Journal articles: 'Subliminal and supraliminal cues'

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Bejjani, Christina, Jack Dolgin, Ziwei Zhang, and Tobias Egner. "Disentangling the Roles of Cue Visibility and Knowledge in Adjusting Cognitive Control: A Preregistered Direct Replication of the Farooqui and Manly (2015) Study." Psychological Science 31, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 468–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620904045.

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Recent research suggests that people can learn to link the control process of task switching to predictive cues so that switch costs are attenuated following informative precues of switch likelihood. However, the precise conditions that shape such contextual cuing of control are not well understood. Farooqui and Manly (2015) raised the possibility that cued task switching is more effective when cues of control demand are presented subliminally. In the current study, we aimed to replicate and extend these findings by more systematically manipulating whether cues of control demand are consciously perceived or are presented subliminally and whether participants have explicit prior knowledge of the cue meaning or acquire cue knowledge through experience. The direct replication was unsuccessful: We found no evidence for effective subliminal cuing but observed some evidence for participants reducing switch costs with explicit, supraliminal cues. Thus, cognitive control may be guided most effectively by explicitly understood and consciously perceived precues.

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Jensen, Karin, Irving Kirsch, Sara Odmalm, Ted J. Kaptchuk, and Martin Ingvar. "Classical conditioning of analgesic and hyperalgesic pain responses without conscious awareness." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 25 (May 15, 2015): 7863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504567112.

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Pain reduction and enhancement can be produced by means of conditioning procedures, yet the role of awareness during the acquisition stage of classical conditioning is unknown. We used psychophysical measures to establish whether conditioned analgesic and hyperalgesic responses could be acquired by unseen (subliminally presented) stimuli. A 2 × 2 factorial design, including subliminal/supraliminal exposures of conditioning stimuli (CS) during acquisition/extinction, was used. Results showed significant analgesic and hyperalgesic responses (P < 0.001), and responses were independent of CS awareness, as subliminal/supraliminal cues during acquisition/extinction led to comparable outcomes. The effect was significantly larger for hyperalgesic than analgesic responses (P < 0.001). Results demonstrate that conscious awareness of the CS is not required during either acquisition or extinction of conditioned analgesia or hyperalgesia. Our results support the notion that nonconscious stimuli have a pervasive effect on human brain function and behavior and may affect learning of complex cognitive processes such as psychologically mediated analgesic and hyperalgesic responses.

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Gillath, Omri, and Melanie Canterberry. "Neural correlates of exposure to subliminal and supraliminal sexual cues." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 7, no. 8 (November 2, 2011): 924–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsr065.

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Chaillou, Anne-Clémence, Anne Giersch, Anne Bonnefond, Ruud Custers, and Rémi L. Capa. "Influence of positive subliminal and supraliminal affective cues on goal pursuit in schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research 161, no. 2-3 (February 2015): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.052.

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Phillips, C. J. C., and C. A. Lomas. "Subliminal perception of colour by cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200000302.

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In humans subliminal perception is more evident in vision than other senses (Dixon, 1987) but it has not been reported in animals. The presence of subliminal visual perception might be suspected in cattle because of their low level of perceptual discrimination ability of visual cues relative to humans (e.g. Phillips and Weiguo, 1991), despite their sensory apparatus being similar in many respects. Experiments were therefore conducted to determine the extent of cattle colour perception and examine whether the effects of colour on cattle behaviour transcend that their perceptual abilities. We sought to a) confirm that cattle are dichromats, taking account of stimulus brightness, which has not always been the case in previous experiments investigating cattle colour vision, and b) investigate whether cattle exhibit differences in behaviour in isoluminant primary colours for trichromatic vision. Confirmation that cattle are dichromats, together with demonstrations of differences in behaviour in the three primary colours would suggest the existence of subliminal perception, and would question the validity of determining animal welfare requirements solely on psychophysical testing of supraliminal perception.

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Bustin, Gaëlle M., Jordi Quoidbach, Michel Hansenne, and Rémi L. Capa. "Personality modulation of (un)conscious processing: Novelty Seeking and performance following supraliminal and subliminal reward cues." Consciousness and Cognition 21, no. 2 (June 2012): 947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.03.005.

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Capa, Rémi L., Gaëlle M. Bustin, Axel Cleeremans, and Michel Hansenne. "Conscious and Unconscious Reward Cues Can Affect a Critical Component of Executive Control." Experimental Psychology 58, no. 5 (July 1, 2011): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000104.

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The present study investigates whether updating an important function of executive control can be driven by unconscious reward cues. Participants had to memorize several numbers and update those numbers independently according to a sequence of arithmetic operations. At the beginning of each trial, a reward (1 euro or 5 cents) was presented, either subliminally or supraliminally. Participants could earn the reward if they found the correct response on the updating task. Results showed better performance when a high (conscious or unconscious) reward was at stake compared to a low reward. This suggests that subliminal information can influence a component process of executive control traditionally thought to require consciousness.

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Uono, Shota, Wataru Sato, Reiko Sawada, Takanori Kochiyama, and Motomi Toichi. "Spatiotemporal commonalities of fronto-parietal activation in attentional orienting triggered by supraliminal and subliminal gaze cues: An event-related potential study." Biological Psychology 136 (July 2018): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.05.004.

