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Books on the topic 'Subjective and objective theory'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Subjective, intersubjective, objective. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001.

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2

Klempner, Geoffrey V. Naive metaphysics: A theory of subjective and objective worlds. Aldershot, Hants, England: Avebury, 1994.

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3

Subjective and objective Bayesian statistics: Principles, models, and applications. 2nd ed. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience, 2003.

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4

Press, S. James, ed. Subjective and Objective Bayesian Statistics. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470317105.

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5

Diefenbeck, James A. A subjective theory of organism. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1995.

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6

Issues in clinical psychology: Subjective versus objective approaches. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1993.

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7

Rowe, Alicia L. Anchoring effects on objective and subjective visual stimuli. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, 2007.

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8

Osmond, Marie Withers. Women and work in Cuba: Objective conditions and subjective perceptions. East Lansing, MI (202 International Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1035): Office of Women in International Development, Michigan State University, 1988.

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9

Nakajima, Chihiro. Subjective equilibrium theory of the farm household. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986.

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10

Nakajima, Chihiro. Subjective equilibrium theory of the farm household. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986.

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11

Stephanou, Georgia. Attributions and emotions for subjective and objective outcomes of basketball matches. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1994.

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12

Cox, Trevor John. Objective and subjective evaluation of reflecting and diffusing surfaces in auditoria. Salford: University ofSalford, 1992.

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13

How we got to be human: Subjective minds with objective bodies. Amherst, N.Y: Prometheus Books, 2000.

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14

Ando, Yoichi. Opera House Acoustics Based on Subjective Preference Theory. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55423-3.

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15

Nedjah, Nadia. Multi-Objective Swarm Intelligent Systems: Theory & Experiences. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.

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16

The art of colour: The subjective experience and objective rationale of color. New York: John Wiley, 2002.

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17

The art of color: The subjective experience and objective rationale of color. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993.

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18

Press, S. James. Subjective and Objective Bayesian Statistics: Principles, Models, and Applications. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2009.

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19

Klempner, Geoffrey V. Native Metaphysics: A Theory of Subjective and Objective Worlds (Avebury Series in Philosophy). Avebury, 1994.

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20

Press, S. James. Subjective and Objective Bayesian Statistics: Principles, Models, and Applications (Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics). Wiley-Interscience, 2002.

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21

Egerstedt, Magnus, and Amy LaViers. Controls and Art: Inquiries at the Intersection of the Subjective and the Objective. Springer, 2016.

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22

Egerstedt, Magnus, and Amy LaViers. Controls and Art: Inquiries at the Intersection of the Subjective and the Objective. Springer, 2014.

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23

Hurka, Thomas. Objective Goods. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.12.

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This chapter discusses the idea that there are objective human goods, ones that are desirable and worth pursuing independently of how much you desire or would enjoy them. It examines some leading candidates for such goods, principally the nonmoral goods of knowledge and achievement and the moral good of virtue. It argues that the aggregation of objective goods may use different principles than for subjective goods, for example, ones that value variety or tend less to favor equal distributions of resources. It also considers some policy implications of endorsing objective goods, for example about education, arts funding, and the justification of the market, and asks how far the Sen-Nussbaum capabilities approach can be connected to an objective account of well-being or the human good.
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24

Richard, Calnan. Part I The Guiding Principle, 1 Principle 1: Objective Common Intention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198792307.003.0002.

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This chapter explains that the purpose of contractual interpretation is to establish the intention of the parties to the contract. This is done objectively: what would a reasonable person understand their common intention to be from what they have written, said, and done? The chapter discusses what we mean when we talk about the intention of the parties. It explains how the objective approach to interpretation works, and why it is preferred to the subjective approach. Interpretation is important in practice because of the breath of the principle of freedom of contract. The chapter discusses this and its limits, including the penalty doctrine.
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25

Agha, Saleh J. Muḥammad Bāqir al-Ṣadr (d. 1979) on the Logical Foundations of Induction. Edited by Khaled El-Rouayheb and Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199917389.013.31.

