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1
vom Lehn, Dirk, Helena Webb, Christian Heath, and Will Gibson. "Objective Measures and Subjective Reports." International Review of Qualitative Research 10, no. 2 (August 2017): 128–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/irqr.2017.10.2.128.
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The paper discusses how visual research methods that draw on ethnomethodology and conversation analysis can help sociologists to reveal how optometrists’ assess the clarity of their clients’ distance vision. It argues that the detailed analysis of video-recorded interactions in optometric consultation rooms can help reveal the practical organization of the ‘routine’ work through which optometrists examine and assess their clients’ sight. Save for the contribution of the paper to methodological discussions about the use of visual data for the analysis of the practical work of optometrists, the paper also demonstrates how video-based research can add to recent debates in organizational sociology, workplace studies, and practice theory as well as to discussions about service quality and quality of care in health-service settings.
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Baise. "The Objective-Subjective Dichotomy and Rand's Trichotomy." Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 17, no. 2 (2017): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jaynrandstud.17.2.0227.
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Dorsey, Dale. "Objective Morality, Subjective Morality, and the Explanatory Question." Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 6, no. 3 (June 5, 2017): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v6i3.65.
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A common presupposition in metaethical theory is that moral assessment comes in (at least) two flavors, one of which is sensitive to our epistemic circumstances, the second of which is not so sensitive. Though this thought is popular, a number of questions arise. In this paper, I limit my discussion to what I dub the "explanatory question": how one might understand the construction of subjective moral assessment given an explanatorily prior objective assessment. I argue that a proper answer to this question is important not simply for its own sake, but because it also sheds new light on important challenges to the existence of both objective and subjective moral obligations.
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He, Hujun, Chong Tian, Gang Jin, and Le An. "An Improved Uncertainty Measure Theory Based on Game Theory Weighting." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (May 27, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3893129.
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In the application of uncertainty measure theory, the determination method of index weight mainly includes the subjective weight determination method and the objective weight determination method. The subjective weight determination method has the disadvantages affected by the subjective preference of the decision-maker. The objective weight determination method often ignores the participation degree of the decision-maker, and when using the uncertainty measure evaluation model to perform multi-index classification evaluation, the credible degree recognition criterion is often used as the attribute recognition of the object to be measured, because the credible degree is taken by the subjective people, and the different values of different people have a great influence on the evaluation results. In order to solve the above problems in the uncertainty measure theory, this paper used the combination weighting of game theory to determine the optimal weight. At the same time, the credible degree recognition criterion was improved on the basis of the concept of minimum uncertainty measure distance, and a game theory-improved uncertainty measure optimization model was proposed. Finally, the validity of the model was proven by a case.
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Nash, Ronald. "The Subjective Theory of Economic Value." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (1991): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis199131/23.
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More than a century has passed since economists came to realize that economic value is subjective. This discovery in the 1870s produced a revolution almost as important as the one resulting from the 1776 publication of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations. The failure to recognize or understand the subjectivist revolution is at the root of many twentieth-century economic errors. Many Christians are handicapped in their approach to this important discovery. They believe that since they are required to believe that moral values are objective, that is, independent of human preference and desire, they must resist any effort to make economic value subjective. The purpose of this essay is to show that such thinking is mistaken. Christians and others have nothing to fear from the subjectivist revolution in economics. In fact, understanding and accepting this discovery is an essential step toward economic literacy.
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Wolford, Lisa. "Subjective Reflections on Objective Work: Grotowski in Irvine." TDR (1988-) 35, no. 1 (1991): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1146117.
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Real, Leslie. "Objective Benefit Versus Subjective Perception in the Theory of Risk-Sensitive Foraging." American Naturalist 130, no. 3 (September 1987): 399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284717.
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Verburgt, Lukas M. "The objective and the subjective in mid-nineteenth-century British probability theory." Historia Mathematica 42, no. 4 (November 2015): 468–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hm.2015.01.003.
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Portales, Carlos. "Objective Beauty and Subjective Dissent in Leibniz’s Aesthetics." Estetika: The European Journal of Aesthetics 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33134/eeja.171.
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Kajtar, Laszlo, Jozsef Nyers, Janos Szabo, Laszlo Ketskemety, Levente Herczeg, Anita Leitner, and Balazs Bokor. "Objective and subjective thermal comfort evaluation in Hungary." Thermal Science 21, no. 3 (2017): 1409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci151005095k.
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Thermal comfort sensation can be predicted in the most exact way based on Fanger?s predicted mean vote (PMV) model. This evaluation method takes all the six influencing factors into consideration: air temperature and humidity, air velocity, mean radiant temperature of surrounding surfaces, clothing insulation, and occupants? activities. Fanger?s PMV method was developed for temperate climate and European people, with the participation of university students as subjects. Many researchers had investigated its validity in different geographic locations (i. e. climatic conditions, people) and under non-laboratory circumstances. The results were summarised by van Hoof which had been published in the scientific references. The articles gave us the idea to elaborate the former measurement results. During the last decades thermal comfort was evaluated by our research team using subjective scientific questionnaires and applying the objective Fanger?s model in several office buildings in Hungary. The relation between the PMV and actual mean vote values were analysed based on these results. Investigations were carried out under steady-state conditions in winter time. We performed objective thermal comfort evaluations based on instrumental measurements using the PMV theory. Parallel to this we assessed the subjective thermal sensation using scientific questionnaires. The mathematical relationship between the actual mean vote and PMV was defined according to the evaluated thermal environment: AMV = PMV + 0.275, (arg. ?1.7 ? PMV ? +0.5).