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Chang, A. Y., and S. L. Yeh. "Join my attention by looking at my back: The back of head orientation can serve as both supraliminal and subliminal orienting cues." Journal of Vision 14, no. 10 (August 22, 2014): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/14.10.1272.

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Sidhu, Harjot, Mark Kern, and Reza Shaker. "Absence of increasing cortical fMRI activity volume in response to increasing visceral stimulation in IBS patients." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 287, no. 2 (August 2004): G425—G435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00490.2003.

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Cerebral cortical activity associated with perceived visceral sensation represents registration of afferent transduction and cognitive processes related to perception. Abnormalities of gut sensory function can involve either or both of these processes. Cortical registration of subliminal viscerosensory signals represents cerebral cortical activity induced by stimulation of intestinal sensory neurocircuitry without the influence of perception-related cortical activity, whereas those associated with perception represent both neural circuitry and cognitive processes. Our aims were to determine and compare quantitatively cerebral cortical functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity in response to subliminal, liminal, and nonpainful supraliminal rectal distension between a group of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients and age/gender-matched controls. Eight female IBS patients and eight age-matched healthy female control subjects were studied using brain fMRI techniques. Three barostat-controlled distension levels were tested: 1) 10 mmHg below perception (subliminal), 2) at perception (liminal), and 3) 10 mmHg above perception (supraliminal). In control subjects, there was a direct relationship between stimulus intensity and cortical activity volumes, ie., the volume of fMRI cortical activity in response to subliminal (3,226 ± 335 μl), liminal (5,751 ± 396 μl), and supraliminal nonpainful stimulation (8,246 ± 624 μl) were significantly different ( P < 0.05). In contrast, in IBS patients this relationship was absent and fMRI activity volumes for subliminal (2,985 ± 332 μl), liminal (2,457 ± 342 μl), and supraliminal nonpainful stimulation (2,493 ± 351 μl) were similar. Additional recruitment of cortical fMRI activity volume in response to increasing stimulation from subliminal to liminal and supraliminal domains is absent in IBS patients, suggesting a difference in the processing of perceived stimulation compared with controls.

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Ota, Chisa, and Tamami Nakano. "Self-Face Activates the Dopamine Reward Pathway without Awareness." Cerebral Cortex 31, no. 10 (April 16, 2021): 4420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab096.

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Abstract The self-face advantage has been demonstrated not only at the supraliminal level, but also at the subliminal level. However, it remains unclear whether subliminal self-face processing involves the same neural networks as those for supraliminal self-face processing. Here, we show that the ventral tegmental area, a center of the dopamine reward pathway, exhibited greater activation to subliminal presentations of the self-face than those of the others’ faces, whereas subliminal presentations of the others’ faces induced activation in the amygdala, which generally responds to unfamiliar information. This self-other difference in brain response was consistently observed even when the facial configuration was modified without changing the shape of the facial parts. The present findings suggest that the dopamine reward pathway is involved in automatic self-advantage in face processing, and the subliminal self-other facial discrimination does not depend on information of the precise facial configuration.

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Bareither, Isabelle, Maximilien Chaumon, Fosco Bernasconi, Arno Villringer, and Niko A. Busch. "Invisible visual stimuli elicit increases in alpha-band power." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 1082–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00550.2013.

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The cerebral cortex responds to stimuli of a wide range of intensities. Previous studies have demonstrated that undetectably weak somatosensory stimuli cause a functional deactivation or inhibition in somatosensory cortex. In the present study, we tested whether invisible visual stimuli lead to similar responses, indicated by an increase in EEG alpha-band power—an index of cortical excitability. We presented subliminal and supraliminal visual stimuli after estimating each participant's detection threshold. Stimuli consisted of peripherally presented small circular patches that differed in their contrast to a background consisting of a random white noise pattern. We demonstrate that subliminal and supraliminal stimuli each elicit specific neuronal response patterns. Supraliminal stimuli evoked an early, strongly phase-locked lower-frequency response representing the evoked potential and induced a decrease in alpha-band power from 400 ms on. By contrast, subliminal visual stimuli induced an increase of non-phase-locked power around 300 ms that was maximal within the alpha-band. This response might be due to an inhibitory mechanism, which reduces spurious visual activation that is unlikely to result from external stimuli.

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Bijsterbosch, Janine D., Kwang-Hyuk Lee, Michael D. Hunter, Daniel T. Tsoi, Sudheer Lankappa, Iain D. Wilkinson, Anthony T. Barker, and Peter W. R. Woodruff. "The Role of the Cerebellum in Sub- and Supraliminal Error Correction during Sensorimotor Synchronization: Evidence from fMRI and TMS." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 5 (May 2011): 1100–1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21506.