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Mohammad Baqir as-Sadr’s book on the logical foundations of induction is an attempt to solve “the problem of induction,” with the ultimate aim of establishing that faith in God is based on the same rational principles as science. The book argues against two main attempts to solve that problem—the Aristotelian/rationalist and the empiricist attempts, rejecting both as inadequate. The book argues for a new epistemological theory that distinguishes between an objective and a subjective axis along which knowledge can grow, based on an analysis of knowledge into an objective content and a subjective attitude. Objective growth relies on the theory of probability, while subjective growth is a matter of increasing certainty. Sadr’s solution of the problem of induction operates at the subjective level and fundamentally relies on an inadequate assumption. The project ultimately fails; but its execution is highly instructive and introduces new methods into Islamic philosophy.
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26

Dalle Vacche, Angela. André Bazin's Film Theory. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190067298.001.0001.

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The best way to understand Bazin’s film theory is to pay attention to art, science, and religion, since spectatorship depends on perception, cognition, and hallucination. By arguing that this dissident Catholic’s worldview is anti-anthropocentric, Angela Dalle Vacche concludes that cinema recapitulates the history of evolution and technology inside our consciousness, so that we may better understand how we overlap with, but also differ from, animals, plants, objects, and machines. Whereas in “Art,” the author explains the difference between painting as a static object and the moving image as an event unfolding in time, in “Science,” she discusses Bazin’s dislike of classical geometry and Platonic algebra, his fascination with biology and modern calculus to underline his holistic Darwinism, and his anti-Euclidean mathematics of motion and contingency. Comparable to a religious practice, Bazin’s cinema is the only collective ritual of the twentieth century capable of fostering an emotional community by calling on critical self-interrogation and ethical awareness. Especially keen on Italian neorealism, Bazin argues that this sensibility thrives on beings and things displacing themselves in such a way as to turn the Other into a Neighbor. Bazin’s film theory acknowledges the equalizing impact of the camera lens, which is analogous to, but also different from, the human eye. In the cinema, two different kinds of eyes coexist: one is mechanical and objective, the other is human and subjective. By refusing to reshape the world according to an a priori thesis, Bazin’s idea of an anti-anthropocentric cinema seeks surprise, dialogue, risk, and experiment.
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27

Sullivan, Mark D. Health as the Capacity for Action. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195386585.003.0006.

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Objective definitions of health and disease are favored because they promise a value-free measure of health problems and health care needs. But objective health does not simply cause the subjective experience of health. Self-rated health predicts mortality, disability, and hospitalizations for up to a decade after controlling for objective measures of health. Objective tissue abnormalities cannot be discovered to be pathological without reference to the experiences of patients acting in their natural environment. Patients adapt to chronic illness and its functional deficits over time with real improvements in their quality of life. Problems like pain and depression do not distort quality of life assessments, but are at their core. Since neither objective nor subjective models of health are valid, we must derive a different model: health as capacity for action. Any adequate approach to health must foster the patient’s sense of agency, her capacity to achieve her vital goals.
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28

van der Meer, Tom W. G. Economic Performance and Political Trust. Edited by Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.16.

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The relationships among objective macroeconomic outcomes, subjective evaluations, and political trust are widely studied. Yet, these relationships are not as straightforward as they might seem. This chapter first provides an overview of the main theoretical propositions in the literature as well as their critiques. Next, the chapter analyzes empirical analyses of the relationship between economic performance and political trust. While subjective evaluations of the economy are consistently related to political trust across the globe, the effect of objective macroeconomic performance depends on theoretical and methodological specifications. Objective performance indicators determine political trust in longitudinal rather than in cross-sectional analyses, suggesting that citizens’ historical rather than cross-national comparison of the state of their economy lies at the basis of this effect.
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29

Bader, Ralf M. Inner Sense and Time. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724957.003.0007.

