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Journal articles on the topic 'Submarine cables'
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1
Lee, Kihong, Woojin Song, Myeonghoon Jo, Hyebin Kim, Jaenam Yim, and Insung Park. "Design of Underwater Cables Applicable to Submarine(KSS-III Batch-II) Navigation Radar." Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 27, no. 5 (October 5, 2024): 596–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2024.27.5.596.
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Since the creation of the first submarine telegraph cable connecting England and France in 1850, today, due to the rapid development of the Internet and Communications fields, the demand for submarine communication cables has increased and continues to develop. Submarine cables are designed and manufactured to be suitable for the maritime environment, and many parts are imported from overseas, and several domestic cable manufacturers are producing them for commercial purposes. Field-proven and reliable commercial submarine communication cable technology is also being applied to the military field, and is especially actively utilized in naval surface ships and submarines. This paper is about the design of an underwater cable applicable to submarine(KSS-III Bach-II) navigation radar and also is to secure the performance of an underwater cable with bending durability in extreme marine environments, emergency diving, and repeated mast raising and lowering. Finally, we hop that the domestic development of underwater cables will help improve the performance of navigation radars for submarines.
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Hu, Zhenxing, Xueyong Ye, Xiaokang Luo, Hao Zhang, Mingguang He, Jiaxing Li, and Qian Li. "Prediction Model for Trends in Submarine Cable Burial Depth Variation Considering Dynamic Thermal Resistance Characteristics." Energies 17, no. 9 (April 29, 2024): 2127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17092127.
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Fault problems associated with submarine cables caused by variations in their burial depth are becoming increasingly prominent. To address the difficulty of detecting the burial depth of submarine cables and trends in its variation, a prediction model for submarine cable burial depth was proposed which considers the dynamic characteristics of thermal resistance. First, a parallel thermal circuit model of a three-core submarine cable was established, and a formula for calculating the submarine cable’s burial depth was derived based on a formula for calculating the submarine cable’s core temperature. Then, the calculation result was corrected by considering the dynamic characteristics of the thermal resistance of the submarine cable’s structural materials. On this basis, feature vectors associated with the seabed cable burial depth calculation data and time nodes were mined by a convolutional neural network and used as the input parameters of a long short-term memory network for optimization and training, and a prediction model for trends in seabed cable burial depth variation was obtained. Finally, an example analysis was carried out based on the actual electrical parameter data of submarine cables buried by an offshore oil and gas platform. The results showed that the prediction model for trends in variations in the burial depth of submarine cables based on the CNN-LSTM neural network can achieve high prediction accuracy and prediction efficiency.
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Zheng, Xinlong, Zhifei Lu, Tieyi Chen, Zhichu Lei, and Yuan Li. "Research on 3D Shape Monitoring System of Submarine Cable." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2474, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2474/1/012062.
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Abstract Submarine cables have been used for more than one hundred years, while they have been widely used in recent decades. Safety has always been an issue with submarine cable applications because of their fast expansion. Submarine cables are more susceptible to operational risks and failure than terrestrial cables. Once the submarine cable malfunctions, it will bring huge inconvenience to production and life, which will cause huge economic losses. Therefore, it is very necessary to quickly locate the fault point of the cable and complete the emergency repair work. This article provides a 3D monitoring method for submarine cables, with a simulation monitoring system built in the laboratory to verify the method’s feasibility.
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Li, Yue, Xueting Zhang, and Zhangyi Shen. "YOLO-Submarine Cable: An Improved YOLO-V3 Network for Object Detection on Submarine Cable Images." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081143.
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Due to the strain on land resources, marine energy development is expanding, in which the submarine cable occupies an important position. Therefore, periodic inspections of submarine cables are required. Submarine cable inspection is typically performed using underwater vehicles equipped with cameras. However, the motion of the underwater vehicle body, the dim light underwater, and the property of light propagation in water lead to problems such as the blurring of submarine cable images, the lack of information on the position and characteristics of the submarine cable, and the blue–green color of the images. Furthermore, the submarine cable occupies a significant portion of the image as a linear entity. In this paper, we propose an improved YOLO-SC (YOLO-Submarine Cable) detection method based on the YOLO-V3 algorithm, build a testing environment for submarine cables, and create a submarine cable image dataset. The YOLO-SC network adds skip connections to feature extraction to make the position information of submarine cables more accurate, a top-down downsampling structure in multi-scale special fusion to reduce the network computation and broaden the network perceptual field, and lightweight processing in the prediction network to accelerate the network detection. Under laboratory conditions, we illustrate the effectiveness of these modifications through ablation studies. Compared to other algorithms, the average detection accuracy of the YOLO-SC model is increased by up to 4.2%, and the average detection speed is decreased by up to 1.616 s. The experiments demonstrate that the YOLO-SC model proposed in this paper has a positive impact on the detection of submarine cables.
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Eriksrud, Morten. "Protecting submarine cables for enhanced connectivity." Open Access Government 38, no. 1 (April 12, 2023): 442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-038-10729.
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Protecting submarine cables for enhanced connectivity Morten Eriksrud, at ASN Norway AS, looks to the protection of the global network of submarine cables and other critical subsea infrastructure. Optical communication technology is the key technology to making internet connectivity available all over the world. Fibre-optic cables, distributing data with the speed of light, connect continents, countries, and islands together by creating a global telecommunication network. These cables are installed subsea and are placed on the seafloor (in deep water areas) or trenched in the seabed (in shallow water areas). This global network of submarine cables contains more than 400 active cable links covering nearly 1.4 million kilometres (over three times the distance from Earth to Moon). More than 95% of the global internet traffic runs through these submarine cables. Submarine cables can carry far more data at far less cost than satellites and the increasing digitalization of our societies will further increase the number of submarine cables.
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Jiang, Yamei, and Feng Lyu. "Large-Signal Stability Analysis of the Undersea Direct Current Power System for Scientific Cabled Seafloor Observatories." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 3149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153149.
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A large number of power electronic converters and long-distance submarine cables are an important part of the undersea direct current (DC) power system of the scientific cabled seafloor observatories (CSOs). However, the constant power load (CPL) characteristics of the converters and the distributed parameter characteristics of long-distance submarine cables greatly affect the stability of the CSO DC power system. This paper analyzes the large-signal stability of the CSO DC power system, and the equivalent circuits of long-distance submarine cables are established by theoretical analysis and computer simulation. A simplified computer simulation model and an equivalent experimental prototype model of a single-node CSO DC power system was built in the laboratory to study this issue. The mixed potential function method is used to analyze the large-signal stability of the CSO DC power system, and the large-signal stability criterion is obtained theoretically. The validity of the large-signal stability criterion is proved by simulations and experiments. The conclusion is that reducing the inductance of the submarine cable, increasing the capacitance of the submarine cable, increasing the output voltage of the shore station power feeding equipment (PFE) or reducing the power consumption of the undersea station, are beneficial to improve the large-signal stability of the CSO DC power system.
