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Chen, Wei, Jian-Gang Chao, Jin-Kun Wang, Xue-Wen Chen, and Cheng Tan. "Subjective Vertical Conflict Theory and Space Motion Sickness." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 87, no. 2 (2016): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.4327.2016.
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Khalid, Hassan, Osman Turan, and Jelte E. Bos. "Theory of a subjective vertical–horizontal conflict physiological motion sickness model for contemporary ships." Journal of Marine Science and Technology 16, no. 2 (2011): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00773-010-0113-y.
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Ward, Bryan K., Christopher J. Bockisch, Nicoletta Caramia, Giovanni Bertolini, and Alexander Andrea Tarnutzer. "Gravity dependence of the effect of optokinetic stimulation on the subjective visual vertical." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 5 (2017): 1948–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00303.2016.
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Accurate and precise estimates of direction of gravity are essential for spatial orientation. According to Bayesian theory, multisensory vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive input is centrally integrated in a weighted fashion based on the reliability of the component sensory signals. For otolithic input, a decreasing signal-to-noise ratio was demonstrated with increasing roll angle. We hypothesized that the weights of vestibular (otolithic) and extravestibular (visual/proprioceptive) sensors are roll-angle dependent and predicted an increased weight of extravestibular cues with increasing roll angle, potentially following the Bayesian hypothesis. To probe this concept, the subjective visual vertical (SVV) was assessed in different roll positions (≤ ± 120°, steps = 30°, n = 10) with/without presenting an optokinetic stimulus (velocity = ± 60°/s). The optokinetic stimulus biased the SVV toward the direction of stimulus rotation for roll angles ≥ ± 30° ( P < 0.005). Offsets grew from 3.9 ± 1.8° (upright) to 22.1 ± 11.8° (±120° roll tilt, P < 0.001). Trial-to-trial variability increased with roll angle, demonstrating a nonsignificant increase when providing optokinetic stimulation. Variability and optokinetic bias were correlated ( R2 = 0.71, slope = 0.71, 95% confidence interval = 0.57–0.86). An optimal-observer model combining an optokinetic bias with vestibular input reproduced measured errors closely. These findings support the hypothesis of a weighted multisensory integration when estimating direction of gravity with optokinetic stimulation. Visual input was weighted more when vestibular input became less reliable, i.e., at larger roll-tilt angles. However, according to Bayesian theory, the variability of combined cues is always lower than the variability of each source cue. If the observed increase in variability, although nonsignificant, is true, either it must depend on an additional source of variability, added after SVV computation, or it would conflict with the Bayesian hypothesis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Applying a rotating optokinetic stimulus while recording the subjective visual vertical in different whole body roll angles, we noted the optokinetic-induced bias to correlate with the roll angle. These findings allow the hypothesis that the established optimal weighting of single-sensory cues depending on their reliability to estimate direction of gravity could be extended to a bias caused by visual self-motion stimuli.
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Rousseau, Mary Beth, Franz Kellermanns, Thomas Zellweger, and Tammy E. Beck. "Relationship Conflict, Family Name Congruence, and Socioemotional Wealth in Family Firms." Family Business Review 31, no. 4 (2018): 397–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894486518790425.
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We investigate how family relationship conflict and family and firm name congruence influence subjective firm valuations by family firm owner-managers. Drawing on the socioemotional wealth perspective, behavioral agency theory and mixed gamble reasonings, we hypothesize and find a U-shaped association between relationship conflict inside the family firm and subjective firm valuation. While we do not find a direct effect between name congruence and subjective firm valuation, we show that name congruence interacts with relationship conflict to affect valuations in a complex fashion. Implications and contributions of our findings are discussed.
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Cooney, Mark, and Scott Phillips. "When Will Academics Contest Intellectual Conflict?" Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 3 (January 1, 2017): 237802311771309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023117713099.
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Academics have conflicts over ideas with some regularity, yet they contest only some of them. When will they do so? We draw on a theory of conflict management developed by Donald Black and others to explain the response to intellectual conflict. Drawing on interviews with 70 professors at two universities, we find that the contestation of intellectual conflicts is predicted by their social geometry. Academics are more likely to contest conflicts over the validity, ownership, and production of ideas when the conflict spans greater distances in relational and functional space, originates from a lower elevation in vertical space, and is a larger actual or potential change in vertical space.
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Alexander, Amy L., and Christopher D. Wickens. "Does Workload Modulate the Difference between Cockpit Traffic Display Formats?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 1 (2002): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600101.
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Eighteen certified flight instructors from the University of Illinois Institute of Aviation participated in an experiment exploring the format of the Cockpit Display of Traffic Information for free flight traffic avoidance maneuvers. Pilots flew a sequence of flight scenarios to compare the effects of traffic load, display dimensionality (3D vs. 2D coplanar), and a vertical profile orientation on maneuver choice, conflict avoidance performance, and maneuver efficiency. The highest levels of workload induced more combined lateral/vertical maneuvers, degraded safety on the 2D coplanar displays, and degraded efficiency regardless of display type. In the context of an overwhelming preference for vertical maneuvers, the 3D display increased the frequency of the less-safe descent maneuvers (relative to climbs) and increased subjective workload, while the 2D rear-view display decreased the vertical efficiency of all maneuvers, relative to its side-view counterpart.
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Zulham, Khairina AR., Jummaini, and Ristati. "Objective-Subjective in Political Economy Communication Conflict within Legislature and Aceh Government." International Journal of Qualitative Research 2, no. 1 (2022): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47540/ijqr.v2i1.594.
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Interest will make someone selective in responding to or living a message. People will only pay attention to stimuli that have to do with their interests. The executive and legislative interests are power. The problem raised is that the achievement of power can be achieved by establishing effective communication. Collapsed communication between the executive and the legislature tends to lead to conflicts in the economy and politics. Based on this phenomenon, the author raises the issue of the occurrence of political economy communication conflicts between the two regional institutions. This research was conducted in Aceh, the approach used was qualitative using objective-subjective barrier theory, conflict theory, communication, communication conflict, and political economy. This study aims to determine the problems that arise in the political economy conflict. This research was conducted using observation and interview techniques. Furthermore, the data were analyzed descriptively. The results of this study are: prejudice is a factor in communication conflict. The lack of transparency and the governor's reluctance to sit down with members of the Aceh legislature to discuss regional and financial policies are considered by the council as a strategy by the governor to take advantage of the unilateral use of the budget.
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Brown, Erika L., Heiko Hecht, and Laurence R. Young. "Sensorimotor aspects of high-speed artificial gravity: I. Sensory conflict in vestibular adaptation." Journal of Vestibular Research 12, no. 5-6 (2003): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2003-125-607.
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Short-radius centrifugation offers a promising and affordable countermeasure to the adverse effects of prolonged weightlessness. However, head movements made in a fast rotating environment elicit Coriolis effects, which seriously compromise sensory and motor processes. We found that participants can adapt to these Coriolis effects when exposed intermittently to high rotation rates and, at the same time, can maintain their perceptual-motor coordination in stationary environments. In this paper, we explore the role of inter-sensory conflict in this adaptation process. Different measures (vertical nystagmus, illusory body tilt, motion sickness) react differently to visual-vestibular conflict and adapt differently. In particular, proprioceptive-vestibular conflict sufficed to adapt subjective parameters and the time constant of nystagmus decay, while retinal slip was required for VOR gain adaptation. A simple correlation between the strength of intersensory conflict and the efficacy of adaptation fails to explain the data. Implications of these findings, which differ from existing data for low rotation rates, are discussed.
