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1
Saha, Puja, Sushma Verma, and Pratik Swarup Das. "SUBLINGUAL DRUG DELIVERY: AN INDICATION OF POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE ROUTE." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 6 (2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i6.23436.
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Sublingual literally meaning is “under the tongue”, refers to a method of administrating substance via mouth in such a way that the substance is rapidly absorbed via blood vessels under tongue. Sublingual route is a useful when rapid onset of action is desired with better patient compliance than orally ingested tablets. Drugs that are given sublingually reach directly in to the systemic circulation through the ventral surface of the tongue and floor of the mouth. The portion of drug absorbed through the sublingual blood vessels bypasses the hepatic first‐pass metabolic processes giving acceptable bioavailability. As nowadays most of the people need effective relief within a short period of time so sublingual is the most suitable form of administration. New sublingual technologies address many pharmaceutical and patient needs, ranging from enhanced life‐cycle management to convenient dosing for paediatric, geriatric, and psychiatric patients with dysphagia.
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Pawar, Poonam P., Hemant S. Ghorpade, and Bhavana A. Kokane. "Sublingual route for systemic drug delivery." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 6-s (2018): 340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i6-s.2097.
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Drug delivery via the oral mucous membrane is considered to be a promising alternative to the oral route. Sublingual route is a rapid onset of action and better patient compliance than orally ingested tablets. Sublingual literally meaning is “under the tongue”, administrating substance via mouth in such a way that the substance is rapidly absorbed via blood vessels under tongue. The portion of drug absorbed through the sublingual blood vessels bypasses the hepatic first‐pass metabolic processes giving acceptable bioavailability. Sublingual technology is convenient for dosing in geriatric, pediatric and psychiatric patients with dysphagia. Sublingual drug delivery shows fast therapeutic action than orally ingested drugs with fewer side effects. This review highlights advantages, disadvantages, different sublingual Gland, sublingual formulation such as tablets, films drops, sprays etc, evaluation parameters.
 Keywords: Sublingual delivery, dysphagia, sublingual gland, improved bioavailability, evaluations.
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Goswami, Tarun, Bhaskara R. Jasti, and Xiaoling Li. "Sublingual Drug Delivery." Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 25, no. 5 (2008): 449–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.v25.i5.20.
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Labhade, Sanjana, Chaitali Malode, Vaishali Rawal, and Smita Rupvate. "Review on Sublingual Drug Delivery System." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 3 (2019): 684–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i3.2684.
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Drug delivery via the oral mucous membrane is considered to be a promising alternative to the oral route. Sublingual route is a useful when rapid onset of action is desired with better patient compliance than orally administered drugs. In terms of permeability, the sublingual area of the oral cavity is more permeable than the buccal area, which in turn is more permeable than the roof of the mouth area. The portion of drug absorbed through the sublingual blood vessels avoids hepatic first‐pass metabolic processes giving good bioavailability. Sublingual technology for patients need enhanced lifecycle management to convenient dosing forgeriatric, pediatric and patient with dysphagia. This review highlights the introduction of sublingual drug delivery,mechanism ,factors affecting sublingual absorption, advantages, disadvantages,methods of preparation(tablet,films),drug administered by this route and conclusion. Keywords: Improved bioavailability, Sublingual delivery, Dysphagia, Technique.
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Aravindhanthan V, Anjali P B, and Arun Radhakrishnan. "Sublingual spray: a new technology oriented formulation with multiple benefits." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 4 (2019): 2875–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1567.
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Sublingual drug delivery system was a well-established platform for delivering the drug that need to exhibit quick action without any first-pass metabolic effect, but various pitfall in the regular sublingual drug delivery systems such as a tablet, capsule etc., that can be overcome by novel sublingual drug delivery technology such as particulate sublingual spray. Sublingual spray for drug administration has gained attention in the market since it proved its propensity to by-pass the first-pass metabolism and to initiate a rapid onset of action due to its atomized micro particulate nature, which is significantly higher than the other sublingual formulations. The approval of sublingual spray by the regulatory agencies may commence further research in this field by subsuming various essential drugs for indications such as cancer pain, cardiovascular issue etc. This article comprises a detailed study on the drawback of conventional sublingual drug delivery system and the approach by which these drawbacks can be overruled by spray technology in the sublingual area and the, in-depth mechanism of drug delivery through sublingual with the help of atomization followed by the entire formulation strategy along with evaluation and industrial perspective of the sublingual spray dosage form as a future tool of patient-friendly drug delivery.
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Gadekar, Nilesh Shivaji, Sakshi Machhindra Gaikwad, and Swati Bhagwan Katkar. "Review on Sublingual Tablet." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 1 (2024): 1358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.58175.
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Abstract: Objective: As sublingually given dose forms avoid hepatic metabolism, sublingual medication delivery can be an alternate and superior method to oral drug delivery. For some medications, particularly those prescribed for the treatment of acute diseases, a quick onset of pharmacological activity is frequently required. Sublingual pills dissolve quickly, and the major saliva available is typically enough to achieve dosage form disintegration along with enhanced dissolving and increased bioavailability. Findings: Comparing sublingual pills to traditional dosage forms, it was discovered that the former had superior qualities. Due to their rapid breakdown, tablets taken sublingually had more bioavailability, a quicker onset of action, and improved dissolving characteristics. Rapid disintegration was made possible by the addition of super-disintegrants, and this method can be applied to the treatment of urgent or acute disorders. Conclusion: To make sure a quick onset of action, higher patient compliance, and increased bioavailability, sublingual tablets or any sublingual dosage form might be used. Drugs that undergo significant first pass metabolism or degradation in the GIT can be administered sublingually. When compared to normal oral tablets, drugs given sublingually typically have improved bioavailability, which leads to dose reduction.
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Het, Patel*, Patel Jaini, Ghanshyam Patel Dr., Yadav Priyanka, and Divykant Patel Dr. "REVIEW-SUBLINGUAL ROUTE FOR SYSTEMIC DRUG DELIVERY." World Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research 2, no. 2 (2023): 45–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10894235.
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Drug delivery via the oral mucous membrane is considered to be a promising alternative to the oral route. Sublingual route is a rapid onset of action and better patient compliance than orally ingested tablets. Sublingual literally meaning is “under the tongue”, administrating substance via mouth in such a way that the substance is rapidly absorbed via blood vessels under tongue. The portion of drug absorbed through the sublingual blood vessels bypasses the hepatic first‐pass metabolic processes giving acceptable bioavailability. Sublingual technology is convenient for dosing in geriatric, pediatric and psychiatric patients with dysphagia. Sublingual drug delivery shows fast therapeutic action than orally ingested drugs with fewer side effects. This review highlights advantages, disadvantages, different sublingual Gland, sublingual formulation such as tablets, films drops, sprays etc, evaluation parameters.
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Ashok, Kumar Sharma, Pushpendra Singh Naruka Dr., Shankar Soni Mr., Mohit Khandelwal Mr., Shaneza Aman Ms., and Mehul Mr. "SUBLINGUAL TABLET- ADVANCEMENT IN TABLET DOSAGES FORM." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 11, no. 2 (2019): 01–05. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12672960.