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Jia, Dong Yao, and Sheng Xiong Zou. "The Evaluation in Fuzzy Matter-Element Theory Based on Hybrid Weight." Advanced Materials Research 937 (May 2014): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.937.679.
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Because the personnel quality evaluation at home and abroad is mostly too subjective, it could not satisfy the requirement for the objective and effective evaluation, the fuzzy matter-element evaluation theory and realization based on the hybrid weight is proposed in this paper. The objective weight and subjective weight is Respectively proposed using the entropy method and the analytic hierarchy process, and the hybrid weight is formed by the objective weight and subjective weight using the weight coefficient,thus the model of fuzzy matter-element evaluation theory based on hybrid weight is constructed. This method Overcomes the drawback that the evaluation index weight is too subjective, solving the problem that the qualitative indicators in the evaluation process is difficult to accurately measure and describe, the combination of subjective and objective factors affect improves the accuracy of the evaluation. The experimental results show that, the evaluation accuracy of the method for railway maintainer is more than 90% , this method effectively improves the detection accuracy compared to other methods. It provides the managers with a set of effective evaluation system and method.
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Nasim, Omar. "Toward an Islamic Aesthetic Theory." American Journal of Islam and Society 15, no. 1 (April 1, 1998): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v15i1.2216.
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IntroductionScience has become a very narrow and qualified study of the universe.Its descriptions of reality are restricted to objective, publicly extendedand impersonal notions. This characterization of reality is, in theGoethean sense, an utterly oppressive impasse to the subjective humancondition. Thus did Nietzsche exclaim, “the nihilistic consequences ofour natural sciences from its pursuits . . . there follows ultimately a selfdecomposition,a turning against itself.” One sees a disunited system ofthought, where objective designs are studied using objective methodsand tools, thereby leaving out many of the subjective and private characteristicsof reality. How then can science claim to be a study of realityand the universe, when it does not have the tools to study even the mostfundamental component of reality, the self? The gap between the subjectand object was partly created by the Empiricist tradition and by Kantwith his discussions on the “noumena” and “phenomena.” This dualismwithin the western world-view has culminated in a very disunited andincoherent description of reality. In physics, efforts are being made tocreate a “theory of everything” (TOE), but it has been quite a task,because of the inherent dualism and lack of connection between ideas,both in the natural sciences and the social sciences.As far as western art, it claims to be of an “absolute” and “universal”nature, so general as to include the whole universe, and beyond, within asingle preview. Art relates to the subjective and inner feelings of anindividual or a society at a particular time. As posited by the GermanIdealists, it actually submerges the object and the subject into Butthis bridge between the objective and the subjective is only an illusionwhose disastrous effects can be seen in the modem conception of aestheticautonomy. The negative production of an autonomous art form isa direct and implicit result of Kantian dualisms$ which pervades the ...
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Holst, John D. "Toward a Theory of Race, Change, and Antiracist Education." Adult Education Quarterly 70, no. 2 (October 28, 2019): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741713619884580.
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This article is an effort to build on academic theories of race and antiracist education. Using a Gramscian theoretical framework that emphasizes perspectives from organic intellectuals, this article puts the academic literature on race and adult education in conversation with the theory generated on race from select U.S. working-class organic intellectuals and scholar activists. The principal argument of the article, drawn from the dialectical and materialist work of select organic intellectuals and scholar activists, is that race seen as a social construct captures the subjective aspect of race but does not capture the internal relationship of the subjective aspect with the objective aspect of race. All social constructs must be seen objectively and subjectively to consider the prospects for change and antiracist adult education in specific historical and geographical contexts.
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Gao, Sheng Yu. "The Application of Fuzzy Theory in Automatic Checking over Subjective Examination." Applied Mechanics and Materials 155-156 (February 2012): 1147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.155-156.1147.
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Having already carried on on-line examination under the network environment several years of history, regardless which kind examines it is ,the problems is divided into objective and subjective. It have been very mature to Automatically grade examination papers in the objective by database technique For automatic checking over subjective examination, its procedure involves some restriction theory and technique development,such as artificial intelligence, natural language comprehension and mode identification etc., So far, there is no accepted system.This paper put forward to the research direction of the algorithm in automatic checking over subjective examination by analyzing the present condition for grading examination papers.
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Steinkamp, Marjorie W., and John R. Kelly. "Social Integration, Leisure Activity, and Life Satisfaction in Older Adults: Activity Theory Revisited." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 25, no. 4 (December 1987): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/v813-qa3g-6aqc-mwym.
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The relative contributions of objective integration, subjective integration, and total leisure activity to the life satisfaction of older adults are examined. A random sample of 400 persons ages forty through eighty-nine residing in a demographically typical midwestern city were interviewed by phone. Results show that Objective Integration does not contribute incrementally to Life Satisfaction except among males under age sixty-five. Subjective Integration, on the other hand, contributes significantly to Life Satisfaction of males and females under and over age sixty-five. Even when demographic variables, Objective Integration, and Subjective Integration are taken into account statistically, Total Leisure Activity contributes significantly to Life Satisfaction in all groups examined.
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Jiang, Ji Guang, and Yue Zeng. "Subjective and Objective Quantificational Description of Vehicle Interior Noise during Acceleration." Applied Mechanics and Materials 518 (February 2014): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.518.297.