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Nikovskaya, Larissa. "Sociology of political conflict." Political Science (RU), no. 3 (2020): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/poln/2020.03.02.
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The article deals with the sociological aspects of the analysis of political conflict related to the socio-structural and subjective foundations of political processes and relations. It is shown that many problems and contradictions in the social sphere, such as social polarization, excessive inequality, poverty and violation of the principles of social justice, deprivation of basic needs and interests, unstable labor employment significantly determine the field of politics and are projected on the object and subject of political conflict, weighing down their course and positive outcomes. The insolubility of social problems and contradictions, their encapsulation cause either a decrease in the population's interest in politics, in the effectiveness of democratic institutions, contribute to the widening of the gap between the «private» and «public», generate a sense of political alienation and powerlessness, or push to meet basic needs beyond the existing social norms and political institutions, to destructive forms of resolving political conflicts, which leads to a loss of control of society and social catastrophe. The sociological analysis of conflict interactions based on the predominance of horizontal connections and relationships contributes more to maintaining a dynamic balance in society and realizing the positive potential of political conflict, as it differs in flexible intra-group connections and mobile inter-group barriers in the socio-political system. Excessive class divisions and inequality tend to vertical polarization of society, which strengthens the «discontinuous» lines of interaction between the «top» and «bottom», makes the dichotomy «rule-submission» rigid, and reduces the possibilities of dialogical plasticity and flexibility of the political system.
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Khalid, Hassan, Osman Turan, Jelte E. Bos, and Atilla Incecik. "Application of the subjective vertical–horizontal-conflict physiological motion sickness model to the field trials of contemporary vessels." Ocean Engineering 38, no. 1 (2011): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2010.09.008.
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Setiyani, Wiwik. "Tipologi dan Tata Kelola Resolusi Konflik Ditinjau dari Perspektif Teori Sosial Konflik." TEOSOFI: Jurnal Tasawuf dan Pemikiran Islam 6, no. 2 (2016): 275–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/teosofi.2016.6.2.275-299.
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This article seeks to analyze the typology of management along with conflict resolution in terms of their correlation to the social theory of conflict. Social conflicts can be categorized into a number of types. Based on their types the social conflicts can be divided into two parts, namely vertical conflict and horizontal conflict. The vertical conflict is a conflict that has bottom-up as well as top-to-bottom patterns. Conflict management involves every effort to avoid conflicts which are, generally, violently-biased disputes. Such efforts are founded on the basis of resolution processes employing any means of power and authority. The conflict management implies the existence of conflict interventions carried out by conflicting parties or third parties who have considerable power or resources to stabilize the conflict. Within the context of power, the conflict management is usually implemented in three forms, namely formal-legal power, traditional power, and charismatic power. The formal-legal power is power based on such legitimacy tools as law and legislation. The traditional power is power based on claim of belief, faith, and customs. The charismatic power is power based on personal abilities which deal with magical and supernatural realms.
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Lim, Koeun, Wei Wang, and Daniel M. Merfeld. "Unbounded evidence accumulation characterizes subjective visual vertical forced-choice perceptual choice and confidence." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 5 (2017): 2636–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00318.2017.
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Humans can subjectively yet quantitatively assess choice confidence based on perceptual precision even when a perceptual decision is made without an immediate reward or feedback. However, surprisingly little is known about choice confidence. Here we investigate the dynamics of choice confidence by merging two parallel conceptual frameworks of decision making, signal detection theory and sequential analyses (i.e., drift-diffusion modeling). Specifically, to capture end-point statistics of binary choice and confidence, we built on a previous study that defined choice confidence in terms of psychophysics derived from signal detection theory. At the same time, we augmented this mathematical model to include accumulator dynamics of a drift-diffusion model to characterize the time dependence of the choice behaviors in a standard forced-choice paradigm in which stimulus duration is controlled by the operator. Human subjects performed a subjective visual vertical task, simultaneously reporting binary orientation choice and probabilistic confidence. Both binary choice and confidence experimental data displayed statistics and dynamics consistent with both signal detection theory and evidence accumulation, respectively. Specifically, the computational simulations showed that the unbounded evidence accumulator model fits the confidence data better than the classical bounded model, while bounded and unbounded models were indistinguishable for binary choice data. These results suggest that the brain can utilize mechanisms consistent with signal detection theory—especially when judging confidence without time pressure. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that choice confidence data show dynamics consistent with evidence accumulation for a forced-choice subjective visual vertical task. We also found that the evidence accumulation appeared unbounded when judging confidence, which suggests that the brain utilizes mechanisms consistent with signal detection theory to determine choice confidence.
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Kapitány, Ágnes, and Gábor Kapitány. "The semiotic dimensions of vertical social (self)classification." Semiotica 2015, no. 205 (2015): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0012.
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AbstractThrough the empirical analysis of a concrete phenomenon (the traveler’s encounter with another culture), the authors attempt to describe what criteria people apply in everyday life to determine the place of a particular culture (their own culture and the foreign culture) within a (subjective) hierarchy. They distinguish nine dimensions of classification: according to their hypothesis travelers used a combination of these criteria to create their subjective notion of the hierarchy of different cultures. The authors find that we also use these same criteria for the formation of a vertical hierarchy in other areas of (socio)semiosis (for example, in forming the hierarchy of foods, or of social groups that distinguish themselves from each other on the basis of differences in linguistic usage). The authors assume that the analytical dimensions proposed can be applied uniformly in all cases when sociosemiotics wishes to describe the sign system of social hierarchies, vertical classifications, and self-classifications.
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Turan, Osman, Chirstos Verveniotis, and Hassan Khalid. "Motion sickness onboard ships: subjective vertical theory and its application to full-scale trials." Journal of Marine Science and Technology 14, no. 4 (2009): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00773-009-0064-3.
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Nikovskaya, L. I. "SOCIAL GROUNDS FOR POLITICAL CONFLICT." KAZAN SOCIALLY-HUMANITARIAN BULLETIN 11, no. 5 (2020): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24153/2079-5912-2020-11-5-31-42.
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The article deals with the sociological aspects of the analysis of political conflict related to the socio-structural and subjective foundations of political processes and relations. It is shown that many problems and contradictions in the social sphere, such as social polarization, excessive inequality, poverty and violation of the principles of social justice, deprivation of basic needs and interests, unstable labor employment significantly determine the field of politics and are projected on the object and subject of political conflict, weighing down their course and positive outcomes. The insolubility of social problems and contradictions, their encapsulation cause either a decrease in the population's interest in politics, in the effectiveness of democratic institutions, con- tribute to the widening of the gap between "private" and "public", generate a sense of political alienation and powerlessness, or push to meet basic needs beyond the existing social norms and political institutions, to destructive forms of resolving political conflicts, which leads to a loss of control of society and social catastrophe. Sociological analysis of the subject cross-section of conflict interaction shows that a conflict based on group interests (in comparison with class and elitist) contributes more to maintaining a dynamic balance in society and realizing the positive potential of political conflict, since it is characterized by flexible intra-group connections and mobile inter-group barriers in the socio-political system. Class and elitist models of conflict tend more to vertical polarization of society, which strengthens the "discontinuous" lines of interaction between the "top" and "bottom", makes the dichotomy "rule-submission" rigid, and reduces the possibilities of dialogical plasticity and flexibility of the political system.
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Петров, Александр, and Aleksandr Petrov. "Method activation end date in the past. direction:re." Advances in Law Studies 3, no. 6 (2015): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16373.