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Sublingual drug delivery is often an alternate and better choice of route in comparison to oraldrug delivery as sublingually administered dosage forms bypass hepatic metabolism. A rapidonset of pharmacological effect is usually desired for a few drugs, especially those utilizedin the treatment of acute disorders and need onset of action. Sublingual tablets disintegraterapidly and therefore the bit of saliva present is typically sufficient for achievingdisintegration of the dosage form including better dissolution and increased bioavailabilitywith effective therapeutic range. Sublingual tablets were found to possess bettercharacteristics in comparison to standard conventional dosage forms. Sublinguallyadministered tablets achieved better bioavailability, rapid onset of action and betterdissolution properties increasing the fast disintegration. The addition of Superdisintegrantsfacilitated rapid disintegration and this approach is often needed to treat acute disorders oremergency conditions with showing onset of action. The sublingual route of administration isoften used for drugs which undergo first pass metabolism or degradation within the GITprocess. Drugs administered sublingually tend to possess better bioavailability which is betterapproach other than conventional tablets.
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Himanshi, Rathaur* and G.Gnanarajan. "REVIEW ON: SUBLINGUAL ROUTE FOR SYSTEMIC DRUG DELIVERY." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 01 (2018): 453–62. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1161209.
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Delivery of drug in the oral cavity through the oral mucosa is examined to be a promising alternative to the oral route. Sublingual means “under the tongue” which rapidly absorb the drug through the oral mucosa and enter into the systemic circulation. This route provides various advantages such as quick onset of action, patient compliance, hepatic first pass metabolism and increase bioavailability. Dysphagia is a common problem in pediatric, geriatric and psychiatric patients. In terms of permeability sublingual area of oral cavity is more permeable than buccal area which is in turn is more permeable than palatal area. Now a days most of the population need effective, faster and better relief within a short period of time. So, this route is the most appropriate route of administration and it rapidly dissolves in saliva. Many drugs like cardiovascular drugs, steroids, vitamin and barbiturates are applied in the sublingual drug delivery. This review highlights the difference between sublingual route and oral route in which sublingual route is more effective than oral route, advantages, disadvantages, factor affecting of sublingual route, various techniques are used to formulate the sublingual dosage form, taste masking, evaluation such as Hardness, Disintegration, Friability, In-vitro release study, Physiochemical properties of drugs, Consideration during sublingual formulation and market formulation. Keyword: - Oral cavity, Sublingual, Dysphagia, Salivary glands, bioavailability, Hepatic metabolism
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Hilleman, Daniel E., and Umesh V. Banakar. "Issues in Contemporary Drug Delivery." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 8, no. 5 (1992): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875512259200800509.
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Objective: To identify and discuss the clinical utility of new delivery systems and formulations of cardiac drugs. Data Sources: Studies describing or evaluating new drug delivery systems for cardiac drugs were identified through a MEDLINE literature search. Study Selection: All studies describing or evaluating new delivery systems for cardiac drugs were reviewed. Data Extraction: Data were abstracted and evaluated by each author independently. Data Synthesis: The most common oral sustained-release formulations include the wax-matrix system, the gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS), and the spheroidal oral drug absorption system (SODAS). The wax-matrix delivery system is limited by the occurrence of “dose-dumping.” In a low-pH setting, the wax-matrix formulation may dissolve too rapidly, liberating the entire dose in a short period of time. The clinical relevance of this phenomenon is unknown. The GITS and SODAS formulations are less likely to be affected by pH and food. Nitroglycerin is available by many routes of administration. The topical patch forms are convenient to use, but are associated with the development of tolerance. A buccal formulation incorporates a relatively short onset of effect with a three- or four-times-daily dosing regimen. Although tolerance is less of a problem with buccal nitroglycerin than with topical nitrates, this formulation is less convenient to use because of buccal irritation and interference with eating and talking. A new spray formulation of nitroglycerin offers longer shelf-life storage stability and an easier mode of administration. The spray canister is stable for three years compared with 12 weeks for an opened bottle of sublingual nitroglycerin tablets. Sublingual administration of oral cardiac drugs offers the potential for a more rapid onset of effects. Although nifedipine is often given sublingually, objective data indicate that it is not absorbed buccally but rather in the stomach. It appears that the chew-and-swallow route is most appropriate for nifedipine. Captopril is absorbed sublingually but its efficacy has not been demonstrated. Transdermal clonidine improves compliance and is associated with fewer adverse effects than oral clonidine. Transdermal formulations of beta-blockers are currently being evaluated. Conclusions: Further advancements in the development of novel delivery systems for cardiac drugs are expected in the future.
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Maninder, Pal Singh* Ashita Pawaiya Gurpreet Kaur. "A Review on Sublingual Drug Delivery System for Better Bioavalibility." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 4 (2025): 1879–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15222571.
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Oral mucous membrane drug delivery is seen to offer a possible substitute for oral administration. When a quick onset of action is required and higher patient compliance is sought than with oral medications, the sublingual route can be helpful. The sublingual region of the oral cavity has a higher permeability than the buccal region, which is higher than the roof of the mouth region. By avoiding hepatic first-pass metabolic processes, the portion of the drug absorbed through the sublingual blood vessels has good bioavailability. For patients with dysphagia, elderly people, and children, sublingual technology requires improved lifecycle management to enable simple dosage. The sublingual route is the most often used method for systemic effects due to its painlessness, avoidance, adaptability, and—above all—patient compliance. The sublingual region is the most drug-permeable location in the oral cavity. Onset of action is needed in the case of some acute diseases. Hence the Sublingual drug delivery can be best promising route of administration for a faster and direct absorption of drug into systemic circulation. The most permeable region for a drug absorption in buccal cavity is the Sublingual region. Emerging trends in the field include personalized medicine, which tailors treatments based on individual patient needs, and the integration of digital health technologies for dose monitoring and adherence tracking. Additionally, innovations in bioenhancers and permeation enhancers aim to overcome challenges related to drug solubility and absorption. Despite these advancements, challenges such as drug stability, taste masking, and patient compliance persist. Future research focuses on addressing these limitations through enhanced formulation techniques, improved patient education, and streamlined regulatory processes. Overall, sublingual drug delivery continues to evolve, offering significant benefits for therapeutic efficacy and patient care while paving the way for future developments in pharmacotherapy.
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Stie, Mai Bay, Johan Ring Gätke, Ioannis S. Chronakis, Jette Jacobsen, and Hanne Mørck Nielsen. "Mucoadhesive Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Hybrid System with Controlled and Unidirectional Release of Desmopressin." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (2022): 1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031458.
