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Journal articles on the topic 'Subjective contours'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Kavšek, Michael, and Stephanie Braun. "Infants Perceive Three-Dimensional Subjective Contours." Perception 47, no. 12 (November 14, 2018): 1153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006618811051.

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The addition of crossed horizontal disparity enhances the clarity of illusory contours compared to pictorial illusory contours and illusory contours with uncrossed horizontal disparity. Two infant-controlled habituation–dishabituation experiments explored the presence of this effect in infants 5 months of age. Experiment 1 examined whether infants are able to distinguish between a Kanizsa figure with crossed horizontal disparity and a Kanizsa figure with uncrossed horizontal disparity. Experiment 2 tested infants for their ability to differentiate between a Kanizsa figure with crossed horizontal disparity and a two-dimensional Kanizsa figure. The results provided evidence that the participants perceived the two- and the three-dimensional illusory Kanizsa contour, the illusory effect in which was strengthened by the addition of crossed horizontal disparity.

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2

Bressan, Paola, and Giorgio Vallortigara. "Subjective Contours Can Produce Stereokinetic Effects." Perception 15, no. 4 (August 1986): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p150409.

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When a pattern of interrupted concentric circles drawn so as to produce an anomalous contour ellipse is slowly rotated in the frontoparallel plane, the subjective figure appears first to deform and then to tilt as a ring in 3-D space over motionless circles. Also, Benussi's floating cone can be obtained by placing an eccentric gray dot upon an anomalous solid ellipse and setting this figure into rotation. These patterns provide strong evidence that subjective contours can produce stereokinetic effects as effectively as real contours can. Implications for current explanations of stereokinetic effects are presented and discussed.

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3

Gurnsey, Rick, Frédéric J. A. M. Poirier, and Eric Gascon. "There is No Evidence That Kanizsa-Type Subjective Contours Can Be Detected in Parallel." Perception 25, no. 7 (July 1996): 861–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p250861.

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Davis and Driver presented evidence suggesting that Kanizsa-type subjective contours could be detected in a visual search task in a time that is independent of the number of nonsubjective contour distractors. A linking connection was made between these psychophysical data and the physiological data of Peterhans and von der Heydt which showed that cells in primate area V2 respond to subjective contours in the same way that they respond to luminance-defined contours. Here in three experiments it is shown that there was sufficient information in the displays used by Davis and Driver to support parallel search independently of whether subjective contours were present or not. When confounding properties of the stimuli were eliminated search became slow whether or not subjective contours were present in the display. One of the slowest search conditions involved stimuli that were virtually identical to those used in the physiological studies of Peterhans and von der Heydt to which Davis and Driver wish to link their data. It is concluded that while subjective contours may be represented in the responses of very early visual mechanisms (eg in V2) access to these representations is impaired by high-contrast contours used to induce the subjective contours and nonsubjective figure distractors. This persistent control problem continues to confound attempts to show that Kanizsa-type subjective contours can be detected in parallel.

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4

Ramachandran, V. S., and P. Cavanagh. "Subjective contours capture stereopsis." Nature 317, no. 6037 (October 1985): 527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/317527a0.

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5

Bravo, Mary, Randolph Blake, and Sharon Morrison. "Cats see subjective contours." Vision Research 28, no. 8 (January 1988): 861–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(88)90095-8.

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6

Hadad, Bat-Sheva, Daphne Maurer, and Terri L. Lewis. "The development of contour interpolation: Evidence from subjective contours." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 106, no. 2-3 (June 2010): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2010.02.003.

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7

Sobel, K., and R. Blake. "Subjective contours and binocular rivalry." Journal of Vision 2, no. 7 (March 14, 2010): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/2.7.460.

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8

Gillam, Barbara, and Elia Vecellio. "Subjective Contours along Truncated Letters." Perception 41, no. 7 (January 2012): 831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p7276.

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9

Kennedy, John M. "Line endings and subjective contours." Spatial Vision 3, no. 3 (1988): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856888x00104.

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10

van der Zwan, Rick, and Peter Wenderoth. "Psychophysical evidence for area V2 involvement in the reduction of subjective contour tilt aftereffects by binocular rivalry." Visual Neuroscience 11, no. 4 (July 1994): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800003114.