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This article is devoted to answering the questions related to the theory of conflicts in law. Particularly, there are discovered two main approaches to understanding of such conflicts – objective and subjective one. Besides, author tries to make clear the discussion: is the phenomenon of conflict in law explored in frame of private international law equal to the object named-so in the theory of law. The article includes the describing of vital characteristics of conflict in law. Also author rises up the question of objects which may serve as basics for any contradiction to come up. Additionally, the article emphasizes why the concurrence of norms is considered to be a conflict between general and special norms.
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Tribukait, A. "Semicircular canal and saccular influence on the subjective visual horizontal during gondola centrifugation." Journal of Vestibular Research 9, no. 5 (1999): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1999-9504.
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Measurements of the subjective visual horizontal (SVH) were performed in 11 healthy test persons during an increase of the resultant gravitoinertial force vector in a large swing-out gondola centrifuge. Three levels of hypergravity (1.5g, 2.0g, 2.5g) were used, each with a duration of 4 minutes and with 1–2 minute pauses at 1.0g in between. The direction of the resultant gravitoinertial force vector was always parallel with the head and body length axis. Hence, there was no roll stimulus to the otolith organs. The swing-out of the gondola during acceleration, however, is sensed by the vertical semicircular canals as a change in roll head position, thus creating an otolith-semicircular canal conflict. After acceleration of the centrifuge there was a tilt of the SVH relative to the resultant gravitoinertial horizontal. This tilt gradually decayed during the 4-minute period of recordings. For a subgroup of seven test subjects who had completely normal ENG-recordings in 1g environment, the initial offset of SVH and the time constants for exponential decay were determined for each g level; initial offsets: 9 . 9 ∘ (1.5g), 7 . 7 ∘ (2.0g), 6 . 1 ∘ (2.5g); time constants: 89s (1.5g), 74s (2.0g), 37s (2.5g). The offset of SVH is interpreted as being the result of mainly the stimulus to the vertical semicircular canals during acceleration of the centrifuge. The slow decay, however, does not correspond to the dynamics of the semicircular canal system, and is suggested to reflect some kind of central position storage mechanism. A smaller offset and more rapid decay for the higher g loads may be explained by an increasing dominance of graviceptive input, presumably from the saccules. In conclusion, these results might suggest the role of the vertical semicircular canals as well as the sacculus in the formation of SVH. They may also have relevance with regard to the spatial disorientation problem in aviators.
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WILLIAMS, ANDREW. "Conflict resolution after the Cold War: the case of Moldova." Review of International Studies 25, no. 1 (1999): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210599000716.
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This article considers some implications of the Moldovan conflict from 1991 to the present for thinking about International Relations (IR) and conflict theory, as well as more specifically about the complexities of the conflict itself. This encompasses an examination of the roles of key external actors, and particularly of the Russian Republic and of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) as well as a subjective view of the role of the internal actors and their aims. The analysis is based on an on-going involvement in a ‘problem-solving’ exercise in the area.
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Falkenstern, Rachel. "Hegel on Sophocles’ Oedipus the King and the Moral Accountability of Ancient Tragic Heroes." Hegel Bulletin 41, no. 2 (2018): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hgl.2018.1.
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AbstractThis paper argues that Hegel’s account of subjectivity and agency as historically coined is essential to an accurate understanding of his theory of tragedy. Focusing on Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, I argue that Hegel’s historical account of agency is necessary for understanding his theory of the ancient tragic hero. Although Hegel’s theory of ancient tragedy is often described in terms of a conflict between ethical spheres embodied in two individuals, the conflict in Oedipus is between Oedipus’ deeds and his later knowledge of what has actually occurred. I show how this seemingly subjective conflict is in keeping with Hegel’s theory. Further, while Hegel sees Oedipus as wrong to take full moral accountability for the consequences of his deeds, at the same time, for Hegel, this is the right action for a tragic hero, and the very thing that renders Oedipus timelessly and tragically heroic, rather than a mere victim of fate.
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Merfeld, Daniel M., Laurence R. Young, Charles M. Oman, and Mark J. Shelhamert. "A Multidimensional Model of the Effect of Gravity on the Spatial Orientation of the Monkey." Journal of Vestibular Research 3, no. 2 (1993): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1993-3204.
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A “sensory conflict” model of spatial orientation was developed. This mathematical model was based on concepts derived from observer theory, optimal observer theory, and the mathematical properties of coordinate rotations. The primary hypothesis is that the central nervous system of the squirrel monkey incorporates information about body dynamics and sensory dynamics to develop an internal model. The output of this central model (expected sensory afference) is compared to the actual sensory afference, with the difference defined as “sensory conflict”. The sensory conflict information is, in turn, used to drive central estimates of angular velocity (“velocity storage”), gravity (“gravity storage”), and linear acceleration (“acceleration storage”) toward more accurate values. The model successfully predicts “velocity storage” during rotation about an earth-vertical axis. The model also successfully predicts that the time constant of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex is reduced and that the axis of eye rotation shifts toward alignment with gravity following postrotatory tilt. Finally, the model predicts the bias modulation, and decay components that have been observed during off-vertical axis rotations (OVAR).
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Alok, Swati, Jayasree Raveendran, and Anil Kumar Jha. "Process conflict management among Indian software employees." Journal of Indian Business Research 7, no. 2 (2015): 140–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jibr-10-2014-0068.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the possible influence of the Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in predicting conflict-handling intentions during process conflict episodes. Conflict situations are often to be managed with limited time in software projects. With this cue, the study is conducted in the context of software companies in India. Design/methodology/approach – Five variables of the TPB comprising attitude, injunctive subjective norms, descriptive subjective norm, conflict efficacy (CE) and structural assurance (SA) have been studied in relation to the two standard conflict-handling intentions: integrating and dominating approach. By developing vignettes on process conflict, salient beliefs towards process conflicts were elicited among software employees in India. A questionnaire using Ajzen’s guidelines was administered. Structural equation modelling for 150 responses is used for testing path suitability and significance. Findings – Employees with positive attitude towards conflict, high CE and high SA intend to integrate during process conflict. Employees with low efficacy and who are influenced by the action of their role model intend to dominate during process conflict. Research limitations/implications – The study is contextualized to Indian software employees. Findings should not be generalized until replicated in samples from other settings. Practical implications – This study will help practitioners in understanding the various elements that play role in a process conflict and also help in developing appropriate interventions in managing conflicts. This can be done by identifying and resolving issues related to unfavourable attitude and behavioural norms towards process conflicts. Originality/value – This study is the first to examine the efficacy of the TPB model in predicting multiple conflict-handling intentions among Indian software companies.
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Windiyarti, Dara. "Novelet "Batu Sandung" Karya Ratna Indrasw Ari Ibrahim: Perjuangan Seorang Perempuan Cacat Meraih Keberhasilan." ATAVISME 11, no. 1 (2008): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24257/atavisme.v11i1.321.13-22.
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The aim of this paper is to reveal the internal conflict and struggle of Irina, the main character in novellete "Batu Sandung", one of the novelletes in Batu Sandung created by Ratna Indraswari Ibrahim. The main reason of Irina internal conflict emergence is the surrounding reaction on her physical defect. Her success is achieved through her struggle in exploring her surround. The discussion of the main character's internal conflicts and struggle is using Alfred Adler's individual psychology theory/approach. This paper reveals: (1) Irina's internal conflict; and (2) Irina's struggle to reach her success through: (a) gaining the strenght from the inside, (b) developing subjective conviction, (c) developing social interest, and (d) gaining creative self strength.
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Blair, Robert A., and Nicholas Sambanis. "Is Theory Useful for Conflict Prediction? A Response to Beger, Morgan, and Ward." Journal of Conflict Resolution 65, no. 7-8 (2021): 1427–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220027211026748.