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Tranfield, M. Wynn. "Unspooling the Legacy of Submarine Cables." DttP: Documents to the People 46, no. 3 (October 8, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v46i3.6826.
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Submarine cables represent an invisible yet crucial infrastructure that enable all manner of global communication. Despite their impact, they are seldom a matter of public interest or debate. Further, they are uniquely represented in state, federal, and international legislation. Throughout history, legislative concerns surrounding submarine cables have shifted from colonial monopolies to environmental health and national security. The following document examines the evolution of submarine cables from the first transatlantic copper wire cable to the present fiber-optic cable boom through the legislative lens.
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Lu, Zhifei, Chen Cao, Yongqiang Ge, Jiamin He, Zhou Yu, Jiawang Chen, and Xinlong Zheng. "Research on Improving the Working Efficiency of Hydraulic Jet Submarine Cable Laying Machine." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070745.
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The anchoring and hooking of ships, bedrock friction and biological corrosion threaten the safety and stability of submarine cables. A hydraulic jet submarine cable laying machine manages to bury the submarine cables deep into the seabed, and effectively reduces the occurrence of external damage to the submarine cables. This machine uses a hydraulic jet system to realize trenching on the seabed. However, the hydraulic jet submarine cable laying machine has complicated operation and high power consumption with high requirements on the mother ship, and it is not yet the mainstream trenching method. In this paper, a mathematical model for the hydraulic jet nozzle of the submarine cable laying machine is established, and parameters that affect the trenching efficiency are studied. The effects of jet target distance, flow, angle and nozzle spacing on the working efficiency of the burying machine are analyzed by setting up a double-nozzle model. The results of the theory, numerical simulation and experiment show that the operational efficiency of the hydraulic jet submarine cable laying machine can be distinctly improved by setting proper jet conditions and parameters.
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Lao, Xinli, Jiajian Zhang, Chuanlian Gao, Huakun Deng, Yanlei Wei, and Zhenzhong Liu. "A Method for Online Monitoring Data Release of Composite Submarine Cable Based on Horizontal Federated Learning." Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 24, no. 3 (September 10, 2023): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12694/scpe.v24i3.2275.
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Conventional online composite submarine cable monitoring data release mostly adopts the method and principle of blockchain dynamic zoning consensus. In the data release process, there are omissions, and it takes a long time to complete the task, which reduces the timeliness of online composite submarine cable monitoring data release. Based on this, a new data publishing method is proposed by introducing horizontal federation learning. First, the online monitoring data of composite submarine cables are collected and preprocessed to eliminate the high-frequency capacitive effect of submarine cables. Secondly, manage composite submarine cable data nodes, transform the status relationship of data nodes, and ensure the quality of subsequent data release. A horizontal federation learning model is established to design the online monitoring data release process. The experimental results show that the new data release method is highly feasible. With the increasing online monitoring data of composite submarine cables, the time required for data release is short, and the timeliness is high.
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Ramanathan, Alagappan, and Sangeetha Abdu Jyothi. "Nautilus: A Framework for Cross-Layer Cartography of Submarine Cables and IP Links." Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems 7, no. 3 (December 7, 2023): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3626777.
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Submarine cables constitute the backbone of the Internet. However, these critical infrastructure components are vulnerable to several natural and man-made threats, and during failures, are difficult to repair in remote oceans. In spite of their crucial role, we have a limited understanding of the impact of submarine cable failures on global connectivity, particularly on the higher layers of the Internet. In this paper, we present Nautilus, a framework for cross-layer cartography of submarine cables and IP links. Using a corpus of public datasets and Internet cartographic techniques, Nautilus identifies IP links that are likely traversing submarine cables and maps them to one or more potential cables. Nautilus also gives each IP to cable assignment a prediction score that reflects the confidence in the mapping. Nautilus generates a mapping for 3.05 million and 1.43 million IPv4 and IPv6 links, respectively, spanning 91% of all active cables. In the absence of ground truth data, we validate Nautilus mapping using three techniques: analyzing past cable failures, using targeted traceroute measurements, and comparing with public network maps of two operators.
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Ramanathan, Alagappan, and Sangeetha Abdu Jyothi. "Nautilus: A Framework for Cross-Layer Cartography of Submarine Cables and IP Links." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 52, no. 1 (June 11, 2024): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3673660.3655068.
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Submarine cables constitute the backbone of the Internet. However, these critical infrastructure components are vulnerable to several natural and man-made threats, and during failures, are difficult to repair in remote oceans. In spite of their crucial role, we have a limited understanding of the impact of submarine cable failures on global connectivity, particularly on the higher layers of the Internet. In this paper, we present Nautilus, a framework for cross-layer cartography of submarine cables and IP links. Using a corpus of public datasets and Internet cartographic techniques, Nautilus identifies IP links that are likely traversing submarine cables and maps them to one or more potential cables. Nautilus also gives each IP to cable assignment a prediction score that reflects the confidence in the mapping. Nautilus generates a mapping for 3.05 million and 1.43 million IPv4 and IPv6 links, respectively, spanning 91% of all active cables. In the absence of ground truth data, we validate Nautilus mapping using three techniques: analyzing past cable failures, using targeted traceroute measurements, and comparing with public network maps of two operators.
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VASILESCU, Valeriu-Florian, and Dumitru DINU. "INSTALLATION OF SUBMARINE CABLES IN THE OFFSHORE WIND INDUSTRY AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT." Journal of marine Technology and Environment 1, no. 2021 (2021): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53464/jmte.01.2021.07.
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"This article presents the main methods of installing submarine cables used in the offshore wind industry and the impact they have on the marine environment. From this article, the reader will be able to understand the basic principles that are taken into account from the design phase of a submarine cable, principles that seek to streamline their installation, operation and maintenance and their impact on the marine environment. Given the scale of the development of the wind industry, especially offshore, the length of submarine cables that provide energy transport from the wind farm to shore consumers is also constantly growing. The construction and operation of offshore wind energy systems has been and continues to be regarded with scepticism by environmental activists. Despite the undeniable benefits of this renewable energy source, the impact on the marine environment must also be taken into consideration. We studied the most efficient methods of installing submarine cables in the offshore wind industry – study which also includes analysing the behaviour of submarine cables and analysing ships’ movement during cable transport and installation. This article is only part of a major research on the installation of submarine cables in the offshore wind industry. In terms of the frequency and relatively short duration of submarine cable installation operations, on a small strip of up to 8m, the disturbances and impact caused by these operations are considered minor and are preferred compared to bottom trawling operations and dredging, which are repetitive and more extensive. A single impact, such as cable burial operations, is preferred to continuous, multiple or recurrent impacts. [1] "
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Burnett, Douglas R., and Lionel Carter. "International Submarine Cables and Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction." Brill Research Perspectives in the Law of the Sea 1, no. 2 (July 4, 2017): 1–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519359-12340002.