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The sublingual mucosa is an attractive route for drug delivery, although challenged by a continuous flow of saliva that leads to a loss of drug by swallowing. It is of great benefit that drugs absorbed across the sublingual mucosa avoid exposure to the harsh environment of the gastro-intestinal lumen; this is especially beneficial for drugs of low physicochemical stability such as therapeutic peptides. In this study, a two-layered hybrid drug delivery system was developed for the sublingual delivery of the therapeutic peptide desmopressin. It consisted of peptide-loaded mucoadhesive electrospun chitosan/polyethylene oxide-based nanofibers (mean diameter of 183 ± 20 nm) and a saliva-repelling backing film to promote unidirectional release towards the mucosa. Desmopressin was released from the nanofiber-based hybrid system (approximately 80% of the loaded peptide was released within 45 min) in a unidirectional manner in vitro. Importantly, the nanofiber–film hybrid system protected the peptide from wash-out, as demonstrated in an ex vivo flow retention model with porcine sublingual mucosal tissue. Approximately 90% of the loaded desmopressin was retained at the surface of the ex vivo porcine sublingual mucosa after 15 min of exposure to flow rates representing salivary flow.
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Namrata, S. Revar* Samruddhi B. Sawant Sanjeevani D. Rupwate. "Sublingual Dosage Form." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 1, no. 9 (2023): 397–403. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8371537.
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Sublingual dosage forms have gained significant attention in the field of pharmaceuticals due to their unique route of administration and rapid onset of action. This dosage form involves placing medication under the tongue, where it dissolves and is absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the highly vascularized sublingual mucosa. This route offers several advantages, including avoiding first-pass metabolism in the liver, enhancing bioavailability, and providing a non-invasive and convenient option for patients who have difficulty swallowing or require fast drug action. In this abstract, we explore the characteristics, advantages, and challenges associated with sublingual dosage forms. We discuss the principles of drug absorption through the sublingual route, highlighting the role of the sublingual mucosa in drug uptake. The factors influencing drug formulation and optimization for sublingual delivery are also examined, including the choice of excipients, drug solubility, and taste-masking techniques. Furthermore, we delve into the diverse range of therapeutic applications that can benefit from sublingual dosage forms, such as pain management, cardiovascular diseases, and hormone replacement therapy. Case studies and examples of commercially available sublingual products are provided to illustrate the practicality and effectiveness of this delivery route. While sublingual dosage forms offer numerous advantages, they are not without challenges, such as taste masking, stability issues, and dosage accuracy. We address these challenges and discuss potential strategies for overcoming them. In conclusion, sublingual dosage forms represent a promising avenue for drug delivery, offering rapid onset of action, improved bioavailability, and patient convenience. As pharmaceutical research continues to advance, the development and optimization of sublingual dosage forms are expected to play an increasingly important role in modern medicine.
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Kumar, Damit, Amit Sharma, and Rajiv Garg. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF SUBLINGUAL TABLET OF LOSARTAN POTASSIUM." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 6, no. 4 (2018): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v6i4.386.
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The objective of the current study was to develop and optimize a sublingual tablet of Losartan potassium, which is an effective drug in the treatment of hypertension. Owing to number of advantages dissociated with the quick onset of action and it by passes the liver. Sublingual tablets offer effective and easier way for management of Hypertension. The basic approach used in development of Sublingual tablet was the use of super disintegrants by direct compression method. Oral mucosal drug delivery is one of the promising method of systemic drug delivery which offers several advantages. The literal meaning sublingual is ''under the tongue''. Hence the method includes the administrating drug via mouth so that it is absorbed via blood vessels (systemic) present under the tongue. Sublingual tablet is tablet that dissolves or disintegrates in the oral cavity without need of drinking water. Sublingual tablet traditionally have been used as an effective method to improve the dissolution properties and bioavailability of water-soluble drugs. In the preformulation studies, Losartan potassium was characterized by its physiochemical properties such as melting point, solubility, partition coefficient, UV and FTIR studies. UV spectroscopic method was established for quantitative estimation of the drug and the absorbtion maxima were 234 nm. The tablets were formulated by using the direct compression technique. The post compression studies i.e. shape, size, weight variation, hardness, friability and wetting time determined the quality of the product.
 Key words:-Sublingual, oral cavity, mucous, bioavailability, Gland, Losartan potassium, Systemic, Solubility.
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Mukul, Malpure* Aniket Gudur Rini Punathil Sanket Dharashivkar. "A Review on Sublingual Tablets: An Efficient Alternative for Drug Administration." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 2 (2025): 1408–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14882066.
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Oral mucosal drug delivery is a novel route for systemic drug delivery, which not only has many advantages but also has many potentials. Sublingual, meaning "under the tongue," is the method of drug administration in which the drug substance is placed under the tongue alone for rapid absorption through the vessels beneath the tongue. The sublingual route bypasses hepatic first-pass metabolic processes, which results in better bioavailability, faster onset of action, and greater patient compliance. If sublingual medications are used, the onset of action is faster than that expected for orally administered tablets. Sublingual tablets disintegrate quickly, and very little saliva secretion is usually enough for rapid disintegration along with good dissolution and great bioavailability. The mechanism of action provided by sublingual tablets involves placing a tablet under the tongue, where it rapidly dissolves in saliva and allows the active pharmaceutical ingredients to pass through the sublingual mucosa directly into the systemic circulation. This causes the drug to avoid the gastrointestinal tract and liver first-pass metabolism, resulting in a faster onset of action with more predictable therapeutic effects. Sublingual tablets find their best use in drugs which require instant therapeutic responses such as cardiovascular conditions, pain management, and acute conditions such as angina. Important formulation parameters include drug solubility, stability, taste masking, and the use of excipients to promote their release from the formulation. Developments in science and technology have enhanced the application of this dosage form by introducing innovations such as the fast-dissolving and controlled-release systems.
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Shwetha, V. Sujatha S. Reddy Yashoda Devi B. K. Pavan T. &. Ankita Kar. "BUCCAL DRUG DELIVERY- THE ROAD LESS TRAVELLED: A REVIEW." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 5, no. 4 (2018): 48–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1220043.
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There are many ways to deliver drugs into the body, oral (through swallowing), submucosal (through buccal and sublingual mucosa), parenteral (through injection) , transdermal (through skin) , pulmonary (through inhalation) etc.Oral cavity is a site where both local and systemic delivery of drugs can take place and therefore oral drug delivery is the most preferred and convenient option as it provides maximum active surface area compared to other drug delivery systems.Local delivery of drugprovides topical treatment of different oral mucosal infections. However, treatment can be influenced if the medications can be focused on specifically to the site of injury, accordingly lessening the systemic side effects. Buccal delivery of medication gives a convenient route of administration for both local and systemic effects. The objective of writing this review on buccal drug delivery system is to assemble the recent literature, provide knowledge about the advantages and limitations of buccal drug delivery system, pathways of absorption of drugs, theories of mucoadhesion and the newer drugs that can be administered along this route
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He, Shaolong, and Huiling Mu. "Microenvironmental pH Modification in Buccal/Sublingual Dosage Forms for Systemic Drug Delivery." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 2 (2023): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020637.
