Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Subject To Liability'

This study analyzes the three most recent pieces of Canadian immigration legislation: the Immigration Act of 1952, the Immigration Act of 1976, and the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of 2001 (herein referred to collectively as the documents). The intent is to contribute to the archaeology of immigration in Canadian Federal legislation, and more specifically, to the ways that the immigration applicant, immigrant, and the immigration process in Canada, have been constituted over time. This project uses a modified version of Jean Carabine’s (2001) method of Foucauldian discourse analysis to articulate the various meanings and potential effects that are produced in the documents. The work of Michel Foucault and the governmentality approach is then applied to make sense of these findings. Two main conclusions are generated. The first details how elements of state racism and bio-nationalism are apparent in all three acts, and must be regarded as complimentary to one another, as they co-exist and operate together on different planes. The second discusses a shift in the documents from a focus on welfare rationalities, to neo-liberal rationalities, using the example of the shifting portrayal of the immigrant (and immigration applicant) from someone with the potential to become a liability to the welfare state, to a neo-liberal subject.

Legitimacy of criminal sanction is originated on its own purposes pursued in a state governed by the Rule of Law. That legitimacy should include the penalty as well as security measures, bearing in mind that both are imposed to someone breaking a rule of conduct, and therefore, someone capable to do it. Reviewing penal capacity or criminal liability concepts is required because if penal capacity means the capacity to understand the reality and adjust the behavior to it, and if every legitimate criminal sanction have to be imposed to someone who have the capacity of break it, then security measures also have to be imposed only to people responsible, capable to understand rules and act in accordance. With regard to people not subject to criminal liability they are standing outside Criminal Law and punish them would be illegitimate. In this line, criminal liability should be seen not only as a crime assumption but also as a basic statement for any dialogue the state shall have with the citizens: at the level of crime itself, proceedings and sentence execution .<br>La legitimación de la sanción penal se deriva de los fines que persigue en un Estado de derecho. Dicha legitimación debe abarcar tanto a la pena como a la medida de seguridad, y tener en cuenta que tanto la pena como la medida de seguridad se imponen a quien infringe una norma de conducta y, por tanto, a quien tiene capacidad para infringirla. Esto presupone revisar el concepto de capacidad penal o imputabilidad,pues si imputabilidad es capacidad para comprender la realidad y adecuar el comportamiento a dicha comprensión, y toda sanción penal legítima ha de imponerse a quien tiene dicha capacidad, también las medidas de seguridad han de ser impuestas solo a imputables. Los verdaderos inimputables son aquellos que están al margen del derecho penal y a quienes resulta ilegítimo imponer alguna sanción. En esta línea, la imputabilidad ha de ser vista no solo como presupuesto del delito, sino como presupuesto de cualquier diálogo que tenga el Estado con el ciudadano con respecto al delito, al proceso y a la ejecución de la pena.

This master's thesis assesses the actuel situation of the insurance of Miroslavské strojírny vehicles and contains suggestions for its optimalization. It deals with analysis of the insurance products in motor vehicles insurance in the Czech market.

Pour une doctrine actuellement majoritaire, le contrat désigne l’acte juridique donnant exclusivement naissance à des obligations, soit une contrainte pesant sur la seule personne des parties. Cette approche subjectiviste du contrat fait obstacle à ce qu’il puisse être justifié que certains actes relatifs à une chose se doublent d’un effet réel, c'est-à-dire, d’une limite assignée au libre exercice des prérogatives juridiques relatives à la chose objet du contrat. En consentant à l’acte, le débiteur ne s’oblige pas seulement ; il s’engage à permettre la réalisation du contrat. Le sujet renonce à une part d’autonomie juridique, laquelle se traduit notamment par l’affectation du bien et donc par une perte du libre exercice de sa prérogative sur la chose. À l’effet personnel du contrat s’ajoute un effet réel. La prise en compte de l’effet réel du contrat permet de résoudre, par exemple, les difficultés liées à la détermination de la portée de l’engagement consenti par le propriétaire engagé à une promesse unilatérale, d’expliquer la situation du bailleur ou encore celle de l’apporteur d’un bien en propriété à une société. Inconnu du Code civil et des divers projets de réforme du droit des obligations, mais encore de la doctrine, l’effet réel du contrat ne peut être traduit à l’aide d’une notion existante. L’étude menée suppose donc de procéder à l’élaboration tant de la notion d’effet réel du contrat que d’un régime spécifique. Au terme de cette étude, il est conclu que la consécration de la notion d’effet réel du contrat permet d’appréhender l’ensemble des manifestations de l’engagement contractuel<br>For the dominant legal doctrine, a contract is an act creating obligations between parties. This subjective approach, centered on the parties’ personal liability tends to preclude any justification of a potential effect in rem – i.e. a limit to the free exercise of legal powers on the subject matter of the contract. By agreeing to the contract, the contractor not only takes on an obligation, but also pledges to allow the completion of the contract, which implies his submission to a limitation of his rights, especially those relevant to the subject matter of the contract. In addition, as it may carry an assignment of property, a contract cannot be reduced to a simple creation of obligations. The admission of effets in rem makes it possible to establish the duties of an owner bound by a unilateral promise to sell and to explain the commitment of a lessor or of a shareholder bringing assets into the business. Ignored by law and by doctrine, the in rem effect of a contract cannot be fully understood through pre-existing notions. The subject of the study therefore consists in developing an entire theory of effect in rem of contract. In conclusion, it will appear that its recognition is a necessity to fully measure the scope of contractual liability

Disertacijoje nagrinėjama atsakomybė už viešojo administravimo subjektų asmenims padarytą žalą, t. y. teisės požiūriu analizuojama, kam ir kaip taikoma tokia atsakomybė, kur turėtų būti brėžiamos jos ribos, kokios yra ir kaip taikomos šios atsakomybės sąlygos. Pirmojoje disertacijos dalyje pateikiama atsakomybės už viešojo administravimo subjektų asmenims padarytą žalą samprata, nustatoma šio instituto vieta Lietuvos teisės sistemoje, ji atribojama nuo kitų civilinės atsakomybės rūšių: nustatoma, kokiais atvejais už viešojo administravimo subjektų asmenims padarytą žalą yra ir turėtų būti taikomos specialios tokios atsakomybės nuostatos. Antrojoje dalyje analizuojamos atsakomybės sąlygos – neteisėti veiksmai, žala ir priežastinis ryšys. Išsamiai nagrinėjama teismų praktika sprendžiant dėl viešojo administravimo subjektų asmenims padarytos žalos atlyginimo, specialus dėmesys skirtas „pilkosioms zonoms“, t. y. tokioms, kuriose Lietuvos teismai nėra suformulavę vieningų ir aiškių kriterijų, kaip reikėtų taikyti viešąją atsakomybę. Šiuo aspektu tiriamas administracinio akto neteisėtumo ir neteisėtumo kaip civilinės atsakomybės sąlygos santykis, analizuojamos norminių aktų neteisėtumo pasekmės, diskrecinės ir priežiūros veiklos vertinimas, tiriama priežastinio ryšio įtaka tinkamam atsakomybės taikymui, nagrinėjama žalos, asmenų patiriamos dėl neteisėtų viešojo administravimo subjektų veiksmų, įvairovė, išryškinant problemas, kliudančias teisingai atlyginti tokią žalą.<br>This dissertation analyses liability for damage done to individuals by the public administration. This research in the light of legal approach analyses to whom and how such liability is applied, where the margins of this liability should be drawn, what are the conditions of such liability and how they should be applied. In the first part the conception of liability for damage done to individuals by the public administration is presented, the position of this institute in the Lithuanian legal system is determined and the boundaries between such liability and the other types of liability are drawn. In the second part the conditions of liability that is unlawful actions, damage and causality are analyzed. Comprehensive analysis of the case law is presented and special attention is paid to the “grey areas” where the national courts have not formed the clear and unanimous criteria of public liability. In this approach the relation between illegality of administrative acts and unlawfulness as a condition of civil liability, the results of unlawful regulatory act, the assessment of discretionary and supervisory activities are analyzed, the impact of causal link to the proper application of liability is examined, the variety of damage caused by unlawful acts of the public administration is explored indicating problems that prevent proper awarding of damages.