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If one uses Facebook, Facetime, Skype, Netflix, or any application of the internet internationally, a submarine cable is involved. Fibre optic cables bind the world together from governments, banks, shipping, airlines and other major logistic industries to homes and personal electronic devices. Server farms maintained by major telecom and content companies allow vast amounts of data to be stored and retrieved from thecloud. Not often appreciated is the fact that these server locations worldwide are connected by submarine fibre optic cables. In this sense, thecloudis beneath the sea. While submarine communication cables have been in steady use since 1850, their preeminent place in the modern world has never been as dominant and personal as now. Since 1884, this critical international infrastructure has rested upon international treaties, now reflected in universally accepted provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) that provides for freedoms to lay and maintain international submarine cables. Recently, calls have mounted in the context of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (bbnj) for centralized control of submarine cables and for express orde factodiminishment of the freedoms related to them that have served the world’s peoples for so long. This monograph examines the time proven importance of the existing international treaties, the largely peer review science on the environmental interaction of submarine cables with high seas environments, and the current submarine cable issues in the context of thebbnjdebates.
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Huang, Xiaowei, Daoyu Jiang, Zhenjin Cen, Haolin Li, Zhenkui Wang, and Zhen Guo. "Global Responses of Exposed and Suspended Submarine Cables Due to Anchor Dragging." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 9 (September 12, 2024): 1628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091628.
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Anchor damage is one of the main risk factors for the safe operation of submarine cables. Additionally, due to a scour effect induced by seabed currents, submarine cables are prone to exposure or even suspension, increasing the risk of being dragged by anchors. Therefore, it is necessary to study the global response of exposed and suspended submarine cables subjected to anchor dragging. In this study, the tensile and bending stiffnesses of submarine cables are calculated by theoretical methods, and the accuracy of these calculations is verified by establishing a detailed finite element model. Then, the mechanical properties of the submarine cables are equivalently modeled using beam elements, and a large-scale finite element model for exposed and suspended cables under anchor dragging is established. Considering different dragging forces, exposed lengths, spanning lengths, and spanning heights, the overall deformation and mechanical responses of exposed and suspended cables are analyzed separately. The results show that under dragging forces, axial forces are uniformly distributed along exposed and suspended segments, while bending moments concentrate at the central hooking area and the ends of exposed and suspended segments. The influence of dragging force, exposed length, spanning length, and spanning height on the stress and deformation of submarine cables is significant. The results can be used for submarine cable damage assessments caused by anchor dragging.
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Feng, Man, Tao Li, and Jinjuan Liu. "Transient overvoltage characteristics in submarine cables of multi-terminal flexible HVDC transmission system." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2108, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2108/1/012046.
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Abstract The overvoltage transient characteristics of submarine cables are one of the key technologies for submarine power transmission. This article takes the submarine cable of Zhoushan Multi-terminal Flexible HVDC Transmission Project as the research object. The MMC-HVDC simulation models at both ends of converter stations are built in PSCAD. The parameters and equivalent models of the flexible HVDC cables are determined, and the submarine DC cable operating overvoltage is calculated by using statistical methods. The simulation results show that the maximum overvoltage of the submarine cable, that is, the maximum overvoltage of the conductor to sheath, the sheath to the armour, and the armour to the ground are 400 kV, 7.27 kV and 0.45kV respectively. The maximum overvoltage when it occurs faults on grid-side or valve-side appears in the middle of the submarine cable. Maximum overvoltage of HVDC single pole grounding fault appears at the connection point of land cable and submarine cable. The simulation results and the discovery of features in this article provide reference in the design, selection, and testing of submarine power transmission equipment.
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Shen, Jiayi, Yingjie Liang, Huabin Hong, and Jiawang Chen. "Numerical Investigation of Burial Depth Effects on Tension of Submarine Power Cables." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 11 (November 2, 2024): 1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12111972.
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To protect submarine power cables from damage caused by anchoring and fishing, submarine power cables in shallow water areas are buried to a certain depth through a cable laying machine. However, limited attention has been paid to studying the stress behavior of submarine power cables while considering the effects of burial depth. In this research, static and dynamic analyses are carried out using three-dimensional numerical models performed by the OrcaFlex v11.0 to investigate the effects of burial depths on cable tension during the cable installation under various conditions. Numerical simulation results show that the peak tension of the submarine power cable increases linearly with the increase in burial depth. In addition, the burial depth can also change the tension state at the endpoint of the submarine power cable. The endpoint of the cable is in a compressed state when h < 2 m and the cable turns into a tensile state when h ≥ 2 m. Finally, genetic programming (GP) is used to analyze numerical simulation results to propose a prediction model that can be used to estimate the peak tension of the submarine power cable during cable installation under various burial depths in shallow sea areas. It should be noted that the proposed GP model is based on the analyses of numerical results; therefore, the GP model is open for further improvements as more experimental data become available.
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Wakefield, K. S. "Submarine cables and cable ships." Electronics and Power 31, no. 9 (1985): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ep.1985.0401.
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Dui, Xiao Wei, and Gui Ping Zhu. "Reactive Compensation Research of HVAC Cables for Offshore Wind Farms." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.433.
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This paper proposes a reactive compensation optimization method for HVAC cables of offshore wind farms, establishing the optimization model of reactive compensation capacity of HVAC submarine cables with cable current-carrying capacity as the main constraints. The maximum transmission power and transmission distance of HVAC submarine cables are calculated, considering the constraints including power factor, line loss and reactive compensation cost. Using minimum average annual cost as the objective function compensation capacity of both cable ends and corresponding average annual cost is obtained are optimized.
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Wang, Yang, Guang Zhou Zhang, Guo Zhi Chen, Xiao Qin Zhang, Xin Long Zheng, and Jian Zhang. "The Analysis of Induced Voltage from AC Submarine Cable to Adjacent Communication Cable." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 856–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.856.
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The induced voltage generated by AC submarine cables would effect the normal operation of communication cables nearby. The paper calculated the induced voltage generated by AC submarine cable according to formula and procedures related to magnetic induction. The maximum parallel length between submarine cable and communications table was calculated under horizontal arrangement, and shielding effect was taken into account to the impact of the results. The causes of various induced voltage on communication cable were analysed under normal operation and various fault conditions. The results show that the induced voltage on communication cable is proportional to the parallel length and inversely proportional to parallel spacing. When the parallel length does not exceed a certain value, the induced voltage is in the allowable range and will not affect the normal operation of the communication cable.
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Yu, Junzhe, Pengbai Xu, Zhangjun Yu, Kunhua Wen, Jun Yang, Yuncai Wang, and Yuwen Qin. "Principles and Applications of Seismic Monitoring Based on Submarine Optical Cable." Sensors 23, no. 12 (June 15, 2023): 5600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23125600.
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Submarine optical cables, utilized as fiber-optic sensors for seismic monitoring, are gaining increasing interest because of their advantages of extending the detection coverage, improving the detection quality, and enhancing long-term stability. The fiber-optic seismic monitoring sensors are mainly composed of the optical interferometer, fiber Bragg grating, optical polarimeter, and distributed acoustic sensing, respectively. This paper reviews the principles of the four optical seismic sensors, as well as their applications of submarine seismology over submarine optical cables. The advantages and disadvantages are discussed, and the current technical requirements are concluded, respectively. This review can provide a reference for studying submarine cable-based seismic monitoring.