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Beger, Morgan, and Ward (BM&W) call into question the results of our article on forecasting civil wars. They claim that our theoretically-informed model of conflict escalation under-performs more mechanical, inductive alternatives. This claim is false. BM&W’s critiques are misguided or inconsequential, and their conclusions hinge on a minor technical question regarding receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves: should the curves be smoothed, or should empirical curves be used? BM&W assert that empirical curves should be used and all of their conclusions depend on this subjective modeling choice. We extend our original analysis to show that our theoretically-informed model performs as well as or better than more atheoretical alternatives across a range of performance metrics and robustness specifications. As in our original article, we conclude by encouraging conflict forecasters to treat the value added of theory not as an assumption, but rather as a hypothesis to test.
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Ballesteros-Leiva, Felix, Gwénaëlle Poilpot-Rocaboy, and Sylvie St-Onge. "The relationship between life-domain interactions and the well-being of internationally mobile employees." Personnel Review 46, no. 2 (2017): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-05-2015-0142.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relations between the life-domain interactions (i.e. interactions between the personal and professional lives) of internationally mobile employees (IMEs) and their well-being and to examine whether these links are different for assigned expatriates (AEs) and self-initiated expatriates (SIEs). Design/methodology/approach Questionnaire data were collected from 284 IMEs including 182 SIEs, and 102 AEs. Two measures of IMEs’ well-being were used: subjective, namely satisfaction with life, and psychological well-being (PWB), which refers to self-acceptance, personal growth, and reaching for life goals. Life-domain interactions were measured from a conflict and an enrichment perspective, each in two directions: Work Life → Personal Life (WL → PL) and Personal Life → Work Life (PL → WL). Findings Regression analyses confirm that IMEs’ life-domain conflicts (WL → PL and PL → WL) have an adverse impact on their subjective and PWB, IMEs’ life-domain enrichments account for their subjective well-being over and above what is explained by their life-domain conflicts, the relationship between WL → PL conflicts and subjective well-being is more negative among SIEs than among AEs. Practical implications This study underscores the need for both employers and IMEs to take action not only to reduce conflicts but also to promote enrichments between their personal and their professional lives. It is of particular importance to reduce the WL → PL conflict of SIEs, often left to fend for themselves, because it has a significant negative impact on their subjective well-being. Originality/value This study innovates in using conservation of resources theory and recent theoretical work linking this theory with the interplay between personal and professional lives to understanding SIEs’ and AEs’ well-being.
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Jassawalla, Avan, and Hemant Sashittal. "How and why Millennials are initiating conflict in vertical dyads and what they are learning." International Journal of Conflict Management 28, no. 5 (2017): 644–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcma-05-2016-0026.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to extant conflict management theory by presenting evidence from a two-stage study of conflict initiated by pre-graduation Millennials in entry-level work environments. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents an inductively derived conceptual model, hypotheses and measurement scales grounded in Millennials’ voices. Then, based on survey data, the scales are tested for structural coherence, and hypotheses are validated using structural equation modeling methodology. Findings Most Millennials initiate conflict with older coworkers and supervisors in the workplace because of the hurt they feel over the unfairness they experience. While confronting their superiors, they take an aggressive stand (“you are wrong, you should change”) and learn that the organization is duplicitous and that they should initiate conflict with superiors in the future to protect against unfairness in a duplicitous organization. Research limitations/implications The findings and implications reflect the perspectives of Millennials who initiated conflict with superiors or more experienced coworkers in entry level workplaces. Reports of multiple perspectives and from other contexts are left to future research. Practical implications Millennials may well enter the workforce with attitudes and behaviors older coworkers and supervisors find aberrant. However, the interactions between Millennials, older generations and the socio-technical environment of entry-level workplaces lie at the root of the conflict Millennials initiate. Older generations may have implicitly produced – albeit to varying extents – opaque environments in which entry-level Millennials feel manipulated. Originality/value The study reports a relatively rare two-stage study that begins with exploration and discovery using qualitative data, and concludes with hypotheses tests based on survey data. A new context is explored; i.e. Millennials initiating conflict in vertical dyads. New concerns about the veracity of the entry-level work environment are raised.
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Sonia, Dey. "Analysing the Sri Lankan civil war through the lens of conflict resolution theory." Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations 2 (January 19, 2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/stomiedintrelat.17410.1.
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The Sri Lankan ethnic conflict can be identified as a landmark event in recent history, reflecting a visible social disunion between the majority and minority ethnic communities. Sri Lanka witnessed a major turnover of events, from circumscribed ethnic clashes to a full-scale civil war. The ripple effects of this Sri Lankan civil war crossed borders and it was neighbouring India that bore the brunt. Responding to the crisis, the Sri Lankan government deployed forces to contain the growing insurgency and involved external powers for added assistance. Neutral third parties were also involved for an unbiased resolution to Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict. However, there were a multitude of shortcomings that restricted the scope for a successful conflict resolution. This paper highlights both conditions for success and failure of conflict resolution, and the use of third-party intervention as a crucial toolkit. It also throws light on the pre-conditions that were set for introducing third-party intervention in Sri Lankan, exposing the limitations that led to the fateful end of the Sri Lankan civil war. This research points out the equation between roles of third-party mediators and behavioural patterns of the disputed parties in conflict resolution processes. Theory teaches us how third-party intervention can be used as a preferred tool in attaining desirable outcomes. However, application of such tools become subjective on ground, depending upon the behaviour of the parties involved and their intentions towards solutions. Thus, exposing a variety of challenges that the mediators are often unprepared for. Such unpreparedness of third-party negotiators brings to the surface the drawbacks of this method of conflict resolution. Challenges faced in the Sri Lankan peace process uncovered the shortcomings of third-party mediation. This study holds potential to drive future researchers closer to exploring means to minimize the impacts of such limitations on forthcoming reconciliations.
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Dryzek, John S., Margaret L. Clark, and Garry McKenzie. "Subject and system in international interaction." International Organization 43, no. 3 (1989): 475–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300033002.
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Recent interest in cognitive approaches to international interaction in general and international regimes in particular has not been matched by development in theory and methodology. This article details a systematic “subjective” approach that seeks to meet this need. Its claims are developed through its comparison with the accomplishments and shortcomings of more established approaches to the study of international interaction and, in particular, microeconomic formal theory. The subjective alternative can model both individual subjects and the systems in which they are participating. As such, it offers much more in terms of continuities and connections between agents and system structure than do traditional psychological analyses in international relations. The theoretical arguments proceed in the context of a study of cooperation and conflict over Antarctica and its evolving regimes.
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Ziyazov, Ruslan Airatovich. "Philosophical Foundations of Social Conflict." Философская мысль, no. 10 (October 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2022.10.38932.
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This article is devoted to the study and consideration of the provisions on the philosophical foundations of social conflict, the nature of social conflict, as well as the problems and prospects of their resolution in the modern world. The text notes that the lack of theoretical understanding of the problem of social conflicts makes it difficult to logically solve practical problems aimed at preventing conflict situations in the modern community. The article examines the difficulties encountered in the localization and resolution of conflicts, thoroughly analyzes the entire course of the conflict development with the subsequent establishment of its possible causes and consequences. Also, this article discusses the causes of social conflicts in modern society, as well as the features of their occurrence. The works on the development of problems of methodology and general theory of conflict occurring in society are noted. In our country, there is a tradition of studying social conflicts through the objective contradiction of the interests of the majority of social groups, which dictate to the parties the logic, duration, degree of tension of the struggle for the satisfaction of urgent needs. However, it is not always necessary to equate objective contradictions of social groups with conflicts. The conflict is somehow connected with people's subjective awareness of the inconsistency of their interests as members of certain social groups. Aggravated contradictions generate open or closed conflicts only when they are deeply experienced by people, are realized as incompatibility of interests and goals. Taking into account the fact that philosophers in the Ancient World began to be interested in the nature of conflicts, the representatives of three modern socio-philosophical concepts of conflict made the greatest systematic contribution to its understanding: the concepts of positive-functional conflict proposed by L.Kozerom: R. Darrendorff's conflict models of society and K. Boulding's general theory of conflict.