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Our ability to interact physically with objects in the external world critically depends on temporal coupling between perception and movement (sensorimotor timing) and swift behavioral adjustment to changes in the environment (error correction). In this study, we investigated the neural correlates of the correction of subliminal and supraliminal phase shifts during a sensorimotor synchronization task. In particular, we focused on the role of the cerebellum because this structure has been shown to play a role in both motor timing and error correction. Experiment 1 used fMRI to show that the right cerebellar dentate nucleus and primary motor and sensory cortices were activated during regular timing and during the correction of subliminal errors. The correction of supraliminal phase shifts led to additional activations in the left cerebellum and right inferior parietal and frontal areas. Furthermore, a psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed that supraliminal error correction was associated with enhanced connectivity of the left cerebellum with frontal, auditory, and sensory cortices and with the right cerebellum. Experiment 2 showed that suppression of the left but not the right cerebellum with theta burst TMS significantly affected supraliminal error correction. These findings provide evidence that the left lateral cerebellum is essential for supraliminal error correction during sensorimotor synchronization.

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Levin, Ross, and Laura Lamontanaro. "Visual-Spatial Aspects of Primary Process in Dreaming and Waking Thought." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 17, no. 1 (September 1997): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/e438-1yqf-35r0-04pc.

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The present study investigated empirically whether condensation-like phenomena, as measured by boundary disturbances, are a reliable and internally-consistent phenomena in the dreams, Rorschach responses, and preconscious perceptions of the same individual. Subjects kept dream logs for two weeks and were administered the Rorschach and a subliminal perception task which involved the presentation of both a subliminal and supraliminal stimulus. Visual condensation was positively correlated for the dream and Rorschach protocols on most measures. Further, Rorschach boundary disruption was significantly associated with the amount of incorporation of the subliminal stimulus in subjects' drawings of the supraliminal stimulus. These results suggest that primary process mechanisms are evident in both conscious and nonconscious mentation and support a reconceptualization of primary process in terms of actual perceptual mechanisms which is of potential heuristic value in the empirical elucidation of dreams, creativity, and preconscious perception.

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Liddell, Belinda J., Leanne M. Williams, Jennifer Rathjen, Howard Shevrin, and Evian Gordon. "A Temporal Dissociation of Subliminal versus Supraliminal Fear Perception: An Event-related Potential Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 3 (April 2004): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892904322926809.

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Current theories of emotion suggest that threat-related stimuli are first processed via an automatically engaged neural mechanism, which occurs outside conscious awareness. This mechanism operates in conjunction with a slower and more comprehensive process that allows a detailed evaluation of the potentially harmful stimulus (LeDoux, 1998). We drew on the Halgren and Marinkovic (1995) model to examine these processes using event-related potentials (ERPs) within a backward masking paradigm. Stimuli used were faces with fear and neutral (as baseline control) expressions, presented above (supraliminal) and below (subliminal) the threshold for conscious detection. ERP data revealed a double dissociation for the supraliminal versus subliminal perception of fear. In the subliminal condition, responses to the perception of fear stimuli were enhanced relative to neutral for the N2 “excitatory” component, which is thought to represent orienting and automatic aspects of face processing. By contrast, supraliminal perception of fear was associated with relatively enhanced responses for the late P3 “inhibitory” component, implicated in the integration of emotional processes. These findings provide evidence in support of Halgren and Marinkovic's temporal model of emotion processing, and indicate that the neural mechanisms for appraising signals of threat may be initiated, not only automatically, but also without the need for conscious detection of these signals.

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Williams, Leanne M., Belinda J. Liddell, Andrew H. Kemp, Richard A. Bryant, Russell A. Meares, Anthony S. Peduto, and Evian Gordon. "Amygdala–prefrontal dissociation of subliminal and supraliminal fear." Human Brain Mapping 27, no. 8 (2006): 652–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20208.

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Kunde, Wilfried. "Response priming by supraliminal and subliminal action effects." Psychological Research 68, no. 2-3 (April 1, 2004): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-003-0147-4.

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Arndt, Jamie, Jeff Greenberg, Tom Pyszczynski, and Sheldon Solomon. "Subliminal Exposure to Death-Related Stimuli Increases Defense of the Cultural Worldview." Psychological Science 8, no. 5 (September 1997): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00429.x.

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Three experiments reported here provide empirical support for the hypothesis derived from terror management theory that unconscious concerns about death motivate allegiance to cultural beliefs Study 1 contrasted exposure to a subliminal death-related stimulus, a standard mortality-salience treatment, and a neutral subliminal stimulus, and found that both the subliminal and the standard reminder of mortality led to more favorable evaluations of people who praised subjects' cultural worldview and more unfavorable evaluations of those who challenged it Study 2 replicated this finding by comparing the effects of exposure to subliminal death stimuli and subliminal pain stimuli Study 3 contrasted subliminal death stimuli, supraliminal death stimuli, and subliminal pain stimuli and found that only subliminal death stimuli produced these effects

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De Pascalis, Vilfredo, Giuliana Cirillo, Arianna Vecchio, and Joseph Ciorciari. "Event-Related Potential to Conscious and Nonconscious Emotional Face Perception in Females with Autistic-Like Traits." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072306.