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In 8 domestic car smooth acceleration to 80km/h when rear seat operator of ear noise samples as the evaluation object at idle condition, Cluster analysis theory, the subjective evaluation irritability of vehicle interior sound quality rating test method; Through the calculation of main psychoacoustic parameters all samples obtained value, the subjective evaluation results and psychoacoustic parameters calculated by correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis, established a quantitative model of loudness as noise annoyance index to describe the quality of the car.
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Ryner, Bradley D. "Exchanging battle: Subjective and objective conflicts inThe Battle of Maldon." English Studies 87, no. 3 (June 2006): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138380600610076.
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Hagos, Sirak, Michal Izak, and Jonathan M. Scott. "Objective institutionalized barriers and subjective performance factors of new migrant entrepreneurs." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 5 (August 13, 2019): 842–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-06-2018-0405.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain how the “objective” institutionalized barriers (of which social, human and financial capital are decisive factors) and the subjective performance of new migrant entrepreneurs jointly affect their business attitudes and observed behavior. Design/methodology/approach The paper’s analysis of individualized performance factors (dependent on how “objective” institutionalized barriers are subjectively construed) – in line with the theory of planned behavior – enables a response to recent calls to embrace complexity and pluralism in entrepreneurship through applying social constructivist lenses. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 Eritrean entrepreneurs, and the empirical data were subjected to grounded theory analytical procedures and interpretative phenomenological analysis theoretical coding. Findings Six core beliefs mitigated entrepreneurial attitudes independently from the objectivized institutionalized barriers: know-how needs to be acquired formally; available sources of financing are internal, and scarce; market expertise is in the books, rather than in the market; blending in the host country’s culture is uncalled for, and the resulting difficulty of operating in the “foreign” market is a price worth paying; risk is to be avoided at all cost; and strong intra-communal bonds need not entail support for their business activity, rendering external contacts hardly necessary or trustworthy. Originality/value The paper concludes with recommendations potentially informing policies and targeted interventions by highlighting that any policy intervention or an attempt at structural change of conditions in which new migrant entrepreneurship unfolds should consider entrepreneurs as “performing” individuals, as well as representatives of wider cultural, economic and social dynamics relating to these “objective” institutionalized barriers.
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Ventegodt, Soren, Joav Merrick, and Niels Jorgen Andersen. "Quality of Life Theory I. The IQOL Theory: An Integrative Theory of the Global Quality of Life Concept." Scientific World JOURNAL 3 (2003): 1030–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.82.
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Quality of life (QOL) means a good life and we believe that a good life is the same as living a life with a high quality. This paper presents the theoretical and philosophical framework of the Danish Quality of Life Survey, and of the SEQOL, QOL5, and QOL1 questionnaires.The notion of a good life can be observed from subjective to the objective, where this spectrum incorporates a number of existing quality of life theories. We call this spectrum the integrative quality-of-life (IQOL) theory and discuss the following aspects in this paper: well being, satisfaction with life, happiness, meaning in life, the biological information system (�balance�), realizing life potential, fulfillment of needs, and objective factors.The philosophy of life outlined in this paper tries to measure the global quality of life with questions derived from the integrative theory of the quality of life. The IQOL theory is an overall theory or meta-theory encompassing eight more factual theories in a subjective-existential-objective spectrum. Other philosophies of life can stress other aspects of life, but by this notion of introducing such an existential depth into the health and social sciences, we believe to have taken a necessary step towards a new humility and respect for the richness and complexity of life.
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Mirić, Marija Karanikić. "A Critical Look at the Subjective and Objective Purposes of Contract in Aharon Barak’s Theory of Interpretation." Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjlp-2016-0009.
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Abstract Sometimes parties to a contract agree on the wording of the contract, but disagree about its meaning. In such cases, the goal of purposive interpretation is to identify a legal meaning, within the limits of the language actually used, which best achieves the purpose of the contract in question. This paper presents the main features of Justice Aharon Barak’s theory of purposive interpretation of contracts, and examines his notions of subjective and objective purposes. Barak’s theory demands, at some point along the process of interpretation, that the judge determine the actual joint intent of the parties, as it was at the time of their entering into the contract, and in the situation where the parties themselves disagree over it. This requires a posterior inquiry into the true state of mind of other persons. The past intentions of others are regarded as historical-subjective psycho-biological facts. The author questions what goes on behind this subjective rhetoric, starting from the presumption that the inner reality of another person’s will, i.e. their past or present intentions, cannot be learned as a physical reality, but only as a socially constructed fact. Furthermore, the author examines the seemingly unwanted merging of Barak’s subjective purpose of contract with his objective purposes of contract at the lower levels of abstraction.
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Kennedy, Peter. "Beyond the objective & the subjective: Putting value back into the social." Critique 29, no. 1 (January 2001): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03017600308413469.
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Shein, Noa. "The False Dichotomy between Objective and Subjective Interpretations of Spinoza's Theory of Attributes 1." British Journal for the History of Philosophy 17, no. 3 (June 2009): 505–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09608780902986631.
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Md Saad, R., M. Z. Ahmad, M. S. Abu, and M. S. Jusoh. "Hamming Distance Method with Subjective and Objective Weights for Personnel Selection." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/865495.
