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Journal articles on the topic 'Submarine telegraphy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

NOAKES, RICHARD J. "Telegraphy is an occult art: Cromwell Fleetwood Varley and the diffusion of electricity to the other world." British Journal for the History of Science 32, no. 4 (December 1999): 421–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087499003763.

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In May 1862 Desmond G. Fitzgerald, the editor of the Electrician, lamented thattelegraphy has been until lately an art occult even to many of the votaries of electrical science. Submarine telegraphy, initiated by a bold and tentative process – the laying of the Dover cable in the year 1850 – opened out a vast field of opportunity both to merit and competency, and to unscrupulous determination. For the purposes of the latter, the field was to be kept close [sic], and science, which can alone be secured by merit, more or less ignored.To Fitzgerald, the ‘occult’ status of the telegraph looked set to continue, with recent reports of scientific counterfeits, unscrupulous electricians and financially motivated saboteurs involved in the telegraphic art. Nevertheless, Fitzgerald reassured his readers that the confidence of ‘those who act for the public’ had been restored by earnest electricians, whose ‘moral cause’ would ultimately be felt and who ‘may be safely trusted even in matters where there is an option between a private interest and a public benefit’. As a prominent crusader for the telegraph, Fitzgerald voiced the concerns of many electricians seeking public confidence and investment in their trade in the wake of the failed submarine telegraphs of the 1850s. The spread of proper knowledge about the telegraph would hinge on securing an adequate supply of backers and the construction of telegraphy as a truly moral cause – an art cleansed of fraudsters, ignoramuses and dogmatists.

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2

Müller, Simone M., and Heidi J. S. Tworek. "‘The telegraph and the bank’: on the interdependence of global communications and capitalism, 1866–1914." Journal of Global History 10, no. 2 (June 19, 2015): 259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022815000066.

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AbstractThis article uses the example of submarine telegraphy to trace the interdependence between global communications and modern capitalism. It uncovers how cable entrepreneurs created the global telegraph network based upon particular understandings of cross-border trade, while economists such as John Maynard Keynes and John Hobson saw global communications as the foundation for capitalist exchange. Global telegraphic networks were constructed to support extant capitalist systems until the 1890s, when states and corporations began to lay telegraph cables to open up new markets, particularly in Asia and Latin America, as well as for strategic and military reasons. The article examines how the interaction between telegraphy and capitalism created particular geographical spaces and social orders despite opposition from myriad Western and non-Western groups. It argues that scholars need to account for the role of infrastructure in creating asymmetrical information and access to trade that have continued to the present day.

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3

Matsumoto, Eiju. "Galvanometers and the Invention of Self-Balancing Recorders." Measurement and Control 26, no. 6 (August 1993): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029409302600603.

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This paper describes the history of ink recorders from their use with the first submerged transatlantic cable to the invention of self-balancing recorders. At the time of submarine telegraphy, Kelvin galvanometers, as well as siphon recorders, were used as telegraphic receivers. Direct-driven thread recorders and self-balancinig recorders, such as the Callendar recorder and the mechanically sensing potentiometric recorder, also employed galvanometers as detectors. Before the advent of vacuum tubes and semiconductors, the galvanometer was the key component of measuring instruments.

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4

Yang, Daqing. "Crossing the Pacific." Pacific Historical Review 88, no. 4 (2019): 524–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2019.88.4.524.

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In mediating the human experience of space, communications technologies played an important role along with means of transportation. When wireless telegraphy was introduced to Japan around the turn of the twentieth century, it was not just the military that made successful use of the incipient technology. The adoption of shipboard wireless telegraphy in trans-Pacific navigation helped reshape the Japanese spatial experience of the world’s largest ocean, thanks to extensive coverage by Japanese newspapers. However, technology never marches forward in a straight line as many published histories of wireless telegraphy suggest. The lack of inter-continental wireless telegraphy contributed to communication congestion across the Pacific during World War I, forcing the Japanese government to relax its monopoly while the Japanese business community abandoned its endeavor to build new trans-Pacific submarine cables in favor of wireless telegraphy. By the early 1930s, this public-private partnership enabled Japan to become a major player in international wireless telegraphy which dominated trans-Pacific communication. This article demonstrates that space and technology became mutually constitutive so that the Pacific Ocean could best be described as a single spatial-technological construct.