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This study explored the electrocortical correlates of conscious and nonconscious perceptions of emotionally laden faces in neurotypical adult women with varying levels of autistic-like traits (Autism Spectrum Quotient—AQ). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during the viewing of backward-masked images for happy, neutral, and sad faces presented either below (16 ms—subliminal) or above the level of visual conscious awareness (167 ms—supraliminal). Sad compared to happy faces elicited larger frontal-central N1, N2, and occipital P3 waves. We observed larger N1 amplitudes to sad faces than to happy and neutral faces in High-AQ (but not Low-AQ) scorers. Additionally, High-AQ scorers had a relatively larger P3 at the occipital region to sad faces. Regardless of the AQ score, subliminal perceived emotional faces elicited shorter N1, N2, and P3 latencies than supraliminal faces. Happy and sad faces had shorter N170 latency in the supraliminal than subliminal condition. High-AQ participants had a longer N1 latency over the occipital region than Low-AQ ones. In Low-AQ individuals (but not in High-AQ ones), emotional recognition with female faces produced a longer N170 latency than with male faces. N4 latency was shorter to female faces than male faces. These findings are discussed in view of their clinical implications and extension to autism.

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Kouider, S., S. Dehaene, A. Jobert, and D. Le Bihan. "Cerebral Bases of Subliminal and Supraliminal Priming during Reading." Cerebral Cortex 17, no. 9 (November 13, 2006): 2019–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl110.

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Wildegger, Theresa, Nicholas E. Myers, Glyn Humphreys, and Anna C. Nobre. "Supraliminal but not subliminal distracters bias working memory recall." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 41, no. 3 (June 2015): 826–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000052.

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Chakalis, Evagelica, and Geoffrey Lowe. "Positive Effects of Subliminal Stimulation on Memory." Perceptual and Motor Skills 74, no. 3 (June 1992): 956–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.74.3.956.

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To assess the effect of subliminally embedded auditory material on short-term recall, 60 volunteer subjects undertook a face-name-occupation memory test before and after a 15-min. intervention. They were randomly assigned into three groups (a control group and two experimental groups) and allocated to one of the following conditions: (1) no sound, (2) supraliminal presentation of relaxing music, and (3) subliminal presentation of memory-improvement affirmations embedded in relaxing music. After intervention, only the subliminal group significantly improved their performance on recall of names.

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Mahoney, Melissa B., Benjamin A. Saunders, and Nicole M. Cain. "Priming Mortality Salience: Supraliminal, Subliminal and “Double-Death” Priming Techniques." Death Studies 38, no. 10 (April 8, 2014): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2013.839586.

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Sharma, Mandeep, Amrita Yadava, and Nov Rattan Sharma. "Effectiveness of Subliminal Stimuli in Lie Detection: Use of Physical Countermeasures." Defence Life Science Journal 3, no. 4 (October 3, 2018): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.3.13415.

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The objective of the present investigation was to study the effectiveness of subliminal stimuli in reducing the probability of use of countermeasures during polygraph was considered. Further, use of countermeasures (physical) would be more for supraliminal stimuli as compared to subliminal stimuli. Purposive total samples of 79 adults with (age range between 20-28 years) were selected for the present study. Windows Based Computerised Lie Detector (CLD-118) and Aversion Therapy Instrument (MBT-498) were used in present study. For analyses of the data, Friedman Test (non-parametric) followed by Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test (non-parametric), were applied. In the present investigation the effectiveness of subliminal stimuli in deterring the execution of countermeasures was studied, revealed that subliminal stimuli acted as a deterrent to physical countermeasures. The present findings indicate that subliminal stimuli can be used as a deterrent to countermeasures (Physical) in Lie Detection.

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Ponsi, Giorgia, Maria Serena Panasiti, Giulia Rizza, and Salvatore Maria Aglioti. "Thermal facial reactivity patterns predict social categorization bias triggered by unconscious and conscious emotional stimuli." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1861 (August 30, 2017): 20170908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0908.

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Members of highly social species decode, interpret, and react to the emotion of a conspecific depending on whether the other belongs to the same (ingroup) or different (outgroup) social group. While studies indicate that consciously perceived emotional stimuli drive social categorization, information about how implicit emotional stimuli and specific physiological signatures affect social categorization is lacking. We addressed this issue by exploring whether subliminal and supraliminal affective priming can influence the categorization of neutral faces as ingroup versus outgroup. Functional infrared thermal imaging was used to investigate whether the effect of affective priming on the categorization decision was moderated by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). During the subliminal condition, we found that stronger SNS activation after positive or negative affective primes induced ingroup and outgroup face categorization, respectively. The exact opposite pattern (i.e. outgroup after positive and ingroup after negative primes) was observed in the supraliminal condition. We also found that misattribution effects were stronger in people with low emotional awareness, suggesting that this trait moderates how one recognizes SNS signals and employs them for unrelated decisions. Our results allow the remarkable implication that low-level affective reactions coupled with sympathetic activation may bias social categorization.

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Boehm, I., J. A. King, F. Bernardoni, D. Geisler, M. Seidel, F. Ritschel, T. Goschke, J. D. Haynes, V. Roessner, and S. Ehrlich. "Subliminal and supraliminal processing of reward-related stimuli in anorexia nervosa." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 5 (August 23, 2017): 790–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717002161.