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Multicriteria decision making (MCDM) is one of the methods that popularly has been used in solving personnel selection problem. Alternatives, criteria, and weights are some of the fundamental aspects in MCDM that need to be defined clearly in order to achieve a good result. Apart from these aspects, fuzzy data has to take into consideration that it may arise from unobtainable and incomplete information. In this paper, we propose a new approach for personnel selection problem. The proposed approach is based on Hamming distance method with subjective and objective weights (HDMSOW’s). In case of vagueness situation, fuzzy set theory is then incorporated onto the HDMSOW’s. To determine the objective weight for each attribute, the fuzzy Shannon’s entropy is considered. While for the subjective weight, it is aggregated into a comparable scale. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the HDMSOW’s.
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SUMNER, L. W. "Utility and Capability." Utilitas 18, no. 1 (February 16, 2006): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820805001792.
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When Amartya Sen defends his capability theory of well-being he contrasts it with the utility theory advocated by the classical utilitarians, including John Stuart Mill. Yet a closer examination of the two theories reveals that they are much more similar than they appear. Each theory can be interpreted in either a subjective or an objective way. When both are interpreted subjectively the differences between them are slight, and likewise for the objective interpretations. Finally, whatever differences may remain are less important than they might seem, since the two theories are developed by Sen and Mill for different purposes and are in that sense not genuine rivals.
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Smith, Holly M. "SUBJECTIVE RIGHTNESS." Social Philosophy and Policy 27, no. 2 (June 16, 2010): 64–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052509990161.
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AbstractTwentieth century philosophers introduced the distinction between “objective rightness” and “subjective rightness” to achieve two primary goals. The first goal is to reduce the paradoxical tension between our judgments of (i) what is best for an agent to do in light of the actual circumstances in which she acts and (ii) what is wisest for her to do in light of her mistaken or uncertain beliefs about her circumstances. The second goal is to provide moral guidance to an agent who may be uncertain about the circumstances in which she acts, and hence is unable to use her standard moral principle directly in deciding what to do. This paper distinguishes two important senses of “moral guidance”; proposes criteria of adequacy for accounts of subjective rightness; canvasses existing definitions for “subjective rightness”; finds them all deficient; and proposes a new and more successful account. It argues that each comprehensive moral theory must include multiple principles of subjective rightness to address the epistemic situations of the full range of moral decision-makers, and shows that accounts of subjective rightness formulated in terms of what it would reasonable for the agent to believe cannot provide that guidance.
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Chen, Yi. "The Research on Intelligent Marking System for Examinations Based on Fuzzy Theory." Advanced Materials Research 918 (April 2014): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.918.288.
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A lot of computer test system adopts objective topic given points by the computer, and the subjective topic is by the teachers review to points, giving teachers a lot of extra work. A targeted intelligence marking scheme is put forward in this paper, and connecting with the actual situation, designed and simulated the implements an intelligent system. With the aid of certain criteria, the subjective topic grading and the analysis of the examinee answers, are reasonable subjective item grading, shorting the testing process, saving marking time, without subjective factors in the marking. So that student's result can objectively real reaction students have mastered the knowledge and teachers' teaching.
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Monroe, Thomas, Mario Beruvides, and Víctor Tercero-Gómez. "Derivation and Application of the Subjective–Objective Probability Relationship from Entropy: The Entropy Decision Risk Model (EDRM)." Systems 8, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems8040046.
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The uncertainty, or entropy, of an atom of an ideal gas being in a certain energy state mirrors the way people perceive uncertainty in the making of decisions, uncertainty that is related to unmeasurable subjective probability. It is well established that subjects evaluate risk decisions involving uncertain choices using subjective probability rather than objective, which is usually calculated using empirically derived decision weights, such as those described in Prospect Theory; however, an exact objective–subjective probability relationship can be derived from statistical mechanics and information theory using Kullback–Leibler entropy divergence. The resulting Entropy Decision Risk Model (EDRM) is based upon proximity or nearness to a state and is predictive rather than descriptive. A priori EDRM, without factors or corrections, accurately aligns with the results of prior decision making under uncertainty (DMUU) studies, including Prospect Theory and others. This research is a first step towards the broader effort of quantifying financial, programmatic, and safety risk decisions in fungible terms, which applies proximity (i.e., subjective probability) with power utility to evaluate choice preference of gains, losses, and mixtures of the two in terms of a new parameter referred to as Prospect. To facilitate evaluation of the EDRM against prior studies reported in terms of the percentage of subjects selecting a choice, the Percentage Evaluation Model (PEM) is introduced to convert choice value results into subject response percentages, thereby permitting direct comparison of a utility model for the first time.
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Angelini, Pierpaolo, and Antonio Maturo. "Geometric interpretation of subjective probability: random numbers and objective conditions of coherence." International Journal of Advanced Statistics and Probability 4, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijasp.v4i2.6319.
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In the domain of the logic of certainty we study the objective notions of the subjective probability with the clear aim of identifying their fundamental characteristics before the assignment, by the individual, of the probabilistic evaluation: probability is an additional and subjective notion that one applies within the range of possibility, thus giving rise to those gradations, more or less probable, that are meaningless in the logic of certainty. When we study the criteria for evaluations under conditions of uncertainty and their corresponding conditions of coherence we show an inevitable dichotomy between the subjective or psychological aspect of probability and the objective or logical or geometrical one. The affine properties are the basis of essential concepts of probability theory and only they make sense, being independent of the choice of a coordinate system; however, the importance of the metric properties appears in order to represent random numbers and analytical conditions of coherence.
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Biro, John, and Harvey Siegel. "In Defense of the Objective Epistemic Approach to Argumentation." Informal Logic 26, no. 1 (February 10, 2008): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v26i1.432.
