aos serviços prestados pelos profissionais da saúde, reflexo das mudanças ocorridas na sociedade e da ampliação dos direitos sociais e fundamentais. Justifica-se, assim, um estudo retrospectivo de casos julgados, com análise da jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ), no período de 2003 a 2013, acerca das ações judiciais movidas em face dos profissionais de saúde e instituições de saúde no âmbito público e privado. Realizada analise quantitativa e qualitativa do conteúdo dos discursos dos Ministros do STJ sobre o tema erro médico, aplicando o método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). O estudo das decisões proferidas contribuiu para a compreensão dos assuntos que têm predomínio na jurisprudência do STJ sobre o erro médico. O trabalho identificou o sexo feminino como o mais vulnerável aos supostos erros médicos e as especialidades médicas diretamente relacionadas com a saúde feminina como a mais acionadas judicialmente. Ginecologia/Obstetrícia (27,08%), Ortopedia (12,5%) e Cirurgia Plástica (10,42%) foram, respectivamente, as especialidades mais demandadas. Em conclusão, o estudo traz subsídio para as organizações de saúde identificarem possíveis áreas estratégicas de atuação, no sentido de implementarem ações para reduzir a probabilidade de erros médicos, identificando mecanismos eficientes para o acompanhamento e a racionalização de possíveis falhas e para atuarem, preventivamente, nas práticas de gestão visando reduzir danos aos pacientes, diminuir custos decorrentes das indenizações, possibilitando, uma prestação de serviço de saúde de maior excelência, qualificado e seguro no sistema único e no sistema suplementar de saúde.<br>Healthcare organizations, educational institutions, researchers and healthcare professionals have invested in mechanisms to improve the integral medical assistance offered to patients, but these assistance could have failures that may result in injury to patients, family members, and damage to system. One of the mechanisms to repair the damage is to claim to the Judiciary. In Brazil, especially since 2003, there has been an increase the lawsuit number related to medical malpractice, reflecting the changes in society and the expansion of social and fundamental rights. This is a retrospective study of judged cases by the Superior Court of Justice, in the period from 2003 to 2013, regarding the lawsuits against healthcare professionals and institutions in the public and private practice. Performed quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Superior Court of Justice Ministers speeches content, using the collective subject discourse method. Analyze of decisions contributed to understanding of the predominated issues in the malpractice lawsuit. The study identified the women as the most vulnerable to medical errors and medical specialties directly related to women\'s health as the most driven in court. Gynecology/Obstetrics (27.08%), Orthopedics (12.5%) and Plastic Surgery (10.42%) were, respectively, the most demanded specialties. In conclusion, the study provides subsidy for healthcare organizations identify potential areas of action to implement strategies to reduce the likelihood of injury to patients, decreasing costs and medical malpractice.
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Nallet, Antoine. "La notion d'universalité, étude de droit civil." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://scd-rproxy.u-strasbg.fr/login?url=https://www.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr/pvurl.php?r=http%3A%2F%2Fdallozbndpro-pvgpsla.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr%2Ffr%2Fpvpage2.asp%3Fpuc%3D5442%26nu%3D240%26selfsize%3D1.