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BackgroundPrevious studies have highlighted the role of the brain reward and cognitive control systems in the etiology of anorexia nervosa (AN). In an attempt to disentangle the relative contribution of these systems to the disorder, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate hemodynamic responses to reward-related stimuli presented both subliminally and supraliminally in acutely underweight AN patients and age-matched healthy controls (HC).MethodsfMRI data were collected from a total of 35 AN patients and 35 HC, while they passively viewed subliminally and supraliminally presented streams of food, positive social, and neutral stimuli. Activation patterns of the group×stimulation condition×stimulus type interaction were interrogated to investigate potential group differences in processing different stimulus types under the two stimulation conditions. Moreover, changes in functional connectivity were investigated using generalized psychophysiological interaction analysis.ResultsAN patients showed a generally increased response to supraliminally presented stimuli in the inferior frontal junction (IFJ), but no alterations within the reward system. Increased activation during supraliminal stimulation with food stimuli was observed in the AN group in visual regions including superior occipital gyrus and the fusiform gyrus/parahippocampal gyrus. No group difference was found with respect to the subliminal stimulation condition and functional connectivity.ConclusionIncreased IFJ activation in AN during supraliminal stimulation may indicate hyperactive cognitive control, which resonates with clinical presentation of excessive self-control in AN patients. Increased activation to food stimuli in visual regions may be interpreted in light of an attentional food bias in AN.

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Kawakami, Naoaki, and Fujio Yoshida. "Subliminal versus supraliminal mere exposure effects: Comparing explicit and implicit attitudes." Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice 6, no. 3 (September 2019): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cns0000196.

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Lawal, Adeyemi, Mark Kern, Arthi Sanjeevi, Candy Hofmann, and Reza Shaker. "Cingulate cortex: a closer look at its gut-related functional topography." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 289, no. 4 (October 2005): G722—G730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00016.2005.

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Earlier studies have documented activation of the cingulate cortex during gut related sensory-motor function. However, topography of the cingulate cortex in relationship to various levels of visceromotor sensory stimuli and gender is not completely elucidated. The aim was to characterize and compare the activation topography of the cingulate cortex in response to 1) subliminal, 2) perceived rectal distensions, and 3) external anal sphincter contraction (EASC) in males and females. We studied 18 healthy volunteers (ages 18–35 yr; 10 women, 8 men) using functional MRI blood-oxygenation-level-dependent technique. We obtained 11 axial slices (voxel vol. 2.5–6.0 × 2.5 × 2.5 mm3) through the cingulate cortex during barostat-controlled subliminal, liminal, and supraliminal nonpainful rectal distensions as well as EASC. Overall, for viscerosensation, the anterior cingulate cortex exhibited significantly more numbers of activated cortical voxels for all levels of stimulations compared with the posterior cingulate cortex ( P < 0.05). In contrast, during EASC, activity in the posterior cingulate was larger than in the anterior cingulate cortex ( P < 0.05). Cingulate activation was similar during EASC in males and females ( P = 0.58), whereas there was a gender difference in anterior cingulate activation during liminal and supraliminal stimulations ( P < 0.05). In females, viscerosensory cortical activity response was stimulus-intensity dependent. Intestinal viscerosensation and EASC induce different patterns of cingulate cortical activation. There may be gender differences in cingulate cortical activation during viscerosensation. In contrast to male subjects, females exhibit increased activity in response to liminal nonpainful stimulation compared with subliminal stimulation suggesting differences in cognition-related recruitment.

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Dickson, H., S. Brooks, R. Uher, K. Tchanturia, J. Treasure, and I. C. Campbell. "The inability to ignore: distractibility in women with restricting anorexia nervosa." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 12 (February 29, 2008): 1741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708002961.

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BackgroundAttentional difficulties reported in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) may be due to preferential processing of disease-salient stimuli at a pre-attentive or at a conscious level or to a general problem in attention. Attentional difficulties may be associated with duration of illness.MethodFemale participants with AN (restricting subtype; n=24) and healthy comparison women (n=24) were randomly allocated to subliminal or supraliminal exposure to visual stimuli (food, neutral and aversive images) while performing the 1-back and 2-back working-memory tasks.ResultsParticipants with AN made fewer errors than the healthy comparison group in the subliminal condition but significantly more errors in the supraliminal condition [condition×group interaction, F(1, 44)=6.82, p<0.01]: this was irrespective of stimulus type (food, neutral and aversive) and task (1-back or 2-back). The total number of errors made correlated positively with the duration of the AN for both the 1-back task (rs=0.46, p<0.05) and for the 2-back task (rs=0.53, p<0.01).ConclusionsDecreased ability to concentrate in the presence of explicit distracters is a feature of AN and is associated with longer duration of illness. This phenomenon could be addressed in psychological interventions.

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Levin, Ross, Laura Gilmartin, and Laura Lamontanaro. "Cognitive Style and Perception: The Relationship of Boundary Thinness to Visual-Spatial Processing in Dreaming and Waking Thought." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 18, no. 1 (September 1998): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/4gbv-wayq-l0yr-rgcb.