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This chapter explains how outer appearances end up in time, despite the fact that time is only the form of inner sense, on the basis that they are objects of representations of which we become aware in a temporal manner by means of an act of reflexive awareness. This temporalising function of inner sense is to be distinguished from the subjective temporal ordering that results from the reappropriation of mental states by means of inner intuition. Both these functions pertain to sensibility and are, in turn, to be distinguished from time determination, which is performed by the understanding. There is thus a three-fold progression: 1. the temporalising of appearances as a result of reflexive awareness (subjective simultaneity), 2. the subjective ordering of representings that occurs as part of the reappropriation of mental states (subjective succession), and 3. the objective ordering identified by means of time determination (objective simultaneity and succession).
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30

Sepielli, Andrew. Subjective and Objective Reasons. Edited by Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.34.

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We sometimes treat right and wrong as subjective—that is, as necessarily dependent on things like our beliefs and evidence. Think of “subjective utilitarianism.” Sometimes we treat these as objective—that is, as perhaps dependent on the way things really are, independently of our beliefs and evidence. Think of “objective utilitarianism.” Are these just different but equally acceptable ways of thinking and talking, or is one somehow privileged over the other? The philosophers I call “Dividers” take the former view; those I call “Debaters” take the latter. While lots of ink has been spilled on the topic of “subjective and objective reasons” by philosophers in both the Divider and Debater camps, no one has thus far attempted to adjudicate between the two positions. That is the task of this chapter.
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31

Wedgwood, Ralph. Objective and Subjective ‘Ought’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802693.003.0006.

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This chapter offers an account of the truth conditions of sentences involving terms like ‘ought’. These truth conditions involve a function from worlds of evaluation to domains of worlds, and an ordering of the worlds in such domains. Every such ordering arises from a probability function and a value function—since it ranks worlds according to the expected value of certain propositions that are true at those worlds. With the objective ‘ought’, the probability function is the omniscient function, which assigns 1 to all truths and 0 to all falsehoods; with the subjective ‘ought’, the probability function captures the uncertainty of the relevant agent. The relevance of this account for understanding conditionals is explored, and this account is defended against objections. For present purposes, the crucial point is that any normative use of ‘ought’ is normative because of the value that is semantically involved. The fundamental normative concepts are evaluative.
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32

Hoefer, Carl. Chance in the World. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907419.001.0001.

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This book argues that objective chance, or probability, should not be understood as a metaphysical primitive, nor as a dispositional property of certain systems (“propensity”). Given that traditional accounts of objective probability in terms of frequencies are widely agreed to be also untenable, there is a clear need for a new account that can overcome the problems of older views. A Humean, reductive analysis of objective chance is offered, one partially based on the work of David Lewis, but diverging from Lewis’ approach in many respects. It is shown that “Humean objective chances” (HOCs) can fulfill the role that chances are supposed to play of being a guide to one’s subjective expectations. In a chapter coauthored by Roman Frigg, HOC is shown to make sense of physics’ uses of objective probabilities, both in statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics. And in the final chapter, the relationship between chance and causation is analyzed; it is argued that there is no direct connection between causation and objective chance, but that, instead, causation is related to subjective probability.
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33

Weber, Miriam T. Cognitive Changes in Pregnancy. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0008.

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Subjective memory complaints are commonly reported in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Given the frequency of such complaints, there is great interest in understanding the effects of pregnancy and the postpartum period on objectively measured cognitive function in healthy women, as well as the potential clinical significance of subjective memory complaints (SMC) in this population. In this chapter, we review the literature examining objective cognitive function in pregnant and postpartum women. We focus on studies that employed neuropsychological tests of memory and other domains of cognitive function, discuss the literature on contributions to cognitive changes in pregnancy and postpartum, and outline a care pathway for practitioners encountering pregnant women with cognitive concerns.
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34

Oberdiek, John. Imposing Risk. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199594054.003.0002.

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Any normative framework of risk imposition must include at its foundation an account of the nature of risk imposition. If risk is understood as the probability of a bad event or harm, the menu of conceptions of risk would seem to be exhausted by the various accounts of probability that have been developed. The two main families of probability theory, objective and subjective, have opposite strengths and weaknesses as candidate conceptions of probability suitable for a normative framework of risk imposition. This chapter argues that objective accounts are suitably normative but insufficiently practical, while unreconstructed subjective accounts are suitably practical but insufficiently normative, and this casts doubt on the project of identifying a conception of risk that is suitable for a normative framework of risk imposition.
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35

Alexandrova, Anna. Can the Science of Well-Being Be Objective? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199300518.003.0004.