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Many drug candidates are poorly water-soluble. Microenvironmental pH (pHM) modification in buccal/sublingual dosage forms has attracted increasing interest as a promising pharmaceutical strategy to enhance the oral mucosal absorption of drugs with pH-dependent solubility. Optimizing drug absorption at the oral mucosa using pHM modification is considered to be a compromise between drug solubility and drug lipophilicity (Log D)/permeation. To create a desired pHM around formulations during the dissolution process, a suitable amount of pH modifiers should be added in the formulations, and the appropriate methods of pHM measurement are required. Despite pHM modification having been demonstrated to be effective in enhancing the oral mucosal absorption of drugs, some potential risks, such as oral mucosal irritation and teeth erosion caused by the pH modifiers, should not been neglected during the formulation design process. This review aims to provide a short introduction to the pHM modification concept in buccal/sublingual dosage forms, the properties of saliva related to pHM modification, as well as suitable drug candidates and pH modifiers for pHM modifying buccal/sublingual formulations. Additionally, the methods of pHM measurement, pHM modification methods and the corresponding challenges are summarized in the present review.
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Swetha, M., Bhargavi Ummalaneni, Ujwala Pawar, Thandu Manasa, and V. Keerthi. "An overview on sublingual drug delivery system." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science 7, no. 1 (2025): 125–29. https://doi.org/10.33545/26647222.2025.v7.i1b.160.
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C, Naveen, Kiran kumar Y, Venkateshwar Rao P, and T. Rama Rao. "Chemical Enhancers in Buccal and Sublingual Delivery." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 4, no. 1 (2011): 1307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2011.4.1.3.
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Rapid developments in the field of molecular biology and gene technology resulted in generation of many macromolecular drugs with superior pharmacological efficacy, site specificity and devoid of toxic effects. However, the major problem for the oral delivery of these therapeutic agents is their extensive presystemic metabolism, instability in acidic environment resulting into inadequate and erratic oral absorption. Parenteral route of administration is the only established route that overcomes all these drawbacks associated with these orally less/inefficient drugs. But, these formulations are costly, have least patient compliance and require repeated administration. The buccal delivery system found to be most convenient and easily accessible site for the delivery of such therapeutic agents. This route provides direct access to the systemic circulation through the internal jugular vein thus avoiding the hepatic first-pass effect and degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, ease of administration, and the ability to terminate delivery when required. The epithelium that lines the oral mucosa is a very effective barrier that restricts the membrane permeation for many drugs administered via this route, and can be a limiting factor to the absorption of drugs. The use of penetration enhancers is one approach for improving buccal drug delivery. This requisite has fostered the study of penetration enhancers that will safely alter the permeability restrictions of the buccal mucosa. This review describes various classes of transmucosal chemical permeation enhancers such as bile salts, surfactants, fatty acids and their derivatives, chelators, cyclodextrins and chitosan along with their mechanism of action. Even though these enhancers influence drug delivery, further exploration of these compounds is required to understand their modifying action on the properties of buccal mucosa.
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Lee, M. C., and D. K. Menon. "Sublingual drug delivery during functional magnetic resonance imaging." Anaesthesia 60, no. 8 (2005): 821–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2005.04307.x.
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Fathei, Marzieh, Mitra Alami-milani, Sara Salatin, et al. "Fast Dissolving Sublingual Strips: A Novel Approach for the Delivery of Isosorbide Dinitrate." Pharmaceutical Sciences 25, no. 4 (2019): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ps.2019.34.
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Background: Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) is used for treating the angina attacks. In addition, oral ISDN is available in immediate and sustained release formulations and the bioavailability of ISDN is about 20-25% when taken orally. Further, the ISDN films are developed for sublingual drug delivery by improving drug bioavailability. The present study aimed to design and evaluate the physicochemical properties of the film formulation for sublingual delivery of ISDN. Methods: In the present study, sublingual films were prepared by the solvent casting technique using the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) polymers (i.e., 100, 150 and 200 mg) with a different drug to polymer ratios (i.e., 1:5, 1:7.5 and 1:10). Then, ISDN was evaluated for the film appearance, drug content, surface pH, mucoadhesion force, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), in vitro drug release, and ex vivo permeability. Results: Based on the results, F3 formulation (1:10 ISDN to HPMC ratio) showed acceptable thickness (0.93 mm), weight (11.14 mg), surface pH (7.82), moisture absorption capacity (6.08%), elasticity (>200), mucoadhesion force (18.05 N/cm2), and drug content (6.22%). Furthermore, the results demonstrated that HPMC polymer improved the characteristics of the films, modified the bioadhesiveness, and finally, enhanced elasticity. However, DSC thermogram failed to show any crystalline drug substance in the films except for F1 (immediate release) and the endothermic peak of ISDN was absent in F2 and F3 films. Therefore, the drug which was entrapped into the film was in an amorphous or disturbed-crystalline phase of the molecular dispersion or dissolved in the melted polymer in the polymeric matrix. Moreover, the drug release from the films was faster compared to the tablet® (P<0.05). Conclusion: In general, the formulation of F1 was observed to be an appropriate candidate for developing the sublingual film for the remedial use.
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Roshan, Ghatmale, and T. Pathan V. "AN OVERVIEW OF SUBLINGUAL ROUTES FOR DRUG DELIVERY & THEIR APPLICATION." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH AND INNOVATIONS IN PHARMA SCIENCES 1, no. 2 (2023): 78–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8019357.
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Tooba, Arif Rana, Qasim Maria, Kalam Alfia, and Parveen Saba. "Administration of Fast Dissolving Oral Thin Film Orlistat drug via sublingual route instead of oral route." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 5 (2022): 1691–706. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6825008.
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Patients with obesity are given orlistat (120) mg capsules three times a day by oral route of administration, although oral method of administration does not produce good and accurate outcomes. Aim: To see if giving orlistat in tablet form as a sublingual medication delivery mechanism is useful in treating obesity in patients. Densign and Setting: This article is based on past research and does not include any experiments involving humans or animals undertaken by any of the authors. Method: We use Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, Research Gate, and Science Direct to retrieve scientific databases. In this paper, we propose that an orlistat medication be prepared in tablet form and administered sublingually. Orlistat is an anti-obesity medication that is taken by mouth. As a result, our fictitious assumptions. The reason for this is that the anti-obesity Orlistat thin film sublingual formulation is more precise and speedier. Oral orlistat has a delayed beginning of effect. Orlistat is usually taken three times a day, following a fatty meal. Thin films are thought to be a more practical, easy-to-swallow, and quickly-dissolving dose form. Results: It is our belief that treating obesity with orlistat using a sublingual mode of administration might result in beneficial and improved outcomes. Conclusion: Oral orlistat has little effect on obese individuals' results. We found that orlistat taken sublingually had a stronger effect against obesity after doing a literature review.
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K. Shewale, Avani, Akshay R. Yadav, and Ashwini S. Jadhav. "Novel Drug Delivery Systems and its Future Prospects." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 24, no. 1 (2022): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/121047.