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The present study investigated empirically whether individuals with thin boundaries as determined by high scores on the Hartmann Boundary Questionnaire (HBQ) [1] demonstrated heightened access to imagistic stimuli than thick boundary individuals. Two independent samples, visual art students and Wall Street brokers, were administered the Rorschach, a sleep and dreaming questionnaire, and a subliminal perception task which involved the presentation of both a subliminal and supraliminal stimulus. As expected, the majority of the visual artists scored thin boundaried and the majority of Wall Street brokers scored thick boundaried on the HBQ. Boundary thinness on the HBQ was positively correlated with Rorschach boundary disruption, higher dream recall, greater reported dream salience, and increased access to subliminal activation. These data are consistent with previous data [2] and support the contention that boundaries are a useful variable in conceptualizing how individuals process imagistically-based emotionally-toned information.

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Hoshino, Osamu. "Regulation of Local Ambient GABA Levels via Transporter-Mediated GABA Import and Export for Subliminal Learning." Neural Computation 27, no. 6 (June 2015): 1223–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00733.

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Perception of supraliminal stimuli might in general be reflected in bursts of action potentials (spikes), and their memory traces could be formed through spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). Memory traces for subliminal stimuli might be formed in a different manner, because subliminal stimulation evokes a fraction (but not a burst) of spikes. Simulations of a cortical neural network model showed that a subliminal stimulus that was too brief (10 msec) to perceive transiently (more than about 500 msec) depolarized stimulus-relevant principal cells and hyperpolarized stimulus-irrelevant principal cells in a subthreshold manner. This led to a small increase or decrease in ongoing-spontaneous spiking activity frequency (less than 1 Hz). Synaptic modification based on STDP during this period effectively enhanced relevant synaptic weights, by which subliminal learning was improved. GABA transporters on GABAergic interneurons modulated local levels of ambient GABA. Ambient GABA molecules acted on extrasynaptic receptors, provided principal cells with tonic inhibitory currents, and contributed to achieving the subthreshold neuronal state. We suggest that ongoing-spontaneous synaptic alteration through STDP following subliminal stimulation may be a possible neuronal mechanism for leaving its memory trace in cortical circuitry. Regulation of local ambient GABA levels by transporter-mediated GABA import and export may be crucial for subliminal learning.

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Matsumoto, Madoka, Kenji Matsumoto, Noriyuki Hayamizu, and Masamichi Sakagami. "Subliminal and supraliminal stimulus value affects action selection separately in human brain." Neuroscience Research 65 (January 2009): S193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1046.

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OTSUKA, Sho, and Takahiro SEKIGUCHI. "Catching the occurrence of mind wandering by receiving supraliminal and subliminal stimuli." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 77 (September 19, 2013): 3EV—067–3EV—067. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.77.0_3ev-067.

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Aranyi, Gabor, Sid Kouider, Alan Lindsay, Hielke Prins, Imtiaj Ahmed, Giulio Jacucci, Paolo Negri, Luciano Gamberini, David Pizzi, and Marc Cavazza. "Subliminal Cueing of Selection Behavior in a Virtual Environment." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 23, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00167.

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The performance of current graphics engines makes it possible to incorporate subliminal cues within virtual environments (VEs), providing an additional way of communication, fully integrated with the exploration of a virtual scene. In order to advance the application of subliminal information in this area, it is necessary to explore in the psychological literature how techniques previously reported as rendering information subliminal can be successfully implemented in VEs. Previous literature has also described the effects of subliminal cues as quantitatively modest, which raises the issue of their inclusion in practical tasks. We used a 3D rendering engine (Unity3D) to implement a masking paradigm within the context of a realistic scene and a familiar (kitchen) environment. We report significant effects of subliminal cueing on the selection of objects in a virtual scene, demonstrating the feasibility of subliminal cueing in VEs. Furthermore, we show that multiple iterations of masked objects within a trial, as well as the speeding of selection choices, can substantially reinforce the impact of subliminal cues. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that the effect of subliminal stimuli fades rapidly. We conclude by proposing, as part of further work, possible mechanisms for the inclusion of subliminal cueing in intelligent interfaces to maximize their effects.

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Ellis, H. D., A. W. Young, and G. Koenken. "Covert Face Recognition without Prosopagnosia." Behavioural Neurology 6, no. 1 (1993): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1993/295032.

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An experiment is reported where subjects were presented with familiar or unfamiliar faces for supraliminal durations or for durations individually assessed as being below the threshold for recognition. Their electrodermal responses to each stimulus were measured and the results showed higher peak amplitude skin conductance responses for familiar than for unfamiliar faces, regardless of whether they had been displayed supraliminally or subliminally. A parallel is drawn between elevated skin conductance responses to subliminal stimuli and findings of covert recognition of familiar faces in prosopagnosic patients, some of whom show increased electrodermal activity (EDA) to previously familiar faces. The supraliminal presentation data also served to replicate similar work by Tranel et al (1985). The results are considered alongside other data indicating the relation between non-conscious, “automatic” aspects of normal visual information processing and abilities which can be found to be preserved without awareness after brain injury.