As organizações de saúde, instituições de ensino, pesquisadores e profissionais têm investido em mecanismos que visam aperfeiçoar a assistência integral à saúde ofertada aos pacientes. Todavia, a assistência pode estar sujeita a falhas que podem acarretar danos indesejados aos pacientes, familiares e profissionais, além de prejuízos ao sistema de saúde. Acionar o Poder Judiciário é um dos mecanismos adotados para reparar o dano causado. Nos últimos anos, no Brasil, especialmente a partir de 2003, observa-se um crescimento das demandas judiciais relacionadas aos serviços prestados pelos profissionais da saúde, reflexo das mudanças ocorridas na sociedade e da ampliação dos direitos sociais e fundamentais. Justifica-se, assim, um estudo retrospectivo de casos julgados, com análise da jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ), no período de 2003 a 2013, acerca das ações judiciais movidas em face dos profissionais de saúde e instituições de saúde no âmbito público e privado. Realizada analise quantitativa e qualitativa do conteúdo dos discursos dos Ministros do STJ sobre o tema erro médico, aplicando o método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). O estudo das decisões proferidas contribuiu para a compreensão dos assuntos que têm predomínio na jurisprudência do STJ sobre o erro médico. O trabalho identificou o sexo feminino como o mais vulnerável aos supostos erros médicos e as especialidades médicas diretamente relacionadas com a saúde feminina como a mais acionadas judicialmente. Ginecologia/Obstetrícia (27,08%), Ortopedia (12,5%) e Cirurgia Plástica (10,42%) foram, respectivamente, as especialidades mais demandadas. Em conclusão, o estudo traz subsídio para as organizações de saúde identificarem possíveis áreas estratégicas de atuação, no sentido de implementarem ações para reduzir a probabilidade de erros médicos, identificando mecanismos eficientes para o acompanhamento e a racionalização de possíveis falhas e para atuarem, preventivamente, nas práticas de gestão visando reduzir danos aos pacientes, diminuir custos decorrentes das indenizações, possibilitando, uma prestação de serviço de saúde de maior excelência, qualificado e seguro no sistema único e no sistema suplementar de saúde.<br>Healthcare organizations, educational institutions, researchers and healthcare professionals have invested in mechanisms to improve the integral medical assistance offered to patients, but these assistance could have failures that may result in injury to patients, family members, and damage to system. One of the mechanisms to repair the damage is to claim to the Judiciary. In Brazil, especially since 2003, there has been an increase the lawsuit number related to medical malpractice, reflecting the changes in society and the expansion of social and fundamental rights. This is a retrospective study of judged cases by the Superior Court of Justice, in the period from 2003 to 2013, regarding the lawsuits against healthcare professionals and institutions in the public and private practice. Performed quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Superior Court of Justice Ministers speeches content, using the collective subject discourse method. Analyze of decisions contributed to understanding of the predominated issues in the malpractice lawsuit. The study identified the women as the most vulnerable to medical errors and medical specialties directly related to women\'s health as the most driven in court. Gynecology/Obstetrics (27.08%), Orthopedics (12.5%) and Plastic Surgery (10.42%) were, respectively, the most demanded specialties. In conclusion, the study provides subsidy for healthcare organizations identify potential areas of action to implement strategies to reduce the likelihood of injury to patients, decreasing costs and medical malpractice.

La notion d’universalité se présente sous l’angle d’une distinction entre l’universalité de droit et l’universalité de fait. Cette opposition, héritage de la tradition, a été, en droit moderne, coulée dans des objets juridiques nouveaux. L’universalité de droit, assimilée à la notion de patrimoine, s’identifie grâce à l’idée de corrélation actif/passif ; l’universalité de fait à l’idée de collection de biens qui se réifie. Devenue familière, cette distinction souffre de quelques paradoxes qui compliquent son insertion dans le droit civil. Contrairement à l’idée affirmée en doctrine, la corrélation actif/passif n’est pas le seul élément d’identité de l’universalité de droit. Comprise, en droit moderne, à partir de la théorie du patrimoine d’Aubry et Rau, elle se différencie également de l’idée de bien. Toutefois, le législateur contemporain, à travers les mécanismes de l’EIRL et de la Fiducie, a consacré l’idée d’une universalité cessible, donc objet de droit.La convergence des deux formes d’universalités vers l’idée de choses appropriées justifie de revenir sur la théorie des universalités et d’interroger le bienfondé de cette distinction. De cette analyse, il ressort que le siège réel de l’universalité correspond à l’idée d’ensemble de biens, qui se réifie. Ce résultat est rendu possible grâce à la communauté d’affectation déterminée par le propriétaire des biens. Il va, par ce fait, créer une interdépendance fonctionnelle entre les différents biens.La structure de l’universalité rend délicate l’appréhension de son régime. Toutefois, sa qualification de bien permet de constater qu’elle s’insère facilement dans la théorie générale des biens, même si quelques ajustements sont nécessaires du fait de son caractère universel. C’est tout un pan du droit des biens qui se trouve saisi par une conception monolithique de l’universalité<br>In French law, the issue of universitas is usually approached from the universitas juris versus universitas rerum perspective. Universitas juris is the totality of the rights and liabilities of a person regarding its asset; by contrast, universitas rerum is understood as a totality of objects treated in one or more respects as a whole in law. However, in modern law, this traditional dichotomy merged into new subject-matters.Indeed, through the mechanisms such as “Individual Enterprises of Limited Responsibility” and “Trust”, French legislation dedicated, as a new subject-matter, the concept of “transferable” universitas. As a consequence, contrary to the prevailing doctrine, the interrelationship between asset and liability appears not to be the only element of identification of universitas juris. Based on that observation, the commonly enforced distinction between universitas juris and universitas rerum raises legal paradoxes and reveals not to be fit to the modern french civil law.The convergence of the two forms of universitas emphasizes the relevance of the “theory of universitas” while questioning the merits of such dualism. It thus appears that the focal point of universitas must be located in the notion of “proprietary rights”. This is made possible through the upstream definition of a special-purpose asset by the owner, allowing a functional interdependence between different goods treated as an indivisible whole by the law.Concerning its regime, the universitas qualification as a “proprietary right” shows that it fits easily into “the general theory of property law”, even if some adjustments are necessary. It is an entire branch of property law grasped by a monolithic conception of universitas

This thesis analyzes the changes in the legal form of business from individuals to corporate, namely the limited liability company. The work is focused on the method of taxation of natural and legal persons, individual ability to switch between these legal forms and evaluate the pros and cons of various forms of business. The aim is to communicate the business advantages and disadvantages of different forms of taxation of business, entrepreneurs propose a change of legal form and to acquaint him with the steps that are needed to change the legal form to do.