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AbstractPrevious research suggests binocular rivalry disrupts extrastriate, but not striate processes, although the locus along the visual pathway at which such disruption first occurs is uncertain. It has been argued that subjective contours arise via a two-stage process in which end-stopped cells feed into orientation-sensitive neurones in V2, and that orientation aftereffects induced with subjective contours are the product of mechanisms similar to those giving rise to real contour aftereffects. If binocular rivalry disrupts the acquisition of subjective contour aftereffects, then it follows from this model that rivalry disrupts processing in V2. Experiments reported here confirm this and provide evidence which suggests binocular rivalry arises through interactions between binocular neurones, rather than via some type of specialized binocular rivalry mechanism.

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11

Walker, James T., and Matthew D. Shank. "The Bourdon illusion in subjective contours." Perception & Psychophysics 42, no. 1 (January 1987): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03211509.

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12

Sobel, Kenith V., and Randolph Blake. "Subjective contours and binocular rivalry suppression." Vision Research 43, no. 14 (June 2003): 1533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(03)00178-0.

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13

Sovrano, Valeria Anna, and Angelo Bisazza. "Perception of Subjective Contours in Fish." Perception 38, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p6121.

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The ability of fish to perceive subjective (or illusory) contours, ie contours that lack a physical counterpart in terms of luminance contrast gradients, was investigated. In the first experiment, redtail splitfins ( Xenotoca eiseni), family Goodeidae, were trained to discriminate between a geometric figure (a triangle or a square) on various backgrounds and a background without any figure. Thereafter, the fish performed test trials in which illusory squares or triangles were obtained by (i) interruptions of a background of diagonal lines, (ii) phase-shifting of a background of diagonal lines, and (iii) pacmen spatially arranged to induce perception of Kanizsa subjective surfaces. In all three conditions, fish seemed to generalise their responses to stimuli perceived as subjective contours by humans. Fish chose, correctly, squares or triangles made of interrupted or phase-shifted diagonal lines from uniform backgrounds of diagonal lines, as well as illusory square or triangle Kanizsa figures from figures in which the inducing pacmen were scrambled. In the second experiment, fish were trained to discriminate between a vertical and a horizontal bar with luminance contrast gradients, and then tested with vertically and horizontally oriented illusory bars, created either through interruption or spatial phase-shift of inducing diagonal lines. Fish appeared to be able to generalise the orientation discrimination to illusory contours. These results demonstrate that redtail splitfins are capable of perceiving illusory contours.

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14

Okuyama-Uchimura, Fumi, and Shoji Komai. "Mouse Ability to Perceive Subjective Contours." Perception 45, no. 3 (November 2, 2015): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006615614440.

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15

Franz, Kaufmann, Kaufmann-Hayoz Ruth, and Stucki Markus. "Perception of kinetic subjective contours in infancy." Infant Behavior and Development 9 (April 1986): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(86)80195-3.

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16

Ishidera, Eiki, Masahiko Tsuchiya, Shinichi Takahashi, Shouishi Kurita, Hiroyuki Arai, and Hiroko Miyauti. "Neural network model for generating subjective contours." Systems and Computers in Japan 25, no. 5 (1994): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690250504.

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17

Purghé, Franco, and Stanley Coren. "Amodal Completion, Depth Stratification, and Illusory Figures: A Test of Kanizsa's Explanation." Perception 21, no. 3 (June 1992): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p210325.

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Subjective contours have been explained by Kanizsa as being a consequence of amodal completion of incomplete figures. According to the theory of amodal completion, figural incompleteness triggers the emergence of an illusory object superimposed on the gaps in the inducers, which in turn hide parts of the pattern, thus suggesting that the plane of the illusory object must always be seen to be above the plane of the inducers. A figure was created in which subjective contours are seen despite the fact that the perceived depth relationships run counter to that required by the theory of amodal completion. In four experiments, this depth relationship is confirmed by using direct and indirect measures which assess both registered and apprehended depth. By emphasizing a logical inconsistency in the explanation based on amodal completion, the results show that amodal completion, at least in Kanizsa-like patterns, cannot be considered as a causal factor for subjective contour figures.

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18

Dougherty, Thomas J. "Contour: A hypermedia environment for teaching about subjective contours and other visual illusions." Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, &amp Computers 22, no. 2 (March 1990): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03203151.

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19

Banno, Hiroshi, Toshimitsu Tanaka, and Noboru Sugie. "Extracting Object Contours Including Subjective Contours Against Complex Background. Is a Zebra Visible?" IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 123, no. 1 (2003): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.123.165.