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Malik, Rajesh, Steffan Apel, Carolyn Nelham, Cindy Rutkowski, and Herbert Ladd. "Failure to Uncover the Effects of Unconscious Symbiotic Fantasies on Heart Rate and Fine Motor Performance." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 3_suppl (December 1997): 1231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.3f.1231.

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18 men and 18 women were tachistoscopically shown the stimuli MOMMY AND I ARE ONE, DADDY AND I ARE ONE, and MYMMO NAD I REA ENO, at subjective thresholds (subliminal condition) and at 500 msec. (supraliminal condition). Following exposure to each stimulus, subjects performed a fine motor line-tracing task. Heart rate was monitored continuously during stimulus presentation and the fine motor task. Analysis showed subjects did not respond more positively with decreased heart rate or fewer errors on the fine motor task following the MOMMY message than the anagram phrase, thereby providing no support for the hypotheses. No correlation was found between responsiveness to the MOMMY message and scores on measures of self-perception and kinship. In the light of mounting negative evidence, the validity of the method of subliminal psychodynamic activation is questioned.

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Quiles Pérez, Mario, Enrique Tomás Martínez Beltrán, Sergio López Bernal, Alberto Huertas Celdrán, and Gregorio Martínez Pérez. "Breaching Subjects’ Thoughts Privacy: A Study with Visual Stimuli and Brain-Computer Interfaces." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (August 9, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5517637.

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Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) started being used in clinical scenarios, reaching nowadays new fields such as entertainment or learning. Using BCIs, neuronal activity can be monitored for various purposes, with the study of the central nervous system response to certain stimuli being one of them, being the case of evoked potentials. However, due to the sensitivity of these data, the transmissions must be protected, with blockchain being an interesting approach to ensure the integrity of the data. This work focuses on the visual sense, and its relationship with the P300 evoked potential, where several open challenges related to the privacy of subjects’ information and thoughts appear when using BCI. The first and most important challenge is whether it would be possible to extract sensitive information from evoked potentials. This aspect becomes even more challenging and dangerous if the stimuli are generated when the subject is not aware or conscious that they have occurred. There is an important gap in this regard in the literature, with only one work existing dealing with subliminal stimuli and BCI and having an unclear methodology and experiment setup. As a contribution of this paper, a series of experiments, five in total, have been created to study the impact of visual stimuli on the brain tangibly. These experiments have been applied to a heterogeneous group of ten subjects. The experiments show familiar visual stimuli and gradually reduce the sampling time of known images, from supraliminal to subliminal. The study showed that supraliminal visual stimuli produced P300 potentials about 50% of the time on average across all subjects. Reducing the sample time between images degraded the attack, while the impact of subliminal stimuli was not confirmed. Additionally, younger subjects generally presented a shorter response latency. This work corroborates that subjects’ sensitive data can be extracted using visual stimuli and P300.

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Weichselbaum, Hanna, Isabella Fuchs, and Ulrich Ansorge. "Oculomotor capture by supraliminal and subliminal onset singletons: The role of contrast polarity." Vision Research 100 (July 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2014.03.014.

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Heinzel, A., H. Hautzel, T. D. Poeppel, F. Boers, M. Beu, and H. W. Mueller. "Neural correlates of subliminal and supraliminal letter processing—An event-related fMRI study." Consciousness and Cognition 17, no. 3 (September 2008): 699–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.01.008.

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Frandsen, Summer, Sophie DelDonno, Alina Dillahunt, Stephanie Pocius, Briana Schubert, Michelle Kassel, Katie Bessette, et al. "Sex Differences in Neural Activation During Emotional Processing of Subliminal and Supraliminal Faces." Biological Psychiatry 89, no. 9 (May 2021): S178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.02.454.

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Buckley, Jude, and Linda D. Cameron. "Automaticity of Exercise Self-Regulatory Efficacy Beliefs in Adults With High and Low Experience in Exercise Self-Regulation." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 33, no. 3 (June 2011): 325–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.3.325.

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Guided by social cognitive theory (SCT), we investigated whether exercise selfregulatory efficacy beliefs can be activated nonconsciously in individuals experienced and inexperienced in exercise self-regulation, and whether these beliefs are automatically associated with exercise self-regulation processes. The study used a 2 (Exercise Self-Regulation Experience Group) × 3 (Prime Condition) between-subjects design in which individuals experienced and inexperienced in exercise self-regulation were randomly assigned to receive subliminal, supraliminal, or no priming of exercise self-regulatory efficacy beliefs. Participants completed hypothetical diary entries, which were assessed for exercise self-regulatory efficacy and self-regulation expressions using content analyses with a SCT coding system and the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) text analysis program. For both exercise self-regulation experience groups, self-efficacy priming led to more expressions of low exercise self-regulatory efficacy and dysfunctional exercise self-regulation strategies compared with the control prime. For participants experienced in exercise self-regulation, supraliminal priming (vs. control priming) led to more expressions of high exercise self-regulatory efficacy and functional exercise self-regulation strategies. For the experienced groups, priming led to automaticity of exercise expressions compared with the control condition. For inexperienced participants in the subliminal prime condition, priming led to automaticity of self-regulatory efficacy beliefs and work-related goals compared with the control condition. Automatic activation of exercise self-regulatory efficacy and exercise self-regulation processes suggests that self-regulation of exercise behavior can occur nonconsciously.