In this study author examines the regulation of obligation, arising from damages caused by misleading advertising. He also tries to reveal the content of liability for damages caused by misleading advertising and to clear out the possible problems of application and interpretation of the legal standards.This study deals with the backgrounds and development of advertising regulation and advertising regulation in the European Union. The present study also takes up with the constitutional grounding of restriction of advertising as a form of information, it analyses the Lithuanian legal acts, regulating advertising activity, compares administrative and civil liability for violation of prohibition to use misleading advertising.

The main purpose of this thesis is the comparison of consumer protection legislation in the Czech republic, United States of America and Croatia and the comparison of selected legal questions. After the introduction to the general issues related to consumer protection, namely the basic concepts, the development of consumer protection law in the world and the reasons of protection of consumer, the work deals with legal sources of current czech, american and croatian consumer protection law. Actual comparisons of personally selected legal questions is creating the core of the thesis. We are comparing legal definitions of basic subjects of consumer protection law, warranty and products liability as described in laws of each country.

<p>Are agency and responsibility solely ascribable to humans? The advent of artificial intelligence (AI), including the development of so-called “affective computing,” appears to be chipping away at the traditional building blocks of moral agency and responsibility. Spurred by the realization that fully autonomous, self-aware, even rational and emotionally-intelligent computer systems may emerge in the future, professionals in engineering and computer science have historically been the most vocal to warn of the ways in which such systems may alter our understanding of computer ethics. Despite the increasing attention of many philosophers and ethicists to the development of AI, there continues to exist a fair amount of conceptual muddiness on the conditions for assigning agency and responsibility to such systems, from both an ethical and a legal perspective. Moral and legal philosophies may overlap to a high degree, but are neither interchangeable nor identical. This paper attempts to clarify the actual and hypothetical ethical and legal situations governing a very particular type of advanced, or “intelligent,” computer system: medical decision support systems (MDSS) that feature AI in their system design. While it is well-recognized that MDSS can be categorized by type and function, further categorization of their mediating effects on users and patients is needed in order to even begin ascribing some level of moral or legal responsibility. I conclude that various doctrines of Anglo legal systems appear to allow for the possibility of assigning specific types of agency – and thus specific types of legal responsibility – to some types of MDSS. Strong arguments for assigning moral agency and responsibility are still lacking, however.</p>

Dans l’entreprise, la responsabilité de l’employeur découle classiquement de la reconnaissance de pouvoirs. Un tel constat peut-il être établi au sujet des représentants des salariés ? Répondre à cette question suppose que soit identifiée la nature des prérogatives qui sont confiées par le code du travail aux titulaires de mandat électifs, ou syndicaux, au sein de l’entreprise. Cette étude a donc pour objectif de proposer une qualification des attributions des représentants du personnel puis d’en tirer conséquence sur le plan de la responsabilité.L’analyse des caractéristiques de ces attributions conduit à rattacher celles-ci, pour l’essentiel,à la catégorie des droits-fonctions et à exclure souvent la qualification de pouvoir. Ce choix n’a cependant pas pour effet d’écarter toute responsabilité du titulaire du mandat, comme on aurait pu le supposer. La qualification de droit-fonction appelle un régime de responsabilité original et particulièrement adapté à la mission des représentants des salariés au sein de l’entreprise. Elle permet, notamment, de sanctionner le manquement au devoir d’agir.L’absence de pouvoir des représentants du personnel ne s’accompagne donc pas d’une totale immunité<br>In the business world, the liability of the employer or its representatives is related to their powers. Is it the same concerning the staff representatives ? Answering this question need to determine the nature of the powers available to the mandate holders. Thus, the aim of thisstudy is to propose a classification of the functions of staff representatives, as presented in theLabour regulations. Analyzing their nature leads to put them essentially in the category offunction-rights and often not in the category of the powers. The consequence is not, as expected, the rejection of any responsibility. The label of function-rights leads to an original system of liability, which is able to punish the default of duty to act. The lack of power ofstaff representatives does not mean immunity

Parce qu’elle est une clé de compréhension du déclenchement de la responsabilité civile, l’anormalité est une notion centrale de l’institution. Elle s’identifie d’abord à travers le dommage, qui est une anomalie, une déviation par rapport au cours normal des choses. L’anormalité est ici intrinsèque au dommage et se définit comme le déséquilibre patrimonial et extrapatrimonial subi par la victime. La notion se découvre ensuite à l’extérieur du dommage, elle caractérise ce qu’il faut en plus du dommage pour engager une responsabilité. Cette anormalité, dite extrinsèque au dommage, tient son origine dans la faute civile : est en faute l’individu ayant adopté un comportement anormal.Classiquement cantonnée à l’élément objectif de la faute, avant qu’elle n’en épuise entièrement la définition, l’évolution montre que l’anormalité s’est diversifiée pour devenir un critère aux multiples visages. La notion se rencontre ainsi, par exemple, dans la responsabilité du fait des choses (anormalité de la chose), dans la responsabilité du fait d’autrui (anormalité du fait d’autrui) ou encore en matière de trouble du voisinage. De manière plus latente, l’anormalité peut également être mobilisée pour expliquer le risque sélectionné par le législateur pour faire l’objet d’un régime spécial (ex : accidents de la circulation, fait des produits défectueux). En définitive, l’anormalité est un critère juridique de discrimination qui peut, pour faire naître une obligation de réparation, être associé au fait générateur, au dommage ou au risque. Cette vision est forte de potentialités ; elle permet une présentation renouvelée de la matière autour des trois fondements que sont l’anormalité du fait générateur, l’anormalité du dommage et l’anormalité du risque. En délimitant le périmètre de la responsabilité civile, cette tripartition permet finalement une relecture de la matière à la lumière des trois fondements proposés<br>Because it is key in understanding how it is triggered, the concept of abnormality is a notion of great importance in relation to civil liability. This concept is first of all found in relation to the notion of injury, which is an anomaly, a deviation from the normal course of things. The abnormality is an intrinsic part of an injury and is defined as a patrimonial and non-patrimonial disturbance suffered by a victim. The concept is then applied outside of the notion of injury, as it then characterises the elements additional to the injury that are needed in order for liability to arise. This aspect of the abnormality, the extrinsic side, originates from the tort principle: that one is liable for one’s own abnormal behaviour.Although classically confined to the objective element of fault, the notion of abnormality has outgrown its original definition and developed into a criterion with many applications. The concept is used, for instance, in relation to product liability (abnormality of an object/product), vicarious liability, or even in relation to nuisance neighbours. There is perhaps also a latent possibility for the concept of abnormality to be used by the legislator for derivative special liability regimes (e.g. defective products, traffic accidents). Ultimately, the concept of abnormality is a form of legal criterion that, in order to give rise to compensation, can be associated to a triggering event, an injury, or a risk. This vision opens up many possibilities: it enables a new way of presenting this subject matter around the three principles that are the abnormality of the triggering event, the abnormality of the injury and the abnormality of the risk. By defining the perimeter of civil liability, this tripartition actually enables a new understanding of the subject matter through these three proposed principles