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20

Zucker, Steven W., and Sheldon Davis. "Points and Endpoints: A Size/Spacing Constraint for Dot Grouping." Perception 17, no. 2 (April 1988): 229–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p170229.

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One-dimensional arrangements of dots immediately group into contours. It is reported that, when these contours participate in certain larger arrangements, there is an abrupt point at which the percept changes as a function of dot spacing (or density along the contour). Closely spaced arrangements give rise to subjective effects involving apparent brightness and depth, whereas sparsely spaced ones do not. The effects are most clear in configurations that involve endpoints and possible occlusions. For these configurations, densely dotted contours are perceptually equivalent to solid ones, but sparse ones are not. This change in percept occurs abruptly and consistently at a dot to space ratio of 1:5, when the dot density is normalized by dot size, and this point is called the size/spacing constraint. It holds only for dots of the order of 1 min visual angle in diameter when small to modest contrast values are used. The subjective effects are not present for dotted contours (or even for solid ones) that are smaller (<0.5 min), and differ for contours that are larger (> 10 min). To demonstrate the significance of size/spacing constraints for early vision, a framework for grouping consisting of processes at many different levels is outlined, and the requirements for the earliest one (orientation selection) are sketched in greater detail. The size/spacing constraint follows directly from one of these requirements—receptive field structure—and seems to indicate a switch from early orientation-selection processes to later ones.

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21

TAKAHASHI, Yuzo, and Tetsuo MISAWA. "Characteristics of Item Recognition Performance of Subjective Contours." Japanese Journal of Ergonomics 48, no. 2 (2012): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5100/jje.48.70.

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22

Purghé, Franco, and Stanley Coren. "Subjective contours 1900–1990: Research trends and bibliography." Perception & Psychophysics 51, no. 3 (May 1992): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03212255.

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23

Wallach, Hans, and Virginia Slaughter. "The role of memory in perceiving subjective contours." Perception & Psychophysics 43, no. 2 (March 1988): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03214186.

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24

NAGASAKA, Yasuo, and Yoshihisa OSADA. "Subjective contours, amodal completion, and transparency in animals." Japanese Journal of Animal Psychology 50, no. 1 (2000): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2502/janip.50.61.

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25

Sheth, B. R., J. Sharma, S. C. Rao, and M. Sur. "Orientation Maps of Subjective Contours in Visual Cortex." Science 274, no. 5295 (December 20, 1996): 2110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5295.2110.

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26

Nakayama, Ken. "Subjective contours: Gateway to otherwise hidden visual processes." Journal of Vision 17, no. 15 (December 1, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.15.24.

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27

Kavssek, Michael J. "The Perception of Static Subjective Contours in Infancy." Child Development 73, no. 2 (March 2002): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00410.

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28

Gunn, Daniel V., Joel S. Warm, William N. Dember, and Jon G. Temple. "Subjective Organization and the Visibility of Illusory Contours." American Journal of Psychology 113, no. 4 (2000): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1423472.

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29

Yamaguchi, Masami K., So Kanazawa, and Hiromi Okamura. "Infants’ perception of subjective contours from apparent motion." Infant Behavior and Development 31, no. 1 (January 2008): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.07.008.

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30

Paradiso, Michael A., Shinsuke Shimojo, and Ken Nakayama. "Subjective contours, tilt aftereffects, and visual cortical organization." Vision Research 29, no. 9 (January 1989): 1205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(89)90066-7.

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31

Purghé, Franco. "Privileged Directions for Subjective Contours: Horizontal and Vertical versus Tilted." Perception 18, no. 2 (April 1989): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p180201.

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Subjective contours and brightness enhancement in Ehrenstein-like situations are affected by pattern orientation. If a classic Ehrenstein pattern (with four inducing elements for every gap at intersection points) is observed, a number of anomalous illusory patches usually appear in these gaps, but if the same pattern is observed tilted by 45° the patches disappear and it is possible to see an illusory grid of horizontal and vertical ‘streets’. These two perceptual results are mutually exclusive. In a Koffka-cross variant of this pattern, the illusory patches, which are usually square, appear more rounded in the tilted pattern. All these results were confirmed in two experiments by means of a magnitude estimation procedure. It is suggested that the formation of a subjective contour is easier along horizontal and vertical directions and more difficult in an oblique direction, and that this phenomenon, as well as other visual acuity oblique effects, depends in part on the basic functioning of the visual system at the level of sensation.