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Balcaen, Pieter, Cind Du Bois, and Caroline Buts. "The Hybridisation of Conflict: A Prospect Theoretic Analysis." Games 12, no. 4 (2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g12040081.
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Revisionist actors are increasingly operationalising a broad number of non-violent threats in their quest to change the status quo, popularly described as hybrid conflict. From a defensive point of view, this proliferation of threats compels nations to make difficult choices in terms of force posture and composition. We examine the choice process associated with this contemporary form of state competition by modelling the interactions between two actors, i.e., a defender and a challenger. As these choices are characterised by a high degree of uncertainty, we study the choice from the framework of prospect theory. This behavioural–economic perspective indicates that the defender will give a higher weight and a higher subjective value to conventional threats, inducing a higher vulnerability in the domain of hybrid deterrence. As future conflict will increasingly involve choice dilemmas, we must balance threats according to their probability of occurrence and their consequences. This article raises awareness regarding our cognitive biases when making these choices.
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Tollefsen, Andreas Forø. "Experienced poverty and local conflict violence." Conflict Management and Peace Science 37, no. 3 (2017): 323–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894217741618.
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That poorer countries face higher risk of civil war is among the most robust findings in the literature on internal conflicts. However, we lack knowledge about whether a similar correlation exists on a more local level. Research into the local poverty–conflict nexus has largely relied on objective proxies of poverty that are only loosely related to the rationale for conflict. The results have been mixed, thus highlighting the need for more effective juxtaposition of theory and data. Using a subjective measure of poverty that determines whether individuals’ basic needs are being met, this article presents new empirical evidence for existing propositions linking local poverty and conflict-based violence. The study analyzes georeferenced survey data from the pan-African Afrobarometer survey for 4008 subnational districts across 35 African states, producing results that show how areas with high levels of poverty are indeed more likely to experience conflict. However, the correlation is likely to be indirect. Interaction models demonstrate that poverty is more likely to exacerbate violence if an area’s local institutions are weak or when impoverishment overlaps with group grievances against the government. Robustness tests, using coarsened exact matching and region-level fixed effects, provide considerable empirical support for a strong relationship between poverty and conflict at the local level.
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Syugiarto, Syugiarto, Khairul Umam Karim, and Handy Wahyu Kusnadi U. Tadja Lembah. "SENGKETA LAHAN PEMBANGUNAN HUNIAN TETAP KOTA PALU." Jurnal ADMINISTRATOR 3, no. 1 (2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55100/administrator.v3i1.18.
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This study aims to determine the level of conflict escalation caused by land disputes for permanent residential development in Palu City, and also to find out what methods the Palu City government can use in overcoming this problem. The data collection method used in this research is literature study. The theory used to see the level of conflict escalation is to use the dynamics of conflict stages, which divides these stages into Latent Conflict (Conditions), Perceived Conflict (Cognition), Felt Conflict (Affect), Manifest Conflict (Behavior) and Conflict Aftermath (Condition). Meanwhile, to find out the methods that can be used by the Palu City government in overcoming this conflict, namely by using the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument.
 The results of this study indicate that the conflict that occurs in land disputes for permanent residential development (huntap) III is not only a vertical conflict between the government and the community, but the horizontal conflict between the Palu City government and the Palu City DPRD is also seen in it. For this reason, the method that can be used in solving these problems is by conducting collaborative negotiations so that neither party is harmed, and also to show that the Palu City government pays attention to the aspirations of the community.
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Logan, Owen. "Children in the Fog of War: Responses to Parental Alienation." Journal of Dialogue Studies 7 (2019): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/foxb3962.
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The term ‘parental alienation’ describes a child’s irrational rejection of a parent and is the source of conflict in families, in psychological, legal and therapeutic practices which dispute its theoretical basis and causes. The increasingly reported issue is associated with children involved in high-conflict divorces or separations who exhibit psychological deficits reminiscent of child soldiers. In these cases, dialogues and mediation processes are highly regulated, often court-ordered, but both traditional and newer therapeutic approaches are controversial in terms of scientific and moral efficacy where it is believed a favoured parent is manipulating their children. The article takes the methodological approach of sociological poetics. This discourse analysis locates practical issues associated with parental alienation in the historical desire of eighteenth-century enlightened despots to win the inner consent of their subjects. The contemporary focus is at three scales; first, the World Health Organisation’s online debate about the recent inclusion of parental alienation in ICD11, the International Classification of Diseases; secondly, at the micro level in France where the concept of parental alienation is officially banned; and, finally, in debates about specialist treatments in North America. These empirical contexts suggest a vertical power axis transmitting and perpetuating despotism at the family level. The issues of manipulation, social pathologies, subjective truth, and ‘white-collar crime’ are examined theoretically and philosophically. It is argued that problematic professional responses to parental alienation (PA) which subordinate truthfulness to the goal of reconciliation call for vertical and horizontal reforms to ethically strengthen the role of dialogical truth.
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Abdul Razzak, Rima, Jeff Bagust, and Sharon Docherty. "Young and Older Adults Differ in Integration of Sensory Cues for Vertical Perception." Journal of Aging Research 2020 (July 31, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8284504.
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Introduction. The subjective visual vertical (SVV) measures the perception of a person’s spatial orientation relative to gravity. Weighted central integration of vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive inputs is essential for SVV perception. Without any visual references and minimal proprioceptive contribution, the static SVV reflects balance of the otolith organs. Normal aging is associated with bilateral and progressive decline in otolith organ function, but age-dependent effects on SVV are inconclusive. Studies on sensory reweighting for visual vertical and multisensory integration strategies reveal age-dependent differences, but most studies have included elderly participants in comparison to younger adults. The aim of this study was to compare young adults with older adults, an age group younger than the elderly. Methods. Thirty-three young and 28 older adults (50–65 years old) adjusted a tilted line accurately to their perceived vertical. The rod’s final position from true vertical was recorded as tilt error in degrees. For otolithic balance, visual vertical was recorded in the dark without any visual references. The rod and frame task (RFT) with tilted disorienting visual frames was used for creating visuovestibular conflict. We adopted Nyborg’s analysis method to derive the rod and frame effect (RFE) and trial-to-trial variability measures. Rod alignment times were also analyzed. Results. There was no age difference in signed tilts of SVV without visual reference. There was an age effect on RFE and on overall trial-to-trial variability of rod tilt, with older adults displaying larger frame effects and greater variability in rod tilts. Alignment times were longer in the tilted-frame conditions for both groups and in the older adults compared to their younger counterparts. The association between tilt accuracy and tilt precision was significant for older adults only during visuovestibular conflict, revealing an increase in RFE with an increase in tilt variability. Correlation of σSVV, which represents vestibular input precision, with RFE yielded exactly the same contribution of σSVV to the variance in RFE for both age groups. Conclusions. Older adults have balanced otolithic input in an upright position. Increased reliance on visual cues may begin at ages younger than what is considered elderly. Increased alignment times for older adults may create a broader time window for integration of relevant and irrelevant sensory information, thus enhancing their multisensory integration. In parallel with the elderly, older adults may differ from young adults in their integration of sensory cues for visual vertical perception.