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5

Mantovani, Roberto. "The Otranto-Valona Cable and the Origins of Submarine Telegraphy in Italy." Advances in Historical Studies 06, no. 01 (2017): 18–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ahs.2017.61002.

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6

Hunt, Bruce J. "Scientists, engineers and Wildman Whitehouse: measurement and credibility in early cable telegraphy." British Journal for the History of Science 29, no. 2 (June 1996): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400034208.

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Between 1856 and 1858, a group of entrepreneurs and engineers led by the American Cyrus Field and the Englishmen J. W. Brett, Charles Bright and E. O. Wildman Whitehouse sought to lay a telegraph cable across the Atlantic from Ireland to Newfoundland. Their projected cable would be far longer, far more expensive, and far more difficult to lay than any previously attempted; that such an ambitious undertaking was launched and quickly drew financial backing was testimony to the technological enthusiasm of the mid-Victorian era. After many setbacks, the cable was successfully completed early in August 1858. The first messages it carried were met with rapturous excitement on both sides of the Atlantic – making its failure after just a few weeks of fitful service all the more humiliating. Identifying the causes of that failure, and assigning blame for them, became crucial to ensuring the future of transoceanic cable telegraphy. Were the causes of the failure intrinsic to the enterprise, and the vision of a network of transoceanic cables no more than an unrealistic dream? Or did the collapse of the cable result simply from a series of unfortunate and correctable errors? How those questions were answered in the autumn of 1858 would go far toward determining the prospects not only for renewing the Atlantic project, but also for any attempt to extend submarine cables more widely around the world.

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7

6, Perri, and Eva Heims. "Why do states in conflict with each other also sustain resilient cooperation in international regulation? Britain and telegraphy, 1860s–1914." European Journal of International Relations 27, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 682–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066121997993.

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This article compares the explanatory power of five mainstream theories from International Relations, political science and public management in understanding why – when they are engaged in deepening conflict and tension and even preparations for wars – states might simultaneously sustain deepening cooperation in global regulatory bodies. Analysis of explanatory power focuses on trade-offs among five key methodological virtues, and on buffering as an indicator of state unitariness. The theories are examined against the crucial case of one state’s commitment to the first international regulatory regime, the International Telegraph Union (ITU) and the Submarine Cable Convention (SCC) of 1884, from the founding of the ITU in 1865 to the outbreak of the Great War. In this article, we use UK National Archives files to reconstruct Britain’s decisions in telegraphy policy as our case of a state’s decision-making. We focus on four key clusters of decisions, spanning three sub-periods. The study finds each of the theories can descriptively capture some developments in some sub-periods, but not for the reasons identified in the theory and without generality of application. It therefore provides the basis for future theoretical development work and demonstrates the value of theory comparison by analysis of trade-offs among methodological virtues.

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8

Given, Jock. "Talking over Water: History, Wireless and the Telephone." Media International Australia 125, no. 1 (November 2007): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0712500107.

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For a third of the twentieth century, the only way Antipodeans could talk with people on the other side of the world was by wireless. The submarine cables that traversed the oceans from the 1860s carried messages in Morse code, ‘telegraphy’, but not voice. From 30 April 1930, the wireless telephone service made it possible to conduct a conversation in real time between England and Australia. This article explores the old era of international wireless telephony at a time when wireless is again transforming social and economic possibilities. It examines the economics and politics of the era, the man most closely identified with the Australian services, the technology employed and the way the service was used, identifying similarities and differences between this period and the present.

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9

Given, Jock. "Talking over Water: History, Wireless and the Telephone." Media International Australia 125, no. 1 (November 2007): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0812500107.

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For a third of the twentieth century, the only way Antipodeans could talk with people on the other side of the world was by wireless. The submarine cables that traversed the oceans from the 1860s carried messages in Morse code, ‘telegraphy’, but not voice. From 30 April 1930, the wireless telephone service made it possible to conduct a conversation in real time between England and Australia. This article explores the old era of international wireless telephony at a time when wireless is again transforming social and economic possibilities. It examines the economics and politics of the era, the man most closely identified with the Australian services, the technology employed and the way the service was used, identifying similarities and differences between this period and the present.

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10

Müller, Simone M. "Beyond the Means of 99 Percent of the Population: Business Interests, State Intervention, and Submarine Telegraphy." Journal of Policy History 27, no. 3 (June 9, 2015): 439–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030615000184.