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Howe, Bruce. "SMART submarine cable technology can facilitate acoustics on the global scale." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 4_supplement (October 1, 2023): A176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0023181.
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The submarine cable industry is beginning to share their infrastructure for ocean observing. Science Monitoring And Reliable Telecommunications (SMART) Subsea Cables is working to integrate temperature, pressure, and seismic acceleration sensors into commercial cables (∼70 km spacing) to support climate monitoring and disaster risk reduction on the global scale. The seismic and pressure sensors are expected to have sensitivity at low acoustic frequencies, (e.g., <50 Hz and <5 Hz, respectively); future systems could include hydrophones and other sensors. Further, telecom rated branching cables supporting multipurpose “nodes” are becoming a reality (per existing dedicated science cable systems). These can support low frequency transceivers and autonomous undersea vehicles (AUVs). With cabled power, these would be part of the fixed/mobile acoustic tomography system measuring ocean heat content and more generally for transporting energy, data, and acquiring multidisciplinary data throughout a large volume of the ocean. A 3700 km SMART ring system in Portugal will be ready in 2026 and one connecting Vanuatu and New Caledonia is starting. Others in planning stages that could include these concepts are: Far North Fiber connecting Norway/Finland/Ireland with Japan, the NSF proposed SMART cable connecting New Zealand with Antarctica, New Zealand-Chatham Islands, and Lisbon-Egypt through the Mediterranean.
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Vu, Hai Dang. "Improving the Freedom of Repairing Telecommunication Submarine Cables in Southeast Asia." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 6, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 66–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-06010004.
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Abstract In October 2019, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (asean) Telecommuni cation and Information Technology Ministers adopted the asean Guidelines for Strengthening Resilience and Repair of Submarine Cables. This is the first instrument relating specifically to telecommunication submarine cables under asean. This represents an important increase of awareness by asean about a swift process for submarine cables repairing. However, the Guidelines recognise that coastal States can grant permits over the repair of submarine cables in waters where they have sovereign rights and jurisdiction, an approach also adopted by many asean Member States. This article argues for an improvement of the freedom of repairing submarine cables in the region in order to expedite the repair of submarine cables in Southeast Asia. It does so by identifying what can be improved in the process of granting permits for repairing submarine cables in asean Member States and suggesting next steps to be taken by asean.
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Fu, Cuiwei, Xiaogang Qin, and Yu Wang. "Effects of Parameter Uncertainties on Interaction between Submarine Telecommunication Cables and Lateral Seabed Movements." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (August 20, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8824391.
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Submarine telecommunication cables are the physical backbone of the Internet. They are often buried shallowly beneath seabed and affected by seabed movements. Due to the long distance of cables and the complexity of submarine environment, interaction between cables and seabed movements inevitably involves various parameter uncertainties. However, effects of parameter uncertainties on submarine cable responses to seabed movements have not been fully investigated. This paper aims to address this problem using random finite element method (RFEM) that integrates finite element (FE) analysis with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). First, deterministic FE analysis is performed to investigate cable responses to lateral seabed movements. Then MCS is implemented to study the effects of parameter uncertainties on cable responses. Statistical analysis of the MCS results is performed to prioritize the effects of parameter uncertainties on cable damage probability. Random field is also used to model spatial variability of soil parameters. Effect of the correlation length on cable damage probability is investigated. The results show that uncertainty of the anchored cable length La has the most significant effect on cable damage probability, while the effects of uncertainties in soil friction angle ϕ and effective unit weight γ′ are minor. Ignoring spatial variability of soil parameters may lead to significant misjudgment of cable damage risk.
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Tao, Xiantao, Hao Liu, Lei Wang, Haoqi Zhai, Yulin Ni, Junping Hou, Shize Zhang, Zhengjun Luo, Nan Chen, and Gang Ye. "Comparative Study on the Ampacity of 500 kV Single-Core and Three-Core Submarine Cable." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2731, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2731/1/012014.
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Abstract Submarine cable is an important equipment for data communication and power transmission in power systems, which has a complex laying environment. According to its structure, submarine cables can be divided into two types, single-core cables and three-core cables. In practical engineering, cable selection is crucial to ensure the safe and stable operation of the cable and reduce the cost. The present work compares the ampacity of 500 kV single-core cable and three-core cable with the same conductor cross-section area under certain laying conditions. And the temperature rise situation of the three-core cable and the single-core cable is compared under the application of the same current. The results reveals that the ampacity of the three-core cable is less than one-core cable under certain laying situations. And the maximum ampacity reduction of the three-core cable is 28.96%. Furthermore, the highest temperature rise point of the three-core cable is the air section of the J-tube, and the maximum temperature reaches 130.07°C.
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Chen, Yikang, Xiaojun Li, Chi Cai, Cong Wu, Weijia Zhang, Xiaowei Huang, Qiang Guo, and Daoyu Jiang. "Submarine Cable Detection Method Based on Multisensor Communication." Journal of Sensors 2021 (December 21, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1176347.
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Submarine cable is widely used in today’s oil industry, and it is a much hidden large-scale industrial facility, which vigorously promotes the development of people’s lives. With the widespread use of submarine cables based on multisensor communication, as far as the current situation is concerned, this paper makes a report and summary on the research of submarine cable detection method in shallow sea area (sea area within 200 m). According to the implementation of the project and the way of controlling variables, the current common detection modes are planned, fault prediction, fault diagnosis, fault analysis and summary, and experimental data comparison, and then, we can use Brillouin radio frequency to prevent the occurrence of submarine cable fault, and when the fault occurs, we can detect the fault at the first time. The feedback value range of TTSL electromagnetic detection is very stable, and the Brillouin scattering frequency is within the normal fluctuation range. In deep-sea exploration, TTSL electromagnetic detection can detect faults for submarine cables and will not affect the fault in all aspects of waveform and wavelength. Finally, the best path and future development trend of submarine cable detection method are obtained by analyzing and summarizing the detection data, and a complete scheme plan such as some preventive measures and repair technology is put forward.
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Prayetno, Eko, and Hilmiyati Ulinnuha. "Pemanfaatan Citra Side Scan Sonar untuk Identifikasi Objek Bawah Laut." JGISE: Journal of Geospatial Information Science and Engineering 3, no. 1 (June 24, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jgise.55158.