Učenje o načelima postupka je jedno od karakteristika germanske procesualistike, pod čijim uticajem postaje i neodvojivi deo domaće doktrine. U teoriji se veoma rano se za oblast prikupljanja procesnog materijala formiraju dva antipodna načela &ndash; raspravno i istražno. Prvo podrazumeva da su samo stranke ovla&scaron;ćene da unose procesni materijal, odnosno da su samo one odgovorne za to. Drugo stavlja u dužnost sudu pribavljanje procesnog materijala i prebacuje odgovornost sa stranaka na njega.Od promena u srpskom parničnom postupku koje su usledile 2004. g. tvrdi se da je raspravno načelo afirmisano, a dono&scaron;enjem Zakona o parničnom postupku iz 2011. g. i da je promenjen koncept parničenja u smislu uloge suda. On je sada pasivan, i gotovo neodgovoran na planu prikupljanja procesnog materijala. Predmet istraživanja u disertaciji je postojanje raspravnog načela u sada&scaron;njem srpskom parničnom postupku.Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se ne može govoriti o raspravnom načelu kao važećem u srpskom parničnom postupku. Takav zaključak je, pre svega, uslovljen teoretskim određenjem pojma raspravnog načela i njegovog odnosa prema sudijskoj dužnosti pitanja. Raspravno načelo zaista podrazumeva da samo stranke unose procesni materijal u postupak i da u tom pogledu imaju slobodu, odnosno odgovornost. U tom smislu njegova nužna posledica su tri instituta: teret tvrdnje, priznanje tvrdnji koje vezuje sud i subjektivni teret dokazivanja. Međutim, ukoliko uz ova tri instituta postoji i sudijska dužnost pitanja, onda se odgovornost delom prebacuje i na sud, &scaron;to dovodi do postojanja sasvim drugog načela &ndash; ublaženog raspravnog načela.Na osnovu rečenog, promene koje su se desile napu&scaron;tanjem načela materijalne istine, i to pre svega ukidanjem ovla&scaron;ćenja suda da izvodi dokaze po službenoj dužnosti, nisu dovele do uspostave raspravnog načela. Sud i dalje ima dužnost da postavljanjem pitanja ukazuje strankama na deficite procesnog materijala; presuda na osnovu tereta tvrdnje, kao i presuđenje uprkos nepredlaganju dokaza može da usledi samo ako sud prethodno ispuni svoju dužnost. Sud je i u srpskom postupku saodgovorni subjekat postupka, i to ne proizilazi samo iz redakcije ZPP, već je takav smisao u skladu sa vrednovanjima slobode i odgovornosti stranaka, sa ciljem postupka, i na kraju sa osnovnim ljudskim procesnim pravima zagarantovanim Ustavom.Određenje da raspravno načelo nije važeće, već da je to ublaženo raspravno, utiče na shvatanje niza instituta koji se tiču procesa formiranja činjeničnog stanja,a spram toga se i svi drugi instituti koji se tiču procesa formiranja činjeničnog stanja moraju prosuđivati.Veoma važan deo istraživanja, koji je i prethodio zauzimanju stavova, je uporednopravno istraživanje fokusirano na germanski pravni krug &ndash; Nemačku i Austriju. S obzirom da su srpsko procesno pravo i dogmatika gotovo pod isključivim germanskim uticajem, bilo je potrebno da se temeljno istraži pitanje raspravnog načela u ovim sistemima. Rezultati ovog dela su pokazali da je ideja o raspravnom načelu koje podrazumeva pasivan i neodgovoran sud davno prevladana; upravo obratno, moderan germanski model postupka podrazumeva saodgovornost suda i stranaka.<br>The doctrine of civil litigation principles is one of the key characteristics of the Germanic procedural theory. Under its influence the doctrine of the principles grew into the essential part of the Serbian theory as well. The theory has rather early developed two conflicting principles with regard to responsibility for collecting the facts and and evidence &ndash; the principle of party control of facts and means of proof (Verhandlungsmaxime) and principle of investigation by the court (Untersuchungsmaxime). First one entails that the parties only can provide facts and means of proof in litigation; court can not render its judgment upon facts or proof which are not introduced by the parties. Second one implies a duty of the court to ascertain and clarify the facts; by the same token, court has responsibility to do so.It is the common opinion that principle of party control over facts and means of proof is effectuated in Serbian civil litigation since legislative changes in 2004. Moreover, after the introduction of the new Civil Procedure Act in 2011it is widely accepted that the paradigm of litigation is radically changed so the court is now rather passive and almost without any responsibility for gathering facts and means of proof. The subject matter of this doctoral thesis is the existence of principle of party control of facts and means of proof in current Serbian civil litigation.The results of analysis show that the principle of party control of facts and means of proof does not exists in Serbian civil litigation. This conclusion is first of all determined by dogmatic examination of the principle&rsquo;s notion. Indeed it signifies that only parties produce facts and means of proof, and in that sense that they have disposition and, accordingly, responsibility for that. By the same token, its necessary consequence are three institutes: burden of facts, binding effect of non disputed facts and burden of production of proof. However, if these three institutes exist with the court&rsquo;s parallel duty to provide hints and feedback, then the responsibility is shifted partly to the court, which results in existence of a new principle &ndash; principle of soften party control of facts and means of proof.Regarding to what is said earlier, the changes which resulted in abandoning the principle of seeking of material truth, basically abrogating the court&rsquo;s obligation to take the proofs ex offo, did not lead to the creation of principle of party control of facts and means of proof. The court still has a duty to give hints and feebacks, i. e. to suggest to the parties that they clarify or supplement their pleadings; dismissing the claim or striking defense as insufficient due to the lack of factual pleadings or production of means of proof can take place only if the court previously fulfills its duty. The court is also in Serbian civil litigation jointly responsible procedural subject. That conclusion is not warranted only by interpretation of wording of the Civil Procedure Code&rsquo;s provision, but rather and predominantly by evaluation of party autonomy and responsibility in Serbian civil procedure, purpose of a civil procedure, and last but not least, by basic procedural constitutional rights.The conclusion that the principle of party control of facts and means of proof does not exist and that its place is taken by the principle of softened party control has fundamental consequences on set of institutes which refer to the process of determination of facts. In that sense all these institutes are analyzed by the virtue of existing principle of Serbian civil procedure.Particularly important part of the thesis, which indeed precedes the main part, is a comparative study of the Germanic legal systems &ndash; Germany and Austria. Regarding the fact that Serbian procedural law and doctrine was and still is under almost entirely Germanic influence, it was necessary to conduct a thorough analysis of these systems. Results show that the idea of principle of party control of facts and means of proof, i. e. idea of passive and unliable court is abendoned. Directly opposite, modern Germanic procedural model is distinguished by joint responsibility of court and parties.