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In this paper we defend a particular version of the epistemic approach to argumentation. We advance some general considerations in favor of the approach and then examine the ways in which different versions of it play out with respect to the theory of fallacies, which we see as central to an understanding of argumentation. Epistemic theories divide into objective and subjective versions. We argue in favor of the objective version, showing that it provides a better account than its subjectivist rival of the central fallacy of begging the question. We suggest that the strengths of the objective epistemic theory of fallacies provide support for the epistemic approach to argumentation more generally.
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Poonamallee, Latha. "Building grounded theory in action research through the interplay of subjective ontology and objective epistemology." Action Research 7, no. 1 (March 2009): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476750308099598.
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Skaletskyy, M. P. "In the unity of the church - the key to the unity of the people." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 7 (February 24, 1998): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/1998.7.133.
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National consciousness, which is primarily a deep awareness of one or another people of its ethnic isolation and originality of historical destiny, is formed under the influence of various objective and subjective factors. Depending on which nationalistic factors (objective or subjective) are bestowed, distinguish the objectivist and subjectivist theory of the nation.
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Lösel, Franz. "SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE NIETZSCHE BIOGRAPHY: ELISABETH FORSTER-NIETZSCHE AND C.P. JANZ." German Life and Letters 48, no. 4 (October 1995): 463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0483.1995.tb01646.x.
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Banerjee, Abhijit V., Sylvain Chassang, Sergio Montero, and Erik Snowberg. "A Theory of Experimenters: Robustness, Randomization, and Balance." American Economic Review 110, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1206–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20171634.
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This paper studies the problem of experiment design by an ambiguity-averse decision-maker who trades off subjective expected performance against robust performance guarantees. This framework accounts for real-world experimenters’ preference for randomization. It also clarifies the circumstances in which randomization is optimal: when the available sample size is large and robustness is an important concern. We apply our model to shed light on the practice of rerandomization, used to improve balance across treatment and control groups. We show that rerandomization creates a trade-off between subjective performance and robust performance guarantees. However, robust performance guarantees diminish very slowly with the number of rerandomizations. This suggests that moderate levels of rerandomization usefully expand the set of acceptable compromises between subjective performance and robustness. Targeting a fixed quantile of balance is safer than targeting an absolute balance objective. (JEL C90, D81)
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Luo, Tao, and Younghwan Pan. "Information as causality: An approach to a general theory of information." Journal of Information Science 42, no. 6 (July 11, 2016): 821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551515612662.
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Although various approaches have been proposed throughout history, information, as one of the most fundamental elements in the world, does not have a general definition or theory that is acceptable to all disciplines. The biggest challenge is the unification of objective and subjective views, because they represent very different characteristics of information which are difficult to integrate into a single framework. We argue that the key to bridging the gap between objective and subjective views of information is a proper understanding of intelligence, because it gives rise to subjective experiences and assigns meaning to things. The purpose of this research is to explore possibilities and implications of applying neuroscience theory in the discussion of information. By incorporating the memory–prediction framework of intelligence developed by Jeff Hawkins, we propose causality to be the general definition of information, and the combination of ‘Physical Representations of Mental Patterns’ and ‘Physical Representations of Physical Patterns’ to be the restricted definition in social contexts. With both general and restricted definitions clarified, we then discuss a few cases of information use and the implications of our approach.
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Han, Peng, Liyuan Xu, and Xiaochen Lv. "Optimised analysis of community medical APP user experience under cognitive load theory." E3S Web of Conferences 179 (2020): 02063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017902063.
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Based on community medical APP as the carrier, this paper studies the emotional and experiential process of community doctors using mobile community medical APP under different cognitive loads, and puts forward the improvement of product optimization. Firstly, based on the cognitive load theory, objective user data is obtained through cognitive load control experiments on target users. Second, ask the target user to fill in the Positive and Negative Affect Scale and System Usability Scale to obtain subjective user data. Finally, analyze the user’s subjective and objective data. Based on the analysis of experimental results and user observation, the improvement strategy is proposed to reduce the barriers to community doctors learning and using community medical apps.
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Guo, Tian Kui. "Subjective Preference Study on IACC for National Music Hall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.459.
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IACC is an important objective acoustics parameter for evaluating hall acoustics. In order to find out subjective preference value or range of IACC for Chinese national music, under Ando’s hall acoustics theory, by keeping other acoustics parameters unchanged, subjective preference test on IACC was completed by paired-comparison method using headphone reproduction. Firstly, depending on measured binaural impulse responses with very low IACC, by adjusting correlation coefficient, five pairs of binaural impulse responses with different and equal-spaced IACC were derived and then convolved with CD musics including solo and tutti played by Chinese national musical instruments, thus auralization binaural signals were produced. The test’s results indicate that when IACC is between 0.15 and 0.41,acoustics for Chinese national music hall is preferable subjectively，accordingly, subjective preference range for IACCE3 is between 0.19 and 0.46.
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Brauers, Willem K. M., and Romualdas Ginevičius. "HOW TO INVEST IN BELGIAN SHARES BY MULTIMOORA OPTIMIZATION." Journal of Business Economics and Management 14, no. 5 (November 6, 2013): 940–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2013.837244.