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La notion d’universalité se présente sous l’angle d’une distinction entre l’universalité de droit et l’universalité de fait. Cette opposition, héritage de la tradition, a été, en droit moderne, coulée dans des objets juridiques nouveaux. L’universalité de droit, assimilée à la notion de patrimoine, s’identifie grâce à l’idée de corrélation actif/passif ; l’universalité de fait à l’idée de collection de biens qui se réifie. Devenue familière, cette distinction souffre de quelques paradoxes qui compliquent son insertion dans le droit civil. Contrairement à l’idée affirmée en doctrine, la corrélation actif/passif n’est pas le seul élément d’identité de l’universalité de droit. Comprise, en droit moderne, à partir de la théorie du patrimoine d’Aubry et Rau, elle se différencie également de l’idée de bien. Toutefois, le législateur contemporain, à travers les mécanismes de l’EIRL et de la Fiducie, a consacré l’idée d’une universalité cessible, donc objet de droit.La convergence des deux formes d’universalités vers l’idée de choses appropriées justifie de revenir sur la théorie des universalités et d’interroger le bienfondé de cette distinction. De cette analyse, il ressort que le siège réel de l’universalité correspond à l’idée d’ensemble de biens, qui se réifie. Ce résultat est rendu possible grâce à la communauté d’affectation déterminée par le propriétaire des biens. Il va, par ce fait, créer une interdépendance fonctionnelle entre les différents biens.La structure de l’universalité rend délicate l’appréhension de son régime. Toutefois, sa qualification de bien permet de constater qu’elle s’insère facilement dans la théorie générale des biens, même si quelques ajustements sont nécessaires du fait de son caractère universel. C’est tout un pan du droit des biens qui se trouve saisi par une conception monolithique de l’universalité<br>In French law, the issue of universitas is usually approached from the universitas juris versus universitas rerum perspective. Universitas juris is the totality of the rights and liabilities of a person regarding its asset; by contrast, universitas rerum is understood as a totality of objects treated in one or more respects as a whole in law. However, in modern law, this traditional dichotomy merged into new subject-matters.Indeed, through the mechanisms such as “Individual Enterprises of Limited Responsibility” and “Trust”, French legislation dedicated, as a new subject-matter, the concept of “transferable” universitas. As a consequence, contrary to the prevailing doctrine, the interrelationship between asset and liability appears not to be the only element of identification of universitas juris. Based on that observation, the commonly enforced distinction between universitas juris and universitas rerum raises legal paradoxes and reveals not to be fit to the modern french civil law.The convergence of the two forms of universitas emphasizes the relevance of the “theory of universitas” while questioning the merits of such dualism. It thus appears that the focal point of universitas must be located in the notion of “proprietary rights”. This is made possible through the upstream definition of a special-purpose asset by the owner, allowing a functional interdependence between different goods treated as an indivisible whole by the law.Concerning its regime, the universitas qualification as a “proprietary right” shows that it fits easily into “the general theory of property law”, even if some adjustments are necessary. It is an entire branch of property law grasped by a monolithic conception of universitas
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Němcová, Hana. "Daňová optimalizace při změně právní formy podnikání z fyzické osoby na společnost s ručením omezeným." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225015.
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This thesis analyzes the changes in the legal form of business from individuals to corporate, namely the limited liability company. The work is focused on the method of taxation of natural and legal persons, individual ability to switch between these legal forms and evaluate the pros and cons of various forms of business. The aim is to communicate the business advantages and disadvantages of different forms of taxation of business, entrepreneurs propose a change of legal form and to acquaint him with the steps that are needed to change the legal form to do.
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Dekaminavičius, Saulius. "Atsakomybė už žalą, padarytą klaidinančia reklama." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060505_132723-90712.
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In this study author examines the regulation of obligation, arising from damages caused by misleading advertising. He also tries to reveal the content of liability for damages caused by misleading advertising and to clear out the possible problems of application and interpretation of the legal standards.This study deals with the backgrounds and development of advertising regulation and advertising regulation in the European Union. The present study also takes up with the constitutional grounding of restriction of advertising as a form of information, it analyses the Lithuanian legal acts, regulating advertising activity, compares administrative and civil liability for violation of prohibition to use misleading advertising.
Books on the topic "Subject To Liability"
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Weerasooria, W. S. Law governing insurance negligence damages and third party motor claims: With a comprehensive coverage of case law of over 250 Sri Lankan judicial decisions on the subject. Stamford Lake Publication, 2014.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Individual treble damage liability: Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session, on S. 1300, a bill to provide for antitrust law violators to be subject to individual responsibility for treble the amount ... July 29, 1985. U.S. G.P.O., 1986.
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Dute, Jos, Michael G. Faure, and Helmut Koziol, eds. Liability for and Insurability of Biomedical Research with Human Subjects in a Comparative Perspective. Springer Vienna, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0601-3.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Miscellaneous reconciliation issues proposed by the administration and various House committees relating to tax treatment of Overseas Private Investment Corporation, exclusions for certain overseas allowances received by Defense Department personnel, nonrecognition of capital gains for divestments of property subject to federal ethics requirements, and petroleum tax for oil spill liability trust fund: For consideration by the Committee on Ways and Means. Joint Committee on Taxation, 1989.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Description of miscellaneous reconciliation proposals by the administration and various House committees relating to tax treatment of Overseas Private Investment Corporation, exclusions for certain overseas allowances received by Defense Department personnel, nonrecognition of capital gains for divestments of property subject to federal ethics requirements, and petroleum tax for oil spill liability trust fund: For markup consideration by the Committee on Ways and Means on June 29, 1989. Joint Committee on Taxation, 1989.