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Lamong Bay waters are part of the Port of Tanjung Perak Surabaya. This port is included in one of the busiest ports in Indonesia. Therefore, a study is needed on the condition of the bottom waters and underwater infrastructure buildings to provide information on the safety of the shipping lanes and the landing of the lego anchor on the position of the underwater infrastructure. This study involves exploration activities such as the detection and sweeping of objects at the bottom of the sea and taking sediment samples using side scan sonar instruments and van veen grab sampler. This activity aims to identify the condition of objects of sea cables and pipelines in the waters of the Lamong Bay waters, evaluating the rules of immersion of submarine cables and pipelines in accordance with the Minister of Transportation Regulation No. PM 129 of 2016. The results of this activity will be in the form of a map of sea cables and sea pipes which will be attached to the Lamong Bay Field Painting Sheet. The submarine cable target recorded is in Line A with the cable target detected 2 (two) cable lines. Whereas the sea pipe is located at Lane B. The results of the inspection are to be placed on the Indonesian Sea Map No. 84 to determine the position of sea cables and pipelines. Each of the submarine cable and pipelines target was analyzed by Minister of Transportation Regulation No. PM 129 of 2016 concerning the regulation of immersion of underwater buildings. The results of the submarine cable and pipelines analysis have met the installation standards even though they are at a shallow depth. This suitability is seen based on dictum 2 (two) rules of burial that burials do not apply to the position of the underwater buildings crossing each other.
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TAKEI, Yoshinobu. "Law and Policy for International Submarine Cables: An Asia-Pacific Perspective." Asian Journal of International Law 2, no. 2 (February 24, 2012): 205–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204425131200001x.
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Whilst international submarine cables are essential to modern-day life, threats to these cables from competing ocean uses, such as fisheries, persist. Protection of submarine cables, and resolution of potential conflicts among various ocean uses, is needed now more than ever. This article examines and identifies weakness in the current legal regime for submarine cables, with a specific focus on the regulations concerning punishment for the breaking or damage of submarine cables and the integrated management of competing ocean uses. After discussing the legal regime, the article offers some proposals for reform, outlining various options for future action at the international level.
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Love, Milton S., Mary M. Nishimoto, Linda Snook, Donna M. Schroeder, and Ann Scarborough Bull. "A Comparison of Fishes and Invertebrates Living in the Vicinity of Energized and Unenergized Submarine Power Cables and Natural Sea Floor off Southern California, USA." Journal of Renewable Energy 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8727164.
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Increasing reliance on deep-water renewable energy has increased concerns about the effects of the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated by submarine power cables on aquatic organisms. Off southern California, we conducted surveys of marine organisms living around energized and unenergized submarine power cables and nearby sea floor during 2012–2014 at depths between 76 and 213 m. In general, EMFs declined to background levels about one meter from the cable. We found no statistical difference in species composition between the fish assemblages along the energized and unenergized cables. The natural habitat community statistically differed from both energized and unenergized cable communities. Within species (or species groups), we found no differences in densities between energized and unenergized cables. Total fish densities were significantly higher around the cables than over the natural habitat. We found that invertebrate communities were structured by habitat type and depth and, similar to the fishes, there was no statistical difference between the energized and unenergized cables. Individually, the densities of four invertebrate species or species groups (Metridium farcimen, Luidia spp., unidentified black Crinoidea, and Urticina spp.) differed between energized and unenergized cables, but this difference was not significant across all depth strata. The invertebrate community inhabiting the natural habitat strongly differed from the energized and unenergized cable community exhibiting the fewest species and individuals.
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Zheng, Xinlong, Yongqiang Ge, Zhifei Lu, Chen Cao, Peng Zhou, Shiqiang Li, and Jiawang Chen. "Study on Buried Depth Protection Index of Submarine Cable Based on Physical and Numerical Modeling." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020137.
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The buried depth of submarine cables is very important to avoid damage on the cable from dropping and dragging anchors. This study focused on the actual engineering needs of submarine power cable protection and laying construction. In order to investigate the buried depth protection index of submarine cable, physical model tests, theory analysis, and numerical simulations were conducted in this study. The effects of the bottoming velocity, dropping energy, and anchor mass on the anchor penetration depth were analyzed and investigated. The analytical model based on the impact and drag mechanism is presented to analyze the forces and energy on the anchor. The accuracy and reliable of the model test results are verified by the theory analysis and numerical simulation, indicating that the buried depth protection index of the submarine cable in the research area is recommended to be 3 m. The research results can provide guidance for operation of the submarine cable laying machine and submarine cable protection.
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Yang, N., D.-S. Jeng, and X. L. Zhou. "Tension Analysis of Submarine Cables during Laying Operations." Open Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 1 (December 27, 2013): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149520131130009.
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This paper presents a semi-analytical approximation for a two-dimensional (2D) tension analysis of submarine cables during laying operations. In the analysis, based on geometric compatibility relations and equilibrium equations, a set of non-linear differential equations are obtained. The present model considers effects of ocean currents, cable ship motion, pay-out rate, water depth and material properties on submarine cable behavior in water, which are crucial during laying operations. As shown in numerical examples, with consideration of currents and cable ship motion, the cable tension appears to be smaller and cable configuration curve tends to be fatter than the conventional catenary theory.
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Li, Qishun, Yanpeng Hao, Peng Zhang, Haotian Tan, Wanxing Tian, Linhao Chen, and Lin Yang. "Numerical Study of the Local Scouring Process and Influencing Factors of Semi-Exposed Submarine Cables." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2023): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071349.
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Local scouring might result in the spanning of submarine cables, endangering their mechanical and electrical properties. In this contribution, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation model is developed using FLOW-3D, and the scouring process of semi-exposed submarine cables is investigated. The effects of the sediment critical Shields number, sediment density, and ocean current velocity on local scouring are discussed, and variation rules for the submarine cables’ spanning time are provided. The results indicate that three scouring holes are formed around the submarine cables. The location of the bottom of the holes corresponds to that of the maximum shear velocity. The continuous development of scouring holes at the wake position leads to the spanning of the submarine cables. The increase in the sediment’s critical Shields number and sediment density, as well as the decrease in the ocean current velocity, will extend the time for maintaining the stability of the upstream scouring hole and retard the development velocity of the wake position and downstream scouring holes. The spanning time has a cubic relationship with the sediment’s critical Shields number, a linear relationship with the sediment density, and an exponential relationship with the ocean current velocity. In this paper, the local scouring process of semi-exposed submarine cables is studied, which provides a theoretical basis for the operation and maintenance of submarine cables.
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Zhu, Wenwei, Chenyang Fan, Chenghao Xu, Hantuo Dong, Jingen Guo, Aiwu Liang, and Long Zhao. "Anchor Fault Identification Method for High-Voltage DC Submarine Cable Based on VMD-Volterra-SVM." Energies 16, no. 7 (March 27, 2023): 3053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16073053.
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This article introduces a new method for identifying anchor damage faults in fiber composite submarine cables. The method combines the Volterra model of Variation Mode Decomposition (VMD) with singular value entropy to improve the accuracy of fault identification. First, the submarine cable vibration signal is decomposed into various Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) using VMD. Then, a Volterra adaptive prediction model is established by reconstructing the phase space of each IMF, and the model parameters are used to form an initial feature vector matrix. Next, the feature vector matrix is subjected to singular value decomposition to extract the singular value entropy that reflects the fault characteristics of the submarine cable. Finally, singular value entropy is used as a feature value to input into the Support Vector Machine (SVM) for classification. Compared with Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), the proposed method achieves a higher fault identification accuracy and effectively identifies anchor damage faults in submarine cables. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of the proposed method.