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11

Müller, Simone M. "Gazing at the Great Chicago Fire From Across the Atlantic: Submarine Telegraphy, Media Events and a Transatlantic Audience." Monde(s) N°16, no. 2 (2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mond1.192.0067.

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12

Hunt, Bruce J. "Submarine Telegraphy and the Hunt for Gutta Percha: Challenge and Opportunity in a Global Trade by Helen Godfrey." Technology and Culture 61, no. 4 (2020): 1247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2020.0141.

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13

Hunt, Bruce J. "Submarine Telegraphy and the Hunt for Gutta Percha: Challenge and Opportunity in a Global Trade by Helen Godfrey." Technology and Culture 61, no. 4 (2020): 1247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2020.0141.

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14

Winseck, Dwayne. "SUBMARINE TELEGRAPHS, TELEGRAPH NEWS, AND THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS OF 1873." Journal of Cultural Economy 5, no. 2 (May 2012): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2012.660790.

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15

NOAKES, RICHARD. "Industrial research at the Eastern Telegraph Company, 1872–1929." British Journal for the History of Science 47, no. 1 (April 10, 2013): 119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087413000174.

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AbstractBy the late nineteenth century the submarine telegraph cable industry, which had blossomed in the 1850s, had reached what historians regard as technological maturity. For a host of commercial, cultural and technical reasons, the industry seems to have become conservative in its attitude towards technological development, which is reflected in the small scale of its staff and facilities for research and development. This paper argues that the attitude of the cable industry towards research and development was less conservative and altogether more complex than historians have suggested. Focusing on the crucial case of the Eastern Telegraph Company, the largest single operator of submarine cables, it shows how the company encouraged inventive activity among outside and in-house electricians and, in 1903, established a small research laboratory where staff and outside scientific advisers pursued new methods of cable signalling and cable designs. The scale of research and development at the Eastern Telegraph Company, however, was small by comparison with that of its nearest competitor, Western Union, and dwarfed by that of large electrical manufacturers. This paper explores the reasons for this comparatively weak provision but also suggests that this was not inappropriate for a service-sector firm.

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16

Bassalo, José Maria Filardo, and Luís Carlos Bassalo Crispino. "Sir William Thomsom e a instalação do cabo telegráfico submarino entre Pernambuco e o Pará." Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física 29, no. 4 (2007): 513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-11172007000400007.

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Neste artigo tratamos da participação de Sir William Thomson na instalação do cabo telegráfico submarino entre Pernambuco e o Pará realizada pela Western and Brazilian Telegraph Company nos meses de agosto e setembro de 1873.

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17

Spear, Brian. "Submarine telegraph cables, patents and electromagnetic field theory." World Patent Information 25, no. 3 (September 2003): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0172-2190(03)00072-3.

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18

Headrick, Daniel R., and Pascal Griset. "Submarine Telegraph Cables: Business and Politics, 1838–1939." Business History Review 75, no. 3 (2001): 543–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116386.

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International telecommunication is not only a business but also a political enterprise, the subject of great-power rivalries. In the late nineteenth century, British firms held a near monopoly, because Britain had more advanced industry, a wealthier capital market, and a merchant marine and colonial empire that provided customers for the new service. After the 1880s, they encountered increasing competition on the North Atlantic from American, German, and French firms. Elsewhere, the British conglomerate Eastern and Associated retained its hegemony until the 1920s. Following World War I, radiotelegraphy threatened the dominance of cables. In the 1930s, cable companies were almost bankrupted by the Depression and by competition from shortwave radio.

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19

Ahmadi, Farajollah. "Communication and the Consolidation of the British Position in the Persian Gulf, 1860s–1914." Journal of Persianate Studies 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18747167-12341308.

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The scale of Britain’s industrial expansion during the nineteenth century was vast and extraordinary. On the sea, Britain dominated the industrialized world both in tonnage and distance and established the largest shipping lines in the world. With the rapid increase in international trade, Britain led the world in the development of submarine telegraph cable and steamships. Although from the early decades of nineteenth century, Britain was expanding its ascendancy in the Persian Gulf, from 1860s onward, technological developments, mainly telegraph and steamship, led to a significant change in favor of British hegemony in the region. This technological progress had great impacts on the politics and economy of the area and neighboring centuries. The present article is an attempt to examine the process of communication system development in the Persian Gulf and its role in the consolidation of British position in the region.