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Monaghan, Nicola. 16. Accessorial liability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811824.003.0016.
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Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter explores the law relating to accessorial liability or parties to crime. It discusses liability for aiding, abetting, counselling, or procuring the commission of an offence under the Accessories and Abettors Act 1861, the scope of accessorial liability after the decision in R v Jogee [2016] UKSC 8, the effect of withdrawing participation, liability for participation after the offence, protection of the victim, and recommended reforms to the law.
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The Cobalt Commercial Mines (Limited): No personal liability, not subject to call, capital $300,000.00 ... s.n., 1991.
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Monaghan, Nicola. 4. Strict, vicarious, and corporate liability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811824.003.0004.
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Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter discusses the three special forms of criminal liability: strict liability (including absolute liability), vicarious liability, and corporate liability. A strict liability offence is an offence which does not require proof of at least one mens rea element. An absolute liability offence does not require proof of any mens rea elements. Vicarious liability imposes liability on the defendant for the acts or omissions of another person. Corporate liability relates to the liability of a company for a criminal offence.
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Hedley, Steve, and Nicola Padfield. 9. Parties, and liability for others. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199586561.003.1055.
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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter discusses liability for torts committed by others. The defendant may be liable for torts committed by others in a number of situations. These situations include: where the defendant’s employee commits a tort; where the defendant was under a duty to prevent others committing torts; and where the defendant’s duty was non-delegable. Where a number of different people are responsible for the same damage, then as between themselves, the law may make a rough apportionment of blame. But each one of them is liable to the claimant for the whole of the loss.
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Dignam, Alan, and John Lowry. 2. Corporate personality and limited liability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811831.003.0002.
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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter deals with corporate personality and limited liability, two concepts that form the core of company law. It begins with a short historical background on how the process of corporatisation through charters evolved over time, including the emergence of the use of trust as an instrument to confer many of the privileges of incorporation. It then considers the case Salomon v Salomon & Co (1897) which decided on the legitimacy of small businesses with a corporate form, and offers some other good examples of the consequence of separate personality. The chapter also discusses the rights of members and shareholders with respect to ownership of the corporation, focusing on dispersed shareholdings and close companies.
Book chapters on the topic "Subject To Liability"
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Lazaridou, Dimitra, Anastasios Michailidis, Stefanos Nastis, Efstratios Loizou, and Aikaterini Paltaki. "How to start or be in a Union or Coperative?" In Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche. Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-044-3.34.
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Cooperatives in the EU Member States are subject to the provisions of the Council Regulation 1435/2003. However, cooperative legislation is different among the EU states and most countries have specific rules applicable to cooperatives. There are some steps for setting up a cooperative, which are summarized in: Identification of a common economic goal for potential members, decision about the number of members recruited, their rights and responsibilities, determination of business feasibility, development of a business plan, preparation of legal papers and implementation of the business plan. In many European countries, cooperatives can have a legal status either as a cooperative society with limited or unlimited liability, as an economic interest grouping or as a joint-stock company. Most EU Member have no mandatory provision regarding the minimum capital stock or the minimum number of members for setting up a cooperative.
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Fairgrieve, Duncan, and Richard Goldberg. "Persons Subject To Liability." In Product Liability. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679232.003.0010.
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There is ample room for debate as to the category of persons who should be required to assume responsibility for damage caused by a defective product. The most obvious is the producer or manufacturer for usually they will have actively created the defect or at least have failed to eliminate it. However, in recognition of the fact that not all such producers will be solvent, readily identifiable, and available to be sued, it is widely recognized that others should also be potentially liable. The most obvious is the commercial importer and distributor of a defective product since in the absence of such liability an injured claimant would be left with the alternative of suing in a foreign jurisdiction. Secondly, there is the case of own-brand products. As the Law Commissions observed, many commercial organizations ‘sell products under their brand name as if they themselves had produced them, although the products were in fact made by their suppliers’.