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Pandey, Shivam Kumar, and Aditya Bhushan. "Submarine Cables: Issues of Maritime Security, Jurisdiction, and Legalities." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 1, no. 4 (July 6, 2023): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(4).13.
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This paper delves into the complex issues surrounding submarine cables, vital for global communication and data exchange. These issues include maritime security, legal jurisdictions, and broader legalities. Because submarine cables are located deep in the world's oceans, they face numerous security threats such as sabotage, illegal fishing, and deep-sea mining, highlighting the need for comprehensive maritime security measures. Legal Jurisdiction over these cables, especially those outside territorial waters, is equally complicated. Different international norms and regulations contribute to a fragmented legal landscape, creating jurisdictional authority and regulatory compliance ambiguities. Moreover, international laws offer inconsistent solutions to cable damage, repair, and maintenance, adding further complexity. This paper examines these interconnected issues, analyzing the existing regulatory frameworks and their effectiveness in addressing submarine cables' security and legal challenges. We provide a nuanced understanding of this essential infrastructure's vulnerabilities and propose recommendations for enhanced legal frameworks, increased international cooperation, and improved security measures. This comprehensive study is particularly relevant in the current era of digital interconnectedness, where reliable, secure, and uninterrupted international data flows are crucial. We hope this paper will stimulate further discussion and research in this critical yet often underestimated international law and global security area.
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Ryan, Sophie. "Submarine Communication Cables and Belligerent Rights in Armed Conflict." Ocean Yearbook Online 38, no. 1 (June 18, 2024): 459–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116001-03801018.
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Abstract This article takes up the significant yet understudied issue of belligerent rights regarding submarine communication cables in armed conflict. The article takes up three key questions that have persistently evaded clarity. First, what actually is the law applicable to cables in wartime? Second, how is this law to be applied in practice? And third, is it fit for purpose? The article concludes that, as a matter of lex lata, no lex specialis rules have emerged specific to the protection of submarine cables in armed conflict, either in treaty or customary international law. However, this does not MEAn that belligerents are free to target submarine cables in times of armed conflict. Instead, important international law constraints are to be found in general IHL principles, the law of neutrality, and law of the sea protections that persist in times of armed conflict. Applied to the technical configurations of submarine cables as currently deployed and used, it is far from clear that these rules and principles permit the targeting of submarine cables in wartime.
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Huang, Huan, and Xiu Chun Dong. "Application of Finite Element Method in Submarine Cable Fiber Excess Length Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 138-139 (November 2011): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.138-139.759.
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In this paper, finite element method is compared with analytic method in the analysis of submarine cable fiber excess length. And the limitations of using analytic method are analyzed. Then the feasibility and advantages of using finite element method is discussed. We can control and design fiber excess length more reasonably and produce cables in a more scientific way by using finite element method in the analysis of submarine cable fiber excess length.
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Jurdana, Irena, Biserka Rukavina, and Sandra Tominac Coslovich. "Legal regime regulating the laying and protection of submarine cables in the Republic of Croatia." Pomorstvo 35, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.35.1.13.
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One of the strategic development priorities of the Republic of Croatia is the development and construction of a modern telecommunications network and the availability of high-speed Internet throughout its territory, especially in rural areas and on islands. To enable this, it is important to build a reliable and resilient communication infrastructure. With the cooperation of all stakeholders in the construction, from telecom operators to local and state administrations responsible for the maritime demesne, and with efficient legislation, it is possible to achieve sustainable development of submarine cable infrastructure. The paper provides an overview of the legal aspects of submarine optical cable infrastructure design and application at the national and international levels. Special attention is dedicated to the analysis of a national legal regime regulating the protection and sustainable use of submarine cables. Thus, the authors will provide critical analysis of a kind of dualism present in the application of the Ordinance on the Register of Concessions and the Ordinance on the Register of Concessions on the Maritime Demesne and offer suggestions for potential improvements of a national legal framework pertaining to the right of laying and legally protecting submarine cables.
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Wu, Fenqian, Xiaoyu Huang, Haoci Qiu, Shaoyuan Lin, and Xiaoxiang Chen. "Research on Horizontal Directional Drilling Scheme for Large Cross Section Submarine Cable Crossing Hard Rock." E3S Web of Conferences 520 (2024): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202452001023.
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With the increasing number of submarine cable projects, the terrain and geological conditions of the landing section are becoming increasingly complex, and the traditional implementation of trench burial is becoming increasingly difficult. A landing construction plan for large-section power cables suitable for steep terrain and rugged rock formations is studied and proposed based on sorting out existing submarine cable landing plans. Using directional drilling construction machinery ideal for rock formations, natural cable protection pipes are formed in rock formations after dragging and expanding the holes, meeting submarine cable protection’s safety and economic requirements. In the climbing section of the submarine cable from the seabed to the rock hole, measures such as bottom sandbag raising and top rock throwing security are adopted to avoid vortex-induced vibration and erosion caused by the cable hanging in the climbing section. The construction plan of the directional drilling passage through hard rock and the construction and protection plan of the submarine cable do not affect the current situation of the existing coastal reefs and can effectively protect the submarine cable from external damage, achieving green and environmentally friendly construction.
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Vu, Hai Dang. "South East Asia." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 36, no. 1 (December 12, 2020): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-bja10041.
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Abstract In October 2019, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Telecommunication and Information Technology Ministers adopted the ASEAN Guidelines for Strengthening Resilience and Repair of Submarine Cables. This instrument represents an important increase in awareness by the Association of the importance of a swift process for authorising the repair of submarine cables. This article suggests the next steps to be taken by ASEAN to improve the process of granting permits for repairing submarine cables in ASEAN Member States.
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Yoon, Han-Sam, and Won-Bae Na. "Anchor Drop Tests for a Submarine Power-Cable Protector." Marine Technology Society Journal 47, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.47.3.6.
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AbstractSubmarine power cables are widely used for power transmission, such as between mainlands and offshore islands and from offshore wind farms to on-land substations. There are several ways to protect power cables from accidental loads. Protection includes concrete blankets, sand bags, bundles, tunnel-type protectors, and trenching. However, no design standard for power-cable protectors is currently available because of the varieties of cable protection solutions and man-made or natural hazards to submarine power cables. Thus, this paper presents anchor drop tests for a newly designed, matrix-type submarine power-cable protector assembled with reinforced concrete blocks, to make a safety assessment. Marine environments were surveyed at the target site and simulated in the test set-up. A 2-ton stock anchor was selected as the colliding object, and a 25-ton crane was prepared to drop the anchor. Preliminary tests were performed to investigate the effect of soil composition and protector arrangements on the test results. Finally, four field anchor drop test scenarios were designed, carried out, and analyzed, and a safety assessment was made for the submarine power cable. From the tests, it was found that, in addition to falling distances, the soil composition and saturation were significant factors for the settlement depth and damaged areas. Considering the settlement depth of soils, the damaged areas of the concrete blocks, and the damaged state of the pipes (safety zone), all of the test results showed that the mattress failed to protect the power cable from the anchor collision. The deformation, damage, and breakage of the pipe, which simulated the safety zone of the power cable, gave clues as to the reasons for the failure.