The diploma thesis focuses on tax administration in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia. It deals with the comparison of procedural law of tax administration, compares the principles enshrined in the relevant laws and marginally deals with the principles of good administration. It also compares chosen taxes obligations, which the taxpayer has to comply with towards tax authorities. The thesis also contains recommended solutions for simulated problem situations.

碩士<br>東吳大學<br>法律學系<br>99<br>The progress of the medical technology depends on the implementation of the human subject test, and therefore the need for conducting human subject test is increasing. However, the implementation of the new drug human subject test is somehow full of the risks, and thus it may cause research-related injuries. Therefore, clarifying the compensation for injury is imperative. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the contractual and tortious liabilities of human subject test. This thesis is organized as follows: the introduction, the discussion of new drug human subject test, the contractual liability of new drug human subject test agreement, the tortious liability of new drug human subject test, and the conclusion. The chapter one illustrates the purpose of this thesis, delimits the scope of this thesis, and discusses the definition and types of the human subject test. The chapter two distinguishes the differences between the medical practice and human subject test, describes the unique features of the human subject test, and discusses the ethical principles related to human subject test. Moreover, this chapter finally illustrates the current state of the new drug human subject test in Taiwan. Focusing on the new drug human subject test agreement, the chapter three analyzes the nature of such agreement, the constituents of such agreement, the effects of obligations, and the extinction of obligations. Focusing on the liabilities of torts related to new drug human subject test, the chapter four analyzes the constituents of the tortious liabilities, and the applications of the Article 184, Article 185, Article 188, and Article 191-3 of the Civil Code in the medical disputes arisen from the human subject test. In the chapter five, the main viewpoints of contractual and tortious liabilities are summarized. This chapter draws a conclusion and gives some suggestions from the perspectives of the contractual and tortious liabilities, in order to create effective and well-rounded protection for the human subject. In Taiwan, the human subject test is regulated mainly by administrative regulations, and thus the statues regarding the compensation for injured human are inadequately provided. Based on the fundamental theory of the Civil Law, this thesis, from the perspectives of the contractual and tortious liabilities, analyzes the legal relations of the new drug human subject test. In order to create effective and well-rounded protection for the human subject, this thesis also provides criterions on the allocation of risks and attribution of responsibilities, which are applicable in dispute resolution procedures.

In 1974, the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC) began the exclusive sale of automobile insurance to the motorists of British Columbia. Created by Dave Barrett, Robert Strachan, and the New Democratic Party government of British Columbia, the corporation was controversial and denounced by many as a socialist encroachment into the economy for purely ideological reasons. Previous studies of the ICBC have done little to dispel this notion because they focus on its operations rather than its inception. The ICBC, however, was more than just a product of New Democratic Party ideology. It had its origins in historical precedent that paved the way for greater government intervention in the economy, in questionable insurance industry ethics, in the W.A.C. Bennett government's bumbling over regulating the insurance industry, and in the failure of the industry to organize an efficient resistance to the creation of the ICBC.

碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>法律科際整合研究所<br>97<br>In recent years, patients’ consciousness of self-determination has raised and many medical disputes occurred; doctors feel discomfort and developed the high intensity of self-defense. The solution of medical malpractice and professional liability of doctors have became the major public issues and received many discussions. We are quite sure that the medical progress is based on innovative and intensive clinical study on human subjects. Under this background, the topics on human subject research have been attracted more attention than ever. Since the situations in human research are complex and variable. If relative clinical standards and legal protections are not adequately provided, the human subjects involved in clinical researches may face many risks and even injured. In Taiwan, we don’t have a systemic regulations on human subject research, all regulations are distributed in different code, act, proceeding, and agreement. Furthermore, the government does not have enough resource and manpower to monitor or inspect the processes of human research, the issues of protection of human rights and benefits of testee has raised serious concern. The human subject research is not exactly the same as the clinical medical treatment, it’s impossible for legislators or institutions to regulate research through traditional medical regulations such as medical ethics doctor-involved informed consent, medical agreement (contract), tort laws, and compensation for injury. In this thesis, firstly, I reviewed the most important publications related to human subject research include Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, USA’s Belmont Report and Code of Federal Regulations, CIOMS International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects, and ICH-GCP; secondly, focus on each specific topics especially the value of informed consent, the importance of medical agreement, the liabilities of torts and the policy of compensation for injury. Finally, I’ll make my comments and suggestions to the health care authorities to update and implement new regulating policies to protect human rights of subjects involved in clinical researches. My thesis is restricted to discuss the impact of civil liability on human subjects research focus on drug clinical trial and divided into seven chapters as follows: “Introduction”, “Human subject research”, “Principles of informed consent”, “International liability of civil law on human subject research”, “Liability of Taiwan civil law on human subject research”, “Policy of compensation for injured human research subject” and “Conclusion”.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito<br>A evolução moderna da expetativa jurídica, na doutrina germânica, divide-se em três fases. No final do século XIX, os estudiosos propuseram que a expetativa (Anwartschaft) era distinta do direito esperado, formando um conceito jurídico autónomo. Nos meados do século XX, determinou um período marcado pela controvérsia de natureza jurídica no que tocante a expetativa. A partir dos anos 80 do século XX, os juristas puseram o foco no mecanismo autónomo de expetativa, incluindo a transmissibilidade, a penhorabilidade, e a garantia desta figura jurídica. Sobretudo, na Alemanha, a corrente dominante qualifica a expetativa como direito subjetivo, daí que a proteção seja conferida por força do § 823. I BGB. Pelo contrário, em Portugal, poucos são os estudiosos que se referem à noção de expetativa e, quando o fazem, dedicam-lhe somente uma atenção lateral e pouco desenvolvida. Deste modo, propomo-nos, do ponto de vista da ordem jurídica lusitana, descortinar e analisar a questão da responsabilidade civil pela violação de expetativas jurídicas, a fim de que contribuamos para a reflexão do tema em estudo. À partida, debruçamo-nos sobre a noção técnico-jurídica da expetativa jurídica, indicando os seus carateres comuns. Em primeiro lugar, contrariamente ao que se passa em esperança em sentido vulgar, a expetativa jurídica supõe que, no fim do processo de formação, se venha a constituir um direito subjetivo ou que ele seja atribuído a um determinado sujeito. Em segundo lugar, a formação de direito esperado inclui vários factos aquisitivos de produção sucessiva. Quando, durante o processo formativo, se verificarem apenas alguns dos factos criadores do direito definitivo mas faltarem os outros, surge uma situação de expetação. Em terceiro lugar, o processo de formação encontra-se desencadeado, e a situação de expetação já chega ao nível, juridicamente, consistente. Na nossa modesta opinião, a aferição de consistência jurídica baseia-se num fundamento legal, pela qual a liberdade de ação ou o conteúdo possível de um direito fique restringido. Em seguida, a fim de que delimitemos a amplitude da noção acima indicada, distinguimos as expetativas jurídicas das suas figuras afins. Com efeito, o nosso legislador, no Código Civil, não optou pelo acolhimento do conceito técnico-jurídico da “expetativa”, tendo empregado o termo, por vezes, no sentido da linguagem corrente. Além disso, as “legítimas expetativas” consagradas no art. 81º, n.º 2 do mesmo diploma não corresponde à figura em análise. Ademais, a perda de chance tem uma dogmática diferente da perda de expetativa, embora tenham pontos que se tocam. Por sua vez, abordamos a natureza de expetativa jurídica, verificando se pode (ou não) enquadrar a expetativa jurídica no tema do direito subjetivo. Se a resposta fosse positiva, seria possível integrar-se a sua tutela na responsabilidade aquiliana. No entanto, depois da análise detalhada, julgamos que a expetativa jurídica deve ser considerada como uma posição ativa autónoma, não um jus perfectum, nem um minus do direito expetado. Porém, o facto de o objeto em análise não poder subsumir nas categorias do direito subjetivo não obsta a viabilidade de indemnização por frustração ou por detrimento de expetativas jurídicas. O problema deve ser resolvido por interpretação da lei, e há que ver o regime estabelecido pela lei para cada caso. Assim sendo, decidimos servir, na nossa investigação, o negócio jurídico sob condição suspensiva de modelo. Uma vez que, no nosso caso em apreço, o perecimento ou deterioração da coisa objeto do negócio condicionado, ou diminuição do valor dos bens não ocorrem na fase negociatória, nem na fase decisória, o mecanismo de responsabilidade pré-negocial não se aplica. Em contrapartida, é suscetível enquadrar a proteção da pendência no campo da responsabilidade contratual, visto que tais atos implicam que o devedor condicional incumpre os deveres oriundos da boa-fé, constante no art. 272º do Código Civil. Ademais, a existência do direito ao pagamento de indemnização tem, neste caso, como pressuposto a verificação da condição. Dito de outro modo, se a coisa ou direito definitivo se perder, deteriorar ou diminuir de valor, o credor condicional tiver direito a ser indemnizado, só quando se verifique o evento condicionante. Da conjunção dos fatores acima mencionados, podemos constatar que, quer na Alemanha, quer em Portugal, a expetativa jurídica merece proteção jus-civilística, se bem que os instrumentos salvíficos sejam diversos. Nesta medida, a tutela da expetativa jurídica não só se destina a viabilizar a constituição (ou a aquisição) eventual de um direito, impedindo a obstrução surgida no processo formativo, como também visa conservar a integridade do direito expetado, evitando a frustração ou o detrimento do mesmo.<br>The modern evolution of the juristic expectations is divided in three historical phases in the Germanic doctrine. At the end of the nineteenth century, some jurists proposed the distinction between the expected right and the expectation (Anwartschaft), because it should be considered an autonomous legal concept. In the middle of the twentieth century, the nature of juristic expectation was discussed by many scholars. Since 1980s, the jurists focused on the autonomous mechanism of juristic expectation, for examples, the transferability, the enforceability and the guarantee of this legal figure. Particularly, the majority of German scholars qualifies the juristic expectation as a subjective right, thus its protection is conferred by § 823. I of the BGB. On the other hand, there were few Portuguese jurists who have referred to juristic expectations. For this reason, the present dissertation focuses on the feasibility analysis of the civil liability applying to the people who have frustrated other’s juristic expectation from the point of view of Portuguese legal system. To achieve this objective, the first part of this article is elaborated on the conception of juristic expectation by showing three common features, which serves as a starting point for the later reflections. Besides, the second part concerns the nature of juristic expectation, in order to verify whether the mechanism of non-contractual liability can (or cannot) apply to the corresponding protection. The last chapter uses the juristic act subject to a conditional precedent as model to answer the central question that guides our research. In this case, since the destruction or deterioration of the object of juristic act subject to a conditional precedent, or the decrease in the responding value does not occur in negotiation stage, nor in decision-making stage, the mechanism of pre-contractual liability should not be applied. Nevertheless, it is possible to protect the pendent period of condition by the contractual liability, because those acts imply that the conditional debtor defaulted the obligations arising from good faith, in accordance with the article 272º of the Civil Code. In addition, the existence of the right to compensation presupposes the verification of condition. In other words, if the object of juristic act subject to a conditional precedent loses, deteriorates or diminishes in value, the conditional creditor is entitled to compensation, only if the condition verifies. Through the above analysis, we can draw a conclusion: both in Germany and Portugal, the juristic expectation deserves jus-civilistic protection, although the respective salvations are diverse. Moreover, the protection of the juristic expectation is not only intended to enable the constitution (or acquisition) of a right, but also aims to conserve the integrity of the expected right.

Annotation The tax optimalization means that a tax unit tries to minimize his tax liability. This is reached with use of tax savings. All subjects are allowed to use only the legal procedures, the illegal process means the tax avoidance. A work deals only with the income tax. In the theoritic part is the Czech law of income tax presented. In the practical part there is a particular company (Limited Liability Company) presented and persons which are connected with this company. Four tax subject groups are solved: 1. The employee of the company, 2. The employee and simultaneously the owner of the company, 3. The company as a whole, 4. The shareholders of the company. For each group will be a current tax liability and several versions counted, they will be compared and then the best one for each subject will be chosen.

Diploma Thesis Summary The Internet and the copyright - the scope of liability of the individual entities and ways of protection against the piracy This thesis is focused on liabilitiy of the individual entities occurring on the Internet and piracy issues. It is primarily an analysis of how individual subjects may be responsible for violations of copyright rules. The aim of this thesis was not complete processing of all relevant aspects of piracy and the resulting responsibilities, but in particular to highlight the most topical issues discussed. I chose the topic because of personal interest to study the dynamically developing field of information technology law and intellectual property law. The work is divided into eight chapters, each dealing with a problem with this topic. The first two chapters talk about Internet in general and the ability this the Internet law to push through the Internet. Mentioned are mainly questions the legitimacy of law on the Internet, the reasons for the existence of the Internet law and especially the importance of copyright protection. Part three charts the formal sources of copyright in the digital era adapted to works of authorship. The focus of relationships on the Internet are issues of determining jurisdiction and applicable law, as described in Chapter Four....

1 Abstract The Internet and copyright - the scope of liability of individual parties involved and modes of protection against piracy The main purpose of this diploma thesis is to evaluate the current state of the legal regulation of copyright in relation to the responsibility for violation of such law in the Internet environment. The thesis contains a list of valid Czech and European legal standards and a list of international treaties affecting the topic. I have also analyzed the responsibility for copyright infringement on the Internet in the light of primarily European case law. Given the so-called Europeanization of law and its impact on copyright law, European case law has a great significance also for the decision- making of Czech courts. I chose the topic of my thesis because the connection between law and the Internet appears to me as interesting and this area is constantly evolving and changing, as the Internet itself has become an absolutely unpredictable area in terms of the number of active users. Another problematic and very interesting area is the conflict of features, namely the features of the Internet that are inherently non-border, and copyright, which is territorial. I have judged this conflict of interest in the light of both the offline and the online world, which addresses the wider...