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Quindeau, Ilka. "Masculinity Concepts in Psychoanalysis." Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 43, no. 2 (2018): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2018-0019.
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Abstract In the last few years, promising concepts for understanding masculinity have emerged from the perspective of inter-subjective, relational psychoanalysis; yet, a central theoretical problem is present in this approach: it focuses on “gender without sex“. The theories focus primarily on questions of identity. In contrast to this, I place the conflict-based, unconscious psychosexual dimension of maleness at the center of focus and use the terms ‘phallic’ and ‘genital’ not as normative and metaphoric, but focus on – in the original Freudian sense – the sexual, bodily dimension.
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Slater, Dan, and Aries A. Arugay. "Polarizing Figures: Executive Power and Institutional Conflict in Asian Democracies." American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 1 (2018): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218759577.
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Polarization does not necessarily pit left against right, rich against poor, secular against religious, or ethnicity against ethnicity. Rather than polarizing along deep social or ideological cleavages, today’s democracies often polarize over the perceived abuse of power by popularly elected chief executives. We argue that such conflicts are built into the definition and design of democracy, which requires both vertical accountability (i.e., inclusivity) and horizontal accountability (i.e., constraints) and divides sovereignty into separate institutions. We illustrate our institutional theory of polarization through a comparative analysis of polarizing crises in five Asian democracies since 2000. What mattered most for these crises’ severity and eventual resolution was not the depth of social cleavages, but how the leading elite opponents of polarizing figures managed their removal from office.
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Foran, Heather M., Michael Lorber, Jill Malik, Richard E. Heyman, and Amy M. Smith Slep. "The Intimate Partner Flooding Scale." Assessment 27, no. 6 (2018): 1151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191118755911.
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Dysfunctional conflict resolution behaviors in couples have been long recognized as markers of relationship maladjustment and are, consequently, frequent targets of couple therapy. The process of flooding may play a role. Flooding is the subjective sense of being overwhelmed by the partner’s negative affect, which is perceived as unexpected and intense, and feeling as though one’s information processing is impaired. It has been theorized that flooding is so aversive as to lead to maladaptive conflict behaviors (e.g., conflict escalation or withdrawal) as attempts to terminate the offending input (i.e., partner anger). Despite strong theory describing the construct, there has been a lack of valid measures to assess it. In the present study, we evaluated the psychometric properties of a 15-item measure in a sample of 453 couples. Reasonable unifactoriality, excellent internal consistency, and high test–retest reliability were demonstrated. Furthermore, using a dyadic latent variable model, the IPFS showed strong structural validity and concurrent validity with measures of relationship satisfaction, intimate partner violence, anger, depressive symptoms, and observed negative conflict behaviors. The IPFS appears to be a promising, economical instrument to assess flooding, a process relevant for understanding dysfunctional couple conflict behaviors.
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Murray, Richard F., Yaniv Morgenstern, and Laurence R. Harris. "How to combine direction cues optimally." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x647702.
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Many perceptual tasks require estimating a direction in space. Often several directional cues are available, such visual and gravitational cues to the subjective vertical, or visual and auditory cues to the direction of an object. In work on the subjective vertical, researchers have developed a heuristic vector summation model that has no deep theoretical motivation, but that accounts well for the direction and reliability of observers’ direction estimates when multiple cues are available, and that can accommodate directional cues ranging over all possible directions (Mittelstaedt, 1983). In work on combining visual and auditory cues to direction, researchers have used statistically motivated cue combination models that were originally developed for linear quantities such as depth, not circular or spherical quantities such as direction, and hence work only over a limited range of cue directions (Alais and Burr, 2004). Here we present a new model of directional cue combination that combines the advantages of both previous approaches. We develop a statistical theory of cue combination based on the von Mises distribution, the analog on the circle of the normal distribution on the line. We show that this theory differs in important ways from the theory of linear cue combination, e.g., a combined direction estimate can be less certain than any of the individual cues that were used to calculate it. We also show that the vector summation model developed empirically by previous investigators is an excellent approximation to our theory, meaning that it is a nearly optimal way of combining directional cues.
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Chang, Eunhee, Hyun Taek Kim, and Byounghyun Yoo. "Predicting cybersickness based on user’s gaze behaviors in HMD-based virtual reality." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 8, no. 2 (2021): 728–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwab010.
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Abstract Cybersickness refers to a group of uncomfortable symptoms experienced in virtual reality (VR). Among several theories of cybersickness, the subjective vertical mismatch (SVM) theory focuses on an individual’s internal model, which is created and updated through past experiences. Although previous studies have attempted to provide experimental evidence for the theory, most approaches are limited to subjective measures or body sway. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the SVM theory on the basis of the participant’s eye movements and investigate whether the subjective level of cybersickness can be predicted using eye-related measures. 26 participants experienced roller coaster VR while wearing a head-mounted display with eye tracking. We designed four experimental conditions by changing the orientation of the VR scene (upright vs. inverted) or the controllability of the participant’s body (unrestrained vs. restrained body). The results indicated that participants reported more severe cybersickness when experiencing the upright VR content without controllability. Moreover, distinctive eye movements (e.g. fixation duration and distance between the eye gaze and the object position sequence) were observed according to the experimental conditions. On the basis of these results, we developed a regression model using eye-movement features and found that our model can explain 34.8% of the total variance of cybersickness, indicating a substantial improvement compared to the previous work (4.2%). This study provides empirical data for the SVM theory using both subjective and eye-related measures. In particular, the results suggest that participants’ eye movements can serve as a significant index for predicting cybersickness when considering natural gaze behaviors during a VR experience.
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G.S., Thyagaraju, and U. P. Kulkarni. "Rough Set Theory Based User Aware TV Program and Settings Recommender." International Journal of Advanced Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing 4, no. 2 (2012): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/japuc.2012040105.
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In this paper the authors are proposing a design of TV program and settings recommendation engine utilizing contextual parameters like personal, social, temporal, mood, and activity. In addition to the contextual parameters the system utilizes the explicit or implicit user ratings and watching history to resolve the conflict if any while recommending the services. The System is implemented exploiting AI techniques like fuzzy logic and Rough Sets Based Decision Rules. The motivation behind the proposed work is i) to improve the user’s satisfaction level and ii) to improve the social relationship between user and TV. The context aware recommender utilizes social context data as an additional input to the recommendation task alongside information of users and TV programs. They have analyzed the recommendation process and performed a subjective test to show the usefulness of the proposed system for small families.
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Luzina, T. I., та I. A. Tulpe. "РЕВОЛЮЦИЯ КАК КУЛЬТУРНЫЙ КОНФЛИКТ". Konfliktologia 13, № 2 (2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31312/2310-6085-2018-13-2-9-31.
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The study of the works of Russian thinkers, the witnesses of the events of the Russian revolution, first of all, N.A. Berdyaev, has motivated the authors to consider the revolution as a cultural conflict. The article takes into account the provisions of the modern theory of revolution. Here are outlined the options for conflicts on a cultural basis with the identification of that one which can be correlated with the revolution. Such structural elements of a cultural conflict as its object, goals, parties, objective and subjective images of the conflict are considered. Cultural conflict is the basis of revolution in the sense that not a separate class or group is interested in the changing of the «cultural orientation», but society as a whole, society as a system that requires the restructuring, which should contribute to the expansion and dominance of the culture of quality, spiritual work (in a broad sense, not limited by the activities of the «cultural class»). Cultural conflict essentially is not a class conflict in the classical sense of the term. The main parties to the cultural conflict are strata, groups and individuals who are vitally fascinated involved in a society in which self-realization of personalities can take place, and authority giving preference to the governed impersonal majority. This preference is realized the more effectively, the more authority shares and supports the worldview inherent in traditional culture.