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As an object of science, well-being is unusual in that its study relies on a normative standard. Even when the requisite theory justifying this standard is available, deep disagreements about values can surface. These disagreements seem to undermine the claim of this science to objectivity. This is one reason why philosophers of science have traditionally advocated value freedom. This chapter proposes the notion of a ‘mixed claim’ to denote scientific hypotheses that rely on both factual and normative categories. It argues against the advocates of value freedom, that mixed claims should not be eliminated from science. Rather, we need principles that when followed can secure procedural objectivity for mixed claims. These principles include making values explicit, testing for presence of disagreement, and subjecting the controversial value presuppositions to a public deliberation that includes experts on well-being as well as the public whose well-being is in question.
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36

Richard, Calnan. Part V Changing Words, 9 Principle 9: Rectification. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198792307.003.0010.

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This chapter considers the circumstances in which a court can change the meaning of the words which the parties have used in their contract. If a written contract does not record the parties’ common intention at the time it was entered into, it will be amended to reflect that intention. The principles concerning rectification are controversial, with different judges expressing different views about the importance of objective or subjective common intention. This chapter discusses the different approaches to rectification—the subjective view and the objective view—and then discusses the current position. Because the controversy has not yet been resolved, it also discusses the alternative approaches and suggests a possible solution.
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37

Waldron, William S. Reflections on Indian Buddhist Thought and the Scientific Study of Meditation, or. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495794.003.0005.

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One of the fundamental distinctions in the modern academy is the difference between studying human life as people experience it and studying it in terms of impersonal causal processes—the so-called first- and third-person approaches. This dichotomy is reflected in the study of meditation, in which neuroscientists attempt to correlate their “objective” findings with the “subjective” reports of meditators. This very distinction, though, invites two extremes: either these discourses are ultimately incommensurable or one discourse—the subjective—should be reduced to the “true,” objective discourse. This chapter criticizes putatively pure subjectivity or objectivity from Buddhist philosophical perspectives, especially the non-duality of subject and object, and seeks to articulate a middle ground between reductionism and incommensurability.
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38

Gerard, McMeel. Part I The General Part, 2 Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755166.003.0002.

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This chapter first considers civil law jurisdictions and various international legal instruments and their approach to the construction of contracts. In particular, the chapter focuses on the objective/subjective debate and the admissible evidence. It then looks at the international restatements of contract law, which are committed to a subjective theory of contract, such as is found in civil law countries. Next, the chapter considers a more theoretical perspective in the topic of contractual interpretation, and introduces the relevant literature to that effect. Such wider perspectives have been a source of recent developments—and may continue to be the source of future developments—in this field.
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39

Mason, Elinor. Do the Right Thing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808930.003.0007.

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Subjective rightness (or ‘ought’ or obligation) seems to be the sense of rightness that should be action guiding where more objective senses fail. However, there is an ambiguity between strong and weak senses of action guidance. No general account of subjective rightness can succeed in being action guiding in a strong sense by providing an immediately helpful instruction, because helpfulness always depends on the context. Subjective rightness is action guiding in a weaker sense, in that it is always accessible and comprehensible to the agent. Hence traditional belief formulations say roughly, “do what you believe is best.” This is not yet a satisfactory formulation, because it cannot make sense of our ongoing subjective duty to improve our beliefs. The notion of ‘trying’ does capture the dynamic and diachronic nature of our subjective obligation. Thus, we should formulate subjective obligation in terms of trying: “try to do well by morality.”
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40

Troward, T. The Subjective And Objective Mind - Pamphlet. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2006.

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41

Hardpress. Laws of Thought, Objective and Subjective. HardPress, 2020.

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42

Eisenberg, Melvin A. Objective and Subjective Elements of Interpretation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0029.