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Tilmann, Winfried. "Liability." In Unified Patent Protection in Europe: A Commentary. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755463.003.0042.
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Since the Court has its own legal personality, legal capacity, as well as capacity in tort (Art 4 UPCA), it may establish legal relationships in contract or tort. Since the Court is a functional part of the judicial system of each CMS (Arts 1(2) and 21 UPCA), those legal relationships are subject to the rules of Union law (Arts 1(2) and 21 UPCA) to the extent that they exist and are relevant. Art 24(1)(a) UPCA is not relevant because that provision relates to the Court’s judicial activity and the law applicable in that regard.
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"Subject index for volume 1." In Handbook of Asset and Liability Management. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-044453248-0.50030-7.
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"Subject index for volume 2." In Handbook of Asset and Liability Management. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-044453248-0.50032-0.
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Fairgrieve, Duncan, and Richard Goldberg. "The Types of Damage or Loss compensated." In Product Liability. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679232.003.0020.
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There may be major difficulties in determining the types of damage or loss which will be compensated in product liability litigation and this is so whether the claim is based on the strict liability provisions of Pt 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 or the general law of negligence. In some cases it will be clear that the 1987 Act is inapplicable and hence that the standard requirements of the law of negligence must be met or the existence of a contractual claim established. For example, the defendant may not be a person who is potentially subject to liability under s 2 of the Act or the damage may be of a type which the Act does not compensate. Alternatively, a claim under the Act may be barred by virtue of the expiry of a limitation period or, and this is increasingly less likely with the passage of time, because the relevant product was supplied before the Act came into force on 1 March 1988.
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Fairgrieve, Duncan, and Richard Goldberg. "The Producer’s Liability in Negligence." In Product Liability. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679232.003.0017.
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Although the provisions of Pt I of the Consumer Protection Act 1987 imposing strict liability for damage caused by defective products are the primary source of tortious liability in the area covered by this work, they are by no means the sole such source. This is principally because of the limitations which have been placed on the scope of the Act. These affect such issues as the persons who are potentially subject to liability, the types of damage or loss covered, and in particular the exclusion of damage to commercial property, the incidence of limitation periods, and the fact that the Act does not apply to products which the defendant supplied before it came into force on 1 March 1988. Moreover, even where the Act is potentially applicable it will often be considered prudent to pursue alternative sources of liability, notably those which arise under the general law of negligence. Certainly, this has been the experience of the position in the United States. Nonetheless, in reading the text which follows it should be remembered that nowadays the Act is the most obvious source of liability in most cases in which it is claimed that a defective product has caused death, personal injury, or damage to what may be broadly termed consumer property.
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Fairgrieve, Duncan, and Richard Goldberg. "Product Liability and the Conflict of Laws." In Product Liability. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679232.003.0023.
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The conflict of laws is one of the names given to the subject that deals with the resolution of private law disputes between private law parties where the facts have a connection to more than one legal system. Such situations arise frequently in product liability. For example, a product is assembled in State A using different components manufactured in States B, C, and D. Alternatively, a product is manufactured in State A, placed upon the market in State B, and consumed by the purchaser in State C, causing him injury which requires treatment in State D. In product liability litigation the fact that there are foreign issues means that a lawyer presented with such a case by the claimant must consider additionally three basic and interrelated questions. First, can the desired court hear the case the claimant would present to it? This is the jurisdiction question. If the answer is ‘No’, the claimant’s case will not proceed in that forum but may be able to be presented in another forum. If the answer is ‘Yes’, this means that the rules of jurisdiction may allow the claimant’s case to proceed as desired. The question of jurisdiction has a general and a specific aspect: the court must have the jurisdiction to hear the claim considered both in a general sense and in the specific sense involving the specific parties that the claimant would involve in the litigation he hopes to conduct before it.
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Monaghan, Nicola. "16. Accessorial liability." In Criminal Law Directions. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198848783.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter explores the law relating to accessorial liability or parties to crime. It discusses liability for aiding, abetting, counselling, or procuring the commission of an offence under the Accessories and Abettors Act 1861, the scope of accessorial liability after the decision in R v Jogee [2016] UKSC 8, the effect of withdrawing participation, liability for participation after the offence, protection of the victim, and recommended reforms to the law.