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Most common methods of delivery include the preferred topical (skin), transmucosal (nasal, buccal, sublingual, vaginal, ocular and rectal) and inhalation routes. The conventional dosage forms provide drug release immediately and it causes fluctuation of drug level in blood depending upon dosage form. Therefore to maintain the drug concentration within therapeutically effective range needs novel drug delivery system. In the past few decades, considerable attention has been focused on the development of novel drug delivery system (NDDS). The NDDS should ideally fulfill two prerequisites. Firstly, it should deliver the drug at a rate directed by the needs of the body, over the period of treatment. Secondly, it should channel the active entity to the site of action. In conventional drug delivery systems, there is little or no control over release of the drug and effective concentration at the target site can be achieved by irregular administration of grossly excessive doses. At present, no available drug delivery system behaves ideally, but sincere attempts have been made to achieve them through various novel approaches in drug delivery.
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Christina, Viju John, Arun Vavre Nisarga, Sampat Sawant Shilpa, Lalan Sharma Abhishek, Shankar Shah Kajal, and Dipesh Patil Shrutika. "Oral mucoadhesive drug delivery system: Formulation strategies and evaluation techniques." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 24, no. 1 (2024): 1706–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15039388.
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Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (MDDS) represent an innovative method for administering drugs through oral routes such as the buccal, sublingual, and gingival areas. These systems leverage natural or synthetic polymers to ensure prolonged adherence to mucosal surfaces, enabling extended and controlled release of medication. Several factors influence the effectiveness of mucoadhesion, including the hydrophilicity of polymers, molecular weight, and environmental factors like pH and moisture levels. MDDS can take various forms, including tablets, films, patches, lozenges, and gels, each offering different drug release profiles such as immediate, sustained, or controlled. These systems enhance drug bioavailability by avoiding first-pass metabolism, making them particularly beneficial for medications with low oral bioavailability or those requiring targeted delivery. Although MDDS offer improved patient compliance and therapeutic effectiveness, they still face challenges like irritation, taste concerns, and the diluting effect of saliva, which can impact drug stability. Despite these challenges, MDDS hold significant promise for advancing drug delivery technologies across various medical applications. This review thoroughly examines the mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and future prospects of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems.
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Sah, Somya, Ashutosh Badola, and Preeti Kothiyal. "Sublingual tablets: an overview." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 4, no. 2 (2016): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.4.2.3.
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Oral administration is one of the most convenient forms for the intake of drug due to ease of administration, painless, versatility, and paramount patient compliance. The demand of fast disintegrating tablets has been growing, during the last decades especially for geriatric and pediatric patients due to dysphasia. So the new drug delivery known as orally disintegrating tablets came to existence. As nowadays most of the people need effective relief within a short period of time so sublingual is the most suitable form of administration. These tablets disintegrate and dissolve rapidly in saliva due to interaction with our salivary enzymes.
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Salatin, Sara, Raziyeh Asadi, and Mitra Jelvehgari. "Development and characterization of sublingual films for enhanced bioavailability of selegiline hydrochloride." Therapeutic Delivery 12, no. 2 (2021): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/tde-2020-0118.
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Background: Low oral bioavailability of selegiline hydrochloride (SH) is primarily due to extensive first-pass metabolism and hence the need for an alternative pathway of administration. Materials & methods: Herein, we report the development of sublingual SH films. The films were formulated with varying polymer composition (F1-F6) and evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, in vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation studies. Results: The film F2 demonstrated satisfactory weight (10.60 mg), folding endurance (>200), drug content (11.44 mg/cm2), disintegration time (68 s), mucoadhesive strength (47.7 N/cm2), and controlled release for 30 min. The permeation studies exhibited a higher ex vivo sublingual flux than that of the plain drug. Conclusion: This study concludes that the SH film can provide a potential opportunity for sublingual drug delivery.
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Baltzley, Sarah, Azzam A. Malkawi, Motasem Alsmadi, and Abeer M. Al-Ghananeem. "Sublingual spray drug delivery of ketorolac-loaded chitosan nanoparticles." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 44, no. 9 (2018): 1467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2018.1460378.
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Verma, Aruna, Abhilasha Gupta, and Monika Kashyap. "Sublingual Misoprostol for labour augmentation." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 4 (2019): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20191062.
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Background: Labour dystocia is associated with a number of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Augmentation of labour is a commonly used intervention in cases of labour dystocia. Misoprostol is an inexpensive and stable prostaglandin E1analogue. Present study was done to see the effectiveness of sublingual misoprostol for labour augmentation and foeto-maternal outcome.Methods: Total 100 labouring women of term gestation were taken and divided in two groups: group A (study group) and group B (control group). In study group 25mcg sublingual misoprostol given 4 hourly till adequate uterine contractions developed, i.e. >3 contractions in 10 minutes, each lasting for 40-45 seconds. A maximum of 200mcg of misoprostol or 8 doses were used and in group B no drug was given for augmentation of labour. Maternal and foetal outcome were observed in both groups.Results: Augmentation to delivery interval was very short in group A in comparison to group B. Maternal and foetal outcome were almost same in both groups.Conclusions: Sublingual misoprostol is a safe and effective drug for augmentation of labour leading to early delivery without any major side effects.
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S., Sreelatha, Nethra H. S., Seema Nadagoudar, Vandana Ambastha, and Rajeshwari . "A comparative study of different route of administration of misoprostol in the management of third stage of labour." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 9 (2017): 3865. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174023.
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Background: Post partum haemorrhage is the most common cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Misoprostol is a prostaglandin analogue, used for management of post partum haemorrhage. It can be used by various routes with minimal side effects. This study is done to compare the different routes of administration of Misoprostol for the third stage management and their side effects. Objectives of present study were to estimate the amount of blood loss, to assess the maternal side effects of drug, to know the haemoglobin deficit, to know the duration of third stage of labour.Methods: This was a prospective hospital base study of 150 women delivery at obstetrics and gynaecology department at ESICMC Model Hospital, Rajajinagar. They were randomized into 3 groups of 50 patients each. They received 400 µg of misoprostol either orally or rectally or sublingually immediately after delivery of the fetus. The primary outcomes analysed were amount of blood loss duration of third stage of labour haemoglobin deficit and their side effectsResults: The amount of blood loss and haemoglobin deficit was least in sublingual group which was statistically significant. Need of additional oxytocics was less in sublingual and oral group, though it was not statistically significant.Conclusions: In the present study, sublingual Misoprostol was found to be more effective in reducing blood loss during third stage of labour.
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De Jesús Valle, María José, Aranzazu Zarzuelo Castañeda, Cristina Maderuelo, et al. "Development of a Mucoadhesive Vehicle Based on Lyophilized Liposomes for Drug Delivery through the Sublingual Mucosa." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 7 (2022): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071497.