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Different multiple objectives expressed in different units make optimization difficult. Therefore, the internal mechanical solution of a Ratio System, producing dimensionless numbers, is preferred to weights, which are most of the time used to compare the different units. In addition, the ratio system creates the opportunity to use a second approach: a non-subjective Reference Point Theory. Therefore, the Reference Point Theory uses the ratios found in the ratio system as co-ordinates for the alternative solutions, which are then compared to a Maximal Objective Reference Point. The two approaches form a control on each other. This overall theory is called MOORA (Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis). The results are still more convincing if a Full Multiplicative Form is added, three methods assembled under the name of MULTIMOORA. At that moment, the control by three different approaches forms a guaranty for a solution being as non-subjective as possible. As to calculate the sum of three obtained ranks is not allowed, a theory of Ordinal Dominance is developed in order to remain in the ordinal sphere.
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Li, Kang, Fengyan Wang, Zhendong Wang, Juan Shi, and Mimi Xiong. "A polycultural theory of wisdom based on Habermas’s worldview." Culture & Psychology 26, no. 2 (September 22, 2019): 253–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x19877915.
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Building on Habermas’s worldview, this paper attempts to construct a theory of wisdom that integrates the advantages of Eastern and Western cultures. To this end, we review previous definitions of wisdom and their problems and analyze the importance of worldview for wisdom. A worldview provided by the German philosopher Jürgen Habermas is eminently persuasive. We argue that Habermas’s worldview provides a more suitable basis for a polycultural theory of wisdom. The specific components of the wisdom theory are: (1) a relationalist belief in the universal world; (2) transcendental agency in the subjective world; (3) intersubjective communication orientation in the social world; and (4) integrated principles of certainty and uncertainty in the objective world. Inspired by this theory, people could adopt different principles for their subjective, social, and objective worldviews and coordinate them to deal with the problems of human survival, which would also promote the long-term flourishing of human civilization.
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Brauers, Willem Karel M., and Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas. "MULTIMOORA OPTIMIZATION USED TO DECIDE ON A BANK LOAN TO BUY PROPERTY." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 17, no. 1 (March 17, 2011): 174–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13928619.2011.560632.
Full textAbstract:
Different multiple objectives are expressed in different units, which makes optimization difficult. Therefore the internal mechanical solution of a Ratio System, producing dimensionless numbers, is preferred to Weights which are most of the time used to compare the different units. In addition, the ratio system creates the opportunity to use a second approach: a non-subjective Reference Point Theory. The two approaches form a control on each other. The choice of the objectives is even more non-subjective if the opinion of all stakeholders interested in the issue is involved by the use of the Ameliorated Nominal Group and Delphi Techniques. The overall theory is called MOORA (Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis). The results are still more convincing if a Full Multiplicative Form is added to MOORA under the name of MULTIMOORA. At that moment the control by three different approaches forms a guaranty for a solution being as non-subjective as possible. MULTIMOORA is used to decide upon a bank loan to buy property.
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Барсегян, Ваган, Vagan Barsegyan, Фарида Кульмухаметова, and Farida Kulmukhametova. "Factors of forming and improving society´s needs." Service & Tourism: Current Challenges 8, no. 2 (June 5, 2014): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4306.
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The article presents a comprehensive analysis of one of the key problems of the theory of needs: factors of their nucleation and growth. Based on a study of a continuous process of human interaction with the surrounding objective reality, there are three relatively independent factors: objective, an objective-subjective and purely subjective. The article focuses on the fact that it is the unity of the mentioned factors provides historical process of formation and elevation of society´s needs.
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King, J.-R., and S. Dehaene. "A model of subjective report and objective discrimination as categorical decisions in a vast representational space." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1641 (May 5, 2014): 20130204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0204.
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Subliminal perception studies have shown that one can objectively discriminate a stimulus without subjectively perceiving it. We show how a minimalist framework based on Signal Detection Theory and Bayesian inference can account for this dissociation, by describing subjective and objective tasks with similar decision-theoretic mechanisms. Each of these tasks relies on distinct response classes, and therefore distinct priors and decision boundaries. As a result, they may reach different conclusions. By formalizing, within the same framework, forced-choice discrimination responses, subjective visibility reports and confidence ratings, we show that this decision model suffices to account for several classical characteristics of conscious and unconscious perception. Furthermore, the model provides a set of original predictions on the nonlinear profiles of discrimination performance obtained at various levels of visibility. We successfully test one such prediction in a novel experiment: when varying continuously the degree of perceptual ambiguity between two visual symbols presented at perceptual threshold, identification performance varies quasi-linearly when the stimulus is unseen and in an ‘all-or-none’ manner when it is seen. The present model highlights how conscious and non-conscious decisions may correspond to distinct categorizations of the same stimulus encoded by a high-dimensional neuronal population vector.
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Cheng, Min-Yuan, and Ching-Shan Chen. "PRELIMINARY PLANNING EFFICIENCY EVALUATION FOR SCHOOL BUILDINGS CONSIDERING THE TRADEOFFS OF MOOP AND PLANNING PREFERENCES." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 20, no. 2 (March 10, 2014): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.801890.
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Seismic resistance and cost effectiveness are often two important building planning objectives for architects. However, these objectives nearly always share a negative correlation with each other, which can cause planning delays and confusion. The conflict between these two is a Multi-Objective Optimization Problem (MOOP). Besides, building planning often encompasses both subjective and objective factors. However, most current efficiency evaluation methods focus on the latter and underemphasize the former. Current efficiency evaluation methods are thus not optimized for actual building planning needs. The aim of this study is to develop a new planning efficiency evaluation approach to resolve the above problems. Research methods include the indifference curve, efficient frontier and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The indifference curve deduced the subjective planning preferences of architects; efficient frontier theory constructed the efficient frontier of school buildings; and DEA evaluated the efficiency of various building factors objectively. A total of 326 school buildings in Taichung City, Taiwan in an empirical study designed to illustrate proposed approach effectiveness. The results show that using only objective evaluation or subjective recognition is insufficient to explain the true nature of building planning. Findings can serve as benchmarks for inefficient school buildings at preliminary planning stage.