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"The Supplementary Protocol: a treaty subject to domestic law?" In International Liability Regime for Biodiversity Damage. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315849744-20.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Subject To Liability"
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Kudryavtsev, Vladislav Leonidovich. "Lawyer as a Subject of Criminal Liability: Some Problems of Theory and Practice." In Современные тенденции развития частного права, исполнительного производства и способов юридической защиты. Санкт-Петербургский институт (филиал) ВГУЮ (РПА Минюста России), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47645/978-5-6042626-8-9_2019_2_65.
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Kardon, Joshua B. "Forensic Engineering: Professional Liability Risks of Engineering Sustainable Materials and Systems, Designing for Durability, and Pushing Materials to Their Limits." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1815.
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<p>Professional engineers in the US may be found negligent and therefore liable for damages arising from failure to exercise a level of care, diligence, and skill exercised by other reputable practitioners in similar circumstances in an effort to accomplish the purpose for which the professional engineer was hired. If the professional engineer has accepted the obligation to design for sustainability or durability, or where materials, elements, or assemblies are intended by design to be “pushed to their limits” in normal service, the professional engineer may be accepting an extreme or uninsurable risk.</p><p>The subject of this paper is the standard of care and the relationship between the standard of care and design for sustainability or durability, or design where the engineered features are expected to be “pushed to their limits” in normal service. The paper’s contents include 1) an explanation of the concept of the standard of care, and 2) the professional liability pitfalls inherent in a design effort intended to result in sustainability or durability, or intended to achieve limit-state behavior in normal service. The subject is relevant for practitioners wishing to understand professional responsibilities for such designs.</p>
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Velikhov, Evgeny P., Vyacheslav P. Kuznetsov, and Vladimir F. Demin. "Nuclear Power System on a Base of Transportable Nuclear Power Plants." In ASME 2014 Small Modular Reactors Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smr2014-3349.
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This paper presents the initial provisions, materials, results, current status and next tasks of the study dedicated to the issues of legal and institutional support of transportable nuclear power plants. This study is performed in the framework of the IAEA International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles INPRO. Transportable nuclear power plants (TNPPs) are either small nuclear power plants (SNPPs) with their lifecycle implemented on a single transportable platform, or SNPPs assembled of transportable factory-made modules. Advantages of SNPPs and TNPPs are: • Enhanced safety and reliability; • Design simplicity, • Shorter construction period; • Industrial serial production; • Smaller capital costs and shorter investment cycle compared with large NPP; • Possibility of autonomous operation; • Suitability for non-electric application and others. There is an objective evidence of growing interest in developing a nuclear energy system (NES) based on SNPPs including TNPPs. Underlying assumptions of the Russian study: • The User of TNPP services is interested in receiving energy only, does not claim ownership of nuclear technologies, materials and TNPP itself, and this incurs minimal liability for nuclear energy use; INPRO defines this TNPP lifecycle option as “Maximum outsourcing”; • All operations involving nuclear fuel are performed either at the TNPP manufacturer plant, or at a regional TNPP service center within the Holder’s liability zone; • TNPP sitting requires no onsite operations except assembling. Expert reviews have been performed to confirm TNPP lifecycle compliance with the nuclear legislation in fields such as: safety; non-proliferation; nuclear materials’ monitoring, accounting and control; physical protection; and civil liability for nuclear damage; transport operations. It was confirmed that: • In traditional approaches, the existing legal and institutional framework is sufficient for implementing TNPP lifecycle; to achieve the highest efficiency and safety of TNPPs it is necessary to develop TNPPs’ designs, their legal and institutional support; • The following issues are of immediate interest for further studies: combination of inherent safety features and passive safety systems in TNPPs; TNPP lifecycle economy; lifecycle concept without onsite refueling; new approaches to indemnification for nuclear damage; new approaches to physical protection; nuclear liability of TNPP User; remote nuclear materials monitoring, and control and TNPP’ operating; serial industrial fabrication; licensing and certification; public-private partnership; international personnel training system; international cooperation in TNPP fabrication and servicing; role of the IAEA in developing TNPP-based NES. • TNPP/SNPP-based nuclear energy system including all kinds of respective legal, institutional and infrastructural support should become the subject of further studies.
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Milojević, Marija. "USLUGA NAMIRENJA IMOVINSKOPRAVNOG ZAHTEVA." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.1005m.