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A pharmaceutical vehicle based on lyophilized liposomes is proposed for the buccal administration of drugs aimed at systemic delivery through the sublingual mucosa. Liposomes made of egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol (7/3 molar ratio) were prepared and lyophilized in the presence of different additive mixtures with mucoadhesive and taste-masking properties. Palatability was assayed on healthy volunteers. The lyophilization cycle was optimized, and the lyophilized product was compressed to obtain round and capsule-shaped tables that were evaluated in healthy volunteers. Tablets were also assayed regarding weight and thickness uniformities, swelling index and liposome release. The results proved that lyophilized liposomes in unidirectional round tablets have palatability, small size, comfortability and buccal retention adequate for sublingual administration. In contact with water fluids, the tablets swelled, and rehydrated liposomes were released at a slower rate than permeation efficiency determined using a biomimetic membrane. Permeability efficiency values of 0.72 ± 0.34 µg/cm2/min and 4.18 ± 0.95 µg/cm2/min were obtained for the liposomes with and without additives, respectively. Altogether, the results point to the vehicle proposed as a liposomal formulation suitable for systemic drug delivery through the sublingual mucosa.
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Ashita, Pawaiya* Dipti Jain. "Formulation And Evaluation of Vitamin B 12 Sublingual Spray." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 3 (2025): 1973–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15058274.
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Cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency is caused by pernicious anaemia, food–cobalamin malabsorption, vegetarianism, and other deficiency states. It has a reported prevalence of 3–29%. The usual treatment for cobalamin deficiency consists of intramuscular injections of the drug. However, these can be painful, are difficult to give to disabled or elderly patients, and are costly if administered by health professionals. About 1% of cobalamin is absorbed orally in subjects without intrinsic factor. The daily requirement of cobalamin is 1.0–2.5 µg, and thus, large oral doses may meet these needs. The present investigation was to deliver methyl cobalamin via sublingual route for the effective treatment for management of pernicious anaemia, It was hypothesized that drug delivery through the use of sublingual spray is a unique alternative to the more conventional oral or I/V administration of drug. The preliminary study was conducted to build up a formulation for management of pernicious anaemia. Further formulation was analysed for its composition, Stability study (Photo stability) samples were tested by various chemical and analytical method for calibration. Based on the studies and analysis. Optimized composition for present formulation was delivered. The parameter like in vitro permeation, pH, Drug content, Appearance, Viscosity, have been analysed for characterization of optimized sample, Further sublingual spray was loaded with optimum drug which has shown faster drug response to the blood stream and does not degrade the drug as it travels through the digestive system. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is a vital micronutrient. Although, it is required in miniscule levels in the body, it performs many vital functions. It is found exclusively in animal sources with a very few plant sources available. Deficiency of Vitamin B12 is a very common cause for megaloblastic anaemia particularly affecting the elderly population and people on vegetarian diet. With very limited plant sources available, fortification of common food with Vitamin B12 supplements in form of Cyanocobalamin becomes the obvious choice for maintaining appropriate levels in vegetarian population to avoid deficiency. However, many challenges are posed when Vitamin B12 is given orally and intramuscularly. Thus, there is a continuous need for development of newer strategies to effectively deliver the appropriate levels of Vitamin B12.
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Vangara, K., C. Cognata Smith, N. Parikh, A. Chavan, and V. Goskonda. "(459) Evaluation of liquid spray technology for sublingual drug delivery." Journal of Pain 16, no. 4 (2015): S90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2015.01.378.
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Christina Viju John, Nisarga Arun Vavre, Shilpa Sampat Sawant, Abhishek Lalan Sharma, Kajal Shankar Shah, and Shrutika Dipesh Patil. "Oral mucoadhesive drug delivery system: Formulation strategies and evaluation techniques." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 24, no. 1 (2024): 1706–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.24.1.3199.
Full textAbstract:
Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (MDDS) represent an innovative method for administering drugs through oral routes such as the buccal, sublingual, and gingival areas. These systems leverage natural or synthetic polymers to ensure prolonged adherence to mucosal surfaces, enabling extended and controlled release of medication. Several factors influence the effectiveness of mucoadhesion, including the hydrophilicity of polymers, molecular weight, and environmental factors like pH and moisture levels. MDDS can take various forms, including tablets, films, patches, lozenges, and gels, each offering different drug release profiles such as immediate, sustained, or controlled. These systems enhance drug bioavailability by avoiding first-pass metabolism, making them particularly beneficial for medications with low oral bioavailability or those requiring targeted delivery. Although MDDS offer improved patient compliance and therapeutic effectiveness, they still face challenges like irritation, taste concerns, and the diluting effect of saliva, which can impact drug stability. Despite these challenges, MDDS hold significant promise for advancing drug delivery technologies across various medical applications. This review thoroughly examines the mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and future prospects of mucoadhesive drug delivery systems.
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Shahid, Hafsa, Ayesha Ahmed, Ammarah Ashraf, Nida Rashid, and Mubashir Rehman. "An Insight About the Drug Release Mechanisms from Different Dosage Forms." Global Drug Design & Development Review I, no. I (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2016(i-i).01.
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A process in which drug comes out from drug product and exposed to ADME and finally become accessible for pharmacological activity is known as drug release and mechanism involves the study of its rate and factors influencing its rate. Factors influencing the rate of drug release are drug related, polymer related and formulation variables. Drug delivery systems are discriminated on the basis of way drug is delivered, which are immediate release and modified release. Parenteral dosage forms are the most prominent among different dosage forms. The mechanisms involved in drug release are diffusion and dissolution-controlled processes. Nasal disposal basically depends on the particle size, its geometry and rate of airflow. Nasal sprays are commonly used than powders and gels. Buccal and sublingual systems show more effective drug release mechanisms than oral and transdermal systems. Main focus of paper is to elaborate different mechanisms performed by drug delivery systems for drug release.
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Amruta, Pol*1 Rachana Sarawade2. "Development And Evaluation Of Sublingual Tablets Of Levodopa." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 5 (2024): 125–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11109715.
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The objective of the development of this formulation was to develop a suitable drug delivery system that would bypass the hepatic metabolism and increase the bioavailability of Levodopa. Even though Levodopa exhibits low oral bioavailability it is the widely used drug for Parkinson’s disease treatment. By preparing the sublingual tablets that dissolve and disintegrate in the oral cavity, this method may overcome the limitations of low oral bioavailability and poor brain uptake of levodopa. Levodopa Sublingual tablets were prepared by direct compression method using different types of super disintegrants, Dissolution enhancers, and permeation studies ensuring the effective development of Levodopa tablets. Additionally, a new dissolution method was tailored for sublingual tablets to suit the requirements of the formulation to be studied. This study holds promise for potential advancement in Sublingual Levodopa formulations for effective Parkinson’s Disease management. The promising outcomes suggest a potential breakthrough in Parkinson’s management. A conclusion can be drawn that using an appropriate disintegrant, dissolution enhancer along with suitable media increased the bioavailability of Levodopa and prevented it from extensive first-pass metabolism.
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Sakshi, D. Patil* Shubhangi S. Ambekar Sandip A. Tadavi Sunil P. Pawar. "Review On Mouth Dissolving Film: The Advancement In Oral Drug Delivery." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 3 (2024): 559–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10824195.