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Tsai, Y., T. R. Huang, and T. Watanabe. "Learning subliminal cues for predictive decision making." Journal of Vision 10, no. 7 (August 13, 2010): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.1139.

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Greenlees, Iain, Sean Figgins, and Philip Kearney. "Can Achievement Goals be Primed in Competitive Tasks?" Journal of Human Kinetics 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0026.

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Abstract This study examined whether achievement goal priming effects would be observed within an overtly competitive setting. Male soccer players (N = 66) volunteered to participate in a soccer penalty-kick taking competition during which they took 20 penalty-kicks on 2 occasions. Following a pretest, participants were allocated to 1 of 5 priming conditions. Immediately prior to the posttest, participants in the priming conditions were asked to complete what was presented as an ostensibly unrelated task that took the form of either a computer task (subliminal priming) or wordsearch task (supraliminal priming). Results revealed that priming had no significant influence on performance.

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Mori, Tsutako, and Akira Sakamoto. "The effects of subliminal and supraliminal presentation of trait-related words on person perception." Japanese journal of psychology 68, no. 5 (1997): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.68.371.

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Tsushima, Y., and T. Watanabe. "Subliminal task-irrelevant motion signals more severely disrupt RSVP task performance than supraliminal signals." Journal of Vision 5, no. 8 (March 16, 2010): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.8.115.

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Gläscher, Jan, and Ralph Adolphs. "Processing of the Arousal of Subliminal and Supraliminal Emotional Stimuli by the Human Amygdala." Journal of Neuroscience 23, no. 32 (November 12, 2003): 10274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.23-32-10274.2003.

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Sato, Wataru, Krystyna Rymarczyk, Kazusa Minemoto, Jakub Wojciechowski, and Sylwia Hyniewska. "Cultural Moderation of Unconscious Hedonic Responses to Food." Nutrients 11, no. 11 (November 19, 2019): 2832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112832.

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Previous psychological studies have shown that images of food elicit hedonic responses, either consciously or unconsciously, and that participants’ cultural experiences moderate conscious hedonic ratings of food. However, whether cultural factors moderate unconscious hedonic responses to food remains unknown. We investigated this issue in Polish and Japanese participants using the subliminal affective priming paradigm. Images of international fast food and domestic Japanese food were presented subliminally as prime stimuli. Participants rated their preferences for the subsequently presented target ideographs. Participants also rated their preferences for supraliminally presented food images. In the subliminal rating task, Polish participants showed higher preference ratings for fast food primes than for Japanese food primes, whereas Japanese participants showed comparable preference ratings across these two conditions. In the supraliminal rating task, both Polish and Japanese participants reported comparable preferences for fast and Japanese food stimuli. These results suggest that cultural experiences moderate unconscious hedonic responses to food, which may not be detected based on explicit ratings.

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Randolph-Seng, Brandon, and Michael E. Nielsen. "Opening the Doors of Perception: Priming Altered States of Consciousness outside of Conscious Awareness." Archive for the Psychology of Religion 31, no. 2 (May 2009): 237–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157361209x424475.

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Two studies are reported in which participants’ reports of altered states of consciousness (ASC) were manipulated using priming methods. Study 1 used both subtle and blunt supraliminal priming methods, while Study 2 used a subliminal priming method. Across the two studies, two different methods for inducing ASC were used. In both studies a direct and an indirect measure of ASC was employed in order to separate the more nonconscious and spontaneous (indirect) from the more conscious and directive (direct) reports of ASC. As predicted, results indicated that the indirect measures of ASC were consistent with the ASC primes participants received. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

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Rowe, Angela C., Emily R. Gold, and Katherine B. Carnelley. "The Effectiveness of Attachment Security Priming in Improving Positive Affect and Reducing Negative Affect: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030968.

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Attachment security priming has been extensively used in relationship research to explore the contents of mental models of attachment and examine the benefits derived from enhancing security. This systematic review explores the effectiveness of attachment security priming in improving positive affect and reducing negative affect in adults and children. The review searched four electronic databases for peer-reviewed journal articles. Thirty empirical studies met our inclusion criteria, including 28 adult and 2 child and adolescent samples. The findings show that attachment security priming improved positive affect and reduced negative affect relative to control primes. Supraliminal and subliminal primes were equally effective in enhancing security in one-shot prime studies (we only reviewed repeated priming studies using supraliminal primes so could not compare prime types in these). Global attachment style moderated the primed style in approximately half of the studies. Importantly, repeated priming studies showed a cumulative positive effect of security priming over time. We conclude that repeated priming study designs may be the most effective. More research is needed that explores the use of attachment security priming as a possible intervention to improve emotional wellbeing, in particular for adolescents and children.

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Schoeberl, Tobias, Isabella Fuchs, Jan Theeuwes, and Ulrich Ansorge. "Stimulus-driven attentional capture by subliminal onset cues." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 77, no. 3 (December 18, 2014): 737–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-014-0802-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Subliminal and supraliminal cues'

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