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Luzina, T. I., та I. A. Tulpe. "РЕВОЛЮЦИЯ КАК КУЛЬТУРНЫЙ КОНФЛИКТ". Konfliktologia 13, № 2 (2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31312/2310-6085-2018-13-2-9-32.
Full textAbstract:
The study of the works of Russian thinkers, the witnesses of the events of the Russian revolution, first of all, N.A. Berdyaev, has motivated the authors to consider the revolution as a cultural conflict. The article takes into account the provisions of the modern theory of revolution. Here are outlined the options for conflicts on a cultural basis with the identification of that one which can be correlated with the revolution. Such structural elements of a cultural conflict as its object, goals, parties, objective and subjective images of the conflict are considered. Cultural conflict is the basis of revolution in the sense that not a separate class or group is interested in the changing of the «cultural orientation», but society as a whole, society as a system that requires the restructuring, which should contribute to the expansion and dominance of the culture of quality, spiritual work (in a broad sense, not limited by the activities of the «cultural class»). Cultural conflict essentially is not a class conflict in the classical sense of the term. The main parties to the cultural conflict are strata, groups and individuals who are vitally fascinated involved in a society in which self-realization of personalities can take place, and authority giving preference to the governed impersonal majority. This preference is realized the more effectively, the more authority shares and supports the worldview inherent in traditional culture.
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Niehof, Nynke, Florian Perdreau, Mathieu Koppen, and W. Pieter Medendorp. "Time course of the subjective visual vertical during sustained optokinetic and galvanic vestibular stimulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 2 (2019): 788–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00083.2019.
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The brain is thought to use rotation cues from both the vestibular and optokinetic system to disambiguate the gravito-inertial force, as measured by the otoliths, into components of linear acceleration and gravity direction relative to the head. Hence, when the head is stationary and upright, an erroneous percept of tilt arises during optokinetic roll stimulation (OKS) or when an artificial canal-like signal is delivered by means of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS). It is still unknown how this percept is affected by the combined presence of both cues or how it develops over time. Here, we measured the time course of the subjective visual vertical (SVV), as a proxy of perceived head tilt, in human participants ( n = 16) exposed to constant-current GVS (1 and 2 mA, cathodal and anodal) and constant-velocity OKS (30°/s clockwise and counterclockwise) or their combination. In each trial, participants continuously adjusted the orientation of a visual line, which drifted randomly, to Earth vertical. We found that both GVS and OKS evoke an exponential time course of the SVV. These time courses have different amplitudes and different time constants, 4 and 7 s respectively, and combine linearly when the two stimulations are presented together. We discuss these results in the framework of observer theory and Bayesian state estimation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY While it is known that both roll optokinetic stimuli and galvanic vestibular stimulation affect the percept of vertical, how their effects combine and develop over time is still unclear. Here we show that both effects combined linearly but are characterized by different time constants, which we discuss from a probabilistic perspective.
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Chaika, Victoria, and Larysa Chaika. "CONFLICTOLOGY OF TAX LEGAL RELATIONS: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECT." Administrative law and process 32, no. 1 (2021): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2227-796x.2021.1.05.
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Purpose. The objective of the article is to establish the content and meaning of conflicts that arise and cease in the field of tax relations. Methods. The evolution of scientific conflict concepts is due to the interdisciplinary approach: emphasis is placed on the impossibility of separating philosophical, social, psycholinguistic and legal aspects of the conflict. Comprehensive and systematic analysis of the “conflict” category was carried out using an integrative approach. Results. Modern approaches to the conflict as an object of scientific analysis are differentiated into two main groups: 1) the conflict is considered in a narrow field sense; 2) the conflict is studied from interdisciplinary positions. The legal nature and attributive properties of the tax conflict are clarified from the standpoint of the tax law theory. There are five groups of factors that confirm the actual existence of conflicting tax relationships. A special attention was paid to the characteristics of the tax dispute (as one of the stages of the tax conflict) and ways to protect the rights of taxpayers. In particular, the issue of self-protection of taxpayers’ rights as a guarantee of the realization of subjective rights and legitimate interests in tax relations and as a basis for preventing tax conflicts and tax disputes was highlighted. Conclusions. It is proved that the basis of any conflict is a contradiction, which plays a systemic role both for certain types of conflict and for different levels of their research. However, the presence of contradictions forms only the preconditions of possible behaviour, while interpersonal relationships – as a social category – play a crucial role in the choice of an individual strategy in communicative interaction. It was substantiated that the tax dispute is a mechanism to guarantee the realization of subjective rights of stakeholders and the balance of public and private interests in the field of taxation, given the following factors: 1) focus on protection and restoration of violated (disputed) rights, further; 2) focus on resolving the tax conflict that has arisen over the exercise of rights and obligations; 3) focus on ensuring stability of conditions to implement the legal norm and optimization of legal regulation; 4) considering the dispute by the state power authorized body ensures stability of the legal system of a society. It is determined that a tax dispute is a tax conflict of the tax relations subjects, submitted for consideration to the authorized jurisdiction body, concerning their mutual rights and obligations, as well as the conditions of their implementation, and which requires a solution based on a legal assessment of the facts and verification of the legality of the government entity’s actions in relation to the taxpayer.
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Vidicki, Vladan. "The contribution of Donald Black's theory of social control to the understanding of conflict at work." Socioloski godisnjak, no. 12 (2017): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socgod1712193v.
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One of the assumptions of the Donald Black's general theory of the social control is that individuals or social groups have the need to control the behavior of others which they perceived as deviant. Since that law, as (a formal) type of social control, is unequally distributed in social space, certain social actors have to seek for informal types of social control. This paper presents the theory, which has occurred in the framework of pure sociology approach, and which tries to explain informal types of social control in organizations. The significance of this theory is reflected in the fact that, unlike most of the theories in sociology, it examines both horizontal and vertical conflict management and recognizes, in addition to social control from above, the type of control practiced from below, from subordinates to superiors. Therefore, it can be particularly interesting for understanding tensions and conflicts in the organizations of a transitional Serbian society.
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Robinson, Robbie. "The relevance of a contextualisation of the state-individual relationship for child victims of armed Conflict." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 2 (2017): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i2a2483.
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The relationship between the individual and the State is discussed in this contribution. The argument is put forward that both the State and the individual are legal subjects endowed with legal subjectivity. In their relationship it must be accepted that the State is not only endowed with State sovereignty, but also that it prescriptively makes use of its authority. However, theirs is a legal relationship characterised by reciprocal rights and duties so that the balance point in their relationship must as a matter of course be determined legally. As an explanatory model the theory of public subjective rights, which is of German origin, is applied. This theory can serve only as a starting point, though, as it fails to address certain fundamental questions. The viewpoints of authors of the so-called Reformed Tradition will therefore be applied to elaborate on the theory. By adopting this approach it is endeavoured to explain that the relationship between the State and the individual may not be viewed as one characterised by the abuse of State authority or excessive individual claims against the State.
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Guterman, Pearl, and Robert Allison. "The A-Effect and Global Motion." Vision 3, no. 2 (2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision3020013.