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Honderich, Ted. "Actual Consciousness: Database, Physicalities, Theory, Criteria, No Unique Mystery." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 76 (May 2015): 271–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246115000077.
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Abstract(i) Is disagreement about consciousness largely owed to no adequate initial clarification of the subject, to people in fact answering different questions – despite five leading ideas of consciousness? (ii) Your being conscious in the primary ordinary sense, to sum up a wide figurative database, is initially clarified as something's being actual – clarified as actual consciousness. (iii) Philosophical method like the scientific method includes transition from the figurative to literal theory or analysis. (iv) A new theory will also satisfy various criteria not satisfied by many existing theories. (v) The objective physical world has specifiable general characteristics including spatiality, lawfulness, being in science, connections with perception, and so on. (vi) Actualism, the literal theory or analysis of actual consciousness, deriving mainly from the figurative database, is that actual consciousness has counterpart but partly different general characteristics. Actual consciousness is thus subjectively physical. So physicality in general consists in objective and also subjective physicality. (vii) Consciousness in the case of perception is only the dependent existence of a subjective external physical world out there, often a room. (viii) But cognitive and affective consciousness, various kinds of thinking and wanting, differently subjectively physical, is internal – subjectively physical representations-with-attitude, representations that also are actual. They differ from the representations that are lines of type, sounds etc. by being actual. (ix) Thus they involve a subjectivity or individuality that is a lawful unity. (x) Actualism, both an externalism and an internalism, does not impose on consciousness a flat uniformuity, and it uniquely satisfies the various criteria for an adequate theory, including naturalism. (xi) Actual consciousness is a right subject and is a necessary part of any inquiry whatever into consciousness. (xii) All of it is a subject for more science, a workplace. (xiii) There is no unique barrier or impediment whatever to science, as often said, no want of understanding of the mind-consciousness connection (Nagel), no known unique hard problem of consciousness (Chalmers), no insuperable difficulty having to do with physicality and the history of science (Chomsky), no arguable ground at all of mysterianism (McGinn).
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Hasanah, Karimatul. "TOWARD AN OBJECTIVE ISLAMIC STUDIES." Teosofia 5, no. 1 (June 19, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/tos.v5i1.1713.
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<p><em>One of the issues that haunts contemporary Muslim scholarship is the objectivity of the study of Islamic Studies which they strive for. Among them are groups called insiders and outsiders. Insiders as Islamic reviewers come from Muslims, while outsiders are reviewers of non-Muslims who are often called orientalists. If insiders are considered to be less objective because of their ideological interests as the adherents of Islam, the outsider's unobjectivity is due to their propaganda-oriented study. The problem eventually leads to the solutioncoming upfrom some prominent scholars’ ideas in Islamic Studies, among them are Kim Knot, Abdur Rouf, and Fazlur Rahman. Kim Knot produced a Spatial theory, Abdur Rauf initiated an Empatic Understanding, while Fazlur Rahman formulated objectivity theories. Those three try to make efforts to bridge between insider and outsider so that each can do an objective study, which is not ideologically-subjective biased. This is called intersubjectivity in religious studies.</em></p>
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Wang, Zhen Ya, Xiao Yan Cong, and Yan Dong Wang. "Subjective Evaluation of Construction Machinery Cab’s Comfort Based on Fuzzy Set Theory." Advanced Materials Research 211-212 (February 2011): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.211-212.600.
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This paper applied Fuzzy set theory to the comfort evaluation of construction machinery cab. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model, evaluation indexes set and comment set are built up. A relatively objective conclusion to an excavator cab’s comfort is obtained by calculation. This study puts forward a strict accurate handling ways to solve fuzzy phenomena in subjective evaluation of construction machinery cab’s comfort.
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Moyar, Dean. "Naturalism in Ethics and Hegel's Distinction between Subjective and Objective Spirit." Hegel Bulletin 31, no. 01 (2010): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026352320000104x.
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It is widely acknowledged that Hegel's ethical thought moves in a naturalistic direction away from the pure practical reason of Kant's moral philosophy. But the exact character of that naturalistic turn has proven elusive, in part because Hegel so insistently foregrounds the theme of freedom. He often opposes self-determination through freedom to being determined merely by nature, and while Hegel's incorporation of the natural into his theory of freedom has been emphasised by many recent commentators, there remains a fundamental lack of consensus about how nature and freedom intersect in Hegel's ethics. My goal is to shed light on this issue by examining Hegel's distinction between Subjective Spirit and Objective Spirit. This distinction between two domains of inquiry and two perspectives on human action is fundamental for understanding his views about the natural and the normative in ethics. My central claim is that by advocating a division of labor between these domains, and by showing how they are integrated, Hegel is able to capture the best elements of naturalistic inquiry into human psychology and to preserve the distinctive character of the ethical domain. This paper aims to open an avenue for future research into Hegel's naturalism and to demonstrate Hegel's relevance for contemporary debates. In focusing on the difference between Subjective Spirit and Objective Spirit, I am already taking on a large topic for a single essay, and there are many related issues in Hegel that will necessarily go untouched. Some of these are worth mentioning up front. First, one would expect a paper about Hegel's naturalism to explore Hegel's view on nature in general, namely, the content of the Philosophy of Nature which forms the middle part of the Encyclopaedia. Without an account of how Hegel conceives of nature, it seems that we have to assume a conception of nature foreign to his system, and using that to measure his views would seem to violate a number of hermeneutical strictures. While I admit that this is a problem, it is simply beyond the scope of this paper, and I hope that using an intuitive account of the natural, and Hegel's claims about human nature, is enough at least to get this project going. The project itself can then provide a further spur to examining Hegel's views on non-human nature.