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The paper presents a continuation of the research on the problem of realization of compensation for damage caused by the commission of criminal offense. In the first paper created within the same project, the author laid the foundations of the problem, dealing with the theoretical notion of damage caused by a criminal offense, the notion of civil torts and tortious liability, and the distinction between the notion of damage and the consequence of a criminal offence. This time, the author will concentrate on settling the receivables for damages by presenting the entire path that one claim for damages should take. Namely, obtaining a property claim should occur primarily in criminal proceedings, but it is most often adjudicated in litigation because in most cases the subject entitled to it is referred to litigation in order to exercise his right to compensation. After the judgement in the civil procedure is rendered, which orders the defendant-convict in the criminal procedure to compensate the caused damage either by compensating the damage in money or by returning the thing, or by annulling a certain legal deal, the concrete execution of the verdict in the executive procedure begins. While studying the manner of collecting the claims of the entitled subject through all three different procedures for the damage caused by the commission of criminal offense, the author also deals with controversial issues that may arise (the issue of statute of limitations for property claim, the issue of subjects who may be holders of property claims, the adequacy of the procedure in which the property claim is exercised, the means of execution of a monetary claim for damages caused by the commission of criminal offense, etc.).
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Kardon, Joshua B. "Forensic Engineering: Risks of Performance-Based Engineering for Sustainability or Resilience." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0775.
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<p>Professional engineers in the US may be found negligent and therefore liable for damages arising from failure to exercise a level of care, diligence, and skill exercised by other reputable practitioners in similar circumstances. If the professional engineer has accepted the obligation to design for sustainability or resilience, where those terms or performance levels are ill-defined or open to interpretation depending on assumptions or outcomes, the professional engineer may be accepting an extreme or uninsurable risk.</p><p>This paper describes the standard of care, which is the measure of a practitioner’s performance as it relates to professional negligence. It examines the relationship between the standard of care and design for sustainability or resilience. The paper addresses 1) a discussion of the sources of the practitioner’s responsibility to design for sustainability or resilience, 2) an explanation of the concept of the standard of care, and 3) the professional liability pitfalls inherent in that design effort. The subject may be unique to professional practice in societies where litigation is used to allocate responsibility for damages, but it may also be universally relevant for practitioners wishing to understand professional responsibilities for such designs.</p>
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Rezer, Tatiana. "Privacy Right as A Personal Value in an Information Society." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-76.
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The relevance of the topic is that the continuous and rapid increase in the role and volume of information in human life leads to the need to develop ways of protecting private information as a subject of personal property and personal value. Privacy is a natural human right and is enshrined in the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Basic Freedoms, as well as in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The regulation of the right to privacy is enshrined in the Russian Civil and Criminal Codes, which provide for legal liability for violations of this right. However, with regulations in place, the human element remains and often leads to leaks of private information, which destroys the personal value of the right. The article examines the concept of the right to privacy, its importance in the information society and human life, and the ways in which it can be protected. The aim of the study is to identify ways of protecting and complementing the right to privacy in the information society. The comparative legal analysis method allowed us to identify the mechanisms for the legal protection of the right to privacy. The case-analysis method enabled us to analyse Yandex’s data breach situation, while the content analysis method allowed us to make recommendations for protecting personal data. Main conclusions: the right to privacy as a personal value in the information society has not been sufficiently addressed in the scientific literature; self-protection as well as raising human legal awareness of information technology can be used as mechanisms to protect privacy.
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Zhan, Hao, Pengyu Huang, Lianxing Meng, and Zhiwei Huang. "The Liability Problem of the Subjects in Automatic Driving and its Solution." In ICCDE 2020: 2020 The 6th International Conference on Computing and Data Engineering. ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3379247.3379269.
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Муцалов, Шадид Шахидович. "ISSUES OF LEGAL LIABILITY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS." In Сборник избранных статей по материалам научных конференций ГНИИ "Нацразвитие" (Санкт-Петербург, Май 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/may191.2021.24.88.008.