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When the head is tilted, an objectively vertical line viewed in isolation is typically perceived as tilted. We explored whether this shift also occurs when viewing global motion displays perceived as either object-motion or self-motion. Observers stood and lay left side down while viewing (1) a static line, (2) a random-dot display of 2-D (planar) motion or (3) a random-dot display of 3-D (volumetric) global motion. On each trial, the line orientation or motion direction were tilted from the gravitational vertical and observers indicated whether the tilt was clockwise or counter-clockwise from the perceived vertical. Psychometric functions were fit to the data and shifts in the point of subjective verticality (PSV) were measured. When the whole body was tilted, the perceived tilt of both a static line and the direction of optic flow were biased in the direction of the body tilt, demonstrating the so-called A-effect. However, we found significantly larger shifts for the static line than volumetric global motion as well as larger shifts for volumetric displays than planar displays. The A-effect was larger when the motion was experienced as self-motion compared to when it was experienced as object-motion. Discrimination thresholds were also more precise in the self-motion compared to object-motion conditions. Different magnitude A-effects for the line and motion conditions—and for object and self-motion—may be due to differences in combining of idiotropic (body) and vestibular signals, particularly so in the case of vection which occurs despite visual-vestibular conflict.
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Marie Doherty, Anne, Xiaomin Chen, and Nicholas Alexander. "The franchise relationship in China: agency and institutional theory perspectives." European Journal of Marketing 48, no. 9/10 (2014): 1664–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-04-2012-0199.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the franchise relationship in China, focusing on the relational constructs of power, control, support and conflict in this developing franchise environment. Agency theory has dominated franchise research. A more rounded theoretical interpretation of the franchising relationship is offered by employing both agency theory and institutional theory perspectives. Design/methodology/approach – The study adopts an interpretive approach, employing in-depth interviews with franchisors and franchisees in nine franchise organisations operating in the retail sector in China. It contributes a fuller understanding of how to manage the research process in China. Findings – The study reveals how the relational constructs of power, control, support and conflict are manifest in the franchise relationship in China. The explanatory power of agency theory is apparent when viewed in terms of the vertical agency problem. However, free-riding outside the franchise system, in the form of counterfeiting, mitigates against the occurrence of free-riding within it. With regard to institutional theory, we demonstrate that the regulatory institutional pillar is a crucial foundation for the franchise relationship. Practical implications – The study offers insights for franchisors and franchisees considering franchise relationships in China. Originality/value – For the first time in the literature, this study offers insights into key elements of the franchise relationship in China. Employing both agency and institutional theories facilitates a rounded explanation of the developing franchise environment in China.
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Fukuda, Hiromi, Takamichi Ichinose, Tomoko Kusama, et al. "The Relationship Between Job Stress and Urinary Cytokines in Healthy Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study." Biological Research For Nursing 10, no. 2 (2008): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800408323219.
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Cytokines such as angiogenin (ANG) and interleukin (IL-8) have been shown to be related to depressive symptoms and inflammatory diseases like coronary heart disease. They may thus be used as stress biomarkers to identify and prevent health problems. To investigate the relationship between cytokines and nurses' job-related stress, levels of urinary ANG and IL-8 were measured in healthy female hospital nurses in Japan. The level of job-related stress of the subjects was evaluated using the Nursing Stress Scale (NSS), with the participants being classified into high- or low-stress groups for each subscale according to their scores. The participants' subjective psychological states were assessed using the Profile of Mood States—Short Form Japanese version (POMS-SFJ). Urinary ANG, IL-8, and cortisol levels and subjective psychological states for two groups were compared for each NSS subscale. The fatigue and depression scores of POMS-SFJ subscales in the present study were higher than those of the general healthy Japanese population. Based on the mean score of the combined participants, nurses were experiencing the highest stress related to the pressure of having responsibility for patients' life support care (PPLC). Nurses reporting high levels of stress related to PPLC and conflict with physicians had high levels of urinary ANG. Urinary ANG levels may thus be associated with high levels of job stress.
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Mukhtar, Aamna, and Rafia Faiz. "Fighting Work-Life Conflict: Strategies of Women Entrepreneurs of Fashion Industry of Pakistan." Business & Economic Review 12, no. 4 (2020): 43–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22547/ber/12.4.3.
Full textAbstract:
In pursuit of improved flexibility and control over performance of dual roles in work and personal lives, an increasing number of women are shifting from paid employment to entrepreneurship. Yet, women entrepreneurs continue to experience dynamics of work-life conflict, particularly when gender interplays with culture, religion and class in unconventional, patriarchal Muslim societies. The purpose of this paper is to address the strategies adopted by Pakistani women entrepreneurs to combat work-life conflict. Border theory and role theory form the theoretical framework. This qualitative study draws upon interpretive phenomenological approach (IPA) to examine lived experiences of coping with work-life conflict. In-depth interviews with 35 women entrepreneurs of fashion industry were conducted in mixed Urdu and English languages, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically. Our study finds that women entrepreneurs experience varying degrees of work-life imbalance, and adopt active strategies to resist it. Due to poor institutional support, they largely tend to sacrifice their self-comfort for the sake of their family and business obligations. Strategic planning, authority delegating and seeking support from social capital are their most effective growth oriented strategies. Moreover, some women also practice growth constraining strategies in their subjective structures, thus contributing to reproduction of inequalities. This study contributes to expansion of border theory by highlighting the dynamics of work-life management when family and work are overlapping spheres for entrepreneurs. It adds to the growing body of literature on resistance and agency of marginalized women in emerging economies.
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Yang, Qing, Ling He, Xingxing Liu, and Mengying Cheng. "Bayesian-based conflict conversion path discovery for waste management policy implementation in China." International Journal of Conflict Management 29, no. 3 (2018): 347–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcma-09-2017-0109.
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PurposeThis study aims to analyze reform path for waste management policy implementation. With reference to the Bayesian theory, this study provides a dynamic policy conversion method through various context settings. Furthermore, this study attempts to present an empirical research paradigm.Design/methodology/approachMatland’s “ambiguity-conflict model” is applied to explain the problems and reform paths of China’s waste management policy implementation. Integrating structure discovery and bibliometrics into qualitative analysis, this study used search data from literature search engine with specific themes to achieve structure learning of Bayesian network with key factors refined in waste management policy.FindingsThe results show that China’s waste management policy implementation belongs to symbolic implementation with high ambiguity and high conflict. Four basic conversion paths for the waste management policy are proposed, which are classified by length and stability. Then, it is possible to locate the factors, paths and types of policy implementation through involvement analysis with features of each path and each district of policy implementation. Public education holds direct but unstable impact on waste management. Economic incentives hold continuous but gradually diminishing impact. Perceived policy effectiveness plays the crucial role like a central bridge. Resident conditions have a positive impact, which could be enhanced through economic development of China. The impact of subjective norm on waste management is not significant. But subjective norm has the potential breakthrough for solving stagnation of waste classification policy. However, the impacts from each factor may change along with economy growth and technology innovation.Originality/valueThis study uses the “ambiguity-conflict model” to position China’s waste classification policy and suggests that structure discovery methods help understand feasible reform paths for reform policy. The integration of theoretical analysis and quantitative simulation can achieve a comprehensive analysis of problems and solutions in waste management policy implementation of China. Promotion and education, economic incentives, perceived value, behavior control, subjective norm, perceived policy effectiveness, informal waste recycling system and residential conditions are explored as key factors for waste classification policy implementation as a representative in waste management policy. The role of each key factor and features of each conversion paths are integrated to position reform paths in the ambiguity-conflict model. This work helps to explain the stagnation of waste management policy implementation from the perspective of dynamic structure evolution, and some specific suggestions to get out of stagnation are proposed.