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Schloerb, David W. "A Quantitative Measure of Telepresence." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 4, no. 1 (January 1995): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres.1995.4.1.64.
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This paper presents the foundation for a theory of presence that seeks to answer important questions about telepresence and virtual presence. The theory, which develops the definition of telepresence to include virtual presence as a special case, permits the precise definition of various types and degrees of telepresence. General categories of telepresence are defined, using different types of presence that are proposed in the paper. Three types of specifications are used to make the definitions more precise: (1) a set of tasks, (2) a transformation imposed on the human operator's control output and sensory input, and (3) a transformation of the region of presence. The proposed quantitative measure of telepresence involves both objective and subjective measures. The degree of (objective) telepresence is equal to the probability of successfully completing a specified task. The degree of subjective telepresence is equal to the probability that a human operator perceives that he or she is physically present in a given remote environment. The measure of subjective telepresence involves a psychophysical test and is analyzed using signal detection theory. Real-world complications are addressed and a practical example of a subjective telepresence test is described.
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Madore, Alexandre. "Anders Breivik." Potentia: Journal of International Affairs 10 (October 15, 2019): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v10i0.4511.
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This analysis considers the importance of general strain theory (GST) in understanding contemporary far-right movements and violence involving white heterosexual men. General strain theory describes how objective and subjective strains can contribute to antisocial behaviours including terrorism. The mass murder committed by Anders Breivik in July 2011 in Norway will be considered as an application of this theory to terrorism. The analysis remains relevant, as evidenced by the most recent 2019 New Zealand mosque terrorism incidents. It begins with an overview of Breivik’s turbulent childhood and adulthood, marked by isolation and failed business ventures. Next, an outline of the July 2011 Norway attacks provides further context. After providing a detailed exploration of these attacks, this analysis will consider general strain theory in relation to the situation outlined above and it will be argued that perceived subjective and objective strain contributed to Breivik’s actions. More specifically, the subjective strains he experienced included social isolation and poor parental relationships. Conversely, objective strains provide an analysis of how Anders Breivik and others like him perceive their privileged position as being strained by migration and increasingly liberal gender norms. This analysis concludes with suggesting a role for social work in deescalating far right movements in Western liberal democracies.
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Heslin, Peter A., Lauren A. Keating, and Amirali Minbashian. "How Situational Cues and Mindset Dynamics Shape Personality Effects on Career Outcomes." Journal of Management 45, no. 5 (January 25, 2018): 2101–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206318755302.
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The substantial literature on dispositional antecedents of career success (e.g., extraversion and conscientiousness) implies that being low in career-facilitating traits may hamper people’s careers. We develop a cognitive-affective personality system theory about the role of situational cues, personality, and mindsets regarding the plasticity of one’s attributes in determining when this will occur and how the related dysfunctional dynamics may be mitigated. We draw on trait activation theory to describe how the interaction of situational cues, personality, and mindsets may trigger an array of cognitive-affective units within a cognitive-affective personality system that influence subjective and objective career outcomes. The contributions of this article are to offer the largely between-person careers literature a within-person account of when and why people experience subjective and objective career success as a function of their personalities, situational cues, prevailing mindsets, and career contexts. A theoretical account of how personality predicts subjective career outcomes more strongly than objective career outcomes is thereby provided. Our intent is to also extend trait activation theory by considering the cognitive and affective dynamics whereby personality traits and situational cues have their effects. The conditions under which mindsets are likely to shape career outcomes are outlined. Finally, implications for mindsets, personality, and career theory, research, and practice are discussed.
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Zhao, Mengqi, Xiaoling Wang, Jia Yu, Linli Xue, and Shuai Yang. "A Construction Schedule Robustness Measure Based on Improved Prospect Theory and the Copula-CRITIC Method." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10062013.
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A robustness measure is an effective tool to evaluate the anti-interference capacity of the construction schedule. However, most research focuses on solution robustness or quality robustness, and few consider a composite robustness criterion, neglecting the bounded rationality of subjective weights and inherent importance and nonlinear intercriteria correlations of objective weights. Therefore, a construction schedule robustness measure based on improved prospect theory and the Copula-criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method is proposed. Firstly, a composite robustness criterion is established, including start time deviation rs and structural deviation rp for measuring solution robustness from project execution and completion probability rc for measuring quality robustness from the project result. Secondly, bounded rationality is considered, using prospect theory to calculate subjective weights, which is improved by the interval distance formula. Thirdly, the Copula-CRITIC method is proposed to determine objective weights incorporating both inherent importance and nonlinear intercriteria correlations. Finally, an information-entropy-based evidence reasoning method is applied to combine subjective and objective weights together while identifying their validity. An underground power station in China is used for a case study, whose robustness is measured using the proposed methods, single robustness criterion, and composite robustness criterion using traditional weighting methods. The comparison results verify the consistency, representativeness, and advantage of the proposed criterion and methods.