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32

Gurnsey, Rick, G. Keith Humphrey, and Paula Kapitan. "Parallel discrimination of subjective contours defined by offset gratings." Perception & Psychophysics 52, no. 3 (May 1992): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03209144.

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33

Hatamoto, K., M. Nagamachi, K. Ito, and T. Tsuji. "Human visual information processing on formation of subjective contours." Japanese journal of ergonomics 25, Supplement (1989): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5100/jje.25.supplement_112.

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34

TAKEMOTO, ATSUSHI, and YOSHIMICHI EJIMA. "Retention of Local Information in Generation of Subjective Contours." Vision Research 37, no. 11 (June 1997): 1429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(96)00278-7.

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35

Meyer, Glenn E., and Thomas Dougherty. "Effects of flicker-induced depth on chromatic subjective contours." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 13, no. 3 (1987): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.13.3.353.

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36

Peterhans, Esther, and Rüdiger von der Heydt. "Subjective contours - bridging the gap between psychophysics and physiology." Trends in Neurosciences 14, no. 3 (March 1991): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(91)90072-3.

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37

Mather, George. "The role of subjective contours in capture of stereopsis." Vision Research 29, no. 1 (January 1989): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(89)90181-8.

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38

Gillam, Barbara, and Wing Man Chan. "Grouping Has a Negative Effect on Both Subjective Contours and Perceived Occlusion at T-Junctions." Psychological Science 13, no. 3 (May 2002): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00451.

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Perceived occlusion of aligned T-junctions and subjective contours at implicit T-junctions are often assumed to be related but are rarely examined with respect to common mechanisms. Using the method of paired comparison, we measured the strength of perceived occlusion at explicit T-junctions and the strength of subjective contours at implicit T-junctions (using different subjects) along the aligned edges of eight sets of inducer shapes. Sets varied in the similarity of component shapes with respect to orientation, height, width, and color. With increasing shape similarity, there was a striking decrease in both the strength of subjective contours and the strength of perceived occlusion; the correlation between these two kinds of judgments was .97. We conclude that common mechanisms underlie these two percepts and that edge alignment is a much stronger indicator of occlusion for poorly grouped than for strongly grouped inducers.

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39

Spinelli, Donatella, Gabriella Antonucci, Maria Luisa Martelli, and Pierluigi Zoccolotti. "Large Errors in the Perception of Verticality are Generated by Luminance Borders (Integrated across Space) Not by Subjective Borders." Perception 30, no. 2 (February 2001): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3070.

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The rod-and-frame illusion shows large errors in the judgment of visual vertical in the dark if the frame is large and there are no other visible cues (Witkin and Asch, 1948 Journal of Experimental Psychology38 762–782). Three experiments were performed to investigate other characteristics of the frame critical for generating these large errors. In the first experiment, the illusion produced by an 11° tilted frame made by luminance borders (standard condition) was considerably larger than that produced by a subjective-contour frame. In the second experiment, with a 33° frame tilt, the illusion was in the direction of frame tilt with a luminance-border frame but in the opposite direction in the subjective-contour condition. In the third experiment, to contrast the role of local and global orientation, the sides of the frame were made of short separate luminous segments. The segments could be oriented in the same direction as the frame sides, in the opposite direction, or could be vertical. The orientation of the global frame dominated the illusion while local orientation produced much smaller effects. Overall, to generate a large rod-and-frame illusion in the dark, the tilted frame must have luminance, not subjective, contours. Luminance borders do not need to be continuous: a frame made of sparse segments is also effective. The mechanism responsible for the large orientation illusion is driven by integrators of orientation across large areas, not by figural operators extracting shape orientation in the absence of oriented contours.

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40

Ramachandran, Vilayanur S. "Apparent Motion of Subjective Surfaces." Perception 14, no. 2 (April 1985): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p140127.

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Apparent motion of an illusory surface was produced by presenting two spatially separated illusory squares in an appropriately timed sequence. Control experiments showed that the effect arose from the illusory contours themselves and not from motion of the cut sectors on the discs. When a template of this movie was superimposed on ‘wallpaper’ composed of a regular matrix of spots, the spots appeared to move with the illusory surface even though they were physically stationary. This effect (‘motion capture’) suggests that the motion of certain salient features in the visual field gets spontaneously attributed to even static elements in the vicinity.