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Mouth dissolving films are the kind of drug delivery system which is gaining interest from a wide range of pharmaceutical industries. This is due to there convenience and it’s easy to use than other dosage forms like buccal tablets and sublingual tablets. By studying transdermal patch technology, mouth dissolving film was formulated. Thin, solid dosage forms called mouth dissolving films dissolves in the mouth within seconds to a minute without chewing or water intake. Because of the oral buccal mucosa's high vascularization, medications can be absorbed immediately and reach the bloodstream without first going through the liver for metabolism. By using this advantage, products containing first-pass effect molecules with increased oral bioavailability can be created. Pediatric, geriatric, and immobile patients can easily administer medication with the use of these films. The use of thin films for sublingual and buccal drug delivery may help medications work more quickly,need less dosage, and have better safety and effectiveness profiles. Good taste, great stability, and ease of handling are qualities that any perfect film should possess. An explanation of the many formulation techniques and their assessments is given in the current review applications of mouth-dispersing films Or mouth dissolving films and film compositions.
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Chopade, Swapnil. "A Medicated Wafers as a Novel Drug Delivery Carrier." Journal of Drug Delivery and Biotherapeutics 1, no. 2 (2023): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.61920/jddb.v1i02.30.
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Throughout the globe, pharmaceutical researchers seek to investigate medicated wafers as a novel instrument for drug delivery. As an alternative strategy to standard dosage forms, medicated wafers have been recognized. Wafers are regarded as convenient for swallowing, self-administering, and rapid dissolving dosage form, making it a versatile drug delivery platform. This delivery system was used through several paths such as oral, buccal, sublingual, and transdermal routes for both systemic and local intervention. The development of effective thin wafers needs an extensive understanding of the pharmacological and pharmaceutical properties of drugs and polymers together with a suitable choice of production procedures. The objective of this review is therefore to provide an overview of the new innovative formulation techniques, the various patents registered, the application in the pharmaceutical field, factors affecting the formulation of thin wafers, including the physicochemical properties of polymers and drugs, anatomical and physiological constraints, and the characterization of wafers. It also includes the latest trends and perspectives for designing thin wafers products and issues for different businesses developing thin wafers.
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Mahmud, Hasan, Afnan Sayeid Himi, Md Sohel Rana, Kamrunnahar, Md Muhtamim Hussain Rifat, and Swarnali Islam. "Challenges, Approaches & Applications of Orotransmucosal Drug Delivery System." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 36, no. 12 (2024): 32–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2024/v36i127627.
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Orotransmucosal drug delivery is an alternative method used for a systemic drug delivery system. It is used as a favored route for non-parenteral administration of emergency drugs and agents. It can be used both for lipid-soluble and water-soluble drugs. It increases drug solubility and reduces in permeability of the lipid bilayer membrane. Mucosal surfaces are often rich in blood supply, allowing for rapid drug transport into the systemic circulation and in most cases avoiding degradation by first-pass hepatic metabolism. These systems contact with absorbent surfaces improves absorption at the application site and increases dwell time. It involves several physiological features of the oral cavity. Technical difficulties and biological impediments can be used as broad categories to group oral administration issues. Orotransmucosal drug delivery system uses an absorption rate four times that of the skin. It is easily accessible and heals rapidly from trauma and injury. It has a smaller surface area than the skin and can only be exposed for brief periods of time. Thus, this delivery method is the best for medications with high therapeutic potency. Efficient orotransmucosal drug delivery can be achieved in the oral cavity's buccal, sublingual, palatal and gingival regions. Mastication or chewing food can improve or impair medication absorption in the oral cavity. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems can be lost or damaged when used to fill chewing gum with drugs that are released when the chewing gum is chewed. This report also provides input for future orotransmucosal drug developments to treat oral mucosa diseases.
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Zainab H. Mahdi. "Oral Jellies for Improving Oral Drug Delivery in Dysphagia." Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 20, no. 3 (2020): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v20i3.765.
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For many years, oral solid dosage forms were the most preferred dosage forms for a wide range of population due to their safety, efficacy, stability, cheapness and ease of administration. Swallowing difficulties and bioavailability problems are the main disadvantages for this rout.
 For this reason, researchers try to develop easier rout of administration such as orodispersible tablet, mucoadhesive, sublingual and oral jelly was developed in an attempt to overcome this restriction. The ultimate purpose for this research is to introduce opportunities of providing the oral jelly as a suitable alternative to the readily available solid dosage forms of the same medicament, representing by that easily swallowed dosage form with improved bioavailability
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Das, Nandita G., and Sudip K. Das. "Development of Mucoadhesive Dosage Forms of Buprenorphine for Sublingual Drug Delivery." Drug Delivery 11, no. 2 (2004): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10717540490280688.
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Mujtaba, Ali, Kanchan Kohli, Javed Ali, and Sanjula Baboota. "Formulation and Evaluation of Sublingual Drug Delivery of Ondansetron Hydrochloride Tablets." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 5, no. 4 (2013): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2013.1263.
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Kassab, Mohammed. "Development of Sublingual Recombinant Human Insulin Drug Delivery System by Bioinformatics." Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Research 7, no. 1 (2023): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/aprh.2022.161468.1192.
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Remiro, Paula, Mariana Nagahara, Rafael Abboud Azoubel, Michelle Franz-Montan, Marcos d’Ávila, and Ângela Maria Moraes. "Polymeric Biomaterials for Topical Drug Delivery in the Oral Cavity: Advances on Devices and Manufacturing Technologies." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 1 (2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010012.
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There are several routes of drug administration, and each one has advantages and limitations. In the case of the topical application in the oral cavity, comprising the buccal, sublingual, palatal, and gingival regions, the advantage is that it is painless, non-invasive, allows easy application of the formulation, and it is capable of avoiding the need of drug swallowing by the patient, a matter of relevance for children and the elderly. Another advantage is the high permeability of the oral mucosa, which may deliver very high amounts of medication rapidly to the bloodstream without significant damage to the stomach. This route also allows the local treatment of lesions that affect the oral cavity, as an alternative to systemic approaches involving injection-based methods and oral medications that require drug swallowing. Thus, this drug delivery route has been arousing great interest in the pharmaceutical industry. This review aims to condense information on the types of biomaterials and polymers used for this functionality, as well as on production methods and market perspectives of this topical drug delivery route.
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Bir, Pawan Kumar* and Sandeep Kumar. "FAST DISSOLVING FILMS: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO ORAL DRUG DELIVERY." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 05 (2018): 3714–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1245921.
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<em>Fast dissolving films is a novel approach that are rapidly gaining interest for the patients having difficulties in swallowing or chewing of solid dosage forms such as tablets or capsules. Fast-dissolving drug-delivery systems were first developed in the late 1970s for pediatric and geriatric patients who experience difficulties in swallowing traditional oral solid dosage forms. These films may deliver the drug in a systemically manner through sublingual or buccal route and also used for local action. The present review reflects the information regarding the ideal characteristics, method of preparation and evaluation tests employed for fast dissolving oral films. However, for future growth point of view these films sector is well-positioned. It shows that the value of overall oral thin films market will be grow significantly.</em> <strong>Keywords: </strong><em>Introduction, ideal characteristics, method of preparation, evaluation parameters and marketed products of fast dissolving films.</em>
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Vlad, Robert-Alexandru, Paula Antonoaea, Emoke Margit Redai, et al. "Soy polysaccharides therapeutic and technological aspects." Acta Marisiensis - Seria Medica 67, no. 4 (2021): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amma-2021-0040.