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Choi, Jin-Kyu, Eiichiro Araki, and Katsuyoshi Kawaguchi. "Cable Laying Using an ROV." Marine Technology Society Journal 54, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.54.5.12.
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AbstractA remotely operated vehicle (ROV) can install submarine cables along a planned route accurately, thereby deploying cabled seafloor observatories at the intended locations. In this study, we developed an ROV-based cable-laying system. Its manual and automated versions have been successfully used for the installation of the Dense Oceanfloor Network system for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET). The automated cable-laying system shows many advantages; for example, the cable-laying speed increased by approximately 0.1 knot from 0.5 knot, and the number of operators was reduced by half. Thus, the physical and mental burdens on the shipboard members including ROV operators were relieved. In this paper, we share our experiences when laying cables using an ROV during DONET installation. First, the issues that should be addressed to complete a successful cable-laying operation are discussed; subsequently, our manual and automated cable-laying systems are introduced. Then, the observations made during field operations for DONET installation are presented, which provide useful tips for developing an ROV-based cable-laying system.
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Kuang, Jianxun, Guodong Chen, Zhoulong Yuan, Xiajun Qi, Qianhao Yu, and Zhen Liu. "Dynamic Interactions of a Cable-Laying Vessel with a Submarine Cable during Its Landing Process." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10060774.
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The rapid development of offshore electricity grid construction has led to a great demand for submarine cable deployment. In this study, a numerical model is established based on the commercial software ANSYS-AQWA to investigate the dynamic interactions between a cable-laying vessel and a submarine cable during its landing process, which has not yet been reported and is critical to the safety of the cable. The numerical model was validated by an experimental test on the mooring stability of a vessel conducted in a wave tank. The effects of the cable length, the current velocity, the incident wave, and the wind direction on vessel stability and the tensions in the mooring lines and cable were investigated. When the cable length is short, the submarine cable acts as a mooring cable that can stabilize the hull, but it is not safe to apply force to the submarine cable. At the same time, an increase in the current speed also increases the tensile force of the submarine cable. The influence of different incident wave directions and wind directions on the stability and tension of ships in mooring lines and cables was studied, and the most unfavorable environmental conditions for submarine cable laying were determined under different environmental conditions.
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Jiang, Zhenxing, Liming Yang, and Zhien Zhu. "Study on AC Resistance of Layering Enamelled Stranded Conductor." MATEC Web of Conferences 260 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926002004.
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In recent years, with the rapid development of large-length ultra-high-pressure voltage extrusion insulated submarine cable technology, the cable system in the medium-length offshore power grid interconnection project has been gradually replaced by XLPE insulation by traditional oil-paper insulation. There are many large cross-section conductors used in long-distance power transmission cables, and according to the IEC 60287-1-1, it is recommended to use Milliken conductors to reduce the AC resistance of conductors, at the same time, in submarine cables, there is a high requirement on the water-blocking performance of conductors and the water resistance of Milliken conductors is poor, so it is not used in submarine cable conductors. This paper puts forward a layering enamelled stranded conductor and a calculation method of AC / DC resistance ratio for it. The validity of the calculation method is verified by experimental tests. At the same time, the calculation shows that the AC / DC resistance of the conductor at 1800 mm2 nominal cross section can be reduced by 16% compared with the conventional round compacted conductor in the prior art. The effectiveness of this conductor in reducing AC resistance is verified by finite element simulation.
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Muljawan, Djunaedi, Buddin Al Hakim, Nugraheni Setyaningrum, Wahyu Widodo Pandoe, Alfi Rusdiansyah, Joko Widodo, and Trinugroho. "Geology and Seabed Topography Research to Support the Implementation of Indonesia’s Submarine Cable Corridor Buton Island to EEZ (Hub Indonesia - USA)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1166, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1166/1/012022.
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Abstract The Indonesian Government has established pipelines and cable corridors through the Decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 14 of 2021 concerning Submarine Pipelines and Cables. Indonesia’s strategic position in the world has become a favorite route for laying submarine cables, connecting Australia and Indonesia with America and other countries. The purpose of this study is to conduct a technical study of the existing ratified route corridor on the geological conditions of the Indonesian waters. The method used is path analysis of geological and geomorphology conditions by compiling class criteria related to and increasing risks to geological conditions. The results of the geological analysis show that several submarine cable lines pass through volcanic areas and faults; also, there are areas with a seabed side slope of >20%. This condition can affect the cable laying process, operations, and vulnerability. In addition, it is necessary to rearrange the paths that have a high hazard vulnerability to disasters and other activities. The results of this study are in the form of recommendations for proposed corridor revisions that reduce constraints related to geology and geomorphology.
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Zhang, Yiyi, Xiaoming Chen, Heng Zhang, Jiefeng Liu, Chaohai Zhang, and Jian Jiao. "Analysis on the Temperature Field and the Ampacity of XLPE Submarine HV Cable Based on Electro-Thermal-Flow Multiphysics Coupling Simulation." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040952.
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The operating temperature and the ampacity are important parameters to reflect the operating state of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) submarine high voltage (HV) cables, and it is of great significance to study the electrothermal coupling law of submarine cable under the seawater flow field. In this study, according to the actual laying conditions of the submarine cable, a multi-physical coupling model of submarine cable is established based on the electromagnetic field, heat transfer field, and fluid field by using the COMSOL finite element simulation software. This model can help to analyze how the temperature and ampacity of the submarine cable are affected by different laying methods, seawater velocity, seawater temperature, laying depth, and soil thermal conductivity. The experimental results show that the pipe laying method can lead to the highest cable conductor temperature, even exceeding the maximum heat-resistant operating temperature of the insulation, and the corresponding ampacity is minimum, so heat dissipation is required. Besides, the conductor temperature and the submarine cable ampacity have a linear relationship with the seawater temperature, and small seawater velocity can significantly improve the submarine cable ampacity. Temperature correction coefficients and ampacity correction coefficients for steady-state seawater are proposed. Furthermore, the laying depth and soil thermal conductivity have great impact on the temperature field and the ampacity of submarine cable, so measures (e.g., artificial backfilling) in areas with low thermal conductivity are needed to improve the submarine cable ampacity.
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Huang, Youcong, Zhiwei Fu, Zhongnan Zheng, Tian Lv, Ying Zhang, Yaowei Li, Jun Xv, and Yulin Mao. "Thermal-mechanical coupling simulation analysis of submarine armored cable soil environment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2354, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2354/1/012013.