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Chapter 29 concerns objective and subjective elements of interpretation. A deep difference between classical and modern contract law is that the standards of classical contract law were almost entirely objective, whereas the standards of modern contract law include subjective elements. This difference is particularly striking in the area of interpretation. Classical contract law adopted a standard of interpretation that was almost purely objective. However just as the aim of contract law should be to effectuate the objectives of contracting parties, subject to applicable conditions and constraints, so the aim of interpretation should be to ascertain those objectives, subject to those conditions and constraints, and subjective understandings often play a crucial role in this ascertainment process.
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43

McCarroll, Christopher. Seeing Oneself From-the-Outside. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190674267.003.0004.

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In “subjective” imagination one views the action from-the-inside, from an internal point of view. In “objective” imagination one views oneself in the imagined scene. Vendler thinks that “objective” imaginings reduce to “subjective” imaginings. And, even though this distinction seems to correspond to field and observer perspectives in episodic memory, Vendler thinks there is no possibility of remembering from-the-outside. This chapter explores the connection between these two claims. Vendler’s reduction entails that the point of view in visual mental imagery is occupied, and that imagery necessarily involves the experience of seeing. And it is this notion of an occupied point of view that fuels Vendler’s skepticism about observer memory. This chapter shows that the point of view in visual imagery can be unoccupied, and imagery need not involve the experience of seeing. Remembering from-the-outside involves an unoccupied point of view and this helps account for the quotidian nature of such memories.
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44

Williams, James R. Subjective and objective judgements of screen formats. 1986.

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45

Ross, David. The Intrinsic, The Subjective, and The Objective. The Objectivist Center, 2004.

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46

Subjective Objective: A Century of Social Photography. Hirmer Publishers, 2018.

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47

Gerard, McMeel. Part II Related Doctrines, 17 Rectification and Correcting Mistakes through Construction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755166.003.0017.

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This chapter concerns the equitable remedy of rectification of documents. This remedy is one which rewrites or amends documents where there is a mismatch between the parties' actual agreement and the instrument which purports to record it. The ultimate rationale of this equitable supplement to the common law is the strongly objective approach which the law takes to the formation of contracts, and the interpretation of agreements which are reduced to writing. The primacy which English law gives to the documentary contract, coupled with the strongly objective interpretative principle, are celebrated as one of the great strengths of English contract and commercial law, promoting the virtues of certainty and predictability. Accordingly, rectification of documents to accord with the parties' mistaken belief that the written word corresponds to their actual agreement acts as a subjective qualification or ‘safety valve’ to the objective principle to meet the justice of such cases.
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48

Walls, Jerry L. The Argument from Love and (Y) The Argument from the Meaning of Life. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842215.003.0019.

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This chapter combines Plantinga’s argument from love and his argument from the meaning of life. The challenge faced by naturalism with regard to the meaning of life is shown by the stark limits imposed by the existentialist account of meaning given by Sartre, and more recently by the argument that there is a large gap between the objective meaning of our lives, and the subjective, as articulated by Nagel. The deficiencies of naturalism are further probed by examining the accounts of love and altruism proposed by contemporary sociobiology. In addition, the chapter highlights the harsh reality that mortality undermines the meaning of life if it is true that all the achievements of humanity and all the things that matters to us will be devastated by the finality of death and destruction. Theism, by sharp contrast, grounds the hope that love is stronger than the forces of death and destruction. Christian theism in particular not only gives us a much richer account of the meaning and value of love, but it also gives us powerful resources to explain why our lives are deeply meaningful objectively as well as subjectively.
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49

Wierzbicki, Michael J. Issues in Clinical Psychology: Subjective versus Objective Approaches. Allyn & Bacon, 1998.

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50

Streiner, David L., Geoffrey R. Norman, and John Cairney. Devising the items. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685219.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses various sources for the items that make up a scale (e.g. existing item banks, patient interviews, research, clinical judgement, expert opinion, and theory). It then covers ways of ensuring content validity of the resulting items. This involves assessing whether all domains are covered, and each item maps onto one and only one domain. The chapter covers both subjective and objective ways of doing this. It reviews the arguments for and against disease-specific scales as opposed to generic ones. Finally, it discusses the issues that arise when a scale is translated from one language to another.
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