The Internet and copyright - the scope of liability of individual parties involved and modes of protection against piracy Abstract The main aim of this thesis is to evaluate the extension of Internet piracy as well as to determine which subjects are liable for the unlawful sharing of files and copyright protected works by using different platforms. I have decided to write about this topic primarily because of the persisting phenomenon of Internet piracy and copyright infringement. In this thesis I am proposing some ideas which could help to fight Internet piracy. I am also considering current EU legislation and the EU case-law regarding copyright on the Internet. The thesis is divided into eleven chapters, which include sub-chapters. The opening chapter introduces the reader to the piracy phenomenon and copyright infringement. The following chapters deal with the evolution of the Internet in the world in general and in the Czech Republic specifically. The third chapter describes copyright in cyberspace. Further, I consider the relevant international law, legal sources of copyright in the EU and the copyright legislation in the Czech Republic, including the protection against administrative offences in the field of copyright and criminal offences. The fourth chapter highlights specific examples of liability...

Resumé The Internet and copyright - the scope of liability of individual parties and modes of protection against piracy. The main purpose of my graduation thesis is to analyze and evaluate the current situation in copyright law, with an emphasis on the general liability of the Internet Service Providers and other respective subjects in the information society. An inseparable part of this thesis is an overview of international treaties, European law and national law. The final part highlights new trends in copyright piracy with the provisions for combating these. From my perspective there are two reasons why this topic attracted my attention. Firstly, I could hardly hide my personal interest as a person who is a computer specialist by profession. Secondly, copyright law is a subject of perpetual and significant change, inspiring new ideas and new approaches. The work is divided into five chapters, which are divided into various subchapters. An introduction to the topic is broadly provided in the first and second chapter which describes this new medium of the Internet from several angles. These points of view often go far beyond copyright law, describing the axioms of constitutional law and the principles of humanism and human rights. These principles are threatened considerably in the globalised society with...

The main purpose of the graduation thesis is the analysis and evaluation of copyright legislation in relation to the responsibility of individual parties for its violation within the Internet. The thesis also contains an overview of formal legal resources of copyright law and also the legislation governing the information society. The problem of responsibility is also introduced in the light of selected case law, because due to not very detailed legislation in this area of law, the jurisprudence plays a very significant role. From my perspective the reason why I have chosen the topic "Internet and Copyright - the scope of liability of individual parties and modes of protection against piracy " for graduation thesis was definitely the topicality of the issue and the severity of the problem related to differences in interpretation in the context of case law. Last but not least it was the dynamic legislative development in this branch of law which attracted my attention. The thesis is divided into five chapters which are further divided into subchapters. In the first chapter it is discussed the phenomenon of the Internet, while the emphasis is primarily on general and legal definition of the Internet and other terminology. A certain part of this chapter also focuses its development and its...

My work deals with the issue of liability of individual parties in the internet, especially the liability for making the work protected by copyright available to the public and downloading it from the internet, and with internet piracy, which is closely connected with this issue. Its aim is to define the liability of the parties in the light of present development of the internet and currently used services and platforms, to illustrate the issue of internet piracy and to suggest the most effective ways to solve such phenomenon today. This is based both on statutory provisions and on the case-law of the Czech courts and, in particular, on the Court of Justice of the European Union. In the first part of the thesis I introduce readers to basic institutes of copyright, I deal with the subject of copyright protection and the exceptions from it. I discuss in particular the conditions of free use of the work which I consider to be the fundamental institute connected with the topic of my work. In the second part I deal with making the work available on the Internet, first I describe what is meant by "making the work available to public", later I distinguish between the liability for making available the own content and the other people's content. In the context of the other's content, I especially address...

The Internet and Copyright - the Scope of Liability of Individual Parties and Ways of Protection against the Piracy Abstract The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive view of selected issues related to the internet, including both the technical and legal view, and copyright, including it`s history within the European continent. The thesis also deals with the liabilitiy of individual parties involved with the emphasis on the liability of the information service providers. This chapter also includes an assessment of existing national and European legislation in the light of settled case law of European courts. In conclusion, the current internet piracy practices are mentioned, including it`s further direction, institutions dealing with anti-piracy activities and reflection on the effective fight against this kind of infringement. The thesis is therefore divided into four chapters dealing with (i) the internet, (ii) copyright, it`s brief history and legal sources, (iii) liability of individual parties involved, and (iv) internet piracy. Key words: copyright, copyright infringment, liability

The subject of this diploma thesis is the tax optimisation of a selected business entity. The thesis aims at finding the most optimum tax solution possible, especially of corporation income tax in order that the selected entity has as low tax liability as possible. The diploma thesis is divided into a theoretical and practical part, each of which is divided into individual chapters and subchapters, dealing with specific problems. The introduction of the theoretical part includes basic terms relating to tax issues, general data on the taxation system of the Czech Republic. The following and, simultaneously, most comprehensive chapter is devoted to corporation income tax, namely for the reason that the practical part deals with alternatives of optimisation of corporation income tax. In these chapters I proceeded mainly from the current wordings of tax laws and other specialised publications. The practical part of the thesis provides, one by one, suggestions of individual alternatives for reducing tax liability, which are subsequently theoretically explained and practically calculated. When calculating the individual alternatives I proceeded on the basis of exact data and details that the selected enterprise had been provided to me. Thanks to it, I had the opportunity to obtain a good knowledge of its internal functioning, economic situation but also the ownership structure. A summary of these resultant alternatives is then given in chapter 7. It exactly shows what impact each of the alternatives would have on the enterprise{\crq}s tax liability and what the tax liability would amount to if all the alternatives proposed were used.

碩士<br>中原大學<br>財經法律研究所<br>106<br>The article 20 paragraph 1 of the Securities and Exchange Act is a general clause against securities fraud, paragraph 3 of the same article regulate the civil liability of paragraph 1. The court’s opinion may not be consistent due to some implicit elements of the article of the Civil Responsibility of Securities Fraud. It also difficult to abide in subsequent cases. The thesis selects the two elements of “Responsibility Subject” and “Subjective Elements” that violate the civil liability of the article 20 paragraph 1. To observe the judgments of the courts on the elements, and from the perspective of the Judicial Approach, observes the circumstances in which the court applied the Judicial Approach when interpreting the two elements. From the result of analyzing judgments, it is difficult to know the scope of the Responsibility Subjects in the application of the Textual Approach; in applying the System Approach, there is a considerable number of courts deems that refer to Article 32, and also refer to the criminal responsibility norms, the feasor of the violation is also the responsibility subject of Civil Liability; in applying the Historical Approach, most of the courts deem the responsibility subject is not limited to the issuer but includes the privies and the third party; in applying the Comparative Approach, the result is merely as a reference not a basis of judgment; in applying the Purposive Approach, the majority of the judgments deem Responsibility Subjects are not limited to the issuer or the person involved in the transaction. There are also some courts that consider the purpose of safeguarding the order of transactions and protecting the investors, Article 20-1 shall be taken as Legal theory and to do the same finding on the Responsibility Subject of Article 20 and Article 20-1. In the part of Subjective Elements of the thesis, when applying the Textual Approach, many court opinions invoke the opinion of the Supreme Court on criminal judgments. They deem that Article 20 are all confined to intentional acts; in applying the System Approach, the court has observed the legislative reasons for Article 32 and the criminal liability of Article 171 paragraph 1 subparagraph 1, the Subjective Requirements of Article 20 are confined to the intentional; in applying the Historical Approach, the court has observed the legislative reasons for Article 20 paragraph 3 and Article 20-1, and it would be different Subjective Elements that based on different Responsibility Subjects; in applying the Comparative Approach, there are courts that refer to foreign law and deem that the Subjective Elements of Civil Liability for Securities Fraud should be similar to the recklessness; in applying the Purposive Approach, the majority of the courts tend to deem that Subjective Elements are not confined to intentional, and there are also some court’s opinion to consider the purpose, and to deem that Article 20-1 as Legal Theory, and to deem that the different Subjective Elements is based on different Responsibility Subjects. In addition, this thesis also tries to apply Judicial Approach to analyze the Responsibility Subjects and Subjective Elements of the Civil Liability of the Article 20 paragraph 1 of the Securities and Exchange Act.