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Abstract Due to the complex and diverse seabed environment, the coupling effect of high depth and temperature will seriously affect the operation stability of submarine cables. Therefore, the thermal-mechanical coupling model and inherent characteristics of submarine armored cables in soil environment are simulated and analyzed. Firstly, the influence of different buried depth and surrounding seawater temperature on cable temperature in soil environment is studied. Then the natural frequency of the cable is obtained by modal analysis. Since the low frequency vibration mainly occurs in the operation process, the high frequency vibration is not easy to excite and decay quickly, only the first eight order vibration is considered. The results show that it is beneficial to avoid the vibration near the resonance frequency, to lay in the relatively shallow position and to reduce the buried depth appropriately.
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Ruiz, Carlos, Gonzalo Abad, Markel Zubiaga, Danel Madariaga, and Joseba Arza. "Frequency-Dependent Pi Model of a Three-Core Submarine Cable for Time and Frequency Domain Analysis." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 16, 2018): 2778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102778.
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In this paper, a Frequency-Dependent Pi Model (FDPi) of a three-core submarine cable is presented. The model is intended to be used for the representation of submarine cables in an Offshore Wind Power Plant (OWPP) scenario for both time and frequency domain analysis. The frequency-dependent variation of each conductive layer is modeled by a Foster equivalent network whose parameters are tuned by means of Vector Fitting (VF) algorithm. The complete formulation for the parameterization of the model is presented in detail, which allows an easy reproduction of the presented model. The validation of the model is performed via a comparison with a well-established reference model, the Universal Line Model (ULM) from PSCAD/EMTDC software. Two cable system case studies are presented. The first case study shows the response of the FDPi Model for a three-core submarine cable. On the other hand, the second case study depicts the response of three single-core underground cables laying in trefoil formation. This last case shows the applicability of the FDPi Model to other types of cable systems and indirectly validates the response of the aforementioned model with experimental results. Additionally, potential applications of the FDPi model are presented.
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Ashrafi Niaki, Seyed Hassan, Jalal Sahebkar Farkhani, Zhe Chen, Birgitte Bak-Jensen, and Shuju Hu. "An Intelligent Method for Fault Location Estimation in HVDC Cable Systems Connected to Offshore Wind Farms." Wind 3, no. 3 (August 31, 2023): 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wind3030021.
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Large and remote offshore wind farms (OWFs) usually use voltage source converter (VSC) systems to transmit electrical power to the main network. Submarine high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cables are commonly used as transmission links. As they are liable to insulation breakdown, fault location in the HVDC cables is a major issue in these systems. Exact fault location can significantly reduce the high cost of submarine HVDC cable repair in multi-terminal networks. In this paper, a novel method is presented to find the exact location of the DC faults. The fault location is calculated using extraction of new features from voltage signals of cables’ sheaths and a trained artificial neural network (ANN). The results obtained from a simulation of a three-terminal HVDC system in power systems computer-aided design (PSCAD) environment show that the maximum percentage error of the proposed method is less than 1%.
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Sun, Dong Mei, and Jun Wen. "Researches on Reactive Compensation for Long-Distance and Highcapacity Hybrid Submarine Cable Lines." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 2406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.2406.
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In order to balance reactive power, reduce line losses, prevent excessive power frequency and switching over-voltage and adjust and control the line voltage etc. The long-distance and high voltage transmission lines are needed reactive power compensation. High voltage overhead transmission lines and high voltage submarine cable (including mixed-submarine) transmission lines are different, for example, the capacitance in the submarine cable lines is larger than in the conventional overhead lines. Therefore, the reactive power compensation on the EHV transmission lines which contains submarine cable lines is focus on the compensation of submarine cable lines. The reactive power compensation in 500 kV AC submarine cable interconnection project for Hainan power grid and Guangdong power grid[1], which is the first 500 kV long-distance and high-capacity sea trails interconnection project in China and which is just completed soon, is researched by Electro-Magnetic Transient Program——PSCAD/EMTDC (Power System Computer Aided Design/ Electro Magnetic Transient in DC System in this paper). The simulation results verifies that the role of shunt reactor which could absorb charging power and suppress the power frequency overvoltage for the long-distance and high-capacity hybrid submarine cable lines. The conclusions can offer references to suppress power frequency overvoltage and the reactive power compensation in extra high voltage transmission lines which is the mixed mode of overhead transmission lines and submarine cables.
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Howe, Bruce M., and Hanne Sagen. "New developments in submarine cable technology can facilitate acoustics in Polar regions and on the global scale." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015590.
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The subsea telecommunications cable industry is expanding their present single purpose infrastructure to include ocean observing capability. Science Monitoring And Reliable Telecommunications (SMART) Subsea Cables is working to integrate temperature, pressure, and seismic acceleration sensors into commercial cables (∼70 km spacing) to support climate and ocean observation, sea level monitoring, and tsunami and earthquake early warning on the global scale. Furthermore, telecom rated branching cables with power feed units supporting multipurpose “nodes” are becoming a reality. Acoustic capability can be integral to both. Major uses of these nodes include supporting low frequency transceivers enabling basin scale tomography and geo-positioning of mobile assets and docking for autonomous undersea vehicles (AUVs). Enabled by cabled power, these would be part of the fixed/mobile acoustic tomography system measuring ocean heat content at the speed of sound and more generally for transporting energy, data, and acquiring multidisciplinary data throughout a large volume of the ocean. Both variants and hybrids between can support the necessary acoustics contribution to ocean observing. Two proposed systems can support polar applications: Far North Fiber Express connecting Norway/Finland/Ireland with Japan via the Canadian Northwest Passage, and the NSF proposed SMART cable connecting New Zealand with McMurdo Base, Antarctica.
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Ech-Cheikh, Fouad, Abdelghani Matine, and Monssef Drissi-Habti. "Preliminary Multiphysics Modeling of Electric High-Voltage Cable of Offshore Wind-Farms." Energies 16, no. 17 (August 29, 2023): 6286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16176286.
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During manufacture, handling, transportation, installation and operation, mechanical overstress can affect the electrical and thermal properties of the conductor. As the wires in general are made of copper, which is a very plastically deforming material, these stresses will gradually generate plastic deformations of the copper until the wires start to fail. The objective of this article is to study, by numerical modeling (using Comsol and Abaqus), the impact of damage mechanisms on the electrical and thermal properties of a submarine cable phase. The influence of plasticity and gradual copper wire failure on the physical behavior (electric and thermal) of the phase was assessed. The heat differences between a healthy conductor vs. a damaged one (either deformed plastically and/or with failed wires) derived from the numerical model may be an accurate indicator of the level of damage of wires, thus furthering advanced warning before being obliged to stop the exploitation because a mandatory heavy maintenance of the cables must be scheduled. Note that this can also be achieved by using an optical fiber as a sensor for structural health monitoring. This study will then make it possible to evaluate the impact of the modification of the resistance on the thermal behavior of the cable. All of these simulations will be carried out on one phase of a 36 kV 120 mm² copper submarine cable. Colloquially these are called “copper cables”, meaning cables with Cu conductors (120 mm2 is the smallest conductor cross-section for array cables, which are usually 3-phase cables).