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Abstract Soy polysaccharides represent a multipurpose class of chemicals that include both therapeutical and technological properties. Since they have been first time introduced in the pharmaceutical field, Soy polysaccharides were used in two different pharmaceutical formulations; sublingual tablets and in colon drug delivery. For the sublingual tablets, Soy polysaccharides under the brand name of Emcosoy© - were used as a superdisintegrant in concentrations between 4-8% showing comparable results with the artificial superdisintegrants (sodium starch glycolate, sodium croscarmellose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone). The second technological field where Soy polysaccharides were used is represented by colon drug delivery where it was used in combination with ethylcellulose showing a prolonged lag time compared to the results found in the literature. The medicinal effect of these polysaccharides consists of treating diarrhea. As it will be presented in the article, these chemical compounds tend to decrease the aqueous stool time in patients with diarrhea and to conduct to a softer stool in healthy patients. In conclusion, these polysaccharides present multiple purposes possessing a medicinal effect and also the possibility of being used as a double-faceted pharmaceutical excipient.
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Uddin, Mohammad Nasir, Amanda Allon, Monzurul A. Roni, and Samir Kouzi. "Overview and Future Potential of Fast Dissolving Buccal Films as Drug Delivery System for Vaccines." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 22 (August 5, 2019): 388–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/jpps30528.
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Vaccination is considered one of the most successful public health interventions of the modern era. Vaccines are categorized based on the antigen used, delivery system and the route of administration. Traditional vaccines are produced from the dead, attenuated or inactivated pathogens that cause disease. However, newly developed vaccines are DNA based, liposome based, and virus like particle (VLP) based which are more effective and specific to some malignant diseases. The delivery system of vaccines has been advanced along with time as well. New delivery systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, or cells (for DNA) has been proven to develop a more efficient vaccine. Most vaccines are administered via intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SQ) or oral (PO) route. However, these routes of administration have limitations and side effects. An alternative route could be oral cavity administration such as buccal or sublingual administration using film dosage form as delivery vehicle. In this article, we thoroughly reviewed the possibility of developing a quickly soluble film-based delivery system for vaccine administration. We reviewed the different types of new vaccines and vaccine formulations such as VLP based, liposome, bilosome, particulate, and summarized their suitability for use in a film dosage form. Quickly soluble film dosage form is the most optimized form of buccal administration. A film dosage form applied in the buccal cavity has several advantages: they can avoid first pass effect, they are easy to administer and prepare, and they are more cost effective. Since there is no first pass effect, only a small quantity of the vaccine is needed. Vaccines in their original form or in a nano or microparticulate form can be used in a film. The film can also be developed in multilayers to protect the vaccine from degradation by saliva or swallowing. Films are easy to prepare, administer, and can be used for systemic and local action. In addition, most of the current vaccines use mostly the parenteral route of administration, which has some major drawbacks such as poor induction of mucosal immunity, less patient compliant, less potent, high cost and cumbersome production process. Sublingual and buccal vaccine delivery can be good alternatives as they are easier to prepare and safer than parenteral administration routes. The buccal and sublingual administration have the advantage to produce both systemic and mucosal immunity.
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Swapna, G., K. Sesha Maheswaramma, and K. Bhaskar Reddy. "Atenolol And Nifedipine Combination Is Better Than Monotherapy: A New Era In Novel Drug Delivery For Hypertension." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 12 (2021): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/10860.
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Hypertension is considered a major health problems globally affect millions of patient.Various study confirms that single drug treatment usually is not adequate to achieve blood pressure goal in most hypertensive patients.In this regard,consideration is given to combination therapy, which offers the potential advantages towards minimizing hypertension in a rapid manner and produces lower adverse effects.SLTs (Sublingual tablets) provides immediate action to enhanced absorption and bioavailability rate. Sublingual tablets are absorbed within the mucus membrane and directly reach in blood systemic circulation. The objective of this ongoing research focused on theatenolol (ATN)and nifedipine (NIF) combined drug deliveryin emergency condition of hypertension. Direct compression technique is used to formulate SLTsby taking different types and concentrations of superdisintegrantsCroscarmellose sodium (CCS) and Crospovidone (CP). Sublimating agents like camphor (CM) and thymol (TY)) also added for better result. FTIR and DSC analysis confirms the ccompatibility results between drug and superdisintegrants.Formulated tablets are evaluated for different parameters and found satisfactory. Formulation F6 considered as the best formulation. The disintegration shows 13 sec and dissolution profile shows 97.36% drug release at 10 min. Formulation F6 shows better pharmacokinetic activity and antihypertensive activity in compare to pure drug and marketed formulation.A combination of ATN and NIF produces rapid disintegration and dissolution property during an emergency and is a lifesaving approach in hypertension treatment.
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Rahim, Mulani* Tushar Kore Shrirang Kharmate Saurabh Joshi Dipak Phalle Mrudula More Mrunal Mali Pratibha Shingade. "Mouth Dissolving Films: A Novel Approach to Oral Drug Delivery and Patient Compliance." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 3 (2025): 128–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14960719.
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Since mouth dissolving films are more convenient and user-friendly than other dosage forms like buccal tablets, sublingual tablets, and orally disintegrating tablets, they represent a novel approach to oral drug delivery systems. As a result, many pharmaceutical industries are becoming interested in mouth dissolving films. Due to the strong vascularization of the oral buccal mucosa, medications can be absorbed straight and enter the bloodstream without first-pass hepatic processing. Adequate flexibility, elasticity, softness, resistance to breaking, minimal disintegration time, and flavor compliance are all characteristics of the perfect MDF.
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S, Morris, Badola A, Nainwal N, Ghalwan PK, and Soni P. "Oral Transmucosal Drug Delivery: A Potential Route To Treat Migraine." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 14, no. 04 (2024): 978–83. https://doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.14.4.73.
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Migraine is a complex neurological disease. Migraine headaches described as vascular headaches cause a throbbing and pulsating pain around the head. A migraine attack involves stimulating the sympathetic nerve system, and increased sympathetic activity leads to nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Therefore, treatment of migraine requires immediate onset of action of the drug to give fast relief from the pain. Absorption of drugs directly through the oral cavity is one of the efficient ways of treating various diseases. The oral cavity has low enzymatic activity, ease of access for patients to receive and administer medication, and high vascularization and permeability allowing pharmacological compounds to reach the bloodstream immediately. Oral Transmucosal formulations such as mouth-dissolving strips, buccal tablets, buccal patches, and bioadhesive films, sublingual formulations, soft palatable films provide better bioavailability and tackle the main drawbacks of oral therapy, including hepatic biotransformation, varying drug absorption across the gastrointestinal system, and enzymatic degradation. The effects of these formulations might be both systemic and localized. In this paper, a comprehensive review has been made to discuss the causes, types, and treatment of migraine. The role of Oral Transmucosal formulations in the prepared for the treatment of migraine.