The master's work consists of 74 sheets, 59 bibliographic sources are used. The relevance of the research topic. The activity of Roskomnadzor in protecting the rights of personal data subjects, with the increasing influence of information technology on all spheres of society, is more important than ever. At the same time, the activities of this body are not as effective as modern realities require. Protocol of amendments to the said Convention in October 2018. The purpose of this master's thesis is to explore the management of personal data processing activities and formulate recommendations for its improvement. To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve the following tasks: get acquainted with the theoretical foundations of the processing of personal data; to compile a characteristic of Roskomnadzor as a state body and business entity using the example of the Roskomnadzor Office in the Urals Federal District; to analyze the results of Roskomnadzor's activities in the field of personal data; develop recommendations for improving the activities of Roskomnadzor in the field of personal data. The studies carried out allowed the formation of a number of measures to improve the activities of Roskomnadzor in protecting the rights of personal data subjects. The significance of the developed measures is characterized by an increase in the effectiveness of the fight against offenses in all spheres of society.<br>Магистерская работа состоит из 74 листа, использовано 59 библиографических источников. Актуальность темы исследование. Деятельность Роскомнадзора по защите прав субъектов персональных данных, с увеличением влияния информационных технологий на все сферы жизни общества важна как никогда. При этом, деятельность этого органа не так эффективна, как того требуют современные реалии. Протокола изменений к упомянутой Конвенции в октябре 2018 года. Цель данной магистерской диссертации – исследовать управление деятельностью по обработке персональных данных и сформировать рекомендации по её совершенствованию. Для достижения поставленной цели необходимо решить следующие задачи: ознакомиться с теоретическими основами обработки персональных данных; составить характеристику Роскомнадзора как государственного органа и хозяйствующего субъекта на примере Управления Роскомнадзора по Уральскому федеральному округу; провести анализ результатов деятельности Роскомнадзора в области персональных данных; разработать рекомендации по совершенствованию деятельности Роскомнадзора в сфере персональных данных. Проведенные исследования позволили сформировать ряд мероприятий по совершенствованию деятельности Роскомнадзора по защите прав субъектов персональных данных. Значимость разработанных мероприятий характеризуется повышением эффективности борьбы с правонарушениями во всех сферах жизни общества.

The graduation thesis deals with the tax optimalization in a chosen business subject. The aims of this graduation thesis are aplications of alternative procedure in the tax liability calculation and their showing at chosen business subject. The practical part is aimed at present law adjustment of a corporate income tax and at methodology of process of an individual option of the tax optimalization aimed at carryback, tax abatement and other tax types of the tax optimalization. The data, including the calculation of the 2007 income tax range, of the company Dřevooptima s.r.o. are elaborated in the practical part. By means of the aplication of the individual option of the tax optimalization on the company data there generates different tax optimalizations. Based on the comparision of these options and the existing degree of recommendation, which options of the tax optimalization should the company used in the future to legally reduce its tax liability. For purposes of the better orientation the thesis also contains charts.

The main goal of this thesis is to analyse to what extent piracy on today's Internet is spread; who is responsible for unlawfully shared files from the legal point of view; how it is fought against copyright infringement; how it is possible to identify a person being responsible for copyright infringement and with what kind of punishment the person is to be charged. Moreover, this thesis focuses on in what way the issues mentioned above could develop and presents an outline of legislation changes which would lead to more effective copyright enforcing. The main reason why I have chosen the topic "The Internet and copyright - the scope of responsibility of particular subjects (webhosting, the Internet provider…) and means of protection against piracy (the pirate identification and their punishment…)" is that I find this law field very dynamic and likely to develop further, which makes it appropriate for my future career. What is more, I am close and interested in IT myself. I also believe that the real "boom" of lawsuits has not come to the Czech Republic yet resulting in a good opportunity. This work is divided into nine chapters, each chapter being split into several subchapters following the logical order. In the first chapter the reader is informed that piracy and fighting against it is not a...

Dans l’entreprise, la responsabilité de l’employeur découle classiquement de la reconnaissance de pouvoirs. Un tel constat peut-il être établi au sujet des représentants des salariés ? Répondre à cette question suppose que soit identifiée la nature des prérogatives qui sont confiées par le code du travail aux titulaires de mandat électifs, ou syndicaux, au sein de l’entreprise. Cette étude a donc pour objectif de proposer une qualification des attributions des représentants du personnel puis d’en tirer conséquence sur le plan de la responsabilité.L’analyse des caractéristiques de ces attributions conduit à rattacher celles-ci, pour l’essentiel,à la catégorie des droits-fonctions et à exclure souvent la qualification de pouvoir. Ce choix n’a cependant pas pour effet d’écarter toute responsabilité du titulaire du mandat, comme on aurait pu le supposer. La qualification de droit-fonction appelle un régime de responsabilité original et particulièrement adapté à la mission des représentants des salariés au sein de l’entreprise. Elle permet, notamment, de sanctionner le manquement au devoir d’agir.L’absence de pouvoir des représentants du personnel ne s’accompagne donc pas d’une totale immunité<br>In the business world, the liability of the employer or its representatives is related to their powers. Is it the same concerning the staff representatives ? Answering this question need to determine the nature of the powers available to the mandate holders. Thus, the aim of thisstudy is to propose a classification of the functions of staff representatives, as presented in theLabour regulations. Analyzing their nature leads to put them essentially in the category offunction-rights and often not in the category of the powers. The consequence is not, as expected, the rejection of any responsibility. The label of function-rights leads to an original system of liability, which is able to punish the default of duty to act. The lack of power ofstaff representatives does not mean immunity

Research on New Procedures Using a Method That Has Not Yet Been Used in Clinical Practice on a Living Human Abstract Uterus transplantation, use of hypothermia in acute myocardial infarction or gastric peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy, these are the topics of three Czech on going researches of novel medical methods, to which this thesis is devoted. The aim of this thesis is to elaborate on the whole issue of new methods by presenting the Czech legislative framework and current clinical practice and to assess the overall situation in this area. In one of the chapters, attention is also paid to the potential legal ground for the possibility of compensating patients for injury, ie civil liability, most likely occurring as a liability for the non lege artis procedure or as a specific type of strict no-fault liability.