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Одной из основных организационно-правовых форм межгосударственного сотрудничества являются международные межправительственные организации, число и роль которых в современном глобализирующемся мире постоянно растёт. Особенно важное значение приобретает вопрос о том, на каких условиях такие субъекты международного права как международные организации должны нести ответственность за совершённые ими нарушения международно-правовых норм. One of the main organizational and legal forms of interstate cooperation is international intergovernmental organizations, the number and role of which in the modern globalizing world is constantly growing. Particularly important is the question of under what conditions such subjects of international law as international organizations should be held accountable for violations of international legal norms committed by them.
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Novikova, Galina Viktorovna. "Questions on the feasibility of using virtual reality technologies in the education of schoolchildren and students." In 4th International Conference “Futurity designing. Digital reality problems”. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/future-2021-24.
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The article discusses the desirability of massive use of virtual reality technologies in secondary and tertiary education. Due to the policy of digital education, virtual reality technologies are now used not only in the entertainment industry but also in many educational organizations. There are currently no large-scale scientific studies in Russia or abroad on the effectiveness of the use of virtual reality technologies that do not harm users' health. We conducted a study on the impact of the virtual reality film on the psyche and personality of young people, with the participation of more than 60 young people between the ages of 18 and 35. Evidence suggests that the process of immersion in virtual reality has not been the same, depending on the psychophysiological characteristics of young people. 10% of the participants felt uncomfortable watching the film. Overall, one month after viewing, the subjects showed vivid memory traces and a desire to use virtual reality helmets for educational purposes. A number of questions remain to be resolved regarding the organization of studies with schoolchildren: 1) whether such experiments are possible with minors; 2) whether virtual reality helmets can be used on a large scale in educational organizations; 3) with which groups of child health restrictions virtual reality technologies cannot be applied; 4) who and what liability will be incurred in cases of damage to the health of children and adolescents as a result of the use of virtual reality technologies; 5) what are the limits on the age of schoolchildren and the length of time spent in virtual reality.
Reports on the topic "Subject To Liability"
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Ayala, David, Ashley Graves, Colton Lauer, et al. Flooding Events Post Hurricane Harvey: Potential Liability for Dam and Reservoir Operators and Recommendations Moving Forward. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.floodingpostharvey.
Full textAbstract:
When Hurricane Harvey hit the Texas coast as a category 4 hurricane on August 25, 2017, it resulted in $125 billion in damage, rivaling only Hurricane Katrina in the amount of damage caused. It also resulted in the deaths of 88 people and destroyed or damaged 135,000 homes. Much of that devastation was the result of flooding. The storm dumped over 27 trillion gallons of rain over Texas in a matter of days. Some parts of Houston received over 50 inches of rainfall. The potential liability that dam and reservoir operators may face for decisions they make during storm and flooding events has now become a major concern for Texas citizens and its elected officials. Law suits have now been instituted against the federal government for its operation of two flood control reservoirs, as well as against the San Jacinto River Authority for its operation of a water supply reservoir. Moreover, the issues and concerns have been placed on the agenda of a number of committees preparing for the 2019 Texas legislative session. This report reviews current dam and reservoir operations in Texas and examines the potential liability that such operators may face for actions and decisions taken in response to storm and flooding events. In Section III, the report reviews dam gate operations and differentiates between water supply reservoirs and flood control reservoirs. It also considers pre-release options and explains why such actions are disfavored and not recommended. In Section IV, the report evaluates liabilities and defenses applicable to dam and reservoir operators. It explains how governmental immunity can limit the exposure of state and federally-run facilities to claims seeking monetary damages. It also discusses how such entities could be subject to claims of inverse condemnation, which generally are not subject to governmental immunity, under Texas law as well as under the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In addition, the Section discusses negligence and nuisance claims and concludes that plaintiffs asserting either or both of these claims will have difficulty presenting successful arguments for flooding-related damage and harm against operators who act reasonably in the face of storm-related precipitation. Finally, Section V offers recommendations that dam and reservoir operators might pursue in order to engage and educate the public and thereby reduce the potential for disputes and litigation. Specifically, the report highlights the need for expanded community outreach efforts to engage with municipalities, private land owners, and the business community in flood-prone neighborhoods both below and above a dam. It also recommends implementation of proactive flood notification procedures as a way of reaching and alerting as many people as possible of potential and imminent flooding events. Finally, the report proposes implementation of a dispute prevention and minimization mechanism and offers recommendations for the design and execution of such a program.