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20

Woods, Robert O. "A Cable to Shrink the Earth." Mechanical Engineering 133, no. 01 (January 1, 2011): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2011-jan-5.

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This article discusses how the invention of the telegram revolutionized the communication process in the mid-19th century. On August 15, 1858, Queen Victoria sent a telegram to President Buchanan. It was a joint American and British effort, spearheaded from the American side by an indefatigable financier, Cyrus West Field, and on the British side by a telegraph company. The message of 98 words took sixteen and a half hours to transmit. The cable that carried Victoria’s message was laid in two sections beginning from a rendezvous point in mid-Atlantic. Two converted battleships spliced their cargoes and parted laying cable; the Agamemnon provided by the British government steered east to Ireland, and the American Niagara west to Newfoundland. Before this cable was laid, there was no direct communication between continents. No message could travel faster than the fastest steamships, which required at least 10 days to make the sea voyage between America and Europe. The submarine telegraph cable reduced communication time from days to hours.

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21

Britton, John A., and Jorma Ahvenainen. "Showdown in South America: James Scrymser, John Pender, and United States–British Cable Competition." Business History Review 78, no. 1 (2004): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25096827.

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The British dominated the world's submarine cable business over the second half of the nineteenth century, but they encountered significant challenges in the 1880s and 1890s—especially from James Scrymser, an upstart entrepreneur from New York. Scrymser exploited a strategic gap in the cable system in the Western Hemisphere and became locked in a confrontation along the west coast of South America with John Pender, the leading British cable magnate. Scrymser gained the upper hand in Chile by outmaneuvering Pender and used this victory to expand his operations with the telegraph network that linked South America, North America, and Europe.

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22

Campanella, Sara. "The “Abyssal Society”." Nuncius 31, no. 2 (2016): 408–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03102005.

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Ichthyological investigations and technological advancements, such as the laying of submarine telegraph cables, promoted new dredging methods in the second half of the 19th century. In contrast to the idea of a lifeless deep ocean (Edward Forbes’ azoic hypothesis), the discovery of deep water fauna and the challenge of defining its systematics opened up new theoretical perspectives. In this frame, which was already marked by the impact of Darwin’s theory, naturalistic surveys in freshwater environments in western Switzerland intertwined with those of oceanographic expeditions. The study of the fauna in the depths of subalpine lakes by the Swiss savant François-Alphonse Forel was one of the most striking examples of this turning point, because the relatively recently evolution of its freshwater fauna allowed him to investigate: (a) the role of isolation, (b) the progressive differentiation of species from a common ancestor, and (c) the constitution of a species-specific category in form transition, from a genealogical viewpoint to an ecological one.

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23

Thorat, Dhanashree. "Colonial Topographies of Internet Infrastructure: The Sedimented and Linked Networks of the Telegraph and Submarine Fiber Optic Internet." South Asian Review 40, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 252–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02759527.2019.1599563.

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24

Kelbert, Anna. "The Role of Global/Regional Earth Conductivity Models in Natural Geomagnetic Hazard Mitigation." Surveys in Geophysics 41, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 115–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09579-z.

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AbstractGeomagnetic disturbances cause perturbations in the Earth’s magnetic field which, by the principle of electromagnetic induction, in turn cause electric currents to flow in the Earth. These geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) also enter man-made technological conductors that are grounded; notably, telegraph systems, submarine cables and pipelines, and, perhaps most significantly, electric power grids, where transformer groundings at power grid substations serve as entry points for GICs. The strength of the GICs that flow through a transformer depends on multiple factors, including the spatiotemporal signature of the geomagnetic disturbance, the geometry and specifications of the power grid, and the electrical conductivity structure of the Earth’s subsurface. Strong GICs are hazardous to power grids and other infrastructure; for example, they can severely damage transformers and thereby cause extensive blackouts. Extreme space weather is therefore hazardous to man-made technologies. The phenomena of extreme geomagnetic disturbances, including storms and substorms, and their effects on human activity are commonly referred to as geomagnetic hazards. Here, we provide a review of relevant GIC studies from around the world and describe their common and unique features, while focusing especially on the effects that the Earth’s electrical conductivity has on the GICs flowing in the electric power grids.

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