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41

Gurnsey, Rick, Marta Iordanova, and Daisy Grinberg. "Detection and discrimination of subjective contours defined by offset gratings." Perception & Psychophysics 61, no. 7 (January 1999): 1256–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03206178.

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42

Walker, James T., and Matthew D. Shank. "Interactions between real and subjective contours in the Bourdon illusion." Perception & Psychophysics 43, no. 6 (December 1988): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03207745.

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43

Nieder, Andreas, and Hermann Wagner. "Perception and neuronal coding of subjective contours in the owl." Nature Neuroscience 2, no. 7 (July 1999): 660–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/10217.

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44

Singh, G., G. Erlikhman, T. Ghose, and Z. Liu. "Tilt aftereffects with orientations defined by motion or subjective contours." Journal of Vision 12, no. 9 (August 10, 2012): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.9.882.

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45

Maertens, Marianne, and Stefan Pollmann. "Illusory Contours Do Not Pass through the “Blind Spot”." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 1 (January 2007): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.91.

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Our visual percepts are not fully determined by the physical stimulus input. That is why we perceive crisp bounding contours even in the absence of luminance-defined borders in visual illusions such as the Kanizsa figure. It is important to understand which neural processes are involved in creating these artificial visual experiences because this might tell us how we perceive coherent objects in natural scenes, which are characterized by mutual overlap. We have already shown using functional magnetic resonance imaging [Maertens, M., & Pollmann, S. fMRI reveals a common neural substrate of illusory and real contours in v1 after perceptual learning. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 1553–1564, 2005] that neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) respond to these stimuli. Here we provide support for the hypothesis that V1 is obligatory for the discrimination of the curvature of illusory contours. We presented illusory contours across the portion of the visual field corresponding to the physiological “blind spot.” Four observers were extensively trained and asked to discriminate fine curvature differences in these illusory contours. A distinct performance drop (increased errors and response latencies) was observed when illusory contours traversed the blind spot compared to when they were presented in the “normal” contralateral visual field at the same eccentricity. We attribute this specific performance deficit to the failure to build up a representation of the illusory contour in the absence of a cortical representation of the “blind spot” within V1. The current results substantiate the assumption that neural activity in area V1 is closely related to our phenomenal experience of illusory contours in particular, and to the construction of our subjective percepts in general.

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46

LI, X., K. R. CAVE, and J. M. WOLFE. "Kanizsa-type subjective contours do not guide attentional deployment in visual search but line termination contours do." Perception & Psychophysics 70, no. 3 (April 1, 2008): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/pp.70.3.477.

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47

Hadad, Bat-Sheva, Daphne Maurer, and Terri L. Lewis. "The role of early visual input in the development of contour interpolation: the case of subjective contours." Developmental Science 20, no. 3 (January 6, 2016): e12379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/desc.12379.

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48

DAKOWICZ, MACIEJ, and CHRISTOPHER GOLD. "EXTRACTING MEANINGFUL SLOPES FROM TERRAIN CONTOURS." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 13, no. 04 (August 2003): 339–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195903001220.

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Good quality terrain models are becoming more and more important, as applications such as runoff modelling are being developed that demand better surface orientation information than is available from traditional interpolation techniques. A consequence is that poor-quality elevation grids must be massaged before they provide useable runoff models. Rather than using direct data acquisition, this project concentrated on using available contour data because, despite modern techniques, contour maps are still the most available form of elevation information. Recent work on the automatic reconstruction of curves from point samples, and the generation of medial axis transforms (skeletons) has greatly helped in expressing the spatial relationships between topographic sets of contours. With these techniques the insertion of skeleton points into a TIN model guarantees the elimination of all "flat triangles" where all three vertices have the same elevation. Additional assumptions about the local uniformity of slopes give us enough information to assign elevation values to these skeleton points. In addition, various interpolation techniques were compared using the enriched contour data. Examination of the quality and consistency of the resulting maps indicates the required properties of the interpolation method in order to produce terrain models with valid slopes. The result provides us with a surprisingly realistic model of the surface - that is, one that conforms well to our subjective interpretation of what a real landscape should look like.

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49

Maertens, Marianne. "Retinotopic activation in response to subjective contours in primary visual cortex." Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2 (2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.09.002.2008.

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50

Hine, Trevor. "Subjective contours produced purely by dynamic occlusion of sparse-points array." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 25, no. 3 (March 1987): 182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03330322.

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